652:
specifically to women, like drying and storing the grain, while other tasks like plowing and harvesting are only performed by men. This is a mere preference and not domination. Female labor participation in India has been observed to be higher in sectors involving personal services and care work, and is also higher in informal sectors, especially in agriculture. Studies have also found that more than sixty percent of contributing factors of gender pay gap in India stem from pure labor market discrimination, with the gap steadily decreasing on moving towards higher end of wage distribution, pointing out towards the existence of 'sticky floors' in the Indian labor market.
665:. Because childcare is viewed primarily as a woman's job, women often take part-time jobs or take time off during their careers to care for their families. When women return to work after a break, they are paid lower wages than their male colleagues. Women employed full-time ordinarily already earned 34% less than men, but when compared to part-time working women, the pay gap further increased as they earned almost 42% less than men. Additionally, even if women do not have children, it has been observed that they still face pay discrimination as they are viewed as potential mothers, who may require a break from work in the near future.
773:
in states where the
Employees’ State Insurance Act applies, employers no longer have any liability under the Maternity Benefit Act. Under this Act, a pregnant woman worker is entitled to 26 weeks of fully paid maternity leave, and six weeks in case of miscarriage or termination of pregnancy. Pregnant women also have the right to not perform physically arduous work, which may affect their pregnancy, and no deductions can be made from their wages because of this. Additionally, as per the Factories Act, employers are required to provide childcare for children under 6 years old at all worksites that employ over 30 women.
721:
equal pay, but any inequality with respect to recruitment processes, job training, promotions, and transfers within the organization can also be challenged under this Act. However, its scope does not extend to situations where: (i) a woman is attempting to comply with the requirements of laws giving women special treatment; and (ii) a woman is being accorded special treatment on account of the birth of a child, or the terms and conditions relating to retirement, marriage or death. Companies and individual employers can both be held accountable to maintain the standards prescribed under this Act. In various cases, the
674:
being bread earners, and hence this investment is considered necessary for their success, while women are instead viewed as "future homemakers" for whom education may not be as essential. This difference between male and female education has been reduced in past years as the country has developed where in 2001 the difference between literacy percentage of male and female was 21.59 and in 2011 was decreased to 16.68, which shows that women are getting more opportunities as the time progresses.
102:
690:, while men spend only one-fourth of their time towards unpaid labor. It has been estimated in India that women on average work twenty-one more hours than men during each week. Agriculture currently accounts for over two-thirds of the current employment in India, but most of the work women contribute to this sector is not accounted for or officially documented. This again, does not take into consideration the total population of men and women in the workforce.
2587:
661:
even if their survival depended on it. In interviews conducted with widows from rural North India, they stated that if attempts were made to seek gainful employment outside their homes, they would be forced to give up their property rights and made to leave the villages they live in, indicating that paid work was not a feasible option even to sustain themselves due to the existing
25:
1149:
growth, equal employment opportunities for women could also result in increased growth and profitability in the private sector. In countries where the population is aging quickly, an increase in the female labor participation rate would help offset the negative effects of a declining workforce. It is
720:
In 1976, the Equal
Remuneration Act was passed with the aim of providing equal remuneration to men and women workers and to prevent discrimination on the basis of gender in all matters relating to employment and employment opportunities. This legislation not only provides women with a right to demand
626:
in India was estimated to be 24.81%. Further, while analyzing the level of female participation in the economy, this report slots India as one of the bottom 10 countries on its list. Thus, in addition to unequal pay, there is also unequal representation, because while women constitute almost half the
772:
While legislation like the
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and the Factories Act, 1948 do not directly address the issue of equal pay for equal work, they provide certain additional benefits a woman can claim. The Maternity Benefit Act applies to all establishments with more than ten employees. However,
673:
The literacy rate for women in India is far lower than the rate for men, and it has been observed that many girls drop out of school and fail to fully complete their education. Investment in education and training has also been strongly in favor of men as they are brought up with the expectation of
651:
The rate of female participation in the paid labor market is generally low, and is primarily concentrated in rural areas in the agricultural sector. In rural north India, it has been observed that labor is divided sharply on the basis of gender. Certain activities in agriculture have been assigned
660:
While social and cultural norms vary from state to state within India, one commonality that has been observed is the exclusion of women from the paid labor market and status based segregation of labor. Ironically, women from higher castes faced more difficulty when they tried to obtain paid work,
763:
decision, the conditions of employment of the air-hostesses of Air India was challenged. The terms of employment required the mandatory retirement of females: (i) upon attaining the age of 33; (ii) if they were married within four years of service; or (iii) upon their first pregnancy. The court
707:
Governing Body from 1922. In
September 1958, India ratified the C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), which addressed the issue of equal pay between men and women for work of equal value. This convention requires all member states to direct their national laws and policies towards
725:
has also held that discrimination on the basis of gender only arises when men and women perform the same work or work of a similar nature. However, it clarified that a flexible approach is required to be taken while deciding which kinds of work may be similar by considering the duties actually
635:
The female labor participation rate in India from 1901 to 1951 was between 28 and 34 percent, which is higher than the level of participation observed in 1990. This rate also varies from state to state. Regions in northern India (which have been observed to be more patriarchal) have lower
781:
Note that all the following statistics do not account for informal sector work, which is 84.6% of all workers in India as of 2013. They are also based on an online volunteer survey, which skews the data to only include people with
Internet access.
