2048:—ushered in what has been labeled 'girlie-girl culture' in the 1990s. This feminine turn of children's consumer culture came with its own official color: pink. Pink reigned supreme as marketing campaigns utilized what was perceived to be a 'strong association' between gender and certain color palettes. Bold colors conveyed maleness while pastel colors signals femininity. When single colors were used, companies chose pink, lavender, and purple, to target girls and sometimes blue to target boys, albeit inconsistently. As online shopping grew in popularity, gendered color-coding migrated to the new medium. A study of the gender marketing of toys on the Disney store website found that '85% of toys that had red, black, brown, or gray as their most predominant color were for "boys only", while 86.2% of toys that were pink were for "girls only"
553:, researcher Marco Del Giudice commented on earlier claims about a supposed shift in pink–blue color associations or preferences sometime around the 1940s, from pink for boys and blue for girls before that period, to the opposite alignment afterward. He summarized his earlier work from 2012 which found "no evidence of either reversed or inconsistent usage prior to the 1940s". Del Giudice called this theory the "Pink–blue reversal" (PBR), and said it was "usually attributed to Paoletti", and quoted from five academic articles that reprised the theory of "pink is for boys" prior to the 1940s. However, he found upon analysis that it was exceptionally difficult to actually document such a shift, and exclaimed upon "the thinness of the evidence presented in support of the PBR".
750:
741:, the aim was to identify which colors are preferred for which garment types by girls and boys, and whether or not the color preferences of children differ according to age, sex, and garment type. It was determined that the colors preferred most by most of the girls for all garment types were magenta, red-violet, red, and red-orange; similarly, the colors preferred by the boys for all garment types were black, blue, cyan, and yellow. Despite the lack of cross cultural analysis on this topic, existing research indicates that children's clothing resides on a spectrum that has expectations which fluctuate depending on age, gender, location, class, and many more intersectional markers.
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409:(1989). These animated films were heavily marketed to girls, especially, and pink was everywhere in marketing campaigns as they took advantage of what appeared to be a strong association between gender and certain colors: bold colors for boys, pastel colors for girls, especially pink. Eighty-six percent of pink toys were marketed as "girls only", and a similar percentage that were bold red, black, brown, or gray were for "boys only". Pink became a strong signal to girls and their parents about which products were being marketed to them.
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707:. The study found that blue was not a gendered color, but that pink is. Among children, blue was the favorite color of both girls and boys. There was a greater preference for pink/purple hues among girls, and a greater preference for red among boys. Among adults, no group chose pink as their favorite, blue was a common favorite among both, and women preferred red more than men did. A further study tested positive or negative emotional associations of pink, blue, and red among Swiss adults using the
572:: "Yet, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, there is evidence that the gender-dimorphic nature of these two colors was inverted, that is, blue was judged to be stereotypically feminine whereas pink was judged to be stereotypically masculine." But Paoletti never made the claim that pink and blue reversed, only that there was inconsistent usage that took until the 1950s to resolve starting from the first appearances of gendered pink and blue color associations around the 1860s.
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personality traits, gender, and color. Results confirmed previous studies, showing similar gender differences across both culture groups, with females in both groups showing a preference for pink, in warmer shades for Indian women and cooler for
British women. Authors reported "a remarkable cross-cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained".
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106:, and the color pink, became more associated with only girls and women. Paoletti summarized the evolution of pink and blue associations with girls and boys: "It is clear that pink-blue gender coding was known in the late 1860s but was not dominant until the 1950s in most parts of the United States and not universal until a generation later."
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redecorating the White House in pink, to such an extent that it became known among the press corps as "The Pink Palace". Her tastes were picked up by the
American public, and "Mamie Pink" became an iconic color in decorating in the 1950s, being used in bathroom fixtures, tiles, kitchen appliances, and more.
482:
use props or accessories of various kinds to reveal to invited guests the sex of an expectant mother's baby before it is born. Props include cakes, balloons, confetti, smoke, fireworks, and other accessories to indicate whether the fetus is male or female, normally by means of a colored signal that
732:
in
Tanzania differed from those of previous studies, and that their color preferences were the same for men and for women. The researchers concluded that their study called into question previous hypotheses that color preference might have an innate association with gender, and suggested that more
689:
In an attempt to test previous research indicating an apparent preference in
Britain for blue-green hues among males and pink-purple among females, a 2018 cross-cultural study compared Indian and British students. Standardized personality tests were administered to determine links possible between
145:
was influential in the growing shift among women in the United States, and to some extent abroad, towards the association between pink and women's fashion and decorating. Mrs. Eisenhower was well known for preferring pink both in clothing and home decoration well before she became first lady, and
101:
Children's clothing began to be differentiated by gender in matters of cut, pockets, images, and decoration, but not by color. During the period 1900–1930, the fashions of young boys began to change in style, but not color. Pink and blue were used together as "baby colors". Birth announcements and
72:
Despite popular belief—including from various academic and popular sources—a reported "pink–blue reversal", wherein the gendered associations of both colors were "flipped" sometime during the 20th century, most likely never occurred, and instead is likely to have been a misunderstanding of earlier
56:
Originating as a trend in the mid-19th century and applying primarily to clothing, gendered associations with pink and blue became more widespread from the 1950s onward. Since the 1990s, these gendered associations have also increasingly applied to toys as well, especially in the case of pink toys
685:
Studies of color preferences of infants and toddlers found a preference for primary colors, with no differences between boys and girls. By the age of two, girls started to prefer pink, and by four, boys started to reject it. This is around the same time as infants start to become aware of gender.
