396:) can be used to stress criticism. In these contexts imperatives and other directives are part of the vocal, kinetic and material environment they occur in, making male speech dependent on a specific situation without being linked to gender. These examples could demonstrate that the label "men's speech" (
80:
In general, the words and speech patterns associated with men are perceived as rough, vulgar, or abrupt, while those associated with women are considered more polite, more deferential, or "softer". Some linguists consider the description of "rough–soft continuum" more accurate than the description of
408:
Since the late twentieth century observers have noted that individual
Japanese men and women do not necessarily speak in the ways attributed to their gender. Scholars have described considerable variation within each gender; some individuals use these characteristics of gendered speech, while others
391:
Work by Misao Okada shows that so-called male speech is not just used in
Japanese for male identity; imperatives can be utilised in order to make the hearer perform a fast movement immediately, for instance, in a sport session. Moreover, imperatives and particles with a traditional male connotation
320:
Some studies of conversation between
Japanese men and women show neither gender taking a more dominant position in interaction. Men, however, tend to show a "self-oriented conversation style", telling stories and expressing their expertise on topics being discussed more than is typical of women in
241:
is the high and gentle intonation which appropriates the insistence to the better judgement of the addressee. However, other researchers argue that the rising and high intonation are used to show an interest in the conversation and therefore help to continue it because falling intonation is often
31:
has some words and some grammatical constructions associated with men or boys, while others are associated with women or girls. Such differences are sometimes called "gendered language". In
Japanese, speech patterns associated with women are referred to as
236:
with falling intonation can be used by male speakers in modern standard colloquial
Japanese. However, both serve the same function of conveying a sense of insistence on the part of the speaker. One possible explanation of the femininity associated with
344:. They are used to impart information that belongs to the speaker's sphere to an adressee. The perceived masculinity of these particles comes from the stronger level of assertive force that they have in comparison to particles like
200:
encourage women to adopt. Similarly, these forms may be prescribed for women learners by
Japanese textbooks and other materials. There are, however, various deviations from these norms in conversation.
204:
Although
Japanese women may not follow the gender norm in speech, some linguistic studies indicate that Japanese women tend to use more honorific language than men do, which reinforces the idea of
123:, which is usually translated as "ladylike" or "feminine," refers to the behaviour expected of a typical Japanese woman in a customary scene. As well as behaving in particular ways, being
473:("older sister") used to denote an effeminate man, a speaking style that combines the formal aspects of women's speech described above with blunt or crude words and topics. For example:
409:
do not. Upper-class women who did not conform to conventional expectations of gendered speech were sometimes criticized for failing to maintain so-called "traditional
Japanese culture".
356:
is the most imposing particle, stating a proposition with an authorative tone to an addressee of lower status. It can mostly be observed among intimate male friends and within the
317:
Research on
Japanese men's speech shows greater use of "neutral" forms, forms not strongly associated with masculine or feminine speech, than is seen in Japanese women's speech.
1146:
Okada, Misao (2008). "When the Coach is a Woman: The
Situational Meanings of So-Called Masculine Directives in a Japanese Boxing Gym". In Mori, Junko; Snyder Ohta, Amy (eds.).
2717:
1224:
Wim Lunsing; Claire Maree (2004). "Shifting speakers: Negotiating reference in relation to sexuality and gender". In Shigeko Okamoto and Janet Shibamoto Smith (ed.).
2568:
2764:
1511:
131:, using more polite forms and using polite speech or honorifics in more situations, and referring to themselves and those whom they address more formally.
839:
Siegal, Meryl; Okamoto, Shigeko (2003). "Toward reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language".
2563:
250:
Just as there are modes of speaking and behaviour that have sometimes been considered intrinsically feminine, there are also those that are considered
224:. It is generally used in a conversation in which the speaker and addressee are close to each other. On the other hand, it is inappropriate to use
2190:
535:, literally "male prostitutes", who adopted feminine speech, wore women's clothing, and often referred to themselves as women. Celebrities and
1336:
1300:
1263:
1183:
1155:
1093:
910:
784:
732:
953:
Sturtz Sreetharan, Cindi (2004). "Japanese men's linguistic stereotypes and realities". In Shigeko Okamoto and Janet Shibamoto Smith (ed.).
