1847:"authentic" culture, to represent, reiterate, or reinforce the centrality of women within that "authentic" culture, to create a new trend in the gender division of labor or to stem recent changes within that labor system, and to purge from an "authentic" women's culture particular non-Islamic customs that "weaken the morals" of women. In 1989 there was a consolidation of Islamist power that changed the "formal and informal national and local debates" about gender, law, and labor. The government of Sudan wanted to appear more modern and propagandized women's education and work participation. Before this, there was more direct involvement of the Sudanese government by the mosque of Islam. Since 1989, Islam is still very influential but the Sudanese government has made attempts of modernization. According to Afshar however, her studies indicate that it is the ideologies of male supremacy rather than any specific religion that affects women's lives more directly.
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1806:. The adolescent fertility rate is a measurement of adolescent births per 1,000 women. This is a general indicator of the burden of fertility on young women in a country. The rate for Sudan in 2011 was 61.9 per 1,000. Reproductive health is another critical component of women's health in Sudan. The contraceptive prevalence rate of married women ages 15–49 in 2009 was 8%. Comparatively, the rate for the same population of women in the United States at the same time was 73%. The rate of women with at least one antenatal visit from 2005 to 2009 was 64%. Also, the rate of births by a skilled health professional from 2005 to 2009 was 49% in Sudan. Finally, the
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1838:, it is said that men have authority over women because Allah has made the one superior to the other because they spend their wealth to maintain them. Traditional societal rules are established in Sudan that describe the role of women. This is particularly obvious in the case of religious marriage. If the husband dies, the widow either marries again and gives up her children to the husband's family or remains a widow for the rest of her life. In Sudanese society, a widow is socially respected if she behaves according to the traditional rules and regulations of the society.
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foreign direct investment to spur more industrial economic opportunities. The majority of women participate in agricultural activities, and most of them are making an "unrecognizable" contribution. Afshar's main argument is that women should have a more productive role in the development process to "counteract the destructive politics of food, and the spread of hunger to the rural areas." Women must concentrate on providing food for the household, in addition (at many times) to providing much of the financial support for the family.
1661:(CPA). This agreement ended the longest civil conflict on the continent. Ever since the decolonization of Sudan in the 1950s, the "predominantly black and Christian or animist South had sought either autonomy or independence from the Arabic-speaking, Muslim-dominated North". The quest for oil-wealth was also a factor in the conflict within Sudan. Democracy was never given a chance to succeed, because no multiparty election had produced a stable government and three elected governments had been overthrown by military coups.
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2107:(UNDP) report ranks Sudan as the #129 country out of 147 on the gender inequality index. This is in the low human development quartile. This index ranking is a calculation of maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility rate, females in the national parliament, population with at least a secondary education, and the labor force participation rate. The figures from the 2012 UNDP report of Sudan compared to the average of the countries in the "Low Human Development" category are below.
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be calculated and the number of students enrolled in each level is divided by the population of official school age children. The result is multiplied by one hundred. This is all separate for girls and boys. "The Gender parity index is then calculated by dividing the female Gross
Enrollment Ratio by the male Gross Enrollment Ratio for the given level of education." A lot of educational and classification information is needed for this calculation, thus as of 2012 there are eight
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besieged the colonial capital, Khartoum; in 1885 the city government was overthrown, and Gordon, the colony's contractual governor, was killed. Sudan then became an independent
Islamic state. It remained so until 1898 when a joint invasion by Britain and Egypt defeated the Mahdi's successor. The victory was presented to the British public as vengeance for Gordon's "Christian martrydom."
2020:(WHO) has done much research on the societal factors contribution to this procedure. Much of this research is through interviewing in order to create educational campaigns to deter it in the future. One study was conducted by the WHO in 1997 in Sudan. Their results showed that social pressure, particularly from older women, had a great influence on the decision to perform this cutting.
2001:) includes the removal of all or part of the inner and outer labia, and usually the clitoris, and the fusion of the wound, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood—the fused wound is opened for intercourse and childbirth." The fourth type of genital mutilation includes a variety of other procedures from piercing to full vaginal cutting.
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The obligations of family rituals are directly aligned with the women in the household. Often, women are required to perform the rituals in addition to their daily chores. In cases of marriage rituals, the invited women are expected to literally shut-down their houses for the duration of the festivities and move to the place where the rituals are being held.
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most gender-based violence programs. Before the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the
Interim National Constitution in the Darfur area explicitly prohibited discrimination based on gender. However, according to the 2009 Human Rights Report published by the U.S. State Department, the Sudanese government did not effectively enforce this provision.
1802:. This defines the death of pregnant women and is directly related to the levels of available healthcare services. In 2008, the maternal mortality rate in Sudan was 750 per 100,000 live births. Comparatively, the rate for a developed nation like the United States is 9.1 per 100,000 live births. The adolescent fertility rate is a part of the
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similar percentages of women in politics. Alazaa
Mohamad Abdullah was the first woman in Sudan to attend political courts in 1924. Also, Khalda Zahir Sarour Alsadat was one of the first women in power involved in politics. She performed clear political activities as a student and helped establish the Sudanese Women Union in 1952.
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The disparity between women and men in the labor force is particularly disconcerting. 76.9% of men are active in the 'formal' labor force compared to that of women, 30.9%. Thus, nearly 50% more men participate in economic activities compared to women. Sudan ranks lower in all of the categories than
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is primarily unpaid labor that is limits the economic participation of the worker. The majority of family labor is performed by women and children. According to Haleh Afshar, family labor is based on kinship relationships where the norm dictates a sense of communal labor. Paid labor is based on a
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in primary education in Sudan as of 2006 was 0.8. This index is used to measure the relative access to education of males and females. The gender parity index is calculated first by determining the population of official school age for each level of education. Then, the Gross
Enrollment Ratio would
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A panel of experts at the United
Nations found, in 2005, that sexual and gender-based violence occurred throughout Darfur. At this time, there were non-governmental organizations that worked to stop this gender violence. However, the government expelled thirteen NGOs that resulted in the closure of
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was sentenced to death by hanging for fatally stabbing her husband after he attempted to rape her again. A social media campaign by liberal activists both in and outside of Sudan was initiated to pressure the
Sudanese government to overturn the sentence, with the hashtag #JusticeForNoura trending on
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There are a variety of social obligations required of women in Sudan that are not necessary for men. These range from birth, marriage, female genital mutilation, and the performance of family death rituals. These rituals require physical, mental, and time commitments that are not responsibly of men.