92:
According to Jo
Paoletti, who spent two decades studying the history of pink and blue gender-coding, there were no particular color associations for girls and boys at the turn of the 20th century. There was no agreement among manufacturers about which colors were feminine or masculine, or whether
214:
For infant and children's clothing, ribbons, and other items, the pink for girls, blue for boys associations known in
European countries included: the Netherlands (1823), France (1834), Russia (1842), Great Britain (1862), and Spain (1896); and in the Americas: in the United States, and Mexico
774:
The same connection can be drawn between men and the potential for limitations associated with the color blue in western society. Oftentimes men are marketed clothing and products that are associated with their socially acceptable color scheme of various blues, greens, and dark tones; this is
150:
as
President of the United States. So much so, that a particular shade, known as "Mamie Pink" was named after her. When she took up residence in the White House in January 1953 she brought her favorite color with her, wearing a pink gown covered in pink rhinestones to the inaugural balls, and
736:
Research questioning the color preferences of male and female children in regard to specific products is minimal; however, analysis of the research available implies that there are common color preferences among boys and girls in relation to their clothing choice. In a study conducted in
1776:
Manuel complet de la maitresse de maison et de la parfaite ménagère: contenant les meilleurs moyens pour la conservation des substances alimentaires, la préparation des entremets nouveaux, glaces, confitures, liqueurs ; les soins à donner aux enfans,
249:. Participants wear pink shirts and attend or host informative events to raise awareness about bullying, particularly in schools. Pink Shirt Day was started in 2007 in Canada, where it is held on the last Wednesday of February each year. It was adopted in
483:
is pink or blue. For example: a cake may be brought out, frosted in white or other neutrally-colored icing, which when cut, reveals a pinkish or blueish filling inside, thus indicating that the baby is expected to be a girl (pink) or a boy (blue).
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A number of personalities and cultural icons of the 1950s and early 1960s had a great influence on the public awareness and use of pink in fashion and decoration, including Mamie
Eisenhower, Marilyn Monroe, and Brigitte Bardot.
511:, describes the traditional associations of pink and blue as the reasons for the flag's colors. The blue stripes represent boys and men, the pink stripes represent girls and women, and the white stripe represents
1397:
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711:. All three hues were associated with positive emotions to the same extent among men and women. Where there were gender-based differences, pink was found to elicit more positive associations among women.
453:, caring for other people, being beautiful, being good, and being cooperative. Some breast cancer-related organizations, such as Pink Ribbon International use the pink ribbon as their primary symbol.
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560:: "Prior to that decade, Paoletti ... noted that the sex-dimorphic color coding of pink and blue was inverted, i.e., infant boys were dressed in pink and infant girls were dressed in blue.";
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Breast cancer organizations use the pink ribbon to associate themselves with breast cancer, to promote breast cancer awareness, and to support fundraising. Pink evokes traditional feminine
195:
wore checkered pink gingham as her wedding dress for her wedding in 1959. This was formerly a material used only for curtains and created a sensation, and was widely copied and influential.
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Complete manual of the housewife and the perfect hostess: containing the best methods for conservation of food items, preparation of new desserts, ice creams, jams, liqueurs; childcare, etc
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102:
baby books used both colors well into the 1950s, and then gradually became accepted as feminine and masculine colors. Styles and colors formerly considered neutral, including flowers,
3543:
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Steele, Valerie; Landis, Deborah
Nadoolman; Albinson, A. Cassandra; Regina Lee Blaszczyk; Dominique Grisard; Tanya Melendez-Escalante; Masafumi Monden (2018). Steele, Valerie (ed.).
507:
features five horizontal stripes: light blue stripes on the top and bottom, light pink stripes in second and fourth positions, and a white stripe in the center. The flag's designer,
1901:
Chiu SW, Gervan S, Fairbrother C, et al. (2006). "Sex-Dimorphic Color
Preference in Children with Gender Identity Disorder: A Comparison to Clinical and Community Controls".
531:
Even items that would seem to have no association with one gender or another, such as vitamin pills, have been produced in pink and blue and marketed towards girls and boys.
556:
In his 2012 paper, Del Giudice quoted from four articles published in academic journals which all echoed the claims about PBR theory, many relying on Paoletti, including
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something that can be observed in advertising as well as store fronts. With this push for a connection between blue and masculinity, there can be instances of gender
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A contrarian tendency to avoid gendered clothing colors for children and towards more unisex clothing in the United States began in the late 1960s, influenced by the
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Most studies have taken place in western industrialized societies, and some evidence appeared to show a cross-cultural pattern. A 2019 study published in
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was designed to test this hypothesis, and was conducted among a hunter-gatherer culture in Africa. The study found that the color preferences among the
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Russia: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkoff, Riga, Odessa, the German Provinces on the Baltic, the Steppes, the Crimea, and the Interior of the Empire
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scheduled for the day after the inauguration of President Trump in January 2017 would not be taken seriously, because of the proliferation of pink
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2052:'. Pink prove to be a powerful and direct signal to consumers about which products were specifically being marketed to girls and their parents.
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The association of pink with little girls and their toys leads some to view pink for women as unserious or infantilizing. In a 2017 column in
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Pasche Guignard, Florence (September 2015). "A Gendered Bun in the Oven. The Gender-reveal Party as a New Ritualization during Pregnancy".
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with a big bow on the back and matching shoulder length gloves. Marilyn defined femininity and seduction and her influence never ended.
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A 2007 British study found a preference among women for reddish colors, and theorized that it might have had evolutionary advantages.