625:
use a variety of gendered markers in their speech that are traditionally considered feminine or masculine. One speaker exclusively uses the
269:
advice for language use, men's language is thought of as using fewer polite forms, distinct pronouns and sentence-final particles, and some
2185:
1669:
1480:
1420:
1397:
1233:
962:
885:
537:
2070:
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2495:
2449:
2444:
1970:
1504:
934:
Chisato Kitagawa (1977): A Source of Femininity in Japanese: In Defence of Robin Lakoff's Language and Woman's Place. P. 287.
748:
Okamoto, Shigeko (2013). "Variability in societal norms for Japanese women's speech: Implications for linguistic politeness".
1084:
McGloin, Naomi Hanako (1990). "Sex Difference and Sentence-Final Particles". In Ide, Sachiko; McGloin, Naomi Hanako (eds.).
1676:
1281:"Grrrl-Queens - Onee-kotoba and the Negotiation of Heterosexist Gender Norms and Lesbo(homo)phobic Stereotypes in Japanese"
981:
Sturtz Sreetharan, Cindi (2004). "Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese men's use of ′manly′ speech register".
94:
There are no gender differences in written Japanese (except in quoted speech), and almost no differences in polite speech (
2459:
2175:
87:
2824:
2814:
2590:
2429:
1988:
803:
Teineigo and style-mixing: Formality variation in the interview register and application of conversation analysis theory
170:
2809:
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2060:
128:
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means conforming to particular styles of speech. Some of the features of women's speech include speaking in a higher
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2439:
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1497:
2819:
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2724:
2702:
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2500:
2424:
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2008:
2065:
1440:
2143:
329:
193:
2160:
681:
618:
610:, although it originally referred to masculine lesbians and female cross-dressers, has evolved to include
1024:
Itakura, Hiroko; Tsui, Amy B. M. (2004). "Gender and conversational dominance in Japanese conversation".
2641:
2530:
2003:
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550:
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entertainers, typically men who enact very feminine speech, dress, and other gender markers. The word
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2515:
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2095:
2030:
1544:
135:
17:
2741:
2623:
2595:
2510:
2090:
2035:
1174:
Wim Lunsing (2005). "The politics of okama and onabe". In Mark McLelland and Romit Dasgupta (ed.).
686:
376:
but the pragmatic/semantic force of it is not as clear as the other two. Attributes contributed to
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82:
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implies a sense of resignation or acceptance of a given situation on the part of the speaker.
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757:
2250:
1279:
Maree, C. (2008-09-24), Martin, Fran; Jackson, Peter; McLelland, Mark; Yue, Audrey (eds.),
2754:
2414:
2409:
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1890:
1801:
1701:
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1598:
270:
1883:
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1203:
943:
Edelsky, C. (1979): Question intonation and sex roles. In: Language in Society 8. P. 28.
801:
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2100:
2075:
1998:
1978:
1951:
1902:
1854:
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and employed by the speaker if they have a buddy-like relationship with the adressee.
