33:
208:, only a small percentage of all male horses should remain stallions. Mainstream sources place the percentage of stallions that should be kept as breeding stock at about 10%, while an extreme view states that only 0.5% of all males should be bred. In wild herds, the 10% ratio is largely maintained naturally, as a single dominant stallion usually protects and breeds with a herd which is seldom larger than 10 or 12 mares, though he may permit a less dominant junior stallion to live at the fringes of the herd. There are more males than just herd stallions, so unattached male horses group together for protection in small all-male "
533:
216:
408:
257:, castrating a stallion may be considered worthwhile if the animal is easily distracted by other horses, difficult to handle, or otherwise not running to his full potential due to behavioral issues. While this means the horse loses any breeding value, a successful track career can often be a boost to the value of the stallion that sired the gelding.
368:
Many older stallions, no longer used at stud due to age or sterility, can benefit from being gelded. Modern veterinary techniques make gelding an even somewhat elderly stallion a fairly low-risk procedure, and the horse then has the benefit of being able to be turned out safely with other horses and
351:
A horse may be gelded at any age; however, if an owner intends to geld a particular foal, it is now considered best to geld the horse prior to becoming a yearling, and definitely before he reaches sexual maturity. While it was once recommended to wait until a young horse was well over a year old,
364:
gained from being allowed to reach sexual maturity will make him larger. However, recent studies have shown that this is not so: any apparent muscle mass gained solely from the presence of hormones will be lost over time after the horse is gelded, and in the meantime, the energy spent developing
342:
testicle retained in the horse, some due to previously learned behavior, but some for no clear reason. Training to eliminate these behaviors is generally effective. Another risk is to the veterinarian, if a standing castration is performed, it is possible for the horse to injure the veterinarian
633:
Scrotal/incisional infection – local seroma/abscess formation is relatively common, when the skin seals over before the deeper pocket has time to seal. This requires reopening the skin incision, to establish adequate drainage. To prevent the wounds from closing too quickly the horse needs to be
573:(nerve damage), respiratory dysfunction (V/Q mismatch), and cardiac depression. These complications occur with sufficient frequency that castration has a relatively high overall mortality rate. To minimize these concerns, the British Equine Veterinary Association guidelines recommend two
523:
animals, but most surgeons still advocate a recumbent technique, as described below. The primary drawback to standing castration is the risk that, even with sedation and restraint, the horse may object to the procedure and kick or otherwise injure the individual performing the operation.
338:. It can take up to six weeks for residual testosterone to clear from the new gelding's system and he may continue to exhibit stallion-like behaviors in that period. For reasons not always clear, about 30% of all geldings may still display a stallion-like manner, some because of a
547:
for castration is preferred by some veterinarians because "surgical exposure is improved and it carries less (overall) risk for surgeon and patient". For simple castration of normal animals, the advantages to recumbent castration are that the horse is prone, better
617:
Minor complications following castration are relatively common, while serious complications are rare. According to one in-depth study, for standing castration the complication rate is 22%, while for recumbent castration it is 6% (although with a 1%
564:
is more easily accessed. There are several different techniques (such as "open", "closed", and "semi-closed") that may be employed, but the basic surgery is similar. However, general anaesthesia is not without risks, including post-anaesthetic
107:
Castration allows a male animal to be more calm, better-behaved, less sexually aggressive, and more responsive to training efforts. Additionally, it is known for making the animal quieter, gentler and generally more suitable as an everyday
365:
muscle mass may actually take away from the energy a young horse might otherwise put into skeletal growth; the net effect is that castration has no effect on rate of growth (although it may increase the amount of fat the horse carries).