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in 1975. This was characterized by a reversal of the early stage's trends and a new interest in research on women. This research, however, aimed at using the funds pouring in from international agencies to set up 'women's projects', rather than actually seeking to improve the welfare of the women in
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is composed of a mostly male workforce. In one factory in 1981, women workers were making about 70% of a male machinist's pay. This, however, does not amount to the majority of labor opportunities for women in Sudan. This is because most civilization in Sudan is rural and there has not been much
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The first class of students to complete studies at the university dates from 1930. In 2017, women are the majority in universities (52% compared to 48% for men). Although the desire to educate oneself is a primary motivation, the need for additional income in an economic context where the income of
1948:
Symbolically the 'house' represents and reflects the woman's overall role in a historically male 'structure'. Even within the confines of their compound though, conformity of dress, manner of speech, and tone of voice, are required and expected. This expected subservience is based in cultural and
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Two-thirds of the women said that this procedure was done "to satisfy the husband", but none of the women said their husband had made the decision on their own. Through research like this, the World Health
Organization, in addition to other organizations, have targeted education of young women in
1922:
Despite the enormous cultural and economic limitations of women in Sudan, women comprise 24.1% of the national parliament as of 2012. This percentage, however, does not represent the number of women in positions of power throughout the country. Many other nations (developed and developing) have
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Although women are not expected to work for pay or have a profession, there are sometimes opportunities to earn income as long as it is 'assisting' the household financially. These women are allowed to work at home and in the fields with the cultural understanding that this is not a profession.
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While the paid income goes to men in the villages, it is not necessarily spent or invested in the family, nor does it always go towards farm improvements. Certain market conditions in Sudan seem likely to result in the growing equality of male and female workers; however, this has not been the
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inequality in Sudan have gone through two basic stages, according to Seteny Shami. The early stage, characterized by the neglect of women as a research priority, can be related to development conceptions in the post-independence period, from 1956 until the 1970s. Women-related issues were seldom
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During the
Mahdiyya period, women's public activities and economic roles were largely restricted to rural areas, where women were granted more social roles than those in the towns. In the urban areas, women were often confined to living areas reserved for women and children, and had hardly any
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In 1820, the region had been invaded by the khedive of
Ottoman Egypt, Mohammed Ali, and made an Egyptian colony. Sixty years later, a charismatic Muslim holy man and political dissident, known as the Mahdi, rose up to threaten Egypt's control then under British rule. In 1884 his supporters
2008:
During colonial rule, British authorities were apprehensive that southern women would accept this female genital mutilation, which colonial officials regarded as not only alien to the South but also inherently repulsive. For females, circumcision comprises a variety of ritualized surgeries,
2004:
This action exemplifies a horizontal transmission of tradition, not from one generation to another within an ethno-cultural group but from one group to another in newly shared circumstances. In embracing female circumcision, women depart from their own cultural traditions and reshape their
1846:
There has been a rise of "Islamism" in Muslim northern Sudan since 1971, and particularly its gender dimension, is meaningful. According to Sondra Hale, there are a variety of goals and strategies that this rise of Islam includes. These are: to manipulate religious ideology toward a more
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The difference in education between boys and girls is one of the most obvious and critical inequalities in Sudan. Girls in general just learn how to read and write and some simple arithmetic and exit school when they reach puberty, which coincides with six years of primary school. The
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contractual understanding between the farmer and worker. Women in Sudan are often not given opportunities to manage subsistence plots on their own. A primary limitation to gender equality in Sudan is the necessity of obtaining the credit which is needed to manage a farm. Credit (
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Although women play a crucial role in the agricultural cycle, their role has not improved as a result of technology in the agricultural sector. It tends to concentrate on the production of cash crops, and women are not encouraged to participate in this activity.
1582:, some sources claim that women served as couriers in the opposition against the Ottoman government. Moreover, they took care of wounded people, informed about enemy movements as spies for the Sudanese opposition, and incited men to act with bravery.
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The female population with at least a secondary education in 2010 was 12.8% for females compared with 18.2% for males. Although both of these are very low, males have a statistically more significant opportunity to obtain a secondary education.
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possibilities to get an education. Following Mahdist religious interpretations, women had to cover their heads and avoid personal contact with men outside the family. Furthermore, men and women were ordered to avoid Western types of clothing.
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On November 26, 2019, the government abolished the law on public order and morals which prohibited, among other things, women from wearing pants. But these new social gains are being called into question by the new government after the
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On 1 May 2020, the Sudanese government decided to amend the country's criminal code, which had been approved on 22 April 2020, in order to criminalize female genital mutilation, making it punishable by three years in jail and a fine.
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In Sudan, feminine identities are created and re-created through a multiplicity of gender ideologies and ritual practices. One of the most unexpected signs of identity transformation of women in South Sudan is their adoption of
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According to Shami, at least 87% of Sudan's female labor force was concentrated in agriculture. Of these, 78%-90% were involved in the traditional subsistence sector, whereas only 10% are involved in the modern sector.
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1745:. This international bill of rights for women sets basic standards that must be implemented to promote gender equality. Sudan's stance at the time indicated the lack of importance of gender equality.
1616:
1903:
In Sudan, subsistence women farmers face economic development limitations. There is an inconsistency between the policy goals in agricultural improvement and the resulting demise of women farmers.
