1555:"At the beginning of October, in the year of the incarnation of the Son of God 1347, twelve Genoese galleys were fleeing from the vengeance which our Lord was taking on account of their nefarious deeds and entered the harbour of Messina. In their bones they bore so virulent a disease that anyone who only spoke to them was seized by a mortal illness and in no manner could evade death. ...Not only all those who had speech with them died, but also those who had touched or used any of their things. When the inhabitants of Messina discovered that this sudden death emanated from the Genoese ships they hurriedly ordered them out of the harbor and town. But the evil remained and caused a fearful outbreak of death." Michael Platiensis (1357), quoted in Johannes Nohl (1926).
926:
346:
2405:
779:
942:
Mediterranean standard of 40–42 meters) than contemporary
Venetian and Ottoman galleys, though this speed came at the cost of durability and maneuverability. Genoese galleys were also noted to have larger holds than the galleys of other naval powers; this extra space allowed Genoese galleys to carry more provisions, cargo, or soldiers. Like its rivals Venice and Aragon, the Genoese specialized in quickly converting merchant galleys into warships during times of war.
597:
143:
414:
223:. However, the early fleet was composed of ships levied from private merchants, fishermen, and lacked dedicated warships. As such, the 11th century fleet was relegated to protecting the trade of the great merchant houses of Genoa, which continued to dominate the politics and economy of the republic. In an effort to suppress piracy, the fleet was occasionally deployed to fight against
680:, who renewed interest in the navy. Doria was born in Genoa and served as a mercenary for various nations during his early life. He returned from service as a mercenary captain in 1503 to encourage Genoa to resist French encroachment, but failed and was forced to flee the city. From 1503 to 1522 Doria commanded a Genoese squadron in the Mediterranean against the Ottomans and the
42:
2370:
669:
2203:
457:, a fleet of 75 Genoese galleys decisively defeated a force of 95 Venetian galleys, destroying or capturing 83 of the enemy ships. However, Genoese casualties were heavy and the city's shipyards were unable to quickly replace the ships lost at Curzola. The conflict ended in a relative stalemate in 1299. Following the war, Genoa dominated the Mediterranean
645:. With no way to return home and having had their lines of communication disrupted, the Genoese squadron in the Black Sea dispersed. Now indefensible, warehouses, fortresses, and ships built by the republic were lost. The former Genoese colonies were eventual annexed by regional powers, with Kaffa falling to the Ottomans in 1475.
550:
stranded in
Chioggia without supplies. The Genoese garrison later surrendered the town, and the War of Chioggia soon ended in a status quo, having exhausted both Genoa and Venice. The Genoese navy lost vital sailors, ships, and was supplanted as the leading naval power in the Western Mediterranean by Aragon.
568:
after the
Genoese fleet raided Venetian trade colonies. The Republic gained independence from France in 1409, but the prestige of the military had been severely damaged and the city remained a coveted political conquest for both France and Aragon. In 1435 a Genoese fleet was dispatched at the request
397:
being fought from 1256 to 1270. During the conflict the
Genoese navy was defeated in a series of pitched battles against Venice, and so it resorted to attacking merchant convoys instead of warships. This strategy proved highly effective and would become known as "War of the Chase" to the Genonese, in
941:
The galley was the primary ship used by the
Genoese Navy. These ships possessed an advantage in terms of maneuverability when compared to purely sailing vessels, and their design allowed them to be produced relatively quickly. Genoese galleys were lighter and longer (45 meters long as opposed to the
917:
larger than the public fleet, and was made up from ships belonging to the various merchant families that dominated
Genoese politics. Both fleets were under the command of the office of the High Admiral, who was appointed by the ruler (either the doge, council, or duke depending on the era) of Genoa.
974:
Genoese sailors were recruited from the city's populace or from the colonies. Many only served part time in the military, instead being professional merchant sailors, fishermen, or mercenaries. The republic also crewed many of its galleys with criminals, prisoners of war, and slaves. Conditions for
791:
The decline of the
Genoese navy and fleet continued through the 17th and 18th centuries, perhaps starting as soon as the 16th century. Changes in the economy of Genoa ensured that bankers, not merchants, became the strongest economic force in the city. The need to protect trade routes declined as a
563:
against
Tunisia in 1390, with the intent to protect Genoese trade colonies from Muslim pirates. During the war the Genoese navy provided ships while French knights laid siege to the fortress of Mahdi. The war was a success for the Christian forces, but also resulted in the French gaining political
536:
broke out between Genoa and Venice, a conflict Genoa initiated to counter
Venetian threats to the Republic's trade routes in the Black Sea. During the war, a large percentage of the navy was relegated to escorting transport ships from Genoa to Crimea. The Venetians took advantage of the absence of
381:
sided with Pisa when the war broke out, forcing Genoa to find allies abroad. The republic sided with the Pope (who was at the time in a dispute with the Holy Roman
Emperor), and sent a fleet to transport a Guelph army to Rome in a show of support for the papal cause. The Ghibellines discovered the
916:
The Genoese navy was divided between a public fleet and a private fleet. The public fleet was directly funded by the city's government, and its ships were built at the expense of the state. These ships were used in major battles and to defend the harbor of Genoa itself. The private fleet was much
1041:
during World War II, after which the area was renovated; the Genoese ship building industry was moved out of the old harbor of the city, while the grounds of the former arsenal were converted into piers for docking ships and Genoa's cruise ship terminal. The oldest part of the arsenal became the
549:
and captured the city. The Genoese intended to use their new position at Chioggia to blockade the city of Venice, but on June 24, 1380 the navy was defeated and driven from the city by a Venetian relief force. 17 Genoese warships were captured in the ensuing rout, and the Genoese army was left
958:, small sailing ships which acted as scouts and raiders when the republic's galleys were unable to operate effectively. In addition to galleys and light sailing ships, Genoa refitted merchant ships for combat roles during wartime. As naval technology progressed, the navy began to incorporate
528:
Genoa sank or captured 35 Venetian galleys. A peace treaty was signed between Venice and Milan in 1355, bringing an end to the conflict. While the status quo in the east was maintained, the Kingdom of Aragon was able to establish itself as a major rival to Genoese domination of the Western
465:
as oarsmen. This new policy decreased the cost of maintaining the navy, as rowers no longer had to be paid (as opposed to Venice, which only employed paid rowers), but also decreased the number of men available for boarding parties, as Genoese captains did not trust armed slaves.
