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a thing), or immanent objectivity. Every mental phenomenon includes something as object within itself, although they do not all do so in the same way. In presentation something is presented, in judgement something is affirmed or denied, in love loved, in hate hated, in desire desired and so on. This intentional in-existence is characteristic exclusively of mental phenomena. No physical phenomenon exhibits anything like it. We could, therefore, define mental phenomena by saying that they are those phenomena which contain an object intentionally within themselves.
1501:, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 114: "The fact that Brentano speaks of a relation of analogy between physical phenomena and real things existing outside of the mind obviously indicates that he is a realist and not an idealist or a solipsist, as he may indeed be taken to at first glance. Rather, his position is a very extreme representational realism. The things which exist outside of our sensations, he maintains, are in fact to be identified with the ones we find posited in the hypotheses of natural sciences."
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1069:. This so-called existential claim implies that when someone is judging that S is P he/she is judging that some S that is P exists. (Note that Brentano denied the idea that all judgments are of the form: S is P . Brentano argued that there are also judgments arising from a single presentation, e.g. “the planet Mars exists” has only one presentation.) In Brentano's own symbols, a judgment is always of the form: ‘+A’ (A exists) or ‘–A’ (A does not exist).
875:). Every belief, desire etc. has an object that they are about: the believed, the desired. Brentano used the expression "intentional inexistence" to indicate the status of the objects of thought in the mind. The property of being intentional, of having an intentional object, was the key feature to distinguish psychological phenomena and physical phenomena, because, as Brentano defined it, physical phenomena lacked the ability to generate
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have a presentation of midgets in your mind. When you judge that midgets do not exist, then you are judging that the presentation you have does not present something that exists. You do not have to utter that in words or otherwise predicate that judgment. The whole judgment takes place in the denial (or approval) of the existence of the presentation you have.
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987:), he recanted this previous view. He attempted to do so without reworking the previous arguments within that work but it has been said that he was wholly unsuccessful. The new view states that when we hear a sound, we hear something from the external world; there are no physical phenomena of internal perception.
919:): in his terminology, genetic psychology is the study of psychological phenomena from a third-person point of view, which involves the use of empirical experiments (satisfying, thus, the scientific standards we nowadays expect of an empirical science). (This concept is roughly equivalent to what is now called
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existence of the perceived world, which could simply be illusion. However, we can be absolutely sure of our internal perception. When I hear a tone, I cannot be completely sure that there is a tone in the real world, but I am absolutely certain that I do hear. This awareness, of the fact that I hear,
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Combined with the third fundamental claim of
Brentano, the idea that all judgments are either positive (judging that A exists) or negative (judging that A does not exist), we have a complete picture of Brentano's theory of judgment. So, imagine that you doubt whether midgets exist. At that point you
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Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the
Scholastics of the Middle Ages called the intentional (or mental) inexistence of an object, and what we might call, though not wholly unambiguously, reference to a content, direction towards an object (which is not to be understood here as meaning
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for more details). While he began his career as a full ordinary professor, he was forced to give up both his
Austrian citizenship and his professorship in 1880 in order to marry Ida Lieben (Austro-Hungarian law denied matrimony to persons who had been ordained priests even if they later had resigned
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acknowledged this problem and solved it by denying that the object is equal to the presentation. This is actually only a change within
Brentano's theory of perception, but has a welcome consequence for the theory of judgment, viz. that you can have a presentation (which exists) but at the same time
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and presentation. A presentation exists as an object in your mind. So you cannot really judge that A does not exist, because if you do so you also judge that the presentation is not there (which is impossible, according to
Brentano's idea that all judgments have the object which is judged as
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The problem of
Brentano's theory of judgment is not the idea that all judgments are existential judgments (though it is sometimes a very complex enterprise to transform an ordinary judgment into an existential one), the real problem is that Brentano made no distinction between
593:. Working subsequently as a non-denominational professor, his teaching triggered research in a wide array of fields such as linguistics, logic, mathematics and experimental psychology through the young generation of philosophers who were gathered as the
746:, he eventually gave up his priesthood and his tenure in 1873. He remained, however, deeply religious and dealt with the topic of the existence of God in lectures given at the Universities of Würzburg and Vienna.
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is called internal perception. External perception, sensory perception, can only yield hypotheses about the perceived world, but not truth. Hence he and many of his pupils (in particular
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935:.) The aim of descriptive psychology, on the other hand, is to describe consciousness from a first-person point of view. The latter approach was further developed by Husserl and the
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1488:, Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".
