148:. The first Zoogems study to be published in May 2021 was "An Old Stellar Population or Diffuse Nebular Continuum Emission Discovered in Green Pea Galaxies" which concentrated on 9 of them. In this study, Leonardo Clarke et al. examine the content of PGs to find out about the different ages of the stars and find that while the central star-forming clusters were up to 500 million years old, there are stars, possibly the host galaxy stars, which are older and are thought to be more than 1 billion years old.
47:(RGZ). Between the HSTs' main observations, there is a short time that objects within that field of view can be imaged using gaps which last approximately 12 - 25 mins. The Zoogems project sought to use those small observation gaps to image 300 candidates taken from the two Zoos in order to better study and comprehend them. Starting observations in May 2018, HST Proposal 15445 had by the end of September 2023 imaged 193 of the 300 candidates with many of them having near 11 minute exposures.
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possible at the earliest stages of the first galaxies. The mix of old and new stars within Pea galaxies could create different gravitational conditions which might influence galactic winds and element retention. These conclusions imply that Pea galaxies are not real analogs of the galaxies responsible for the Epoch of
Reionisation.
201:
about the process of gap-fillers. Spare Hubble time had been used before with the 45 minute "snapshot programs" but some unscheduled time remained. Brown said: "It just seemed like a waste to be throwing that time on the floor. Just a handful of minutes here and there, but still, it adds up." And so,
114:
site that
Zoogems addressed a range of studies and that this happens rarely with galaxies. He explained that after volunteers had sifted through the images of a million galaxies, they had found examples of oddities and rarities. Further, by using data from HST, these objects that would not normally
106:
of weird and wonderful galaxies" which few had seen before. The original proposal estimated that there were 1100 targets available, yet only 300 observation slots, so the public were asked to vote for which targets should be in the final list. Voting took place in
February 2018 in order to meet the
131:
is used depends on the target: i) the bluer F475W (roughly SDSS g) is used for mostly spiral structures, ii) the F814W for bulges and iii) the F625W which is closely matched with SDSS r filter. A range of software is used to calculate where the target's image is captured on the available ACS CCDs,
486:
J.K. Banfield; O.I. Wong; K.W. Willett; R.P. Norris; L. Rudnick; S.S. Shabala; B.D. Simmons; C. Snyder; A. Garon; N. Seymour; E. Middelberg; H. Andernach; C.J. Lintott; K. Jacob; A.D. Kapinska; M.Y. Mao; K.L. Masters; M.J. Jarvis; K. Schawinski; E. Paget; R. Simpson; H.R. Klockner; S. Bamford; T.
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Pea galaxies have been studied as they are the only population that has hydrogen-ionizing radiation escaping in large amounts. Because of this, they are seen as analogs of the galaxies that reionized the universe at the earliest times. Yet the substantial presence of old stars would not have been
184:
Zihao et al. assess whether these are chance alignments or that a host is too faint to be detected using probability statistics. This gave rise to the two confidence divisions of 'high' or 'low' with 18 having a high confidence and 14 a low confidence from the initial 32 galaxies. Because of the
205:
Bill Keel, project lead scientist, explained that unusual galaxies can help us understand the universe today. He described the ZooGems category of 'overlapping galaxy pairs'. He said: "What’s unusual there is not the galaxies themselves, but the fact that one sits neatly behind the other in
311:
Keel, William C.; Tate, Jean; Wong, O. Ivy; Banfield, Julie K.; Lintott, Chris J.; Masters, Karen L.; Simmons, Brooke D.; Scarlata, Claudia; Cardamone, Carolin; Smethurst, Rebecca; Fortson, Lucy; Shanahan, Jesse; Kruk, Sandor; Garland, Izzy L.; Hancock, Colin; O'Ryan, David (7 March 2022).
221:, nicknamed the 'Peanut galaxy' is a barred spiral galaxy, approximately 252 million light years away. This has a peculiar morphology with the inner regions being thicker in some than in others, which has caused a 'boxy' appearance reminding the astronomers of an unshelled peanut.
180:
which have extended double-lobed structures and see whether they can be associated with their disk-like optical objects. They find 18 galaxies that can be identified as spiral that are likely to have genuine associations between the radio and optical counterparts.