1654:. On January 9, 2011, the population of the southern states of Sudan voted to become formally independent of the North. 98% of the approximate eight-million voters chose to become independent.
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of 2018/19, where women played an important role in the opposition to the former government, a number of laws have been changed and women have been appointed for leading positions in the
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case. The case of Sudan is unique in that land is plentiful and labor is limited. Despite this shortfall of labor, women are not encouraged to participate in modernized agriculture.
1830:. Since religion is so influential in society it provides the structure of gender roles. The attitudes of Muslim men towards women are mainly governed by religious precepts. In the
1907:
Women are publicly and culturally relegated to a position inferior to that of men and there is an assumption that division of work along sex lines prevails, according to Haleh Afshar.
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The other countries that have not signed CEDAW are the Holy See, Iran, Somalia, South Sudan and Tonga. The United States and Palau have signed, but not yet ratified the treaty.
1510:. Sudanese women account for a larger percentage of the national parliament than in many Western nations. Still, gender inequalities in Sudan, particularly as they pertain to
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in Sudan) is extended culturally only to men by shopkeepers and merchants, and males are termed 'farmers' with women called 'farm workers' even though both work on farms.
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There are four primary types of this practice that is also sometimes called female genital cutting or female circumcision. The first type involves removing the entire
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Women's role in land ownership also varies in Sudan. There is diversity in the country, institutional, and political context in regard to gender in land transactions.
2005:
personhood as well as their bodies. Ninety-one percent of the female population in the North of Sudan still adhere to this practice, according to Rogaia Abusharaf.
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for wearing pants. Ten of them pleaded guilty and were punished with 10 lashes and a fine of 250 Sudanese pounds. Of these 13 women, three were under 18 years old.
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and other forms of violence. At the same time, Sudanese women have assumed leading roles in humanitarian action and the promotion of an end to the conflict.
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are relative classifications across the 187 countries denoted as very high, high, medium (each with 47 countries) and low (with 46 countries). The 2013
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for women in Sudan in 2011 was 4.2. This is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime assuming normal conditions.
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received a slightly higher rating but it was also rated as "not free". In the 2013 report of 2012 data, Sudan ranks 171st out of 186 countries on the
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given research attention and, when studied, were dealt with in a cursory and superficial manner that neglected some of their fundamental dimensions.
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are composed of small groups of women, who trust each other and are thus accountable for each other's credit-worthiness. This was an early form of
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3493:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996. An in-depth, feminist analysis of Sudanese women, politics, and political power in the twentieth century.
1752:'s transitional government repealed all laws restricting women's freedom of dress, movement, association, work and study. On 22 April 2020, the
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in Sudan differ in the number of members, the amount of the contribution, the form of the contribution, and the duration of the loans.
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contract. Within the couple, the husband holds all rights; the wife has no legal existence and is not taxable on her personal assets.
1972:
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is permitted in Sudan. A man can have up to four wives, unless the woman he married first notifies the exclusion of polygamy in the
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Spaulding, Jay, and Stephanie Beswick. "Sex, Bondage, and the Market: The Emergence of Prostitution in Northern Sudan, 1750–1950.”
1615:(DPA). Before the peace agreement, rebel factions and bandits in Darfur killed and abducted civilians, humanitarian workers, and
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the average low human development country except for the adolescent fertility rate and in female seats in the national assembly.
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Despite this, there have been positive changes in regard to gender equality in Sudan. As of 2012, women embodied 24.1% of the
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Klasen, Stephen; Lamanna, Francesca (2009). "The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth".
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3425:"Reportage Afrique - Soudan: un an après le coup d'État, les femmes soudanaises craignent pour leurs droits [2/4]"
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Many international organizations have targeted female genital mutilation as a practice that needs to be eradicated. The
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In western and southern Sudan, some women are encouraging or vilifying men up to the present in their role as so called
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penalizes the wearing of "indecent or immoral clothing". Under this law, on July 3, 2009, 13 women were arrested in
1963:(scented smoke bath) and dilka (scented massage) are two beauty rituals that are expected to be performed by women.
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1719:. Among other goals, this organization has tried to facilitate access to rare consumer goods at reasonable prices.
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the head of the family is no longer sufficient pushes women to go to university in order to find a job afterwards
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1760:(FGM) either in a medical establishment or elsewhere will be punished by three years' imprisonment and a fine.
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Howard, W. Stephen. "Mahmoud Mohammad Taha and the Republican Sisters: A Movement for Women in Muslim Sudan.”
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3375:"Soudan : les femmes peuvent danser avec des hommes et porter des pantalons | TV5MONDE - Informations"
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This separation was the result of Sudan's failure to democratize and the flawed implementation of the 2005
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1630:, large numbers of women, children and other vulnerable groups have been affected by forced displacement,
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Before the separation of South Sudan, Sudan was Africa's largest country by land area and a producer of
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In 2012, 30.9% of Sudanese women were working in the ‘formal’ workforce, compared with 76.9% of men.
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In July 2020, the need for women to obtain permission from a male relative to travel was abolished.
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Abdel Halim, Asma Mohamed. "Women's Organizations Seeking Gender Justice in the Sudan, 1964–1985.”
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Karshenas, Massoud (2001). "Agriculture and Economic Development in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia".
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1550:. A variety of governments have ruled within the last two centuries: colonial regimes such as
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3499:. "Mothers and Militias: Islamic State Construction of the Women Citizens of Northern Sudan.”
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Human Development Report (2012). "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World".
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MDG, Report (2009). "Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals".
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Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. "Shari’a Law in the Sudan: History and Trends since Independence.”
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Berggren, Almoroth (2001). "Reinfibulation among Women in a Rural Area in Central Sudan".
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issued an amendment to its criminal legislation, which declares that anyone who performs
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3060:"1st January Sudan National Day: Women Role In Independence Movement| Sudanow Magazine"
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2013:, excision, and infibulation, all of which have been performed for thousands of years.