2793:
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1983:
1835:
1779:
1647:
1637:
1613:
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in an official relationship such as business relationships or formal interviews. The
1358:
1328:
1063:
2525:
2354:
1919:
1813:
1757:
1726:
1721:
1534:
1409:
546:
441:
308:. Masculine speech also features less frequent use of honorific prefixes and fewer
266:
513:
417:
Another recent phenomenon influencing gender norms in speech is the popularity of
722:
643:
as a gender-neutral first-person pronoun but also utilizes ending particles like
134:
Some linguistic features commonly associated with women include: omission of the
2580:
1808:
903:
Gender, Language and Culture: A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse
500:
445:
209:
189:
184:
Actual language used by Japanese-speaking women differs from these ideals. Such
565:
were interviewed by Claire Maree, who reported that they were characterized as
2609:
2575:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2255:
1363:['Because I'm me']: A study of gender and language in the documentary
1037:
994:
517:
220:
One of the sentence-final particles often found in women's speech in Japan is
1055:
1002:
2389:
2318:
2298:
2240:
761:
697:
611:
554:
2260:
2245:
1126:
A study of Japanese modality—A performative analysis of sentence particles
655:
included in a round table discussion in the bisexual and lesbian magazine
2669:
2554:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2152:
1993:
1256:
Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual Identities through Linguistic Practices
96:
724:
Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People
2646:
2585:
2202:
1292:
860:
584:" by their peers. Maree argues that they were attempting to avoid both
384:
is used to state something "obvious" and "matter-of course". Generally
310:
1046:
651:
but does not identify as a man or a woman. Abe further notes that two
2664:
2197:
2165:
1489:
1280:
852:
721:
Okamoto, Shigeko; Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (2004). "Introduction".
2659:
2207:
2170:
1444:
558:
332:
that are generally considered within the realm of male speech are
1390:日本語は女をどう表現してきたか (Womansword: What Japanese Words Say About Women)
440:, but its usage has expanded to refer to masculine gay men, male
91:
refers to the styles as "blunt/gentle", rather than male/female.
2217:
1493:
1441:"Manifestations of Gender Distinction in the Japanese Language"
1371:
Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
1208:
Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
1148:
Japanese Applied Linguistics: Discourse and Social Perspectives
505:
is typical of men's speech and the topic itself is very blunt.
153:
among others, use of feminine sentence-final particles such as
276:
Some words associated with men's speech include: the informal
1388:
Cherry, Kittredge; Kurihara, Yoko; Nakanishi, Kiyomi (1995).
1323:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 831–860,
232:
found in women's speech has a rising intonation, while the
380:
are "vigorous and ego-assertive" while others argue that
265:. Based on men's reports of their own speech, as well as
1472:
You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
1204:"Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan"
663:
as a first-person pronoun, while trans men preferred
467:, literally "older sister speech" but with the word
2740:
2680:
2632:
2474:
2332:
2274:
2216:
2151:
2142:
2051:
2017:
1969:
1942:
1865:
1739:
1567:
1558:
1527:
1459:Smith, Phillip M. (1979). "Sex Markers in Speech".
1285:
AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities
1128:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Michigan. p. 82.
400:) is much more diverse than originally considered.
62:, and those associated with men are referred to as
1432:Culture, language and personality: Selected essays
1408:
1321:The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality
448:, among other uses. Entertainers who identify as
1287:, University of Illinois Press, pp. 67–84,
1113:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 919.
629:
596:
566:
521:
453:
418:
251:
109:
63:
48:
33:
1176:Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
647:, while another uses the first-person pronoun
636:
603:
573:
528:
460:
425:
258:
116:
70:
55:
40:
1505:
1319:, in Bolin, Anne; Whelehan, Patricia (eds.),
976:
974:
499:is typical of women's speech, while the verb
8:
1219:
1217:
2148:
2023:
1564:
1512:
1498:
1490:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
809:(Master of Sciences). University of Oxford
1045:
775:Jorden, Eleanor Harz; Noda, Mari (1987).
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
877:Mangajin's Basic Japanese Through Comics
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
561:. In one instance, two lesbian users of
1226:Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology
955:Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology
727:. Oxford University Press. p. 10.
710:
487:"If I ate curry now, I'd get diarrhea."
292:, and sentence-final particles such as
242:associated with ending a conversation.
452:sometimes use a form of speech called
81:"male–female continuum". For example,
1249:
1247:
1245:
1197:
1195:
1169:
1167:
716:
714:
436:originally referred to feminine male
18:Gender differences in spoken Japanese
7:
1086:Aspects of Japanese Women's Language
779:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
621:interviewed in the 1995 documentary
1465:London: Cambridge University Press.
1407:Graddol, David; Joan Swann (1990).
483:Atashi ima karē kuttara geri da wa.
169:, and the more frequent use of the
557:, and the twin brothers Osugi and
25:
1434:. University of California Press.