742:
through
Article 39 envisages that all states ideally direct their policy towards securing equal pay for equal work for both men and women, and also ensuring that men and women have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. While these
878:
The gender pay gap increases with age, so that older women face a higher disparity than younger women. Women in the 18-30 age group earned 23.07% less than their male counterparts as of 2013, while women 41 and older earned 30.24% less.
891:. At all higher levels, women earn less than men as of 2013, and this increases at higher education levels. The highest disparity is at the CA/CS/ICWA or equivalent level, where women earn 44% less than men as of 2013.
758:
has also declared this to be a constitutional goal, available to every individual and capable of being attained through the enforcement of their fundamental rights set out in
Articles 14 through 16. In a popular
1150:
also important to note that women in India perform 9.8 times the amount of labor in the unpaid sector either through household duties or care work. If this work was measured and valued, it was estimated by
754:
through the interpretation of
Articles 14, 15 and 16 – which guarantee equality before the law, protection against discrimination and equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. The
887:
Among people with no formal education, the gender pay gap is actually reversed, with women earning slightly more than men. This is also true for people who have completed less than
2532:
2418:
481:
1603:
1524:
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486:
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1349:
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Research suggests that when countries are able to raise the female labor participation rate, this stands to benefit the entire economy. Apart from potential
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are not enforceable by any court of law, they are crucial to the governance of the country and a state is duty bound to consider them while enacting laws.
606:
1680:
640:(the Self Employed Women's Association) recently found that the average wage of women workers was Rs. 1815 while the average wage for men was Rs. 3842.
1969:
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guaranteeing equal remuneration to all workers, regardless of gender. In an attempt to ensure compliance with this convention and in response to the
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471:
1821:
1797:
1773:
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however struck down these provisions and held them to be arbitrary and discriminatory as it violated
Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution.
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461:
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637:
476:
950:
300:
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participation rates for women than the states in southern India, where women have more freedom to participate in the formal economy.
1878:
1439:
704:
68:
2373:
1231:
452:
627:
Indian population (about 48% of the total), their representation in the work force amounts to only about one-fourth of the total.
622:
refers to the difference in earnings between women and men in the paid employment and the labor market. For the year 2013, the
599:
533:
35:
1742:
862:
on the other hand is the state with the lowest percentage of gender pay gap, with females earning only 9% less than males.
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1894:
1256:
1236:
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346:
140:
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145:
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120:
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273:
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1221:
513:
181:
2631:
2616:
2611:
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1756:
1499:. Newman International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Volume 1, Issue 12. pp. 72–79. Archived from
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683:
328:
50:
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150:
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2385:
2205:
962:
46:
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2328:
2297:
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760:
755:
722:
1429:
2448:
2250:
2179:
1828:
1804:
1780:
1216:
751:
739:
204:
2003:
1986:
1951:
1151:
2292:
2118:
278:
186:
750:
While “equal pay for equal work” is not expressly a constitutional right, it has been read into the
2527:
2184:
523:
393:
305:
2590:
2082:
1567:
712:
by the
Committee on status of women in India, the government enacted the Equal Remuneration Act.