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1982:, which was almost never practiced in the South but was nearly universal in the North.
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1734:(Islamic religious law), civil, and customary law have coexisted for nearly a century.
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Although there is only scant information on gender relationships before and during the
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3201:
Transforming Displaced Women in Sudan: Politics and the Body in a Squatter Settlement
2953:
2575:
2037:
1986:
1798:
that men do. One critical measure of the access to basic healthcare services is the
1778:
countries that do not collect the necessary data to compute the gender parity index.
1737:
As of 2013, Sudan was one of only six countries in the world that had not signed the
1579:
1575:
1518:, have been met with concern in the international community. In the aftermath of the
1488:
1431:
1216:
1191:
1126:
1096:
1046:
1041:
966:
906:
876:
751:
586:
456:
417:
405:
383:
365:
180:
2703:
2602:
Women in Arab Society: Work Patterns and Gender Relations in Egypt, Jordan and Sudan
2314:
4737:
4732:
4707:
4672:
3534:
3332:"Sudan overturns death sentence for teen who killed her husband after he raped her"
2390:
1998:
1826:
is very influential on the culture of Sudan with 97% of the population adhering to
1704:
for women who needed money for an unexpected expense or for business purposes. The
1701:
1543:
716:
204:
3152:
says, The ancient history of Sudanese perfumes | Alison Bate (Jul 17, 2011).
3278:
3101:
2945:
2600:
4747:
4692:
3496:
2240:
1994:
1835:
1795:
1492:
663:
633:
410:
1499:(HDI). Sudan also is one of very few countries that are not a signatory on the
3544:
2695:
1731:
746:
688:
683:
3087:
3026:
2818:
1491:
gave Sudan the lowest possible ranking among repressive regimes during 2012.
3522:
New Spaces and Old Frontiers: Women, Social Space, and Islamization in Sudan
2024:
these rural areas as a primary criterion to stop female genital mutilation.
1651:
2990:
1566:), parliamentary democracies (1956-1989), and military regimes until 2019.
2567:
2045:. Following an international backlash, Hussein's sentence was overturned.
1739:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
1501:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
2068:
2052:
2048:
1990:
148:
2655:"In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed"
3031:
Histoire et civilisation du Soudan : De la préhistoire à nos jours
2823:
Histoire et civilisation du Soudan : De la préhistoire à nos jours
2042:
703:
658:
1741:(CEDAW). CEDAW is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the
2223:
2095:
is a measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010
1608:
219:
3400:"Au Soudan, les femmes peuvent enfin danser et porter des pantalons"
2268:"Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"
3508:
A History of the Sudan, From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day
3033:, Africae Studies (in French), Nairobi: Africae, pp. 830–839,
2825:, Africae Studies (in French), Nairobi: Africae, pp. 830–839,
4349:
3894:
1939:
1831:
1827:
1641:
1598:
1563:
1534:
Due to its geographic situation, the population of Sudan is both "
1473:
153:
91:
34:
4318:
3306:"Teen sentenced to death for killing husband after he raped her"
4322:
3898:
3548:
3025:
Nicoloso, Odile; Beaumé, Nicolas (2017), Cabon, Olivier (ed.),
2817:
Nicoloso, Odile; Beaumé, Nicolas (2017), Cabon, Olivier (ed.),
1626:
According to a report by UN Women, since the start of the 2023
2637:"Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved"
2315:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination"
3491:
Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, and the State
2367:
Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, and the State
3102:"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims"
1684:
One of these projects that was very influential was called
2796:
3462:. 2d ed. Omdurman: MOB Center for Sudanese Studies, 2009.
2554:
Medani, Khalid (2011). "Strife and Secession in Sudan".
1696:), which is an association of rotating credit groups.
2517:"Women are leading the humanitarian response in Sudan"
1949:
social norms and deviations to these are not allowed.
116:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
3465:
El-Tayib, Griselda. Women's education in the Sudan.
3261:"Sudan criminalises female genital mutilation (FGM)"
3243:"Sudanese government bans female genital mutilation"
3007:
Momoh, Comfort (2005). "Female Genital Mutilation".
2395:
Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan
5086:
4978:
4899:
4788:
4663:
4636:
4547:
4357:
4238:
4213:
3932:
3863:
3582:
2930:"The Gender Implications of Large-Scale Land Deals"
1919:Sudanese women obtained the right to vote in 1964.
1676:The second stage began with the declaration of the
2599:
3304:Mackintosh, Eliza; Elbagir, Nima (10 May 2018).
1617:United Nations – African Union Mission in Darfur
339:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
2747:
2745:
2425:See for example the corresponding paragraph in
1607:Conflict and gender-based violence occurred in
1542:", with much complexity that involves terms of
3081:
3079:
2487:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
1989:. The second strategy includes removal of the
1794:Women in Sudan do not have the same access to
4334:
3910:
3560:
3539:Arab Women: A Profile of Diversity and Change
1516:disparity of women to men in the labor market
1453:
8:
3203:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2888:Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World
2501:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2127:Population with Secondary Education (female)
1730:, the legal system of Sudan is pluralistic:
1646:A young girl hanging the flag of South Sudan
3358:"SOUDAN ABOLIR LES FLAGELLATIONS DE FEMMES"
3279:"Woman to die for killing 'rapist husband'"
4984:
4905:
4794:
4660:
4633:
4553:
4363:
4341:
4327:
4319:
3917:
3903:
3895:
3567:
3553:
3545:
3177:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2442:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2262:
2260:
2130:Population with Secondary Education (male)
1460:
1446:
42:
2980:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2754:"Millennium Development Goals Indicators"
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2685:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2451:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001
2397:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2219:No to Oppression against Women Initiative
4498:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
3002:
3000:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2109:
1715:has been instrumental in setting up the
1481:that faces many challenges in regard to
2606:. Providence: Berg Publishers Limited.