364:is viewed as a milder version of
1202:McLelland, Mark (January 2000).
841:Japanese Language and Literature
682:Gender-neutral pronoun: Japanese
284:, first person pronouns such as
1329:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs316
1124:Uyeno, Tazuko Yamanaka (1971).
1111:A Reference Grammar of Japanese
588:femininity and stereotypes of
1:
1439:Schonfeld, Alexander (1999).
1357:Maree, Claire (August 2003).
905:. John Benjamins Publishing.
777:Japanese: The Spoken Language
372:has a very similar status to
88:Japanese: The Spoken Language
2656:Kanji pronunciation sources
2430:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
2765:Speculative fiction writers
2324:Transcription into Japanese
1475:. William Morrow & Co.
630:
597:
567:
522:
454:
419:
252:
110:
104:Conventional women's speech
64:
49:
34:
2841:
1683:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
1315:Abe, Hideko (2015-04-20),
1254:Abe, Hideko (2010-03-15).
192:that institutions such as
141:, the use of first person
2026:
1038:10.1017/S0047404504332033
995:10.1017/S0047404504031045
874:Kazuko, Ashizawa (1998).
637:
604:
574:
529:
508:Hideko Abe suggests that
461:
426:
263:, "manly" or "masculine")
259:
246:Conventional men's speech
117:
71:
56:
41:
2550:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2009:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
1469:Tannen, Deborah (1990).
1461:Social Markers in Speech
1415:. Blackwell Publishers.
1392:(in Japanese). Benesse.
330:Sentence-final particles
325:Sentence-Final Particles
216:Sentence-Final Particles
2496:Godan and ichidan verbs
2314:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1150:. New York: Continuum.
1109:Martin, Samuel (1975).
925:McGloin (2005): 30—31.
762:10.1515/multi-2013-0010
495:and the sentence-final
280:in place of the copula
1430:Sapir, Edward (1958).
1258:. Palgrave Macmillan.
901:Tanaka, Lidia (2004).
512:originated during the
477:あたし 今 カレー 食ったら 下痢 だ わ。
245:
103:
2601:Court lady language (
2071:Southern Amami Ōshima
2004:Yilan Creole Japanese
590:lesbians as masculine
413:In the LGBT community
60:, "women's language")
2420:Small Kana Extension
2031:Eastern Old Japanese
1670:Northern Izu Islands
800:David, Oana (2009).
549:, Shōgo Kariyazaki,
2825:Japanese honorifics
2815:Etiquette by region
1971:Pidgins and creoles
1026:Language in Society
983:Language in Society
687:Language and gender
83:Eleanor Harz Jorden
75:, "men's language")
2810:Gender in language
2772:Classical Japanese
2619:Gender differences
2455:Extended shinjitai
1088:. Tokyo: Kurosio.
45:, "women's words")
2800:Japanese language
2787:
2786:
2491:Verb conjugations
2470:
2469:
2138:
2137:
2019:Japonic languages
1965:
1964:
1957:Okinawan Japanese
1521:Japanese language
1361:Ore wa ore dakara
1338:978-1-118-89687-7
1302:978-0-252-03307-0
1265:978-0-230-10616-1
1185:978-1-134-26058-4
1157:978-0-8264-8961-6
1095:978-4-87424-044-1
912:978-90-272-3079-9
786:978-0-300-03834-7
734:978-0-19-516617-0
677:Japanese pronouns
627:reflexive pronoun
404:In modern society
314:response tokens.
208:and conventional
29:Japanese language
16:(Redirected from
2832:
2820:Sociolinguistics
2805:Society of Japan
2730:Polivanov system
2591:Honorific speech
2486:Japanese grammar
2149:
2024:
1565:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
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2831:
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2829:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2736:
2681:Transliteration
2676:
2652:Sound symbolism
2628:
2610:Role language (
2569:from Portuguese
2501:Irregular verbs
2479:
2477:
2466:
2415:Kana Supplement
2410:Kana Extended-B
2405:Kana Extended-A
2328:
2304:Historical kana
2270:
2212:
2191:by stroke count
2182:Kanji radicals
2176:by stroke count
2134:
2047:
2013:
1989:Hawaiian Creole
1961:
1938:
1861:
1735:
1554:
1523:
1518:
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1382:Further reading
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880:. Weatherhill.