518:
283:
85:
2271:
1500:
981:
1718:
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2189:
2074:
1874:
1674:
1597:
1559:
1518:
1435:
1183:
421:
342:
232:
135:
2245:
2064:
1656:
1551:
1404:
834:
790:
The gender pay gap varies across Indian states, and is the highest in the following states:
709:
574:
564:
403:
1463:
1363:
726:
performed as a part of the job, and not the duties potentially capable of being performed.
2517:
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1246:
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240:
191:
130:
101:
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1589:
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2235:
2210:
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1539:
1261:
1198:
1178:
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are also states with a lower gender pay gap, following with 10% and 15%, respectively.
623:
416:
643:
Some of the main factors that contribute to the existing gender pay gap in India are:
2605:
2568:
2478:
2318:
2215:
2086:
1571:
1241:
867:
662:
333:
1590:"Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: Preliminary Evidence from Paycheck India Data"
2053:"Unfolding unpaid domestic work in India: women's constraints, choices, and career"
814:
385:
254:
249:
218:
1382:"Gender Discrimination and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India (January, 2004)"
1868:
2473:
2458:
2255:
2240:
2225:
1154:
that it would contribute 0.3 trillion dollars to India's total economic output.
859:
687:
408:
376:
371:
323:
125:
1901:
1555:
2563:
2443:
2323:
2069:
2052:
1364:"Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) Planning Commission, Government of India"
361:
213:
2078:
1563:
2542:
2141:
844:
366:
93:
2020:
1492:
Anil Kumar Mishra, Tauffiqu Ahamad, Jitendra Kumar Pandey (December 2014).
2547:
2509:
2302:
2004:"The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Act No. 53 of 1961), Sections 4 and 13"
569:
223:
199:
1624:. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 48, No. 2. Archived from
1987:"The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Act No. 53 of 1961), Section 4 and 6"
1845:"Mackinnon Mackenzie & Co. Ltd. v. Audrey D' Costa & Another".
1695:"Census 2011: Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio in India Since 1901 to 2011"
1405:"Women, Work, and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity"
863:
848:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1350:"Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006 - 2013(September, 2013)"
946:
938:
824:
804:
1743:"C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), Article 1"
1619:"Understanding Gender Inequalities in Wages and Incomes in India"
966:
942:
314:
2114:
1970:"An Assessment of the Labour Statistics System in India, 2014"
1757:"Equal Pay for Equal Work in India - A Socio-legal Imperative"
1431:
Women, Culture, and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities
1146:
999:
970:
18:
1952:"Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Act No. 53 of 1961), Section 2"
2110:
2100:"The Power of Parity: Advancing Women's Equality in India".
2040:. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group. 2013.
1583:
1581:
1540:"Gender Pay Gap in India: Evidence from Urban Labour Market"
686:
1995, women spend about two-thirds of their working time on
1022:
Women's earnings as compared to men's earnings, as of 2013
900:
Women's earnings as compared to men's earnings, as of 2013
799:
Women's earnings as compared to men's earnings, as of 2013
2021:"The Factories Act, 1948 (Act No. 63 of 1948), Section 48"
1428:
Martha C. Nussbaum, Jonathan Glover, Martha Chen (1995).
1588:
Leeja Anand, Biju Varkkey, Rupa Korde (September 2012).
1494:"The Status of Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector"
42:
2051:
Singh, Pushpendra; Pattanaik, Falguni (2020-06-04).
2556:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2436:
2394:
2351:
2311:
2285:
2264:
2198:
2155:
2148:
1457:"Closing the Gender wage gap in Indian Agriculture"
1712:"The Invisible Heart— Care and the Global Economy"
1706:
1704:
2533:Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy
1487:
1485:
1483:
1774:"Section 4 and 5, Equal Remuneration Act, 1976"
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1873:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 49–50.
2126:
1895:"The Constitution of India, Articles 14 - 16"
1870:Women's Equality in India: A Myth Or Reality?
1403:Staff Discussion Note, IMF (September 2013).