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1874:"Gender difference in color preference across cultures: An archetypal pattern modulated by a female cultural stereotype"
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The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine: An Illustrated Journal Combining Practical Information, Instruction, and Amusement
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2881:[Historical and artistic approach to the use of blue and pink colors as pedagogies of gender and sexuality].
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568:: "the current stereotypical American assignment of pink to girls and blue to boys was reversed a century ago"; and
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Results of a cross-sectional study of color preferences among Swiss children and adults were published in 2018 in
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269:(held in February) in that it also seeks to end all bullying, the Day of Pink is more specifically aimed towards
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2380:"Similarities in Color Preferences Between Women and Men: The Case of Hadza, the Hunter-Gatherers From Tanzania"
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Gieseler, Carly (9 February 2017). "Gender-reveal parties: performing community identity in pink and blue".
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Just as He-Man had taken over children's television in the 1980s, a series of successful Disney princesses—
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564:: "At one point, pink was considered more of a boy's color ... blue was considered more for girls.";
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studies would be needed to determine what the actual factors are in color preferences among the genders.
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2879:"Abordagem histórica e artística do uso das cores azul e rosa como pedagogias de gênero e sexualidade"
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Gender Diversity and LGBTQ Inclusion in K-12 Schools: A Guide to Supporting Students, Changing Lives
2487:"Pink for Girls, Red for Boys, and Blue for Both Genders: Colour Preferences in Children and Adults"
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Frassanito, Paolo; Pettorini, Benedetta (4 January 2008). "Pink and blue: the color of gender".
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Ben-Zeev, Avi (2014). "When Boys Wear Pink: A Gendered Color Cue Violation Evokes Risk Taking".
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came out. The musical comedy featured Marilyn in the most famous musical number in the film,
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446:. The color pink was chosen for the ribbon in 1992, as a symbol of breast cancer awareness.
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Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture
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2216:. Vol. 2, no. 18. Mexico: Rafael Reyes Spíndola. 29 October 1899. p. 314.
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in the United States: six said pink for boys and blue for girls; four said the opposite.
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2062:"The Twentieth Century Reversal of Pink-Blue Gender Coding: A Scientific Urban Legend?"
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2750:"Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America by Jo B. Paoletti (review)"
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Groyecka, Agata; Witzel, Christoph; Butovskaya, Marina; Sorokowski, Piotr (May 2019).
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The Pink Book: An Illustrated Celebration of the Color, from Bubblegum to Battleships
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2272:"Woman Who Popularized Gender-Reveal Parties Says Her Views On Gender Have Changed"
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Zucker, Kenneth J. (August 2005). "Measurement of Psychosexual Differentiation".
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2016:. Critical issues in health and medicine. Rutgers University Press. p. 19.
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2578:"From 'Bic For Her' To Bic For Them - How Cancel Culture Got Bic Back On Track"
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Toys and Tools in Pink: Cultural Narratives of Gender, Science, and Technology
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which refers to social penalties directed at people who violate gender norms.
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Chappell, Sharon Verner; Ketchum, Karyl E.; Richardson, Lisa (27 June 2018).
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Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender.
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1679:"Clothing Color Preferences of Boys and Girls Aged Between Six and Nine"
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event held annually during the second week of April. Though similar to
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Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
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are associated with girls and boys respectively in large parts of the
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2187:"The Women's March needs passion and purpose, not pink pussycat hats"
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1420:"Here's the Meaning Behind the Colors of the Transgender Pride Flag"
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was already famous as a sex symbol in the early 1950s when the film
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Bonnardel, Valérie; Beniwal, Sucharita; et al. (April 2018) .
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2555:"Mamie Eisenhower and 'Mamie pink': More insight from Gettysburg"
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List of historical sources for pink and blue as gender signifiers
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1390:"We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag"
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The International Day of Pink is a worldwide anti-bullying and
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Jonauskaite, Domicele; Dael, Nele; et al. (15 May 2019).
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Conis, Elena C.; Eder, Sandra; Medeiros, Aimee (14 May 2021).
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being prepared for the occasion by women planning to attend.
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in 2009 and is observed annually on the third Friday of May.
2013:
Pink and Blue: Gender, Culture, and the Health of Children
391:
Shelves with pink-colored girls' toys, in a Canadian store
2639:
Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America
763:, columnist Petula Dvorak wrote about her fears that the
3088:
A Cultural History of Fashion's Most Controversial Color
1242:
942:
940:
2733:]. Vol. 55. Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.
1966:
1030:
1028:
308:
519:, and gender-nonconforming people, and those still in
475:
A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl
5655:
2727:
La Moda elegante ilustrada: periódico de las familias
2454:"8 Dolls: odour, disgust, femininity, and toy design"
900:
898:
2297:
La Cour de Hollande sous le règne de Louis Bonaparte
146:
more so after 1952 with the election of her husband
5597:
5510:
5435:
5428:
5379:
5298:
5248:
5180:
5171:
5090:
5023:
5012:
4901:
4848:
4730:
4653:
4644:
4535:
4487:
4384:
4275:
4198:
4133:
4124:
4087:
4008:
3934:
3809:
3786:
3743:
3678:
3597:
3554:
3521:
3490:
3459:
3389:
3326:
3225:
3151:
3055:
Pink: The History of a Punk, Pretty, Powerful Color
1937:
The Way We Wed: A Global History of Wedding Fashion
1580:
1539:
561:
2801:
2359:Science in Color: Visualizing Achromatic Knowledge
1967:"Children's Gender and Parents' Color Preferences"
1652:
115:magazine summarized the recommended hues at major
5258:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
2731:Elegant Fashion Illustrated: The Family Newspaper
1049:
1784:]. Paris: Librairie encyclopédique de Roret.