497:, from which city the plague spread to the rest of Europe. Over 40,000 people in the city of Genoa died in the pandemic, a disaster that reduced the amount of money available to finance the fleet. Many sailors were also killed by the Black Death, leaving the navy undermanned.
712:. After retiring from military service, Doria, who was genuinely devoted to his native city of Genoa, worked to re-establish the republic's independence, free of the interference of foreign powers. The Genoese economy began to shift from trade to banking and manufacturing as
558:
The costly wars against Venice and the devastating impact of the Black Death greatly reduced the Genoese navy's strength. The rise of larger nation states also sapped the ability of the relatively small city-state to compete militarily. Genoa (with French support) launched a
975:
sailors (both free and enslaved) were challenging, with disease being a constant issue. The navy encouraged captains to keep their crew alive by issuing heavy fines to those who lost too many men. The republic mandated that every galley in service be crewed with a
369:. It was common for the Italian maritime states to prey on their rival's merchant shipping, and the Genoese navy was known to both suppress and participate in this practice. In 1119 a Genoese squadron raided a Pisan merchant convoy, beginning the first of the
401:
The disastrous defeats at the hands of Pisa and Venice hindered Genoese ambitions, but also led to the creation of a dedicated naval force in Genoa. Larger galleys were built, the office of High Admiral was granted more powers, and the formidable
196:
who would be elected every few years by the wealthiest merchants and landowners in the city. The young republic was as such dominated by the needs and desires of the merchant houses, and the navy was given a place of high importance in the new
480:
As Genoa continued to expand its trade network during the 14th century, the navy was increasingly employed to defend trade routes. While these naval trade routes greatly benefited the city, they also left it vulnerable to disease. In 1347 the
945:
Genoa fielded two types of galleys; smaller and faster ones that were used to protect trade in times of peace, and heavier dromon-style galleys built for battle and garrison duty. The lighter galleys (many of which were classified as
373:. The first of the wars ended inconclusively, but resulted in a century of raiding and piracy as both cities fought over Corsica and Sardinia. In the 1230s a second, undeclared war erupted between Genoa and Pisa as part of the wider
1852:
177:. As such, piracy posed a substantial threat to the city's merchants, who were forced to pay for the defense of their ships. The city was likewise vulnerable to attack, a fact made apparent when in 935 a fleet led by
792:
consequence, shrinking the need for a large navy. In addition, the development of larger, organized navies for the development of dedicated warships that outclassed the dual role merchant-warships favored by Genoa.
612:
began to expand at the expense of the Byzantine Empire and other countries friendly to Genoese merchants. The gradual loss of Imperial territory, coupled with the destruction of smaller Christian states such as
201:. A High Admiral was appointed, and with the government coordinating the navy, Genoese traders and merchants came to dominate the Ligurian Sea in the 11th century. The city-state was considered one of the four
512:. The loss of a fleet at Alghero sparked civil unrest in Genoa, further hampering the Republic's war effort. To combat this discord, the republic was temporarily dissolved and Genoa came under the rule of the
897:. In exchange for this service, Genoese officers and sailors were allowed to hold positions on French ships. In addition, all ships of the Ligurian Republic would be allowed to sail under the French flag.