600:
8:
1602:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1523:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2505:
2391:
2152:
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1822:"Section 11, Equal Remuneration Act, 1976"
1798:"Section 15, Equal Remuneration Act, 1976"
607:
593:
553:
507:
441:
170:
114:
80:
2068:
1298:"Accounting for Wage Inequality in India"
703:India has been a permanent member of the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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16:Overview of the gender pay gap in India
1679:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1595:
1544:The Indian Journal of Labour Economics
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1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1305:The Indian Journal of Labour Economics
1398:
1396:
1394:
1375:
1373:
7:
1975:. International Labour Organization.
736:Directive Principles of State Policy
1918:"Union of India v. Dineshan K.K.".
1131:Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1462:. JustJobs Network. Archived from
1252:Welfare schemes for women in India
1051:Administrative and support service
1035:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
14:
2035:"Investing in Women's Employment"
1059:Public administration and defence
2586:
2585:
1867:Devi, Kovuru (January 1, 2000).
631:History and contributing factors
534:Category:Men's organizations
100:
23:
921:Advanced certificate or diploma
1410:. International Monetary Fund.
1232:Men's rights movement in India
1043:Accommodation and food service
1:
2523:Domestic violence against men
1387:. London School of Economics.
1380:Esteve-Volart, Berta (2004).
1352:. Wage Indicator Data Report.
1257:Women in agriculture in India
1237:National Commission for Women
1115:Information and communication
1019:Industry (formal sector only)
2627:Gender inequality by country
2221:Paternal rights and abortion
2170:Gender marking in job titles
1592:. WageIndicator Data Report.
1267:Women in Indian Armed Forces
1099:Human health and social work
716:Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
399:Paternal rights and abortion
353:Violence against LGBT people
1938:Air India vs. Nargesh Mirza
529:Category:Men's movement
49:the claims made and adding
2648:
2381:Mythopoetic men's movement
1556:10.1007/s41027-021-00319-9
1227:Gender inequality in India
1212:Domestic violence in India
1174:Gender inequality in India
730:Constitutional protections
292:Circumcision controversies
274:Discrimination against men
141:Mythopoetic men's movement
2581:
2364:Men's liberation movement
2199:Marriage and reproduction
2102:McKinsey Global Institute
2070:10.1057/s41599-020-0488-2
1538:Ara, Shamim (June 2021).
1277:Women's suffrage in India
1222:Female foeticide in India
699:International obligations
514:Index of masculism topics
182:Sex differences in humans
146:Men's liberation movement
2396:Fathers' rights movement
2277:Sex differences in crime
1272:Women's Reservation Bill
1169:Equal pay for equal work
1083:Other service activities
991:CA/CS/ICWA or equivalent
684:Human Development Report
647:Occupational preferences
329:False accusation of rape
121:Fathers' rights movement
2494:International Men's Day
2386:Men Going Their Own Way
2206:Marriage of convenience
2057:Palgrave Communications
1617:Rustagi, Preet (2005).
694:Legislative protections
620:Gender pay gap in India
560:International Men's Day
2538:Conflict tactics scale
2329:Masculine beauty ideal
2298:Testosterone poisoning
1455:Dewan, Sabina (2014).
1205:Women in India related
1194:Social issues in India
756:Supreme Court of India
723:Supreme Court of India
669:Education and training
2369:Men's rights movement
2251:Tender years doctrine
2180:Hegemonic masculinity
2157:Gender discrimination
1217:Dowry system in India
1075:Finance and insurance
961:4- or 5-year degree (
768:Ancillary legislation
740:Constitution of India
205:Hegemonic masculinity
151:Men's rights movement
2293:Human male sexuality
1296:Dutta, Puja (2005).
1163:Pay and work related
1134:41.2% less than men
1126:39.1% less than men
1118:35.3% less than men
1110:31.1% less than men
1102:26.8% less than men
1094:26.7% less than men
1086:23.6% less than men
1078:21.2% less than men
1070:20.1% less than men
1062:14.7% less than men
1027:Mining and quarrying
929:Plus 2 or equivalent
745:Directive Principles
504:Lists and categories
279:Violence against men
187:Human male sexuality
2528:Forced circumcision
2185:Occupational sexism
1940:. AIR 1981 SC 1829.
1434:. Clarendon Press.