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853:10.2307/3594875
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601:
586:heteronormative
571:
526:
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423:
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327:
321:these studies.
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68:
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2541:Native words (
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2144:Writing system
2140:
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2044:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Pseudo-Chinese
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Bamboo English
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:Amami Japanese
1948:
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1116:
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1016:
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963:
945:
936:
927:
918:
911:
893:
886:
866:
820:
792:
785:
767:
756:(2): 203–223.
740:
733:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
694:
689:
684:
679:
672:
669:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
442:cross-dressers
414:
411:
405:
402:
360:social realm.
326:
323:
271:reduced vowels
247:
244:
217:
214:
105:
102:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2837:
2826:
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2753:
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2743:
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2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:Cyrillization
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Wāpuro rōmaji
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
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2689:
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2685:
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2567:
2565:
2562:
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2558:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:yamato kotoba
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Counter words
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
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2277:
2273:
2267:
2266:Kana ligature
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
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2242:
2239:
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2209:
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2184:
2183:
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2177:
2174:
2173:
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2164:
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2161:Script reform
2159:
2158:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2129:
2126:
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2119:
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2059:
2058:
2056:
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2050:
2042:
2039:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Bonin English
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
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1926:
1923:
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1908:
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1557:
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1548:
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1541:
1538:
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1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:Earlier forms
1526:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1482:0-688-07822-2
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1447:on 2010-09-22
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1422:0-631-13734-3
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:Gender Voices
1405:
1401:
1399:4-8288-5728-1
1395:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:Shinjuku Boys
1362:
1353:
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1326:
1322:
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1242:
1237:
1235:0-19-516617-5
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
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1192:
1187:
1181:
1178:. Routledge.
1177:
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966:
964:0-19-516617-5
960:
956:
949:
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940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
914:
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904:
897:
894:
889:
887:0-8348-0452-2
883:
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646:
632:
628:
624:
623:Shinjuku Boys
620:
617:
613:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
580:, or "female
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
524:
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515:
511:
506:
504:
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456:
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412:
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403:
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389:
387:
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371:
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363:
359:
358:senior-junior
355:
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324:
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315:
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254:
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137:
132:
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126:
112:
101:
99:
98:
92:
90:
89:
84:
78:
66:
51:
36:
30:
19:
2718:In Esperanto
2688:Romanization
2642:Pitch accent
2624:Dictionaries
2618:
2611:
2603:nyōbō kotoba
2602:
2556:
2555:Loan words (
2542:
2526:Topic marker
2440:ARIB STD B24
2186:by frequency
2066:Amami Ōshima
1943:
1932:
1891:
1877:
1867:
1855:
1842:East San'in
1826:
1802:
1773:
1751:
1741:
1677:
1628:
1584:
1569:
1550:Early Modern
1540:Early Middle
1471:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1431:
1410:
1389:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1342:, retrieved
1320:
1310:
1284:
1274:
1255:
1225:
1207:
1175:
1147:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1085:
1029:
1025:
1019:
986:
982:
954:
948:
939:
930:
921:
902:
896:
876:
869:
847:(1): 49–66.