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861:). While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of
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1734:, Springer, 2014, p. 18: " entrusts this analysis to a pure or phenomenological psychology whose links with Brentano's descriptive psychology are still clearly visible."
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is not even necessary for judgment, because there are judgments without a predicational content. Another fundamental aspect of his theory is that judgments are always
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Die
Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos (The Psychology of Aristotle, in Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect)
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From
Psychology to Phenomenology: Franz Brentano's 'Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint' and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind
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Phenomenology World-Wide: Foundations — Expanding
Dynamics — Life-Engagements A Guide for Research and Study
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and entered the seminary in Munich and then Würzburg. He was ordained a
Catholic priest on 6 August 1864.
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Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle)
1057:) view. At the centre of Brentano's theory of judgment lies the idea that a judgment depends on having a
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1574:. Ed. Oskar Kraus, 2 vols. Leipzig: Meiner, 1924–25; ed. Mauro Antonelli. Heusenstamm: Ontos, 2008
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On the Existence of God: Lectures Given at the Universities of Würzburg and Vienna (1868-1891)
1548:, International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
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869:. Every mental phenomenon, every psychological act has content, is directed at an object (the
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Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)
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Brentano has a theory of judgment which is different from what is currently the predominant (
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in 1896, where he married his second wife, Emilie Ruprecht, in 1897. He transferred to
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1827:"Franz Brentano and Cornelio Fabro. A forgotten chapter of the Brentanian reception"
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Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (The Origin of our Knowledge of Right and Wrong)
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Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object
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Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object
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The Psychology of Aristotle, in Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect
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Sensory and Noetic Consciousness: Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint III
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Die Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos
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Die Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos
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from priesthood), but he was permitted to stay at the university only as a
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See Postfix in the 1923 edition (in German) or the 1973, English version (
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Toward the Rebirth of Aristotelian Psychology: Trendelenburg and Brentano
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1025: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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894:, edited by Linda L. McAlister (London: Routledge, 1995 ), pp. 88–89.
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150, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999, Chap. 2: "Husserl and Bolzano", p. 70.
1620:"Aristotle, Menger, Mises:An Essay in the Metaphysics of Economics"
931:", an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of
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1918:
1914:"Franz Brentano Archiv" (Franz Brentano Papers) at Graz University
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The Origin of the Knowledge of Right and Wrong by Franz Brentano
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G. F. Stout and the Psychological Origins of Analytic Philosophy
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Brentano is best known for his reintroduction of the concept of
550:; 16 January 1838 – 17 March 1917) was a German philosopher and
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1694:
The first published occurrence of the term is in Brentano's
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Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles
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Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles
697:
Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles
1449:"Brentano and Wundt: Empirical and Experimental Psychology"
579:, Brentano withdrew from the priesthood in 1873 due to the
533:
515:
1624:
History of Political Economy, Annual Supplement to vol. 22
1766:"Phenomenal intentionality past and present: introductory
1311:
Philosophische Untersuchungen zu Raum, Zeit und Kontinuum
1307:
Philosophical Investigations on Space, Time and Phenomena
730:. His students in this period included, among others,
530:
518:
1812:
https://www.brentanoandthearistoteliantradition.org/
564:, is credited with having reintroduced the medieval
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512:
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27:
Austrian Catholic priest and philosopher (1838–1917)
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1755:; English edition edited by Linda López McAlister).
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2436:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
1877:Franz Brentano's Ontology and His Immanent Realism
1337:Sämtliche veröffentlichte Schriften in zehn Bänden
1817:https://www.facebook.com/groups/5864284163632311
1289:Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene
1099:was very much inspired by Brentano's early work
885:
742:in matters of Faith. A strong opponent of such
726:, published 1867), and began to lecture at the
1259:The Origin of our Knowledge of Right and Wrong
501:Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Josef Brentano
61:Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Josef Brentano
3009:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
1934:
1670:. Springer Science & Business Media, p. 3
1640:Immanent Realism: An Introduction to Brentano
1634:
1632:
8:
3074:Academic staff of the University of Würzburg
1710:
1708:
1585:Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano
865:, by which they could be distinguished from
654:Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen
1244:Was für ein Philosoph manchmal Epoche macht
1175:On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle
1101:On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle
749:In 1874 Brentano published his major work,
701:On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle
3064:Academic staff of the University of Vienna
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2689:
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1941:
1927:
1919:
1718:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 67.
1230:Ed. Oskar Kraus, 2 vols. Leipzig: Meiner.
899:Brentano introduced a distinction between
45:
29:
1041:Learn how and when to remove this message
2949:Philosophers from the Kingdom of Prussia
1770:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
1685:. Springer Science & Business Media,
1109:Berlin School of experimental psychology
947:He is also well known for claiming that
1698:published in 1889 (see Franz Brentano,
1426:
1228:Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt.