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astronomy project which invites people to assist in the morphological classification of a large number of galaxies. Initially, many of the objects now being imaged were posted on the GZ forum and Talk pages from Summer 2007 through various versions until 2017.
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Lintott, Chris; Schawinski, Kevin; Bamford, Steven; Slosar, Anže; Land, Kate; Thomas, Daniel; Edd, Masters; Karen, Nichol; Nichol, Robert C.; M. Jordan, Raddick; Szalay, Alex; Andreescu, Dan; Murray, Phil; Vandenberg, Jan (26 November 2010).
232:, nicknamed the 'Greater Pumpkin', that have merged at about 120 million light years away. These interacting galaxies will eventually become a giant spiral, an event rare enough that there are only a few other examples in the Universe.
91:. The science team wanted to identify black hole/jet pairs and associate them with their host galaxies. As a result of citizens' classifications, many unusual candidates visible in radio frequencies were flagged for further studies.
588:
Clarke, Leonardo; Scarlata, Claudia; Mehta, Vihang; Keel, William C.; Cardamone, Carolin; Hayes, Matthew; Adams, Nico; Dickinson, Hugh; Fortson, Lucy; Kruk, Sandor; Lintott, Chris; Simmons, Brooke (6 May 2021).
245:, SDSS J115331 and LEDA 2073461, over a billion light years away, appear to be colliding. The effect caused by line-of-sight is likely by chance as the two are not actually interacting (image right hand side).
185:
high-resolution
Zoogems images and the visibility of disk-like structures, the team find that galaxy morphology can no longer be a unique signpost of a galaxy’s ability to generate large-scale radio jets.
127:
is used for its larger field-of-view. The total exposure time of 674 seconds is made by a pair of two 337 second exposures, the same for all the gap-filler observations. Which of the following three
115:
merit an individual project, put together would form an interesting study. Whenever a 20 minute gap in the HST schedule appears, software will go to the list of objects and see which is closest.
487:
Burchell; K.E. Chow; G. Cotter; L. Fortson; I. Heywood; T.W. Jones; S. Kaviraj; A.R. Lopez-Sanchez; W.P. Maksym; K. Polsterer; K. Borden; R.P. Hollow; L. Whyte (November 2015).
235:
The VV-689 system, nicknamed the 'Angel Wing', is two galaxies merging. This interaction has left the resulting collision almost completely symmetrical (top of article).
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in
December 2022. "An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud AGNs" seeks to answer whether the galaxy morphology of radio-loud
197:
featured an article entitled "Unearthing galactic gems". In it, the science journalist
Madison Goldberg summarises the project and talks to Tom Brown from the
210:, said that the variety of unusual targets included in ZooGems is special. "If you’re going to paint a whole picture, you can’t leave out the weird things."
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and its hosts are solely ellipticals ("early-type"), or that some are spirals ("late type"). Using images taken as part of
Zoogems, they analyse a sample of
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using a coordinate offset within a 'circle of interest' to find the most useful coverage. A different strategy for
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The HST image of CGCG 396-2 shows an uncommon multi-armed merger 520 million light years from earth.
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uses a choice of four filters allotted using distance values so as to study the continuum structure.
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the gap-filler project started using those small gaps in the timetable to take 11 minute exposures.
591:"An Old Stellar Population or Diffuse Nebular Continuum Emission Discovered in Green Pea Galaxies"
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427:"Galaxy Zoo 1: data release of morphological classifications for nearly 900,000 galaxies"
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489:"Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection"
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The project Radio Galaxy Zoo started in
December 2013, seeking to locate supermassive
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661:"An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud AGNs"
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314:"Gems of the Galaxy Zoos-A Wide-ranging Hubble Space Telescope Gap-filler Program"
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to take images of unusual objects found by volunteers classifying data from both
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Through public analysis of more than 900,000 objects, volunteers collected a "
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The first study detailing objects from Radio Galaxy Zoo was published by the
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As with all HST gap-filler observations, the Wide-Field Camera mode of the
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877:"Hubble captures a galactic gem: Image of a beautiful galaxy merger"
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SDSS-095346.77-012746.1, is described as a merger or interaction.