720:
established their overseas empires, and Doria advocated that the Genoese navy should shift its doctrine from competition with other Christian nations to that of cooperation with other Europeans against
564:
influence in Genoa, which was pressured to declare itself a French fiefdom in 1396. The Genoese navy was brought under French control, and on 7 October 1403 was decisively defeated by Venice at the
262:), Genoa was able to profit by assisting in the transport of military forces from Europe. To better support the crusaders, a squadron of 12 Genoese galleys were deployed to the Holy Land during the
883:
In 1804, newly crowned Emperor Napoleon sought to appropriate the remnants of the Genoese navy and Genoa's shipyards for use against Great Britain, and so the city agreed to begin constructing 10
1033:
The Genoese Navy's shore facilities left a major mark on the waterfront of modern-day Genoa. The Genoese Arsenal's extensive facilities were converted from military to civilian use following the
861:
In 1797 the republic was dissolved and the city of Genoa itself was occupied by a French army. The lands that had formerly been under the control of the city of Genoa were reconstituted into the
637:
to Christian shipping. This act cut the Genoese navy off from its bases in the Black Sea, and Genoa found itself isolated from the colonies that had for centuries provided the republic access to
625:
chipped away at Genoese mercantile interests in the Black Sea. The Ottomans constructed a massive fleet, and in doing so became the dominant naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1453
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The Genoese government maintained special facilities on the city's waterfront (collectively known as the Genoese Arsenal) where the republic's galleys were built, berthed, and maintained.
437:. This expansion brought Genoa into further conflict with the powerful city-state of Venice, which also had trade relations in the area. The bitter rivalry escalated into the first of the
744:
in 1552, and the navy failed to stop a French force from capturing Corsica in 1553. Genoa sent a contingent of her fleet to a Christian alliance that was defeated by the Ottomans at the
2904:
684:. He fought against the Holy Roman Empire on behalf of France in 1522 before leading the Genoese fleet into Genoa and expelling the French in 1528. Doria then came into the service of
2547:
950:) were more numerous, while the heavy galleys were usually only put to sea (or constructed, if the fleet was undersized) during times of war. The fleet also made extensive use of
127:
Through the 17th and 18th century the power of the Genoese navy and fleet declined, thanks to bankers and no longer merchants being the strongest economic force in the Republic.
1373:"Merchants and marauders : Genoese maritime predation in the twelfth-century Mediterranean - Alexandria Digital Research Library | Alexandria Digital Research Library"
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Genoese warships and raided coastal settlements under Genoese control. The Genoese navy suffered a defeat in 1378 when a squadron was destroyed by the Venetians off of the
2559:
445:, the Genoese fleet was unable to catch them, and Genoa's merchants suffered greatly during the war. A change came in 1298 when a major engagement was fought in the
2889:
986:
Looking to provide its sailors with durable clothing that could be worn wet or dry, the navy began in the 16th century to equip sailors with Genoese-produced
2029:
Wells, H. G., Raymond Postgate, and G. P. Wells. The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753
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income. The Genoese fleet sheltered in these ports and defended them from pirates. In the early 12th century the Genoese navy participated in the Pisan-led
2359:
858:
off the coast of the city. This resulted in the Royal Navy establishing a years-long blockade of Genoa that significantly affected the republic's economy.
406:
were added to the crews of Genoese warships. When a third war broke out between Pisa and Genoa, the rebuilt Genoese fleet won a major victory at the 1284
732:
The revival period ended in the mid-16th century due to a series of military failures. The Imperial fleet was decisively defeated by the Ottomans at the
990:, and in doing so became one of the driving forces behind the adoption of the clothing. Genoese sailors and marines were armed with boarding swords and
1539:
760:
commanded the right flank of the Ottoman fleet. The decisive Christian victory started the slow reversal of Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean.
508:
in February 1352 that forced Byzantium to withdraw from the war. The tide of the war reversed when in 1353 the Genoese navy suffered a defeat at the
2448:
337:. The Genoese fleet was effective in converting merchant galleys into warships during wartime, and so made extensive use of such converted vessels.
307:
1946:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "Crisis of the Republic, crisis of the marine"
504:
and the Byzantine Empire, and in doing so mustered a large force that outnumbered the Genoese navy. Genoa won a costly victory at a battle in the
410:, in which the Genoese captured 37 Pisan galleys and 9000 sailors. The battle left Genoa the strongest naval power in the Western Mediterranean.
386:
in 1241. Weighted down with passengers and baggage, the Genoese navy lost 3 galleys sunk and 27 captured. The second war with Pisa ended in a
2293:
1463:
1453:
870:
2265:
1356:
2741:
1247:
589:
was captured. Despite this setback, Aragon prevailed in the conflict and Sicily came under Aragonese control, making passage through the
2853:
811:, an act that devastated parts of Genoa and razed the Republic's shipyards. In the postwar period the republic commissioned a number of
648:
Despite the decline of the Genoese Navy and the Republic, Genoa's sailors remained in high regard. Cartographers and navigators such as
188:. The Muslim incursion spurred the city to build strong harbor defenses, and renewed interest in an armed merchant marine to patrol the
112:
military. From the 11th century onward the Genoese navy protected the interests of the republic and projected its power throughout the
2863:
2100:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "Convicts; better alive than dead"
1527:
873:
2328:
2312:
2283:
2241:
2226:
2145:
2050:
1997:
1781:
1721:
1637:
1613:
Sanderson, Michael W. B. Sea Battles: a Reference Guide. 1st American ed. Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1975, p. 51.