1640:
535:drew criticism in 2012 for its pink and purple "
457:uses a stylized "running ribbon" as their logo.
2302:The Dutch Court in the Reign of Louis Bonaparte
1934:Chrisman-Campbell, Kimberly (1 December 2020).
1664:
1363:
1101:
222:reaching child-bearing age, and the effects of
2721:Rivadeneyra, Sucesores de (14 December 1896).
1351:
4621:
3646:
3108:
1388:Gray, Emma; Vagianos, Alanna (27 July 2017).
8:
3768:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
2755:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
2460:. Manchester University Press. p. 99.
1773:Bayle-Mouillard, Élisabeth-Félicie (1834).
1592:
1515:
1500:
1137:
5640:
5432:
5177:
5020:
4650:
4628:
4614:
4606:
4130:
4005:
3653:
3639:
3631:
3115:
3101:
3093:
1476:
1203:. Mental Health Foundation of New Zealand.
442:, and are commonly seen in October during
401:series of successful Disney animated films
2894:
2150:
2085:
1889:
1149:
670:Learn how and when to remove this message
375:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Cultural attribution of colors to genders
5409:International Commission on Illumination
2666:Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses
2357:. In Wülfingen, Bettina Bock von (ed.).
1850:"How Gender Reveals Became Such A Thing"
1375:
1173:
1161:
1019:
946:
931:
919:
619:"Gendered associations of pink and blue"
399:developed in the 1990s in the wake of a
303:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5662:
1628:
1604:
1339:
1089:
1077:
1034:
971:: 20, 14 November 1927: Blue for boys:
904:
894:
5399:Color Association of the United States
1707:
1588:
1563:
1488:
1125:
1065:
606:Please improve this article by adding
569:
315:to additional sources at this section.
187:skin-tight silk dress in shocking pink
2430:Hammond, Claudia (17 November 2014).
2353:Grisard, Dominique (19 August 2019).
2304:]. Paris, Amsterdam: Chez Persan.
2270:Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (28 July 2019).
1584:
1551:
1452:"The History of the Transgender Flag"
1400:from the original on 1 September 2018
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1212:
1210:
565:
7:
3911:Social media in the fashion industry
3161:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
3006:Orenstein, Peggy (25 January 2011).
2877:Baliscei, João Paulo (August 2020).
2602:"When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?"
1848:Bologna, Caroline (16 August 2018).
1576:
1527:
1113:
557:
2983:Kaiser, Susan B. (1 January 2012).
2714:. C.J. Peterson. 1856. p. 261.
2636:Paoletti, Jo B. (6 February 2012).
2123:"Pink, Blue, and Gender: An Update"
2121:Del Giudice, Marco (29 June 2017).
1823:. Chronicle Books. pp. 71–74.
1752:"Why girls 'really do prefer pink'"
1722:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
1616:
93:there were any such colors at all.
25:Children in blue and pink clothing.
5263:Blue–green distinction in language
2185:Dvorak, Petula (12 January 2017).
1677:Kilinç, Nurgül (1 November 2011).
296:relies largely or entirely upon a
14:
2553:Kueber, Pam (30 September 2009).
1581:Frassanito & Pettorini (2008)
1458:from the original on 3 April 2024
562:Frassanito & Pettorini (2008)
183:Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend
160:Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend
65:, and the two colors are used at
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5420:International Colour Association
5003:
4588:
3753:History of clothing and textiles
3734:
3216:
3137:History of clothing and textiles
2808:. USA: Oxford University Press.
2600:Maglaty, Jeanne (7 April 2011).
2432:"The 'pink vs blue' gender myth"
1878:Color Research & Application
1817:Blegvad, Kaye (1 October 2019).
1432:from the original on 14 May 2024
584:
285:
185:, in a now iconic floor length,
3686:Environmental impact of fashion
3544:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
2958:. Ohio State University Press.
2239:(8). Springer-Verlag: 881–882.
2135:Springer Science+Business Media
1965:Cohen, Philip N. (April 2013).
1810:(25). London: S.O. Beeton: 142.
1683:Social Behavior and Personality
1540:Frassanito & Pettorini 2008
123:Second half of the 20th century
5415:International Color Consortium
5404:International Colour Authority
3029:Pearlman, Robb (18 May 2021).
109:In 1927, a chart published in
97:First half of the 20th century
1:
5480:List of Crayola crayon colors
2748:Schorman, Rob (Autumn 2013).
2576:London, Lela (20 July 2020).
2327:10.1080/09589236.2017.1287066
608:secondary or tertiary sources
444:Breast Cancer Awareness Month
138:, in her White House portrait
2986:Fashion and Cultural Studies
2723:"Correspondencia particular"
2642:. Indiana University Press.
2452:Hendershot, Heather (1996).
158:Monroe performing the song "
5283:Traditional colors of Japan
5060:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
4943:Multi-primary color display
4717:Spectral power distribution
3460:1920s–1950s Western fashion
3390:1830s–1910s Western fashion
3327:1500s–1820s Western fashion
2885:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
2835:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2127:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2066:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2060:Del Giudice, Marco (2012).
1972:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1695:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.10.1359
1268:"International Day of Pink"
1189:. Pink T-Shirt Day Society.
882:Pinkwashing (breast cancer)
550:Archives of Sexual Behavior
455:Susan G. Komen for the Cure
237:is an annual event against
168:(1953) wearing a pink dress
57:for girls. Additionally, a
5760:
5724:Gender-related stereotypes
3758:History of Western fashion
2952:Colatrella, Carol (2011).