1213:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
985:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
981:Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte
892:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
859:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
752:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
691:. He wrote his dissertation in 1862 at
648:descent, and some of his ancestors are
557:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
1572:Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt
1285:The Classification of Mental Phenomena
1217:Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt
1087:judge that the object does not exist.
855:Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
955:could not tell us anything about the
755:. From 1874 to 1895 he taught at the
545:
7:
3004:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2490:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
1355:Untersuchungen zur Sinnespsychologie
1278:Aristoteles und seine Weltanschauung
1023:adding citations to reliable sources
1869:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1850:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1716:The Cambridge Companion to Brentano
1702:, Routledge, 2012, "Introduction").
1561:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 307.
1529:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2851:Transmission of the Greek Classics
1453:The American Journal of Psychology
1263:Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis
1143:. Brentano's work also influenced
707:. Subsequently, he began to study
644:. His paternal grandfather was of
25:
2525:The Situations and Names of Winds
1168:Major works by Brentano in German
3019:People from Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
2989:German people of Italian descent
2959:20th-century German philosophers
2954:19th-century German philosophers
2911:
2901:
2900:
1899:Works by or about Franz Brentano
1860:"Brentano's Theory of Judgement"
1472:, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 7.
1362:Schriften zur Ethik und Ästhetik
999:
979:However, in a reprinting of his
853:in his lectures and in his work
505:
2431:On Length and Shortness of Life
1434:Franz Brentano – Britannica.com
1010:needs additional citations for
683:. He had a special interest in
362:
3024:People from the Rhine Province
2021:Correspondence theory of truth
1891:New International Encyclopedia
1341:Collected Works in Ten Volumes
572:into contemporary philosophy.
1:
3069:University of Würzburg alumni
2367:Constitution of the Athenians
1656:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1459:(1) (Jan. 1921), pp. 108–120.
1384:Analytic psychology (Dilthey)
949:Wahrnehmung ist Falschnehmung
18:Genetic psychology (Brentano)
3059:University of Münster alumni
2269:On Generation and Corruption
1274:Aristotle and his World View
1127:of experimental psychology,
296:Other academic advisors
1411:List of Austrian scientists
1389:Analytic psychology (Stout)
1267:1902 English edition online
1194:The Psychology of Aristotle
3090:
3039:Philosophers of psychology
2510:On Marvellous Things Heard
2129:Potentiality and actuality
1798:Franz Brentano Archiv Graz
1788:, Springer, 2013, p. viii.
834:
763:. Among his students were
703:). His thesis advisor was
2964:Aristotelian philosophers
2896:
2873:Commentaries on Aristotle
1666:Boltzmann, Ludwig. 1995.
1642:, Springer, 2006, p. 321.
822:, where he died in 1917.
628:, and paternal nephew of
494:
490:
445:
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172:(m. 1897–1917; his death)
167:(m. 1880–1894; her death)
44:
3044:Philosophers of religion
1296:The True and the Evident
845:—a concept derived from
714:In 1866 he defended his
3049:Philosophers of science
2241:Sophistical Refutations
1885:"Brentano, Franz"
1728:Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka
1322:Deskriptive Psychologie
917:deskriptive Psychologie
877:original intentionality
851:contemporary philosophy
818:at the outbreak of the
797:Christian von Ehrenfels
663:at the universities of
342:Christian von Ehrenfels
188:19th-century philosophy
2999:German Roman Catholics
2426:On Divination in Sleep
2112:Horror vacui (physics)
1822:Franz Brentano website
1784:Maria van der Schaar,
1714:Dale Jacquette (ed.),
1700:Descriptive Psychology
1679:Brentano, F. C. 1987.