1593:
1490:
1257:
236:
1987:
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1428:
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during the war, leading to France laying siege to the city in 1625. Spain launched an expedition to relieve Genoa, known as the
767:(magistrate of the galleys) to combat small-scale piracy. During the 15th century competition between Genoa, Venice, Spain, and
577:, which was besieged by Aragon. At the time, the Duke of Milan and the King of Aragon were fighting as to who would control the
345:
2894:
2352:
529:
Mediterranean. Genoa broke free from Milanese control following the conclusion of the war, and the republic was reestablished.
1896:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "From galleons to vessels"
1037:, leading to the port becoming a driving factor in Genoa's economic revival. These facilities were badly damaged by a British
693:
2091:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "Long ships, round ships"
1839:
1973:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "The age of revolution"
1627:
1583:
146:
The Genoese fleet returning to port after a successful expedition against the Ottoman Turks. Depicted in the 1597 painting
2161:
2082:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "The Arsenal of Genoa"
1507:
Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy (Conjunctions of Religion and Power in the Medieval Past
1329:. “Naval Warfare in Europe, c. 1330–c. 1680.” European Warfare, 1350–1750, 2009, 236–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511806278.013.
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178:
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Coat of arms of the modern Italian Navy, the Marina Militare, which incorporates the Genoese flag (seen on the top right)
357:
In addition to supporting the wars in the Holy Land, the navy played a vital role in the Genoese rivalry with the nearby
2040:
925:
2189:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "City; old and new"
2135:
889:
850:, Genoa's close proximity to France allowed the larger country to continuously pressure the republic. During the 1795
2068:
Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "Genoese galleys"
1716:. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 343ff.
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in 1095 resulted in a great period of prosperity for Genoa. As new crusaders were constantly needed to secure the
2899:
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A third conflict with Venice began over trading disputes in the Black Sea in 1350. Venice allied itself with the
846:, the Genoese Republic's political situation became increasingly untenable. While officially neutral during the
493:
and soon spread aboard fleeing Genoese ships. A Genoese merchant fleet sailing from Kaffa spread the disease to
286:. In addition to receiving large amounts of loot from crusader commanders, the republic established a number of
278:
became famous for their exploits in the Holy Land during this time, most notably for their leading of a Genoese
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came completely under Genoese control, and the republic was entitled to 1/3 of the crusader-controlled city of
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Ossian De Negri, Teofilo. Storia di Genova: Mediterraneo, Europa, Atlantico (2003). Florence: Giunti Editore.
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Information from a display at the Galata Museo del Mare in Genoa, Italy. Informational panel titled "Firearms"
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869:. However, the Genoese navy remained intact. In 1798 the Ligurian fleet dispatched some of its ships to aid
418:
383:
374:
240:
1870:
1543:
893:, would be captured while under construction and commissioned into the Royal Navy) and 10 frigates for the
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185:
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In the eastern Mediterranean, conflicts between Genoese and Venetian merchants in Acre resulted in the
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Lev, Yaacov (1984). "The Fatimid Navy, Byzantium and the Mediterranean Sea, 909–1036 CE/297–427 AH".
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2016:
History of the Consulate and Empire of France Under Napoleon: Translated from the Last Paris Edition
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581:. The Genoese fleet arrived at Gaeta and defeated the numerically superior Aragonese fleet at the
2670:
2389:
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749:
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89:
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775:. Genoa built a number of carracks during the 16th century and incorporated them into the navy.
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The flags of the great Italian naval powers are incorporated into the ensign of the modern day
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Portrait of Admiral Andrea Doria, who advocated for a strong Genoese navy in the 16th century.
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Naval warfare under oars, 4th to 16th centuries: a study of strategy, tactics and ship design
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in 1560. However, in 1571 the Genoese navy contributed 29 galleys (53 ships in total) to the
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1853:"Archivio di Stato di Genova > Magistrato delle galee (IT-GE0429 - IT-ASGE-F90110376)"
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in 1296, at which point Genoa's fleet consisted of 125 galleys. Despite outnumbering the
1907:
822:
In 1742 the last possession of the Genoese in the Mediterranean, the island fortress of
142:
2779:
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2535:
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The Genoese navy saw a period of revival under the leadership of admiral and statesman
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which faster Genoese galleys would outrun slower, better organized Venetian squadrons.
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established Genoese naval domination in the Western Mediterranean for nearly a century.
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and northern Sardinia. In 1266 Genoese merchants purchased the city of Kaffa from the
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1713:
1429:"Fleet Operations in the First Genoese-Venetian War, 1264-1266 » De Re Militari"
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1223:"Storia Della Citta' Di Genova Dalle Sue Origini Alla Fine Della Repubblica Marinara"
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192:. In 1005 the Republic of Genoa was established; The new government was headed by a
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Genoa and the Sea: Policy and Power in an Early Modern Maritime Republic, 1559-1684
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908:. The Genoese navy was disbanded on 3 January 1815, the day the city was annexed.