2294:Garnier, Athanase (1823).
959:"Fashions: Baby's Clothes"
464:
416:
207:
5625:
5143:Color realism (art style)
5001:
4801:Evolution of color vision
4583:
3763:History of fashion design
3732:
3672:Index of fashion articles
3669:
3214:
3142:History of fashion design
3131:
3012:. HarperCollins e-books.
2896:10.12957/teias.2020.46113
2847:10.1007/s10508-005-4336-7
2793:– via Project MUSE.
2507:10.1007/s11199-018-0955-z
2456:. In Kirkham, Pat (ed.).
2314:Journal of Gender Studies
2245:10.1007/s00381-007-0559-3
2143:10.1007/s10508-017-1024-3
2078:10.1007/s10508-012-0002-z
1985:10.1007/s10508-012-9951-5
1917:10.1007/s11199-006-9089-9
461:Gender reveal accessories
427:Breast Cancer Awareness,
257:International Day of Pink
88:'s son Jean sewing (1900)
33:This restroom sign on an
5460:List of colors (compact)
5278:Color in Chinese culture
4928:Digital image processing
4661:Electromagnetic spectrum
4143:British country clothing
3701:Fashion design copyright
3467:Suffrage Movement period
2935:. Taylor & Francis.
2800:Sulik, Gayle A. (2010).
2679:10.1177/0008429815599802
2405:10.1177/0301006619840937
1218:"About | Pink Shirt Day"
753:Women wearing pussy hats
438:is used as a symbol for
178:Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
165:Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
5465:List of colors by shade
4502:Anti-sweatshop movement
3126:of clothing and fashion
3058:. Thames & Hudson.
2612:Smithsonian Institution
2355:"Pink and Blue Science"
1653:Jonauskaite et al. 2019
1272:Western Financial Group
1222:www.pinkshirtday.org.nz
718:Hadzabe dance, Tanzania
499:features pink and blue.
440:breast cancer awareness
63:breast cancer awareness
5470:List of color palettes
4553:Chinoiserie in fashion
2233:Child's Nervous System
1792:Beeton, Samuel Orchart
1050:Chrisman-Campbell 2020
754:
719:
698:
595:relies excessively on
505:transgender pride flag
500:
476:
431:
395:In the United States,
392:
220:Baby Boomer generation
169:
139:
89:
38:
26:
5672:Children's literature
5394:Color Marketing Group
5149:On Vision and Colours
5082:Tinctures in heraldry
4693:Structural coloration
3889:Fashion merchandising
3555:By country and region
2768:10.1353/khs.2014.0003
1641:Bonnardel et al. 2018
835:Girls' toys and games
752:
717:
696:
494:
480:Gender reveal parties
474:
465:Further information:
426:
417:Further information:
390:
324:"pink toys for girls"
208:Further information:
157:
134:
86:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
84:
67:gender reveal parties
32:
24:
5729:Stereotypes of women
5475:List of color spaces
5367:Tint, shade and tone
5250:Cultural differences
5065:Polychromatic colors
5050:Complementary colors
5038:Monochromatic colors
4464:South Korean fashion
3926:Trickle-down fashion
3864:Fashion illustration
3849:Fashion entrepreneur
3726:Semiotics of fashion
3522:2000–present fashion
2706:"Fashions for March"
2034:Beauty And The Beast
1665:Groyecka et al. 2019
1364:Pasche Guignard 2015
1102:Bayle-Mouillard 1834
805:Color analysis (art)
709:Geneva Emotion Wheel
697:Geneva Emotion Wheel
547:In a 2017 letter to
429:Louisville, Kentucky
309:improve this article
271:anti-LGBTQ+ bullying
224:second-wave feminism
148:Dwight D. Eisenhower
5455:List of colors: N–Z
5450:List of colors: G–M
5445:List of colors: A–F
4512:Sustainable fashion
4479:Vietnamese clothing
4010:Western dress codes
3884:Fashion photography
3859:Fashion forecasting
3562:Indian subcontinent
3491:1960s-1990s fashion
2711:Peterson's Magazine
2548:. Chapman and Hall.
2458:The Gendered Object
2192:The Washington Post
1352:Garcia-Navarro 2019
865:Pink ribbon culture
825:Gender reveal party
800:Children's clothing
760:The Washington Post
537:Bic Cristal for Her
467:Gender reveal party
397:girlie-girl culture
210:Children's clothing
5734:Stereotypes of men
5502:List of web colors
5497:List of RAL colors
4903:Color reproduction
4868:Lüscher color test
4705:Color of chemicals
4595:Fashion portal
4543:Ballet and fashion
4527:Zero-waste fashion
4243:Sportswear fashion
3921:Trickle-up fashion
3906:Red carpet fashion
3874:Fashion journalism
3869:Fashion influencer
2889:. Rio de Janeiro.
2540:Kohl, Johann Georg
2214:El Mundo ilustrado
2210:"La Mujer Moderna"
2030:The Little Mermaid
1655:, p. 630–642.
1643:, p. 209-223.
1593:Del Giudice (2012)
1378:, p. 661–671.
1366:, p. 479–500.
1306:, p. 124–125.
987:; Blue for girls:
922:, p. 622–623.
871:Pink Ribbons, Inc.
830:Gender stereotypes
755:
720:
699:
543:Pink–blue reversal
539:" ballpoint pens.