1054:9.2% less than men
1046:4.2% less than men
1038:7.6% more than men
1030:8.0% more than men
913:Below 10th standard
905:No formal education
524:Category:Masculists
394:Reproductive rights
306:Forced circumcision
1834:on April 21, 2015.
1810:on April 21, 2015.
1786:on April 21, 2015.
1697:. 13 October 2016.
1005:29% less than men
994:44% less than men
986:41% less than men
976:28% less than men
956:16% less than men
932:14% less than men
924:10% less than men
908:12% more than men
853:44% less than men
839:45% less than men
829:48% less than men
819:48% less than men
809:63% less than men
519:Category:Masculism
301:Genital mutilation
284:Male expendability
34:possibly contains
2599:
2598:
2577:
2576:
2432:
2431:
2347:
2346:
2190:Sexual harassment
1138:
1137:
1009:
1008:
916:9% more than men
857:
856:
682:According to the
617:
616:
582:
581:
541:
540:
495:
494:
429:
428:
422:Toxic masculinity
343:Domestic violence
233:Gender neutrality
167:Topics and issues
158:
157:
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
2639:
2589:
2588:
2506:
2488:Remembrance days
2392:
2246:Stay-at-home dad
2153:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2104:. November 2015.
2097:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1900:. Archived from
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1827:. Archived from
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1803:. Archived from
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1779:. Archived from
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1717:. Archived from
1716:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1655:. Archived from
1654:
1646:
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1637:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1593:
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1368:
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1360:
1354:
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1346:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1307:. Archived from
1302:
1293:
1184:Indian labor law
1016:
894:
835:Himachal Pradesh
793:
656:Cultural barrier
609:
602:
595:
565:Minister for Men
554:
508:
442:
404:No-fault divorce
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115:
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81:
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67:
63:
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51:inline citations
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2612:Gender in India
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1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1247:Sexism in India
1160:
1143:
1014:
982:Master's degree
937:3-year degree (
897:Education level
885:
876:
788:
779:
770:
734:As part of its
732:
718:
701:
696:
680:
671:
658:
649:
633:
613:
584:
583:
551:
543:
542:
505:
497:
496:
491:
462:Fathers' rights
439:
431:
430:
413:
382:
339:
311:
288:
260:
241:Men in feminism
237:
228:
209:
192:Gender equality
168:
160:
159:
131:HimToo movement
112:
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Gender pay gap
2619:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
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2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Michael Kimmel
2461:
2456:
2454:Warren Farrell
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:United Kingdom
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2359:Men's movement
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Patrilineality
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Paper abortion
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Gender pay gap
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2043:
2026:
2012:
1995:
1978:
1960:
1943:
1929:
1910:
1907:on 2014-09-09.
1886:
1879:
1856:
1837:
1813:
1789:
1765:
1748:
1734:
1700:
1686:
1641:
1609:
1577:
1550:(2): 415–445.
1530:
1479:
1447:
1440:
1413:
1390:
1369:
1355:
1324:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:Women in India
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:Women in India
1196:
1191:
1189:Labor in India
1186:
1181:
1179:Gender pay gap
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
996:
995:
992:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
958:
957:
954:
934:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
884:
881:
875:
872:
855:
854:
851:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
787:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
731:
728:
717:
714:
700:
697:
695:
692:
679:
676:
670:
667:
657:
654:
648:
645:
632:
629:
624:gender pay gap
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
586:
585:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
492:
490:
489:
484:
482:United Kingdom
479:
474:
468:
465:
464:
458:
457:
456:
455:
447:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
417:Reverse sexism
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
388:
381:
380:
374:
369:
364:
357:
356:
355:
350:
338:
337:
331:
326:
319:
318:
317:
310:
309:
303:
296:
295:
294:
287:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
252:
245:
244:
243:
236:
235:
229:
227:
226:
221:
216:
210:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
136:Men's movement
133:
128:
123:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2644:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2570:
2569:Androcentrism
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2479:Bettina Arndt
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2424:United States
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Herbivore men
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Men's shelter
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Paternal bond
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1968:Papola, T.S.