844:
840:
811:. Retrieved
802:
795:
776:
770:
753:
749:
743:
723:
696:
692:Nyōbō kotoba
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
615:
594:
562:
547:Akihiro Miwa
542:
536:
509:
507:
501:
496:
492:
491:The pronoun
490:
482:
468:
449:
433:
416:
407:
397:
393:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
319:
316:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
267:prescriptive
249:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
210:gender roles
205:
203:
188:speech is a
185:
183:
178:
174:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
133:
124:
107:
95:
93:
86:
79:
26:
2698:Nihon-shiki
2581:Wasei-kango
2516:Possessives
2476:Grammar and
2309:Modern kana
2294:Punctuation
2275:Orthography
2096:Tokunoshima
1708:Gifu-Aichi
1678:Tōkai–Tōsan
1545:Late Middle
1293:11343/29045
750:Multilingua
518:sex workers
446:trans women
438:homosexuals
253:otokorashii
190:social norm
35:onna kotoba
2794:Categories
2742:Literature
2612:yakuwarigo
2596:Honorifics
2576:Wasei-eigo
2564:from Dutch
2511:Adjectives
2478:vocabulary
2256:Hentaigana
2251:Man'yōgana
2091:Okinoerabu
1795:Okuyoshino
1451:2005-09-09
1344:2022-12-26
1228:. Oxford.
1047:10397/7638
957:. Oxford.
705:References
563:onē kotoba
543:onē kotoba
510:onē kotoba
455:onē kotoba
206:onnarashii
186:onnarashii
125:onnarashii
111:onnarashii
2634:Phonology
2521:Particles
2460:Half/Full
2390:Shift JIS
2319:Yotsugana
2299:Kanazukai
2241:Okurigana
2153:Logograms
1765:Shiramine
1610:Southern
1590:Northern
1056:0047-4045
1011:145516163
1003:0047-4045
813:30 August
698:Otokonoko
612:trans men
595:The word
555:Kaba-chan
520:known as
514:Shōwa era
392:(such as
194:education
173:prefixes
171:honorific
108:The word
2557:gairaigo
2536:Numerals
2506:Pronouns
2445:Enclosed
2425:Katakana
2400:Hiragana
2396:Unicode
2351:ISO/IEC
2333:Encoding
2236:Furigana
2231:Katakana
2226:Hiragana
2128:Yonaguni
2108:Southern
2086:Okinawan
2081:Kunigami
2061:Northern
2053:Ryukyuan
1994:Kyowa-go
1925:Tsushima
1915:Nagasaki
1910:Kumamoto
1898:Chikuzen
1762:Kanazawa
1752:Hokuriku
1687:Shizuoka
1654:Eastern
1643:Kanagawa
1634:Western
1579:Hokkaidō
1560:Dialects
1064:55161059
671:See also
568:onna-onē
545:include
541:who use
398:danseigo
145:such as
143:pronouns
129:register
97:teineigo
65:danseigo
2760:Writers
2693:Hepburn
2647:Rendaku
2586:Engrish
2282:Braille
2203:Ryakuji
2123:Yaeyama
2041:grammar
2036:Hachijō
1933:Satsugū
1892:Hichiku
1878:Hōnichi
1832:San'yō
1827:Chūgoku
1803:Shikoku
1742:Western
1702:Nagaoka
1698:Echigo
1663:Tochigi
1658:Ibaraki
1619:Nairiku
1599:Tsugaru
1570:Eastern
1317:"Onabe"
861:3594875
538:tarento
502:kuttara
311:aizuchi
163:kashira
147:watashi
50:joseigo
2755:Poetry
2703:Kunrei
2665:Kan-on
2436:Other
2345:EUC-JP
2261:Sōgana
2246:Gojūon
2198:Kokuji
2166:Kanbun
2118:Tarama
2113:Miyako
1903:Hakata
1868:Kyūshū
1856:Umpaku
1819:Sanuki
1785:Banshū
1774:Kansai
1717:Mikawa
1712:Nagoya
1692:Narada
1585:Tōhoku
1479:
1419:
1396:
1335:
1299:
1262:
1232:
1182:
1154:
1092:
1062:
1054:
1009:
1001:
961:
909:
884:
859:
783:
731:
582:queens
523:danshō
516:among
493:atashi
444:, and
304:, and
165:, and
151:atashi
136:copula
2777:texts
2750:Books
2670:Tō-on
2660:Go-on
2287:Kanji
2208:Ateji
2171:Kanji
2101:Yoron
2076:Kikai
1944:Other
1846:Inshū
1836:Bingo
1790:Kishū
1780:Awaji
1648:Tokyo
1638:Gunma
1629:Kantō
1614:Kesen
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