501:
477:
432:
393:
170:
140:
90:
39:
35:All Nippon Airways
27:
5744:Infants' clothing
5653:
5652:
5593:
5592:
5375:
5374:
5167:
5166:
5157:Theory of Colours
4999:
4998:
4911:Color photography
4863:Color preferences
4806:Impossible colors
4796:Color vision test
4791:Color temperature
4769:Color calibration
4698:Animal coloration
4603:
4602:
4570:Music and fashion
4380:
4379:
4330:Thrift store chic
4158:Cruise collection
4120:
4119:
4045:Black lounge suit
3829:Designer clothing
3824:Clothing industry
3691:Fashion accessory
3628:
3627:
3065:978-0-500-02226-9
3042:978-0-7624-7562-9
3035:. Running Press.
3019:978-0-06-204163-0
2996:978-1-84788-564-7
2989:. A&C Black.
2965:978-0-8142-1147-2
2942:978-1-351-69742-2
2815:978-0-19-974045-1
2649:978-0-253-00130-6
2467:978-0-7190-4475-5
2368:978-3-11-060521-1
2023:978-1-978809-85-7
1947:978-0-7624-7028-0
1940:. Running Press.
1891:10.1002/col.22188
1830:978-1-4521-7504-1
1689:(10): 1359–1366.
1667:, p. 428–36.
1454:. 23 April 2015.
680:
679:
672:
654:
576:Academic research
558:Chiu et al., 2006
413:Awareness ribbons
385:
384:
377:
359:
117:department stores
5751:
5739:Color in culture
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5661:
5643:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5433:
5299:Color dimensions
5288:Human skin color
5178:
5055:Analogous colors
5021:
5007:
4933:Color management
4850:Color psychology
4816:Opponent process
4732:Color perception
4651:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4548:Capsule wardrobe
4507:Circular fashion
4489:Fashion activism
4454:Nigerian fashion
4449:Japanese fashion
4407:Filipino fashion
4397:Canadian fashion
4392:American fashion
4131:
4006:
3738:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3374:Directoire style
3220:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3077:
3046:
3032:Pink Is for Boys
3023:
3000:
2977:
2946:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2898:
2866:
2827:
2807:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2742:
2715:
2698:
2653:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2559:retro renovation
2549:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2479:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2424:
2384:
2372:
2346:
2305:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2264:
2225:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2154:
2115:
2089:
2072:(6): 1321–1323.
2054:
2051:
2004:
1959:
1928:
1911:(5–6): 385–395.
1895:
1893:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1842:
1811:
1785:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:. 21 August 2007
1738:
1737:
1734:10.1037/a0034683
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:are as cited in
1575:Quotations from
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1516:Del Giudice 2012
1513:
1504:
1501:Del Giudice 2017
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:, p. 47–48.
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1201:"Pink Shirt Day"
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:"Pink Shirt Day"
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1138:Rivadeneyra 1896
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1001:Marshall Field's
956:
950:
944:
935:
934:, p. xviii.
929:
923:
917:
908:
902:
845:Let Toys Be Toys
815:Color psychology
675:
668:
664:
661:
655:
653:
612:
588:
580:
497:transgender flag
487:Transgender flag
436:awareness ribbon
403:, starting with
380:
373:
369:
366:
360:
358:
317:
289:
288:
281:
143:Mamie Eisenhower
136:Mamie Eisenhower
5759:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5621:
5589:
5506:
5424:
5381:
5371:
5294:
5273:Blue in culture
5244:
5163:
5110:Secondary color
5086:
5043:black-and-white
5015:
5008:
4995:
4897:
4883:National colors
4878:Political color
4858:Color symbolism
4844:
4774:Color constancy
4752:Color blindness
4726:
4683:Spectral colors
4640:
4634:
4604:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4531:
4483:
4469:Swedish fashion
4459:Russian fashion
4437:Italian fashion
4432:Israeli fashion
4427:Iranian fashion
4402:Chinese fashion
4376:
4271:
4267:Vintage fashion
4255:Ghetto fabulous
4194:
4148:Business casual
4116:
4083:
4004:
3936:
3930:
3844:Fashion capital
3834:Digital fashion
3805:
3782:
3739:
3730:
3721:Fashion tourism
3674:
3665:
3659:
3629:
3624:
3593:
3550:
3517:
3486:
3455:
3385:
3322:
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3147:
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3127:
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3084:
3066:
3051:
3043:
3028:
3020:
3005:
2997:
2982:
2966:
2951:
2943:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2876:
2873:
2871:Further reading
2832:
2816:
2799:
2788:
2786:
2747:
2720:
2704:
2662:
2650:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2499:Springer Nature
2484:
2468:
2451:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2382:
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2369:
2352:
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2293:
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2269:
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2197:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2120:
2059:
2049:
2024:
2009:
1964:
1948:
1933:
1900:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1847:
1831:
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1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1574:
1570:
1566:, p. 3770.
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:, p. 1321.
1514:
1507:
1503:, p. 1556.
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1477:Hendershot 1996
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1428:. 30 May 2023.
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1394:Huffington Post
1387:
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1216:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1005:The White House
957:
953:
945:
938:
930:
926:
918:
911:
903:
896:
891:
886:
820:Color symbolism
785:
747:
676:
665:
659:
656:
613:
611:
605:
601:primary sources
589:
578:
545:
529:
489:
469:
463:
421:
415:
381:
370:
364:
361:
318:
316:
311:by introducing
302:
290:
286:
279:
263:anti-homophobia
259:
232:
212:
206:
201:
193:Brigitte Bardot
125:
99:
79:
61:is a symbol of
17:
12:
11:
5:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5674:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:Color history
5267:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5152:(Schopenhauer)
5145:
5140:
5137:Color analysis
5134:
5132:Color triangle
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4938:Color printing
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Kruithof curve
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4745:Sonochromatism
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4657:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4575:Fashion victim
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Indian fashion
4419:
4417:German fashion
4414:
4412:French fashion
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4200:Street fashion
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4112:Modest fashion
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4072:Cocktail dress
4069:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4014:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Fashion editor
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Fashion museum
3708:
3706:Fashion matrix
3703:
3698:
3696:Fashion design
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3082:External links
3080:
3079:
3078:
3064:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2979:
2978:
2964:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2924:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2841:(4): 375–388.