282:) rules, to minimize health and safety risks, nearly all participating horses are gelded. On the other hand, in other parts of Europe, geldings are excluded from many of the most prestigious flat races including the Classics and the
310:
are still not used for breeding, only those of the best quality. When used as ordinary riding animals, they are kept only with or near other male horses in a "bachelor" setting, which tends to produce calmer, less stallion-like
290:, open to geldings since 1986). In North American Thoroughbred racing, geldings, if otherwise qualified by age, winnings, or experience, are allowed in races open to intact males. The same applies in Australia.
32:
343:
during the procedure, and if complications arise, the horse must be immediately anesthetized. Castration does not automatically change bad habits and poor manners. This must be accomplished by proper training.
441:
Standing castration is a technique where a horse is sedated and local anaesthesia is administered, without throwing the horse to the ground or putting him completely "under". It has the benefit that
1078:
449:
for GA in horses at a modern clinic is low, approximately one or two in 1000. Mortality in the field (where most horse castrations are performed) is probably higher, due to poorer facilities.
356:
and was thus far more stressful on the animal. Modern veterinary techniques can now accomplish castration with relatively little stress and minimal discomfort, so long as appropriate
235:, due to the dangers inherent in handling stallions, which require experienced handlers, youth exhibitors are not permitted to show stallions in classes limited to just those riders.
666:
organs "fall out" of the surgical incision, is uncommon, and while the survival rate is 85–100% if treated promptly, the mortality rate is high for those not dealt with immediately.
831:
556:(control of bleeding) is possible. In addition, there is significantly less risk of the surgeon or assistants being kicked. In a more complex situation such as castration of
264:, or because the offspring of the stallion are not up to expectations, or simply because the horse is not used much for breeding, due to shifting fashion in pedigree or
986:
399:
and other debris at a higher rate than stallions, probably because geldings rarely fully extrude the penis, and thus dirt and smegma build up in the folds of skin.
178:
that were quiet and less defensive, as well as easier to keep in groups and less likely to be territorial, without the temptation of reproductive/mating urges.
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first, so as to minimize the risk of the horse withdrawing it to the point where it is inaccessible. The horse, now a gelding, is allowed to recover.
713:
315:. Sometimes religious reasons for these practices exist; for example, castration of both animals and humans was categorically forbidden in the
1338:
963:
876:
1242:
Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing 'standing nonsutured' and 'recumbent sutured' techniques
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A male horse is often gelded to make him better-behaved and easier to control. Gelding can also remove lower-quality animals from the
1021:
868:
818:
749:
938:
Preliminary conservation assessment of the
Rainshadow Wild Horse Ecosystem, Brittany Triangle, Chilcotin, British Columbia, Canada
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Standing castration can be performed in more complicated cases. Some authorities have described a technique for the removal of
227:
for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, and more tractable. Geldings are therefore a favorite for many
1044:
1538:
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Although castrations generally have few complications, there are risks. Castration can have complications, such as swelling,
993:
1385:
Post anaesthetic myopathy/neuropathy in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging compared to horses undergoing surgery
1360:
Equine castration: Review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses
268:. Castration may allow a stallion to live peacefully with other horses, allowing a more social and comfortable existence.
1363:
500:, or both. The emasculators are applied for two to three minutes, then removed, and a careful check is made for signs of
1384:
951:
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1275:
Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice—a retrospective case series
81:
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With both castration techniques, the wound should be kept clean and allowed to drain freely to reduce the risk of
1492:. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. pp. 374–378
605:
are also commonly administered. The horse is commonly walked in hand for some days to reduce the development of
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Paleopathology and horse domestication: the case of some Iron Age horses from the Altai
Mountains, Siberia
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R Eager (2002) "Evaluation of pain and discomfort associated with equine castration" UFAW Publications
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and the use of mares may be limited during the later months of pregnancy and while caring for a young
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504:. Assuming that bleeding is at a minimum, the other side is castrated in the same manner. Most
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445:(GA) is not required. This method is advocated for simple procedures because the estimated
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Owners of male horses, both geldings and stallions, need to occasionally check the horse's
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exercised at least once daily after the procedure. It is common to treat the horse with a
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Laparoscopic
Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses
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Some cultures historically did not and still seldom geld male horses, most notably the
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Bidwell, Lori A., DVM; Bramlage, Larry R., DVM MS; and Rood, William A., DVM (2007). "
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allowed to live a less restricted and isolated life than was allowed for a stallion.