2308:
2306:
2256:
2133:Labor Force Participation Rate (female)
1875:Gender division of labor in agriculture
1665:Gender studies and micro-credit schemes
50:
3510:. 6th ed. Harlow, U.K.: Pearson, 2011.
3222:
3220:
3166:
3088:"Sudanese Women Empowerment for Peace"
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2494:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2136:Labor Force Participation Rate (male)
3541:. New York: Population Council, 1994.
3524:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2004.
3020:
3018:
2912:"Human Progress and the Rising South"
2290:
2288:
2124:Seats in National Parliament (female)
7:
4508:Second Transitional Military Council
3356:AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (March 2010).
2339:United Nations Development Programme
2105:United Nations Development Programme
612:Gender representation in video games
4463:First Transitional Military Council
3529:Journal of the History of Sexuality
3453:Review of African Political Economy
2890:. London: Tavistock Publications.
2036:In 2018, a 19-year-old girl named
1997:. The third type "(also known as
1973:Female genital mutilation in Sudan
1884:Subsistence (family labor) farming
25:
4518:2019–2021 transition to democracy
2489:"2009 Human Rights Report: Sudan"
4513:Transitional Sovereignty Council
4225:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3995:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3875:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3645:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3475:. "Sudan's Islamic Experiment.”
2082:Measurement of gender inequality
129:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
56:
1743:United Nations General Assembly
1678:United Nations Decade for Women
39:Market sellers in Darfur, Sudan
3330:Elbagir, Nima; Dewan, Angela.
2969:Cambridge Journal of Economics
2724:Ismail-Schmidt, Ellen (1990).
2439:Delong-Bas, Natana J. (2013).
2297:Economic Commission for Africa
1:
3506:Holt, P. M., and M. W. Daly.
3460:Women's Movement in the Sudan
1659:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
5212:Gender inequality by country
3576:Gender inequality in Africa
2946:10.1080/03066150.2011.652621
1804:Millennium Development Goals
1754:Sovereignty Council of Sudan
580:Portrayal in American comics
171:Heads of state or government
3479:76 (October 1986): 181–202.
2793:"Human Development Reports"
2491:. U.S. Department of State.
2445:. Oxford University Press.
2369:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2273:. Freedom House. p. 17
2065:Sudanese Penal Code of 1991
1638:Independence of South Sudan
1613:2006 Darfur Peace Agreement
5238:
4376:Pre-independence governors
3199:Abusharaf, Rogaia (2009).
3154:"Sudan's Aromatic Culture"
3128:"Hygiene & Sanitation"
2934:Journal of Peasant Studies
1970:
1723:Gender-related legislation
1508:National Assembly of Sudan
28:
18:Gender inequality in Sudan
5175:
4987:
4908:
4797:
4556:
4406:Anglo-Egyptian occupation
4366:
3888:
3531:5, no. 4 (1995): 512–534.
3503:3, no. 3 (1999): 373–386.
3229:World Health Organization
2696:10.1080/13545700902893106
2121:Adolescent Fertility Rate
2101:Human Development Indices
2018:World Health Organization
1980:female genital mutilation
1967:Female genital mutilation
1944:Mother and child in Sudan
1927:Social and cultural norms
1856:Background on the economy
1758:Female Genital Mutilation
1603:Cattle watering in Darfur
1512:female genital mutilation
3980:Central African Republic
3630:Central African Republic
3517:23, no. 2 (2006): 31–49.
3486:28, no. 2 (1981): 69–77.
3379:information.tv5monde.com
2728:. Germany: Hundt Druck.
2097:Human Development Report
1717:Housewives' Organization
5222:Women's rights in Sudan
4448:National Reconciliation
3455:no.121 (2009): 389–407.
3431:(in French). 2022-10-25
3406:(in French). 2019-12-03
3381:(in French). 2019-12-12
3027:"La condition féminine"
2928:Behrman, Julia (2012).
2819:"La condition féminine"
2598:Shami, Seteney (1990).
2521:UN Women – Headquarters
2118:Maternal Mortality Rate
2093:Gender Inequality Index
2087:Gender Inequality Index
1915:Political participation
1800:maternal mortality rate
1524:transitional government
1497:Human Development Index
166:Conservatives in the US
139:Explorers and travelers
4488:United Nations Mission
3404:Courrier international
2886:Afshar, Haleh (1985).
2214:Sudanese Women's Union
1945:
1851:Economic participation
1713:Sudanese Women's Union
1647:
1604:
1558:, Islamic states (the
469:In Shakespeare's works
40:
4862:Native administration
4468:Coalitions/Bashir Era
4381:Pre and early history
4140:São Tomé and Príncipe
4000:Republic of the Congo
3790:São Tomé and Príncipe
3650:Republic of the Congo
3520:Nageeb, Salma Ahmed.
2568:10.1353/jod.2011.0053
2365:Hale, Sondra (1996).
2236:Human rights in Sudan
1943:
1645:
1602:
1530:Historical background
225:Nobel Prize laureates
38:
3458:Badri, Haga Kashif.
3064:sudanow-magazine.net
3009:Radcliffe Publishing
2991:10.1093/cje/25.3.315
2556:Journal of Democracy
2246:Women in South Sudan
1819:Religious background
1808:Total fertility rate
1619:(UNAMID) personnel.
1382:United Arab Emirates
319:in the United States
134:Economic development
124:Diversity (politics)
110:Female entrepreneurs
31:Women in South Sudan
4621:Non-marine molluscs
4215:States with limited
3865:States with limited
3501:Citizenship Studies
2643:. 29 November 2019.
2063:Article 152 of the
1899:Subsistence farming
1771:Gender Parity Index
1681:a sustainable way.