1707:
876:; this ended in disaster when the French fleet was scattered or destroyed at the
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and lighter Italian-style galleys. This fleet was supplemented by armed merchant
270:
and saw some successes, with the fleet succeeding in trapping a Fatimid fleet in
894:
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The Genoese navy was finally disbanded following the annexation of Genoa by the
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A History of Europe (Routledge Revivals): From the Invasions to the XVI Century
541:. Genoa won a victory in May 1379, after which the fleet sailed to the port of
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume 3
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692:. Doria incorporated the Genoese navy into the Imperial navy and went on to
505:
318:
291:
255:
117:
17:
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in 1538, a Genoese fleet was damaged by a series of storms during the 1541
41:
2202:
1222:
1002:. In the 16th century the Genoese marines were protected by iron or steel
668:
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At this time the fleet relied principally on two types of galleys, heavy
251:
228:
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the Genoese navy consisted of only 10 galleys. Genoa allied itself with
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plan and, along with a Pisan fleet, intercepted the Genoese navy at the
2800:
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2711:
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1559:, trans. C.H. Clarke. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., pp. 18–20.
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and went on to establish further trading colonies in the Black Sea and
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Stern of a replica 17th century Genoese war-galley emblazoned with the
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Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower
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by the Genoese navy resulted in the capture of 11 galleys and Admiral
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fought for the French fleet against the English fleet at the pivotal
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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2
1058:, a longtime enemy of the Genoese navy in the Eastern Mediterranean
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1030:. The cities represented include Genoa, Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi.
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of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and was granted the office of
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In 1340 a contingent of 15 Genoese galleys under the command of
216:
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1274:"Genoa: The Cog in the New Medieval Economy - Medievalists.net"
729:, and as such equipped many of the navy's vessels with cannon.
120:. It played a crucial role in the history of the republic as a
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Genoese Trade and Migration in the Spanish Atlantic, 1700–1830
1957:
The Italian community in Tunisia, 1861–1961: a viable minority
983:- in order to maintain a standard of hygiene aboard the ship.
966:
into the fleet, though never on the same scale as the galley.
1348:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300
1299:"Venetians, Genoese and Turks: The Mediterranean 1300–1500"
600:
A map of the world in 1544 created by Genoese cartographer
593:
difficult and further disrupting Genoese naval activities.
929:
The port and fleet of Genoa in the early 14th century, by
854:, a French fleet with Genoese support was defeated by the
1570:
Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas retulere
819:
into the navy, though funding for the force was minimal.
516:. In November 1354 a Genoese fleet commanded by Admiral
1351:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
1204:
Ancient and Modern Ships, Part 1: Wooden Sailing Ships
266:. The ships served to counter the threat posed by the
1712:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by
1681:
Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700, Rhoads Murphey, 1999, p.23
1394:
1392:
585:. The Aragonese flagship was forced to surrender and
425:
With Pisa in a state of decline, Genoa expanded into
1046:, a museum dedicated to the naval history of Genoa.
2841:
2699:
2613:
2568:
2498:
2457:
2412:
2382:
79:
74:
66:
56:
48:
29:
2321:Marineria genovese dal Medioevo all'UnitĂ d'Italia
1765:
1668:Simonde de Sismondi, Jean-Charles-LĂ©onard (1832).
2905:1815 disestablishments in the Republic of Genoa
1201:Holmes, George Charles Vincent (July 6, 2010).
2353:
2137:Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction
1745:The unknown holocaust of the Crimean Italians
1572:Vol 1, p. 562, cited in Ziegler, 1998, p. 40.
361:, which competed with Genoa for influence in
8:
1179:
1177:
520:surprised a Venetian fleet off the coast of
1546:on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
704:. A major victory over the Ottomans in the
461:and the Genoese navy employed thousands of
2565:
2360:
2346:
2338:
1772:. University of California Press. p.
1082:. Harvard University. C. K. Paul & Co.
740:, a Genoese-Spanish fleet was defeated at
725:. He was also a strong proponent of using
700:from the Ottomans and capture the city of
235:. After decades of disorder caused by the
2260:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1754:(in Italian) (in Russian) (in Ukrainian)
1540:"Channel 4 – History – The Black Death"
1337:
1335:
1068:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1942:
1940:
1892:
1890:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1119:(1977), "The Mahdia campaign of 1087"
1079:Genoa: How the Republic Rose and Fell;
274:during the First Crusade. The Genoese
26:
2890:Military history of the Mediterranean
2078:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2062:
1909:Genoa: how the Republic Rose and Fell
1822:
1820:
1651:
1649:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1501:
1499:
1485:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 132–34.
1477:
1475:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1196:
1194:
1192:
7:
2234:History of Latin Christianity Vol.IV
1912:. C. K. Paul & Company. p.
1518:Rogers, Clifford J (editor) (2010).
1400:History of Latin Christianity Vol.IV
1216:
1214:
2039:Kirk, Thomas Allison (2013-06-10).
756:, during which the Genoese admiral
308:1113–15 Balearic Islands expedition
2864:Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists
1801:"Andrea Doria | Genoese statesman"
1670:A History of the Italian Republics
1522:. Oxford University Press. p. 16.
1452:Stanton, Charles D. (2015-06-30).
25:
2134:Howard, Michael C. (2011-02-17).