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Zihao Wu; Luis C. Ho; Ming-Yang Zhuang (30 December 2022).
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telescopic images." Samantha
Brunker, a scientist studying
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Project lead Dr. William Keel said in an interview on the
742:"Hubble Space Telescope Looks at Stunning Peanut Galaxy"
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Among the 300 Zoogems, there are 74 candidates that are
403:"Solving Galactic Mysteries a Few Minutes at a Time"
54:
SDSS J115331 and LEDA 2073461, overlapping galaxies
796:"Hubble Sees Collision of Two Lenticular Galaxies"
67:SDSS-000415.42+032301.7, the 'Violin Clef' merger.
35:(Zoogems) was a gap-filler project which used the
494:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
721:. American Astronomical Society. pp. 20–23
601:(2). The American Astronomical Society: L22.
324:(4). The American Astronomical Society: 150.
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767:"Hubble Finds 'Greater Pumpkin' Galaxy Pair"
376:"Gems of the Galaxy Zoos HST Proposal 15445"
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405:. University of Alabama. 8 February 2018
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552:"Hubble Sees Two Overlapping Galaxies"
902:Atkinson, Nancy (13 September 2022).
849:"Hubble Spots a Merging Galactic Gem"
740:Enrico de Lazaro (17 December 2019).
7:
794:Enrico de Lazaro (3 November 2020).
155:Unusual three-armed galaxy top left.
107:proposal's deadline of 28 February.
378:. Space Telescope Science Institute
14:
717:Madison Goldberg (October 2023).
595:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
199:Space Telescope Science Institute
821:"Hubble Explores Galactic Wings"
464:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17432.x
374:Keel, William C. (March 2018).
193:In October 2023, the magazine
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974:Hubble Space Telescope images
164:Double-lobed radio-loud AGNs
125:Advanced Camera for Surveys
990:
719:"Unearthing galactic gems"
665:The Astrophysical Journal
688:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9cd5
626:10.3847/2041-8213/abf7cc
349:10.3847/1538-3881/ac517d
318:The Astronomical Journal
189:Unearthing galactic gems
904:"Galactic Photobombing"
174:Active Galactic Nucleii
33:Gems of the Galaxy Zoos
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37:Hubble Space Telescope
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526:10.1093/mnras/stv1688
170:Astrophysical Journal
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112:University of Alabama
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270:Virtual volunteering
934:The Zoogems website
617:2021ApJ...912L..22C
517:2015MNRAS.453.2326B
455:2011MNRAS.410..166L
340:2022AJ....163..150K
20:Zoo Gems image logo
954:Astronomy projects
881:The Indian Express
560:. 9 September 2022
208:Green Pea galaxies
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140:Green Pea galaxies
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949:Amateur astronomy
775:. 29 October 2020
195:Sky and Telescope
134:Green Pea systems
119:Observation setup
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883:. 11 July 2022
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959:Black holes
260:Cosmic dust
230:ellipticals
89:black holes
943:Categories
915:7 December
887:7 December
861:8 December
833:7 December
805:7 December
779:8 December
751:8 December
725:22 October
678:2210.11724
608:2012.07668
564:6 December
508:1507.07272
409:2 December
382:2 December
331:2202.01098
281:References
275:Zooniverse
59:Background
41:Galaxy Zoo
697:253080803
635:229156094
446:1007.3265
358:246473097
104:menagerie
43:(GZ) and
28:UGC-00240
969:Galaxies
800:Sci.News
746:Sci.News
473:56460191
249:See also
228:are two
226:NGC 2293
219:NGC 1175
71:GZ is a
613:Bibcode
535:3352520
513:Bibcode
451:Bibcode
336:Bibcode
129:filters
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693:S2CID
673:arXiv
671:(1).
631:S2CID
603:arXiv
531:S2CID
503:arXiv
469:S2CID
441:arXiv
432:MNRAS
354:S2CID
326:arXiv
917:2022
889:2022
863:2022
854:NASA
835:2022
826:NASA
807:2022
781:2022
772:NASA
753:2022
727:2023
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557:NASA
411:2022
384:2022
241:Two
683:doi
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599:912
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344:doi
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