1520:Sudanese revolution
1367:Trinidad and Tobago
602:Speculative fiction
495:Theological figures
440:Feminist philosophy
240:Reproductive rights
46:Part of a series on
4961:Telecommunications
4396:Turkish occupation
3132:aalsafi.tripod.com
2674:Feminist Economics
2659:The New York Times
2210:Sudanese feminism
1946:
1748:In November 2019,
1648:
1605:
932:Dominican Republic
699:Mixed martial arts
669:Fastpitch softball
250:Violence and abuse
235:Positions of power
41:
5199:
5198:
5171:
5170:
4974:
4973:
4937:(former currency)
4895:
4894:
4832:Foreign relations
4784:
4783:
4766:
4765:
4659:
4658:
4638:Natural disasters
4543:
4542:
4528:October 2021 coup
4493:Nomadic conflicts
4418:Independent Sudan
4316:
4315:
4242:other territories
4015:Equatorial Guinea
3892:
3891:
3665:Equatorial Guinea
3040:978-2-493207-07-4
2832:978-2-493207-07-4
2460:978-0-19-976446-4
2317:. United Nations.
2198:
2197:
1670:Studies of gender
1628:conflict in Sudan
1548:identity politics
1484:gender inequality
1479:developing nation
1470:
1469:
674:Football / soccer
597:Fictional pirates
389:Art history field
265:Exchange of women
16:(Redirected from
5229:
5184:
4985:
4951:
4938:
4906:
4795:
4661:
4634:
4554:
4453:Second Civil War
4364:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4303:
4302:(United Kingdom)
4298:Tristan da Cunha
4294:Ascension Island
4286:
4273:
4264:
4240:Dependencies and
3933:Sovereign states
3926:Women in Africa
3919:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3583:Sovereign states
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3477:The Muslim World
3473:Esposito, John L
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3353:
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3320:
3318:
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3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2791:United Nations.
2788:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2756:. Archived from
2752:United Nations.
2749:
2740:
2739:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2689:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2661:. 30 April 2020.
2651:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2617:
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2595:
2580:
2579:
2551:
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2529:
2528:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2468:
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2436:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2343:
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2334:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2231:History of Sudan
2110:
2077:2021 coup d'état
1862:economy of Sudan
1711:Since 1983, the
1462:
1455:
1448:
1132:Marshall Islands
709:Paralympic Games
340:
117:
82:
60:
51:Women in society
43:
21:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5180:
5167:
5082:
4970:
4949:
4936:
4891:
4887:State Governors
4780:
4762:
4655:
4632:
4539:
4423:First Civil War
4353:
4347:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4284:
4271:
4262:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4216:
4209:
3928:
3923:
3893:
3884:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3578:
3573:
3469:1, 1965: 43–46.
3448:
3446:Further reading
3443:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3384:
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3165:
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3084:
3077:
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3058:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2982:10.1.1.524.9589
2966:
2965:
2961:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2687:10.1.1.423.2387
2671:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2597:
2596:
2583:
2553:
2552:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2465:
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2438:
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2433:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2207:
2089:
2084:
2061:
2034:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1938:
1929:
1917:
1901:
1877:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1821:
1816:
1792:
1766:
1725:
1667:
1640:
1611:even after the
1597:
1592:
1572:
1532:
1466:
1437:
1436:
772:
762:
761:
754:
742:Track and field
629:
619:
618:
570:
569:Popular culture
562:
561:
490:
489:
474:
473:
428:Science fiction
374:
373:
355:
354:
338:
289:
288:
270:
269:
245:Venture capital
210:Law enforcement
115:
100:Animal advocacy
96:
76:
73:Women's history
68:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5217:Women in Sudan
5214:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5071:Public toilets
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5002:Child marriage
4999:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4882:Vice President
4879:
4874:
4872:Prime Minister
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4851:September Laws
4844:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:South Kordofan
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:North Kordofan
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:Central Darfur
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4646:Climate change
4642:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4533:2023 Civil war
4530:
4525:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Communist coup
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352: articles
4348:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:Western Sahara
4304:
4287:
4274:
4265:
4251:Canary Islands
4247:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3494:
3489:Hale, Sondra.
3487:
3480:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3416:
3391:
3366:
3348:
3322:
3296:
3285:. May 10, 2018
3270:
3252:
3234:
3216:
3210:978-0226002002
3209:
3184:
3144:
3119:
3108:. 12 July 2020
3093:
3086:Kashif, Haga.
3075:
3051:
3039:
3014:
2996:
2975:(3): 315–342.
2959:
2920:
2903:
2897:978-0422797108
2896:
2843:
2831:
2809:
2770:
2741:
2735:978-3980125918
2734:
2709:
2664:
2646:
2628:
2619:
2613:978-0854967247
2612:
2581:
2562:(3): 135–149.
2533:
2508:
2472:
2459:
2431:
2427:Music of Sudan
2414:
2404:978-0691123042
2403:
2382:
2376:978-0813324319
2375:
2344:
2320:
2302:
2284:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2060:
2057:
2033:
2030:
2011:clitoridectomy
1971:Main article:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1956:Beauty rituals
1954:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1897:
1876:
1873:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:Islamist goals
1840:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1791:
1788:
1776:United Nations
1765:
1762:
1750:Abdalla Hamdok
1724:
1721:
1666:
1663:
1639:
1636:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1568:
1556:Anglo-Egyptian
1531:
1528:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:United Kingdom
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
768:
767:
764:
763:
759:List of sports
756:
755:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
465:
464:
459:
449:
444:
443:
442:
432:
431:
430:
420:
415:
414:
413:
411:"Chick flicks"
403:
398:
397:
396:
394:Women's cinema
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
335:
330:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
178:
173:
168:
158:
157:
156:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
120:
119:
112:
102:
95:
94:
88:
87:
84:
83:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:Ethnic groups
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:West Kordofan
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Peace process
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:War in Darfur
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Guinea-Bissau
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Guinea-Bissau
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3535:Toubia, Nahid
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:Ahfad Journal
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:Kano Studies,
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3267:. 1 May 2020.
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3249:. 1 May 2020.