1709:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
1139:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
763:1556 saw the republic create the
608:Starting in the 15th century the
237:Norman conquest of southern Italy
2403:
2368:
2319:Campodonico, Pierangelo (1991).
2201:
1588:. Univ of South Carolina Press.
1481:William Ledyard Rodgers (1967).
771:resulted in the creation of the
660:all hailed from the city state.
108:was the naval contingent of the
40:
2449:Great Council and Minor Council
2301:Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528
1655:von Meerheimb, Richard (1865).
1626:Walton, Nicholas (2015-01-09).
1568:Michael of Piazza (Platiensis)
1161:"The Mahdia Campaign of 1087."
787:Further decline and disbandment
2274:Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973),
1992:. Cambridge University Press.
1207:– via Project Gutenberg.
1141:, tr. Marshall W. Baldwin and
904:, the city was granted to the
629:, and the Ottomans closed the
169:relied heavily on income from
124:and a maritime trading power.
1:
1906:Bent, James Theodore (1881).
1582:Thompson, William R. (1999).
1246:Pirenne, Henri (2010-10-04).
1164:The English Historical Review
1122:The English Historical Review
664:Resurgence under Andrea Doria
2278:, Johns Hopkins University,
1986:Brilli, Catia (2016-04-26).
1076:James Theodore Bent (1881).
838:Following the rise of first
375:Guelphs-Ghibellines Conflict
258:(and later to reinforce the
132:Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
2276:Venice, a Maritime Republic
1764:Parry, John Horace (1981).
1632:. Oxford University Press.
1542:. Channel 4. Archived from
1171::362 (January, 1977), 1–29.
874:campaign in Egypt and Syria
2921:
2859:Genoese School of painting
2614:Main aristocratic families
2475:Maona of Chios and Phocaea
2299:Steven A. Epstein (2002).
1918:balearic expedition genoa.
1690:Ossian De Negri, Teofilo.
1147:Princeton University Press
807:. In 1684 the French navy
179:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2401:
2323:(in Italian). Fabbri Ed.
1955:Alberti Russell, Janice.
1875:dati.san.beniculturali.it
1768:The Age of Reconnaissance
1455:Medieval Maritime Warfare
900:Following the end of the
848:French Revolutionary Wars
294:during the Crusades. The
290:in the Mediterranean and
39:
34:
2221:. Blackwell Publishing.
2013:Thiers, Adolphe (1876).
1871:"Magistrato delle galee"
587:King Alfonso V of Aragon
351:Battle of Meloria (1284)
288:Genoese trading colonies
161:A center of trade since
2778:(commercial suburbs of
2219:Contesting the Crusades
1934:, World History at KMLA
1805:Encyclopedia Britannica
1044:Galata - Museo del mare
979:- who also served as a
241:assisted in the capture
2895:Naval history of Italy
2232:Milman, Henry (1857).
1857:Archives Portal Europe
1788:genoese cartographers.
1398:Milman, Henry (1857).
933:
783:
765:Magistrato delle galee
673:
605:
422:
354:
153:
2531:Giovanni Andrea Doria
2252:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
2210:at Wikimedia Commons
1657:Von Palermo bis Gaëta
1585:Great Power Rivalries
1418:Lane (1973), p. 73-78
1221:Giustiniani, Enrico.
928:
781:
758:Giovanni Andrea Doria
752:fleet at the pivotal
671:
599:
439:Venetian–Genoese wars
416:
348:
250:The beginning of the
145:
2854:Archdiocese of Genoa
2521:Benedetto I Zaccaria
2480:Bank of Saint George
2166:facweb.cs.depaul.edu
1303:www.cogandgalley.com
1227:www.giustiniani.info
1035:Unification of Italy
871:Napoleon Bonaparte's
840:Revolutionary France
795:At the start of the
650:Christopher Columbus
341:Mercantile conflicts
204:Repubbliche Marinare
94:Benedetto I Zaccaria
2747:Lordship of Phocaea
2555:Genoese crossbowmen
2458:Economy and Finance
2432:Capitano del popolo
2422:(11th century–1191)
1505:Steven A. Epstein,
1377:alexandria.ucsb.edu
1042:foundation for the
906:Kingdom of Sardinia
887:(one of which, the
627:Constantinople fell
419:white and red cross
404:Genoese crossbowmen
239:, the Genoese navy
110:Republic of Genoa's
2737:Lordship of Lesbos
2390:Maritime republics
2307:. pp. 28–32.
2111:"Genova - Heddels"
1750:2011-07-13 at the
934:
878:Battle of the Nile
856:British Royal Navy
809:bombarded the city
784:
738:Algiers expedition
706:Battle of Girolata
674:
606:
526:Battle of Sapienza
485:was introduced to
423:
395:War of Saint Sabas
379:Holy Roman Emperor
371:Genoese-Pisan Wars
355:
282:attack during the
154:
90:Guglielmo Embriaco
35:Marineria Genovese
2872:
2871:
2816:Northern Sardinia
2731:Lordship of Chios
2609:
2608:
2375:Republic of Genoa
2294:978-88-09-02932-3
2206:Media related to
1692:Storia di Genova.