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Sometimes a stallion used for breeding is castrated later in life, possibly due to
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even two, this was a holdover from the days when castration was performed without
916:
124:"gelding" and the infinitive "to geld" refer to the castration procedure itself.
813:
Parker, R.O. (2002). Equine
Science. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.
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Gelding a male horse can reduce potential conflicts within domestic horse herds.
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are employed. A few horse owners delay gelding a horse on the grounds that the
1359:
1307:
Sedrish, Steven A. MS, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, and
Leonard, John M. VMD (2001). "
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Effects of castration on growth and meat quality in finishing male Jeju horses
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are thought to have been among the first to geld their horses, as they valued
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1471:
Railton, D. (1999). "Complications associated with castration in the horse".
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331:
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1487:"Review of castration complications: strategies for treatment in the field"
212:", where, in the absence of mares, they tend to behave much like geldings.
204:. To allow only the finest animals to breed on, while preserving adequate
940:. Report for the Friends of Nemaiah Valley (FONV). Accessed July 17, 2007.
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should be present when an equine general anaesthesia is being performed.
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1309:
How to
Perform a Primary Closure Castration Using an Inguinal Incision
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at the incision site, that may not be obvious for months or even years
395:(or, in the case of stallions, breeding). Geldings tend to accumulate
17:
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remove the testis held most "tightly" (or close to the body) by the
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101:
97:
49:
31:
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Gelding has been carried out for centuries, and written work by
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Levine, M. A., Bailey, G.N. & Whitwell, K., et al. (2000). "
299:
247:
65:
57:
1451:
Department of Animal
Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison
113:
1453:. The Boards of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System
956:
Equine
Reproductive Physiology, Breeding, and Stud Management
638:
to reduce the swelling and sometimes it is necessary to give
895:"Horse Gelding the Male Horse and Aftercare by Cherry Hill"
722:...in the US, expect to spend around $ 10,000 for a mature
1421:
1019:
Castration: Creation of a
Gelding from a Colt or Stallion
76:. By comparison, the equivalent term for castrated male
306:
for everyday work and for war. In these cultures, most
68:. The term is also used with certain other animals and
1240:
Mason, BJ, Newton, JR & Payne, RJ, et al. (2005).
1030:
182:
is said to have mentioned gelding as early as 350 BC.
1358:
Searle, D, Dart, AJ & Dart, CM, et al. (1999). "
800:" in G.N. Bailey, R. Charles & N. Winder (Eds.)
772:
The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
552:(sterile environment) can be maintained, and better
411:
An open castration being performed on a horse under
433:. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages.
769:
242:, because some mares become temperamental when in
1514:Update on sheath cleaning, with how-to video link
1383:Franci, P, Leece, EA & Brearley, JC (2006). "
1105:"Tales from "Sport in Egypt": The Arabian Horse"
859:Rose, Reuben J. & Hodgson, David R. (2000).
421:There are two major techniques commonly used in
1220:Seong, PN; Lee, CE, and Oh, WY; et al. (2005).
888:
886:
884:
863:(2nd ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, p. 371.
802:Human Ecodynamics and Environmental Archaeology
157:
142:
136:
1128:"Working with Morocco's Horses: Journey's End"
1374:77.7:428–434, p. 430. Accessed July 17, 2007.
741:A Brief History Of Castration: Second Edition
8:
286:(with an exception being the French classic
1017:Bramlage, Larry R. DVM, MS (May 29, 2003).
776:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press.
156:. The noun "gelding" is from the Old Norse
1444:"Castration Concerns for the Equine Owner"
1404:". Center for Veterinary Health Sciences.