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2799:on 2011-02-20
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2760:on 2016-11-04
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2680:(3): 91–132.
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
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2557:
2550:
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2534:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2498:
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2483:
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2462:
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2444:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Boddy, Janice
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
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2351:
2349:
2345:
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2329:
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2316:
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2298:
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2257:
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2239:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:Noura Hussein
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:clitoral hood
1983:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
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1869:
1866:
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1855:
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1837:
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1825:
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1813:
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1772:
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1759:
1755:
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1729:
1722:
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1718:
1714:
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1703:
1699:
1695:
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1687:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1595:Darfur region
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Freedom House
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1441:
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1433:
1430:
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1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:United States
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
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1355:
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1338:
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1323:
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1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:FS Micronesia
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
766:
765:
760:
753:
752:Winter sports
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
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665:
662:
660:
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655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
622:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Film industry
585:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
526:
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518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:
470:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
447:Photographers
445:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Organizations
326:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Voting rights
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:Queen regnant
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
118:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
37:
32:
27:
19:
5101:Architecture
5077:
5009:Demographics
4923:Central Bank
4837:Human rights
4812:Constitution
4738:South Darfur
4708:North Darfur
4391:Islamization
4290:Saint Helena
4261:
4174:
4165:South Africa
4155:Sierra Leone
3960:Burkina Faso
3815:South Africa
3805:Sierra Leone
3610:Burkina Faso
3538:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3497:Hale, Sondra
3490:
3484:Africa Today
3483:
3476:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3433:. Retrieved
3428:
3419:
3408:. Retrieved
3403:
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3378:
3369:
3363:(in French).
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3335:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3200:
3157:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3131:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3105:
3096:
3067:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3044:, retrieved
3030:
3008:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2940:(1): 49–79.
2937:
2933:
2923:
2906:
2887:
2836:, retrieved
2822:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2725:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2641:The Guardian
2640:
2631:
2622:
2601:
2559:
2555:
2525:. Retrieved
2523:. 2023-07-05
2520:
2511:
2464:. Retrieved
2441:
2434:
2422:
2417:
2408:
2394:
2385:
2366:
2338:
2296:
2275:. Retrieved
2199:
2090:
2073:
2062:
2047:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:infibulation
1984:
1976:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1845:
1822:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1747:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1702:micro-credit
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:(Arabic for
1685:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1649:
1625:
1621:
1606:
1590:21st century
1584:
1573:
1570:19th century
1539:
1535:
1533:
1505:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1412:Vatican City
1357:Turkmenistan
1301:
1287:South Africa
1267:Sierra Leone
1252:Saudi Arabia
717:Roller derby
515:Christianity
500:Baháʼí Faith
379:Architecture
79:legal rights
26:
5158:Photography
5153:Decorations
4913:Agriculture
4841:LGBT rights
4802:Ambassadors
4748:West Darfur
4693:East Darfur
4611:Butterflies
4438:Nimeiry Era
4217:recognition
4170:South Sudan
4060:Ivory Coast
3867:recognition
3820:South Sudan
3710:Ivory Coast
2241:South Sudan
2141:LHD Average
1995:inner labia
1493:South Sudan
1297:South Sudan
1292:South Korea
1237:Puerto Rico
1222:Philippines
1187:North Korea
1172:New Zealand
1057:Ivory Coast
947:El Salvador
777:Afghanistan
634:Auto racing
607:Video games
520:Catholicism
299:Engineering
176:Legislators
5206:Categories
5138:Literature
5024:minorities
4950:(currency)
4867:Parliament
4822:Corruption
4758:White Nile
4728:River Nile
4678:Al Qadarif
4272:(Portugal)
4230:Somaliland
4150:Seychelles
4115:Mozambique
4100:Mauritania
4085:Madagascar
4040:The Gambia
3975:Cape Verde
3880:Somaliland
3800:Seychelles
3765:Mozambique
3750:Mauritania
3735:Madagascar
3690:The Gambia
3625:Cape Verde
3435:2024-05-28
3410:2024-05-28
3385:2024-05-28
3069:2024-06-07
3046:2024-06-07
2838:2024-05-29
2803:2013-04-13
2764:2013-04-13
2527:2023-08-28
2466:2021-05-31
2252:References
2009:including
1796:healthcare
1728:Since 1983
1402:Uzbekistan
1332:Tajikistan
1262:Seychelles
1137:Mauritania
1112:Madagascar
1092:Kyrgyzstan
1072:Kazakhstan
952:East Timor
827:Bangladesh
817:Azerbaijan
770:By country
757:See also:
747:Volleyball
689:Ice hockey
684:Gymnastics
644:Basketball
435:Philosophy
423:Literature
370:Humanities
350:Telegraphy
285:Technology
200:Journalism
161:Government
29:See also:
5061:Squatting
5036:Languages
5014:Education
4966:Transport
4930:Companies
4877:President
4827:Elections
4771:Districts
4683:Blue Nile
4581:Volcanoes
4571:Mountains
4549:Geography
4503:2019 coup
4473:1989 coup
4458:1985 coup
4433:1969 coup
4428:1958 coup
4105:Mauritius
3755:Mauritius
2977:CiteSeerX
2954:154014618
2682:CiteSeerX
2576:153861026
2277:April 13,
2115:GII Value
1936:Household
1836:Sura 4:34
1764:Education
1652:crude oil
1544:ethnicity
1503:(CEDAW).