2829:
2828:
2814:
2796:
2795:
2762:(4): 622–623.
2744:
2743:
2717:
2716:
2701:
2700:
2673:(4): 479–500.
2659:
2658:
2648:
2632:
2631:
2596:
2595:
2572:
2571:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2448:
2447:
2426:
2425:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2361:. De Gruyter.
2349:
2348:
2321:(6): 661–671.
2307:
2306:
2290:
2289:
2266:
2265:
2227:
2226:
2205:
2204:
2181:
2180:
2117:
2116:
2056:
2055:
2022:
2006:
2005:
1979:(3): 393–397.
1961:
1960:
1946:
1930:
1929:
1897:
1896:
1884:(2): 209–223.
1868:
1867:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1800:"The Fashions"
1787:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1728:(4): 486–489.
1712:
1700:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1607:, p. 219.
1597:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 881.
1532:
1530:, p. 385.
1520:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1443:
1411:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1330:, p. 147.
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1259:
1234:
1206:
1192:
1178:
1176:, p. xix.
1166:
1164:, p. 314.
1154:
1152:, p. 261.
1150:Petersons 1856
1142:
1140:, p. 561.
1130:
1128:, p. 142.
1118:
1116:, p. 131.
1106:
1104:, p. 294.
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1039:
1024:
1012:
997:Maison Blanche
977:Franklin Simon
951:
936:
924:
909:
893:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
840:Kruithof curve
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
784:
781:
746:
743:
678:
677:
592:
590:
583:
577:
574:
544:
541:
528:
525:
488:
485:
462:
459:
414:
411:
406:Little Mermaid
383:
382:
307:. Please help
293:
291:
284:
278:
275:
267:Pink Shirt Day
258:
255:
235:Pink Shirt Day
231:
230:Pink Shirt Day
228:
205:
202:
200:
197:
173:Marilyn Monroe
124:
121:
98:
95:
78:
75:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5756:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5663:
5659:
5646:
5638:
5636:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:organizations
5378:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5323:Pastel colors
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Primary color
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Light-on-dark
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5006:
4992:
4991:Color mapping
4989:
4987:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Color balance
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4893:Chromotherapy
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:Tetrachromacy
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Achromatopsia
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:Chromesthesia
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:Color physics
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Color science
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Sloane Ranger
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
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4129:
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4110:
4108:
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4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Morning dress
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
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3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Fashion plate
3714:
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3699:
3697:
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3621:
3618:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
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3603:
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3600:
3596:
3590:
3589:Western world
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
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3559:
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3408:
3405:
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3357:
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3329:
3325:
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3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
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3289:
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3279:
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3269:
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3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3243:
3241:
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3236:
3234:
3231:
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3224:
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3209:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
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3189:
3186:
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3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3162:
3159:
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3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
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3075:
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3067:
3061:
3057:
3056:
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3049:
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3038:
3034:
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3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:
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2927:
2926:
2914:
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2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:Revista Teias
2880:
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2707:
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2640:
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2613:
2609:
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2603:
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2560:
2556:
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2524:
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2516:
2512:
2508:
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2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
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2477:
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2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
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2449:
2437:
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2428:
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2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
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2390:
2389:
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2376:
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2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:: 1555–1563.
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Zucker (2005)
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 99.
1478:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:Gieseler 2017
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:, p. 19.
1293:
1288:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1243:"Day of Pink"
1238:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Paoletti 2012
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:El Mundo 1899
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 73.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:, p. 71.
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:, p. 91.
1021:
1020:Paoletti 2012
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
960:
955:
952:
949:, p. 89.
948:
947:Paoletti 2012
943:
941:
937:
933:
932:Paoletti 2012
928:
925:
921:
920:Schorman 2013
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
888:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
782:
780:
778:
772:
770:
766:
765:Women's March
762:
761:
751:
744:
742:
740:
734:
731:
727:
726:
716:
712:
710:
706:
705:
695:
691:
687:
683:
674:
671:
663:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621: –
620:
616:
615:Find sources:
609:
603:
602:
598:
593:This article
591:
587:
582:
581:
575:
573:
571:
570:Zucker (2005)
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
551:
542:
540:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
493:
486:
484:
481:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
430:
425:
420:
412:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
389:
379:
376:
368:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326: –
325:
321:
320:Find sources:
314:
310:
306:
300:
299:
298:single source
294:This section
292:
283:
282:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
229:
227:
225:
221:
216:
211:
203:
199:Colored items
198:
196:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
149:
144:
137:
133:
129:
122:
120:
118:
114:
113:
107:
105:
96:
94:
87:
83:
76:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
54:
52:
51:Western world
48:
44:
36:
31:
23:
19:
5355:Fluorescence
5318:Colorfulness
5311:Dichromatism
5155:
5147:
5117:Chromaticity
5100:Color mixing
5092:Color theory
5025:Color scheme
4888:Chromophobia
4837:
4517:Slow fashion
4497:Anti-fashion
4474:Thai fashion
4135:Smart casual
4055:Evening gown
3894:Fast fashion
3839:Fashion blog
3801:Fashion week
3796:Fashion show
3778:21st century
3773:19th century
3054:
3031:
3008:
2985:
2954:
2931:
2916:. Retrieved
2886:
2882:
2838:
2834:
2803:
2787:. Retrieved
2759:
2753:
2730:
2726:
2709:
2699:</ref>
2670:
2664:
2637:
2623:. Retrieved
2605:
2587:. Retrieved
2581:
2563:. Retrieved
2558:
2544:
2526:. Retrieved
2494:
2490:
2457:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:
2392:
2386:
2358:
2347:</ref>
2318:
2312:
2301:
2296:
2281:. Retrieved
2275:
2236:
2232:
2213:
2196:. Retrieved
2190:
2172:. Retrieved
2152:2318/1853049
2130:
2126:
2087:2318/1852738
2069:
2065:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2012:
1976:
1970:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1881:
1877:
1859:. Retrieved
1853:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1781:
1775:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1629:Hammond 2014
1624:
1612:
1605:Grisard 2019
1600:
1595: p. 1321
1585:Cohen (2013)
1571:
1559:
1554:, p. 1.