1290:Hanrath, M., and Rodgerson, D.H. (2002). "
1189:
1187:
830:Blocksdorf, Katherine (October 10, 2018).
1354:
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1327:Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction
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726:and up to $ 17,000 for a pregnant female.
1236:
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1226:Journal of Animal Science and Technology
116:(in the case of companion animals). The
705:
536:Recumbent castration, including use of
387:, the pocket of skin that protects the
1315:47:423–425. Accessed on July 17, 2007.
622:). The more common complications are:
492:is crushed, most commonly with either
1168:Cable, Christina S. (April 1, 2001).
488:and the testes are removed, then the
7:
1279:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
763:
761:
29:Castrated horse or other male equine
1126:Campfield, Jeremy (June 25, 2007).
738:Cheney, Victor T. (March 6, 2006).
636:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
472:, and often physically restrained.
373:Specialized maintenance of geldings
484:. An incision is made through the
238:Geldings are often preferred over
132:The verb "to geld" comes from the
25:
950:Davies Morel, Mina C. G. (2003).
958:. CABI Publishing. p. 254.
601:(painkillers) are necessary and
589:formation, or development of an
1079:"All the races: Prix Royal-Oak"
917:"Stallions aren't for Everyone"
1081:. France Galop. Archived from
987:"Welsh Pony and Cob Society –"
1:
1372:Australian Veterinary Journal
992:. Wpcs.uk.com. Archived from
844:mentions gelding as early as
452:For standing castration, the
804:(pp. 123–33). Oxford: Oxbow.
768:Murray, J.A.H., ed. (1971).
425:a horse, one requiring only
330:or post-operative bleeding,
223:Geldings are preferred over
1560:
1485:Liberty M. Getman (2009).
391:when it is not in use for
376:
189:
1389:Equine Veterinary Journal
1246:Equine Veterinary Journal
1170:"Castration In The Horse"
861:Manual of Equine Practice
630:) – minor and very common
626:Post-operative swelling (
284:Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
1366:August 27, 2006, at the
1261:, August 2007, p. 19-20.
1199:October 7, 2006, at the
662:, a condition where the
429:and the other requiring
1408:April 11, 2007, at the
1032:Accessed July 17, 2007.
714:"3 Ways to Buy a Camel"
158:
143:
137:
72:, such as domesticated
1257:"Cut Through Smegma".
1047:July 19, 2007, at the
613:Possible complications
543:Putting a horse under
540:
418:
294:Concerns about gelding
220:
37:
1539:Veterinary castration
1065:June 6, 2007, at the
999:on September 24, 2020
952:"Stallion Management"
694:Spaying and neutering
652:– the formation of a
648:infection leads to a
535:
519:retained testes from
476:is injected into the
410:
403:Castration techniques
379:Horse sheath cleaning
319:and is prohibited in
218:
141:, from the adjective
35:
1154:iv. 8, § 40; citing
1024:May 3, 2013, at the
832:"What is a Gelding?"
569:(muscle damage) and
528:Recumbent castration
276:National Hunt racing
36:A 3-year-old gelding
1085:on December 3, 2013
575:veterinary surgeons
545:general anaesthesia
443:general anaesthesia
437:Standing castration
431:general anaesthesia
302:, who usually used
186:Reasons for gelding
1490:(Conference paper)
1402:Equine Anaesthesia
1325:Mair, Tim (1998).
1296:Veterinary Surgery
1151:Jewish Antiquities
720:. March 11, 2023.
541:
419:
389:penis of the horse
221:
38:
1340:978-0-7020-1725-4
965:978-0-85199-643-1
893:Richard Klimesh.
877:978-0-7216-8665-3
595:tetanus antitoxin
474:Local anaesthetic
464:, typically with
427:local anaesthesia
206:genetic diversity
16:(Redirected from
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128:Etymology
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