1432:Kurdistan
1417:Venezuela
1312:Sri Lanka
1272:Singapore
1142:Mauritius
1037:Indonesia
1002:Guatemala
812:Australia
802:Argentina
525:Mormonism
462:Punk rock
418:Fine arts
314:dentistry
294:Computing
260:Workforce
144:Education
5191:Category
5116:Clothing
5051:Religion
5046:Refugees
4997:Polygamy
4992:Marriage
4956:Taxation
4857:Military
4847:Islamism
4790:Politics
4718:Northern
4703:Khartoum
4626:Reptiles
4586:Wildlife
4401:Mahdiyya
4386:Medieval
4371:Timeline
4296: /
4292: /
4285:(France)
4279: /
4257: /
4253: /
4205:Zimbabwe
4180:Tanzania
4030:Ethiopia
4025:Eswatini
4005:Djibouti
3970:Cameroon
3955:Botswana
3855:Zimbabwe
3830:Tanzania
3680:Ethiopia
3675:Eswatini
3655:Djibouti
3620:Cameroon
3605:Botswana
3283:BBC News
3169:cite web
3106:BBC News
2704:62797009
2497:cite web
2423:hakamāt.
2393:(2007).
2205:See also
2069:Khartoum
2053:marriage
2049:Polygamy
2032:Marriage
1993:and the
1991:clitoris
1824:Religion
1814:Religion
1580:Mahdiyya
1578:and the
1576:Turkiyya
1562:and the
1514:and the
1337:Thailand
1307:Suriname
1232:Portugal
1212:Paraguay
1197:Pakistan
1152:Mongolia
1122:Maldives
1117:Malaysia
1082:Kiribati
1017:Honduras
957:Ethiopia
927:DR Congo
892:Colombia
872:Cambodia
867:Bulgaria
732:Swimming
694:Lacrosse
639:Baseball
537:Hinduism
530:Opus Dei
510:Buddhism
485:Religion
309:Medicine
215:Military
149:Feminism
105:Business
5182:Outline
5131:History
5088:Culture
5066:Toilets
5056:Slavery
4980:Society
4918:Banking
4901:Economy
4807:Cabinet
4723:Red Sea
4698:Kassala
4596:Mammals
4561:Geology
4411:History
4359:History
4281:Réunion
4277:Mayotte
4268:Madeira
4263:(Spain)
4259:Melilla
4190:Tunisia
4160:Somalia
4145:Senegal
4130:Nigeria
4120:Namibia
4110:Morocco
4075:Liberia
4070:Lesotho
4020:Eritrea
3990:Comoros
3965:Burundi
3940:Algeria
3840:Tunisia
3810:Somalia
3795:Senegal
3780:Nigeria
3770:Namibia
3760:Morocco
3725:Liberia
3720:Lesotho
3670:Eritrea
3640:Comoros
3615:Burundi
3590:Algeria
3341:Nov 29,
3315:Nov 29,
3289:Nov 29,
3159:Nov 29,
3137:Nov 29,
3112:12 July
2313:CEDAW.
2059:Clothes
2043:Twitter
1706:sandugs
1698:Sandugs
1564:Mahdist
1552:Ottoman
1540:African
1538:" and "
1422:Vietnam
1407:Vanuatu
1397:Uruguay
1377:Ukraine
1347:Tunisia
1282:Somalia
1257:Senegal
1182:Nigeria
1162:Myanmar
1157:Morocco
1102:Lebanon
1022:Iceland
987:Germany
982:Georgia
972:Finland
937:Ecuador
922:Denmark
902:Croatia
897:Comoros
847:Bolivia
832:Belgium
822:Bahrain
807:Armenia
792:Andorra
787:Algeria
782:Albania
727:Surfing
704:Netball
664:Cycling
659:Curling
654:Cricket
552:Sikhism
547:Judaism
333:Science
304:Geology
281:Science
67:Society
5121:Emblem
5111:Cinema
5096:Anthem
5031:Health
4948:Pound
4943:Energy
4935:Dinar
4776:Cities
4733:Sennar
4673:Gezira
4665:States
4651:Floods
4606:Horses
4576:Rivers
4300:
4283:
4270:
4200:Zambia
4195:Uganda
4135:Rwanda
4090:Malawi
4050:Guinea
3945:Angola
3850:Zambia
3845:Uganda
3785:Rwanda
3740:Malawi
3700:Guinea
3595:Angola
3537:, ed.
3207:
3037:
2979:
2952:
2894:
2829:
2732:
2702:
2684:
2610:
2574:
2457:
2401:
2373:
2224:MANSAM
1961:Dukhan
1790:Health
1732:Sharia
1686:sandug
1632:sexual
1609:Darfur
1372:Uganda
1362:Tuvalu
1352:Turkey
1327:Taiwan
1317:Sweden
1247:Russia
1227:Poland
1207:Panama
1147:Mexico
1087:Kuwait
1067:Jordan
1052:Israel
1007:Guyana
997:Greece
977:France
912:Cyprus
862:Brunei
857:Brazil
852:Bosnia
842:Bhutan
797:Angola
737:Tennis
722:Rowing
649:Boxing
627:Sports
575:Comics
557:Taoism
230:Piracy
220:Mother
195:Health
75:
5163:Sport
5148:Music
5143:Media
5078:Women
4817:Coups
4616:Moths
4601:Birds
4591:Fauna
4566:Lakes
4478:RCCNS
4350:Sudan
4255:Ceuta
4175:Sudan
4125:Niger
4080:Libya
4065:Kenya
4045:Ghana
4035:Gabon
4010:Egypt
3950:Benin
3825:Sudan
3775:Niger
3730:Libya
3715:Kenya
3695:Ghana
3685:Gabon
3660:Egypt
3600:Benin
3361:(PDF)
2950:S2CID
2915:(PDF)
2700:S2CID
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2271:(PDF)
2194:76.5
2173:0.604
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1427:Yemen
1342:Tonga
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1107:Libya
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1012:Haiti
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345:Space
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5126:Flag
5041:LGBT
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4095:Mali
3985:Chad
3835:Togo
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3635:Chad
3343:2019
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2279:2013
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2162:56.4
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1554:and
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1536:Arab
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1192:Oman
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1047:Iraq
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967:Fiji
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877:Chad
679:Golf
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366:Arts
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5106:Art
3429:RFI
3336:CNN
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3265:BBC
3247:CNN
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