1547:
1535:
1523:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1340:Bologna 2018
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:
1195:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1090:Garnier 1823
1085:
1078:Blegvad 2019
1073:
1061:
1035:Blegvad 2019
1015:
968:
962:
954:
927:
905:Maglaty 2011
869:
773:
758:
756:
735:
730:Hadza people
723:
721:
702:
700:
688:
684:
681:
666:
657:
647:
640:
633:
626:
614:
594:
566:Cohen (2013)
555:
548:
546:
530:
509:Monica Helms
502:
478:
451:gender roles
448:
433:
404:
394:
371:
362:
352:
345:
338:
331:
319:
295:
260:
233:
217:
213:
191:
176:
171:
163:
141:
126:
110:
108:
100:
91:
71:
55:
40:
18:
5492:Color chart
5350:Iridescence
5182:Basic terms
5173:Color terms
5127:Color wheel
5122:Color solid
4986:Color space
4972:subtractive
4955:Color model
4826:Unique hues
4722:Colorimetry
4688:Chromophore
4355:Heavy metal
4277:Alternative
4260:Bling-bling
4190:Young fogey
4040:Semi-formal
3935:Traditional
3879:Fashion law
3598:By clothing
3261:Western Xia
3251:Jurchen Jin
3233:Anglo-Saxon
3226:Middle Ages
3171:Han Chinese
2918:24 February
2607:Smithsonian
2561:(in French)
2501:: 630–642.
1745:Works cited
1708:Dvorak 2017
1577:Chiu (2006)
1564:Zucker 2005
1489:London 2020
1277:13 February
1247:Day of Pink
1227:13 February
1126:Beeton 1862
1066:Kueber 2009
985:Wanamaker's
860:Pink ribbon
533:Société Bic
419:Pink ribbon
251:New Zealand
247:New Zealand
104:dainty trim
73:reporting.
59:pink ribbon
41:The colors
5718:Categories
5708:Psychology
5512:Shades of:
5345:Brightness
5077:Web colors
5033:Color tool
5016:philosophy
4921:Color cast
4821:Afterimage
4811:Metamerism
4784:Color code
4779:Color task
4762:Dichromacy
4558:Dress code
4385:By country
4370:Rockabilly
4233:Athleisure
4228:Sportswear
4208:Streetwear
4185:Teddy Boys
4168:Ivy League
3954:Diplomatic
3944:Ceremonial
3318:Vietnamese
3276:400s–1000s
3074:1098197985
2789:26 January
2565:26 January
2436:BBC Future
2399:: 428–36.
2388:Perception
2042:Pocahontas
1956:1162339954
1839:1103440338
1552:Cohen 2013
1328:Sulik 2010
1316:Sulik 2010
1304:Sulik 2010
1292:Conis 2021
1252:5 February
889:References
877:Pinkstinks
810:Color code
769:pussy hats
725:Perception
630:newspapers
597:references
521:transition
335:newspapers
241:, held in
5362:Grayscale
5335:Lightness
5330:Luminance
5139:(fashion)
4839:The dress
4325:Steampunk
4285:Androgyny
4097:Christian
4089:Religious
4050:Black tie
4033:Ball gown
4028:White tie
3916:Sweatshop
3482:1945–1960
3477:1930–1945
3439:Edwardian
3397:Victorian
3369:1795–1820
3364:1775–1795
3359:1750–1775
3354:1700–1750
3349:1650–1700
3344:1600–1650
3339:1550–1600
3334:1500–1550
3313:Tocharian
3238:Byzantine
2974:744362216
2913:225306735
2905:1518-5370
2824:535493589
2784:162211342
2776:2161-0355
2739:934292885
2695:220373650
2687:0008-4298
2620:0037-7333
2523:149509070
2515:0360-0025
2491:Sex Roles
2476:264991421
2421:115203988
2343:151390917
2335:0958-9236
2112:207782208
2096:0004-0002
1925:144882201
1904:Sex Roles
1796:Ward Lock
1528:Chiu 2006
1425:Seventeen
1404:31 August
1114:Kohl 1842
973:Bullock's
795:Baby blue
745:Reactions
704:Sex Roles
660:July 2021
517:nonbinary
365:June 2021
313:citations
305:talk page
5696:Feminism
5635:Category
5617:Lighting
5340:Darkness
5160:(Goethe)
4960:additive
4948:Quattron
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