1964:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1880:81-7141-563-6
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1724:on 2016-06-04
1720:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1662:on 2011-04-13
1658:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1631:on 2018-05-16
1627:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1506:on 2016-06-04
1502:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1469:on 2021-10-03
1465:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1441:9780191521751
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1314:on 2016-07-01
1310:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Rape in India
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:Manufacturing
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:By occupation
1011:
1004:
1002:or equivalent
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
955:
953:, and others)
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
895:
892:
890:
889:10th standard
882:
880:
873:
871:
869:
868:Uttar Pradesh
865:
861:
852:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
794:
791:
785:
783:
776:
774:
767:
765:
762:
761:Supreme Court
757:
753:
748:
746:
741:
737:
729:
727:
724:
715:
713:
711:
706:
698:
693:
691:
689:
685:
677:
675:
668:
666:
664:
655:
653:
646:
644:
641:
639:
630:
628:
625:
621:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
590:
588:
587:
576:
575:Men's studies
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
547:
546:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
501:
500:
488:
487:United States
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
463:
459:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:
435:
434:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
340:
335:
334:Rape of males
332:
330:
327:
325:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
298:
297:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
256:
255:Anti-feminism
253:
251:
247:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
231:
230:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
164:
163:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2449:Jack Donovan
2334:Men's health
2101:
2095:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2029:
2015:
1998:
1981:
1963:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1926:: 586. 2008.
1923:
1919:
1913:
1902:the original
1889:
1869:
1853:: 469. 1987.
1850:
1846:
1840:
1829:the original
1816:
1805:the original
1792:
1781:the original
1768:
1751:
1737:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1689:
1664:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1612:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1508:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1471:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1450:
1430:
1358:
1316:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1304:
1291:
1144:
1107:Construction
886:
883:By education
877:
858:
815:Chhattisgarh
789:
780:
771:
752:Constitution
749:
733:
719:
702:
681:
672:
663:social norms
659:
650:
642:
634:
619:
618:
445:Men's rights
386:Conscription
250:Pro-feminism
219:Gender roles
65:
56:
33:
2474:Erin Pizzey
2459:Cassie Jaye
2256:Trophy wife
2241:Sperm theft
2226:Paternalism
2063:(1): 1–13.
1091:Real estate
860:Uttarakhand
688:unpaid work
678:Unpaid work
409:Sperm theft
377:Transphobia
372:Gay bashing
347:against men
324:Prison rape
126:Intactivism
2606:Categories
2564:Androcracy
2444:Robert Bly
2404:By country
2324:Manosphere
1728:2016-05-22
1666:2021-01-18
1635:2016-05-22
1510:2016-05-22
1473:2016-05-22
1318:2016-05-06
777:Statistics
438:By country
362:Homophobia
214:Effeminacy
43:improve it
2543:Male rape
2409:Australia
2352:Movements
2142:Masculism
2087:219314023
2079:2055-1045
1572:237929855
1564:0971-7927
1067:Education
845:Rajasthan
472:Australia
367:Gayphobia
111:Movements
94:Masculism
59:July 2016
47:verifying
2591:Category
2548:Misandry
2510:Violence
2303:Virility
2149:Concepts
1675:cite web
1598:cite web
1519:cite web
1158:See also
1152:McKinsey
786:By state
570:Movember
550:See also
224:Machismo
200:Misandry
86:a series
84:Part of
973:, etc.)
41:Please
2557:Sexism
2502:Issues
2437:People
2286:Sexual
2085:
2077:
1877:
1570:
1562:
1438:
1141:Impact
874:By age
864:Punjab
849:Kerala
738:, the
710:Report
265:Issues
174:Topics
2414:Italy
2374:India
2312:Other
2265:Crime
2083:S2CID
2038:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1905:(PDF)
1898:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1715:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1568:S2CID
1504:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1385:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1284:Notes
947:B.Com
939:B.Sc.
825:Assam
805:Bihar
796:State
477:Italy
453:India
2075:ISSN
1875:ISBN
1681:link
1604:link
1560:ISSN
1525:link
1436:ISBN
967:MBBS
943:B.A.
866:and
847:and
638:SEWA
315:Rape
2065:doi
1920:SCC
1847:SCC
1552:doi
1147:GDP
1000:PhD
971:LLB
951:BBA
705:ILO
45:by
2608::
2081:.
2073:.
2059:.
2055:.
1922:.
1859:^
1849:.
1703:^
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