1465:978-1-78159-251-9
1458:. Pen and Sword.
1159:Cowdrey, H. E. J.
885:ships of the line
863:Ligurian Republic
844:Napoleonic France
797:Thirty Years' War
754:Battle of Lepanto
734:Battle of Preveza
686:Emperor Charles V
591:Strait of Messina
579:Kingdom of Sicily
524:. At the ensuing
510:Battle of Alghero
502:Kingdom of Aragon
455:Battle of Curzola
449:off the coast of
408:Battle of Meloria
171:merchant shipping
99:
98:
61:Republic of Genoa
16:(Redirected from
2912:
2900:Disbanded navies
2717:Genoese colonies
2566:
2407:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2271:
2267:978-1-13905403-4
2205:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2168:. Archived from
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2107:
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1469:
1449:
1443:
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1440:
1439:
1433:deremilitari.org
1425:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:978-1-13905573-4
1339:
1330:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:Medievalists.net
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1218:
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1187:
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1129:
1117:H. E. J. Cowdrey
1114:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
746:Battle of Djerba
696:the fortress of
690:Imperial Admiral
506:Bosporus Straits
471:Pietro Barbavera
435:Byzantine Empire
384:Battle of Giglio
359:Republic of Pisa
284:Siege of Tripoli
44:
27:
21:
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2516:Biagio Assereto
2494:
2453:
2408:
2399:
2395:Relief of Genoa
2378:
2374:
2366:
2331:
2318:
2268:
2254:, eds. (2004).
2248:Luscombe, David
2246:
2215:Housley, Norman
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1758:
1752:Wayback Machine
1743:
1739:
1724:
1704:Babinger, Franz
1702:
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1672:. Philadelphia.
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1557:The Black Death
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1343:Abulafia, David
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1137:Erdmann, Carl.
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1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1052:
1024:
1016:
972:
939:
923:
914:
902:Napoleonic Wars
852:Battle of Genoa
836:
834:Napoleonic Wars
805:Relief of Genoa
789:
727:naval artillery
666:
658:Pietro Vesconte
654:Battista Agnese
602:Battista Agnese
583:Battle of Ponza
573:to the town of
566:Battle of Modon
556:
534:War of Chioggia
475:Battle of Sluys
343:
276:Embriaco family
260:Crusader states
243:of the city of
186:sacked the city
159:
140:
102:
81:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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2780:Constantinople
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2005:
1998:
1975:
1961:
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1936:
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1898:
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1528:978-0195334036
1511:
1495:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1364:
1357:
1345:, ed. (1999).
1331:
1327:Sicking, Louis
1314:
1290:
1265:
1258:
1238:
1210:
1188:
1173:
1151:
1143:Walter Goffart
1130:
1109:
1085:
1067:
1066:
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938:
935:
922:
919:
913:
910:
835:
832:
826:, was lost to
788:
785:
682:Barbary states
665:
662:
610:Ottoman Empire
555:
552:
518:Paganino Doria
491:a Mongol siege
342:
339:
227:corsairs from
165:, the city of
158:
155:
139:
136:
100:
97:
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83:
77:
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68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
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37:
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24:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2548:Naval battles
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2330:9788845041273
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463:galley slaves
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157:Establishment
156:
151:
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149:View of Genoa
144:
137:
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122:thalassocracy
119:
115:
114:Mediterranean
111:
107:
101:Military unit
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78:
73:
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2885:Genoese navy
2541:Simone Doria
2526:Andrea Doria
2506:Genoese Navy
2485:Banca Carige
2465:Genoese lira
2320:
2300:
2275:
2256:
2233:
2218:
2208:Genoese navy
2200:
2197:Bibliography
2185:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2165:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2015:
2008:
1988:
1956:
1951:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1831:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
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1544:the original
1535:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1482:
1454:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1399:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1347:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1280:. 2015-08-18
1277:
1268:
1248:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1203:
1184:Housley 2006
1168:
1162:
1154:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1071:
1056:Ottoman Navy
1032:
1028:Italian Navy
1025:
1017:
985:
973:
944:
940:
931:Quinto Cenni
915:
912:Organization
899:
888:
882:
867:client state
860:
837:
821:
794:
790:
764:
762:
731:
678:Andrea Doria
675:
647:
643:Central Asia
607:
557:
539:Cape d'Anzio
532:In 1378 the
531:
499:
479:
468:
447:Adriatic Sea
431:Golden Horde
424:
400:
392:
356:
330:
326:
316:
310:to suppress
268:Fatimid navy
249:
233:North Africa
202:
190:Ligurian Sea
160:
147:
129:
126:
106:Genoese navy
105:
103:
86:Andrea Doria
30:Genoese Navy
18:Genoese Navy
2729:(including
2671:Pallavicini
2490:Slave trade
2440:(1339–1797)
2434:(1257–1339)
2428:(1191–1256)
1959:. pag. 142.
1128:, pp. 1–29.
1100:: 220–252.
988:denim jeans
952:Brigantines
895:French Navy
865:, a French
750:Holy League
631:Dardanelles
483:Black Death
459:slave trade
388:white peace
2879:Categories
2651:Boccanegra
2626:Centurione
2413:Government
2236:. London.
2176:2017-08-14
2120:2017-08-14
1931:Genoa 1684
1880:2017-06-18
1840:1861899467
1810:2021-09-16
1659:. Dresden.
1438:2017-06-14
1382:2017-06-11
1308:2017-06-11
1284:2017-06-11
1232:2017-06-11
1063:References
1014:Facilities
842:and later
635:Hellespont
292:Black Seas
211:alongside
118:Black Seas
82:commanders
75:Commanders
2791:Moncastro
2700:Geography
2681:Gattilusi
2666:Imperiali
2305:UNC Press
1732:716361786
1706:(1992) .
1402:. London.
1107:. pg. 232
1094:Byzantion
1006:and wore
1004:Cuirasses
996:crossbows
964:man-o-war
921:Equipment
817:corvettes
615:Trebizond
453:. At the
421:of Genoa.
390:in 1243.
319:Byzantine
256:Holy Land
247:in 1087.
163:antiquity
134:in 1815.
52:1005–1797
2691:Zaccaria
2686:Embriaco
2646:Cattaneo
2636:Grimaldi
2590:Ottoman
2576:Venetian
2511:Admirals
2499:Military
2470:Genovino
2217:(2006).
2019:. Nimmo.
1748:Archived
1050:See also
994:or with
992:bucklers
960:galleons
956:Feluccas
890:Brillant
813:frigates
769:Portugal
714:Portugal
547:Adriatic
543:Chioggia
367:Sardinia
314:piracy.
312:Majorcan
298:town of
296:Lebanese
280:seaborne
252:Crusades
229:Aghlabid
183:Fatimids
2842:Culture
2821:Gibelet
2806:Caladda
2801:Giurgiu
2796:Calafat
2767:Cembalo
2757:Gazaria
2752:Tabarka
2722:Corsica
2712:Liguria
2676:Fieschi
2656:Durazzo
2641:Spinola
2631:Fregoso
2586:Catalan
2560:Battles
2426:PodestĂ
2383:History
2162:"Jeans"
2115:Heddels
1842:, p. 70
1149:, 1977.
1105:1188035
1008:Morions
1000:muskets
981:surgeon
970:Sailors
948:galiots
824:Tabarka
773:Carrack
561:crusade
554:Decline
545:in the
495:Messina
489:during
451:KorÄŤula
427:Corsica
363:Corsica
327:dromone
321:-style
181:of the
138:History
80:Notable
57:Country
2831:Vicina
2811:Monaco
2776:Galata
2621:Adorno
2599:Lesbos
2594:Amasra
2581:Mongol
2420:Consul
2327:
2311:
2292:
2282:
2264:
2240:
2225:
2144:
2049:
1996:
1838:
1780:
1730:
1720:
1636:
1592:
1526:
1489:
1462:
1355:
1256:
1039:attack
1022:Legacy
977:barber
710:Dragut
702:Patras
698:Koroni
694:defend
656:, and
639:Russia
623:Amasra
621:, and
619:Cyprus
377:. The
323:dromon
304:Acre's
300:Byblos
245:Mahdia
225:Muslim
221:Amalfi
219:, and
213:Venice
194:consul
49:Active
2762:Caffa
2742:Ainos
2727:Chios
2707:Genoa
2661:Doria
937:Ships
828:Tunis
801:Spain
742:Ponza
718:Spain
575:Gaeta
571:Milan
522:Pylos
487:Kaffa
209:Italy
175:trade
167:Genoa
2849:Flag
2826:Tyre
2786:Mapa
2774:and
2772:Pera
2569:Wars
2438:Doge
2325:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1728:OCLC
1718:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1102:OCLC
998:and
962:and
954:and
815:and
716:and
641:and
633:and
365:and
349:The
335:cogs
217:Pisa
173:and
116:and
104:The
70:Navy
67:Type
1774:102
569:of
231:in
207:in
2881::
2303:.
2250:;
2164:.
2113:.
2073:^
2061:^
1978:^
1964:^
1939:^
1916:.
1914:96
1889:^
1873:.
1855:.
1819:^
1803:.
1786:.
1776:.
1726:.
1648:^
1618:^
1604:^
1498:^
1474:^
1431:.
1407:^
1391:^
1375:.
1334:^
1317:^
1301:.
1276:.
1225:.
1213:^
1191:^
1176:^
1169:92
1167:,
1145:.
1126:92
1098:54
1096:.
1010:.
880:.
830:.
652:,
617:,
477:.
215:,
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2733:)
2361:e
2354:t
2347:v
2333:.
2315:.
2296:.
2270:.
2229:.
2179:.
2150:.
2123:.
2055:.
2002:.
1883:.
1859:.
1813:.
1734:.
1642:.
1598:.
1530:.
1509:.
1493:.
1468:.
1441:.
1385:.
1361:.
1311:.
1287:.
1262:.
1235:.
604:.
331:,
329:)
325:(
152:.
20:)
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