1318:Descriptive Psychology
1204:written in 1865/66)) (
909:descriptive psychology
905:genetische Psychologie
897:
881:derived intentionality
728:University of Würzburg
409:of sensory objects or
241:University of Würzburg
227:Austrian phenomenology
147:University of Würzburg
137:University of Tübingen
51:Franz Brentano in 1890
2974:Catholic philosophers
2969:Austrian philosophers
2918:Philosophy portal
2540:Rhetoric to Alexander
1753:Linda López McAlister
847:scholastic philosophy
799:and many others (see
689:scholastic philosophy
642:Friedrich von Savigny
605:Brentano was born at
450:Ecclesiastical career
391:empirical/descriptive
133:University of Münster
3054:Philosophy academics
3034:Philosophers of mind
2994:German psychologists
2629:Andronicus of Rhodes
2530:On Virtues and Vices
2485:On Indivisible Lines
2406:Sense and Sensibilia
2376:Rhetoric and poetics
2189:Mathematical realism
1910:at Project Gutenberg
1638:Liliana Albertazzi,
1583:Robin D. Rollinger,
1497:Robin D. Rollinger,
1468:Robin D. Rollinger,
1300:Wahrheit und Evidenz
1157:Cambridge University
1129:Kazimierz Twardowski
1084:Kazimierz Twardowski
1019:improve this article
943:Theory of perception
921:empirical psychology
793:Kazimierz Twardowski
757:University of Vienna
547:[bʁɛnˈtaːno]
403:noetic consciousness
397:Distinction between
382:Distinction between
338:Kazimierz Twardowski
247:University of Vienna
223:Empirical psychology
129:University of Berlin
125:University of Munich
88:German Confederation
2599:Strato of Lampsacus
2231:Posterior Analytics
1983:Ideas and interests
1775:(3):437–444 (2013).
1557:Biagio G. Tassone,
1401:(his sister-in-law)
1202:habilitation thesis
1135:of philosophy, and
929:heterophenomenology
740:papal infallibility
716:habilitation thesis
705:Franz Jakob Clemens
677:Adolf Trendelenburg
650:Sophie von La Roche
640:(née Brentano) and
607:Marienberg am Rhein
585:papal infallibility
413:versus thinking of
300:Adolf Trendelenburg
290:Franz Jakob Clemens
68:Marienberg am Rhein
2643:Islamic Golden Age
2566:Peripatetic school
2352:Nicomachean Ethics
2047:Future contingents
1858:Brandl, Johannes.
1839:Huemer, Wolfgang.
1832:2016-03-24 at the
1518:Huemer, Wolfgang.
1394:Axiological ethics
991:Theory of judgment
953:sensory perception
901:genetic psychology
890:— Franz Brentano,
872:intentional object
867:physical phenomena
801:School of Brentano
622:Christian Brentano
595:School of Brentano
430:Time-consciousness
378:Intentional object
220:("act psychology")
210:School of Brentano
198:Western philosophy
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2878:Metabasis paradox
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2766:Pietro Pomponazzi
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2579:Clearchus of Soli
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2552:
2221:On Interpretation
2164:Temporal finitism
2052:Genus–differentia
2009:Category of being
1416:List of Austrians
1405:Robert von Lieben
1147:, the teacher of
1051:
1050:
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925:cognitive science
895:
634:Bettina von Arnim
560:, considered his
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16:(Redirected from
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3029:Phenomenologists
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2761:Jacopo Zabarella
2710:
2690:
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2134:Substance theory
2095:Moderate realism
2089:Minima naturalia
1990:Active intellect
1943:
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1903:Internet Archive
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1864:Zalta, Edward N.
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1845:Zalta, Edward N.
1841:"Franz Brentano"
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1626:(1990), 263–288.
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1589:Phaenomenologica
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1520:"Franz Brentano"
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1097:Martin Heidegger
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2771:Cesar Cremonini
2727:Albertus Magnus
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2505:Physiognomonics
2500:On Things Heard
2495:On the Universe
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2398:Parva Naturalia
2392:
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2357:Eudemian Ethics
2337:
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2226:Prior Analytics
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2117:Rational animal
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1399:Anna von Lieben
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237:Institutions
35:The Reverend
3014:Ontologists
2979:Empiricists
2944:1917 deaths
2939:1853 births
2744:Duns Scotus
2584:Dicaearchus
2574:Aristoxenus
2333:Metaphysics
2326:Metaphysics
2312:Progression
2279:On the Soul
2274:Meteorology
2076:Magnanimity
2042:Four causes
1616:Barry Smith
1149:G. E. Moore
1133:Lwów School
1125:Graz School
1113:Anton Marty
1105:Carl Stumpf
1067:existential
1063:predication
974:mathematics
962:Carl Stumpf
939:tradition.
789:Anton Marty
785:Carl Stumpf
736:Anton Marty
732:Carl Stumpf
659:He studied
610: [
568:concept of
562:magnum opus
554:. His 1874
427:distinction
425:Predication
334:Anton Marty
330:Carl Stumpf
250:(1873–1895)
244:(1866–1873)
114:Switzerland
71: [
2933:Categories
2826:Hursthouse
2700:Maimonides
2666:Avicennism
2317:Generation
2289:On Animals
2216:Categories
2036:Eudaimonia
1749:0710074255
1422:References
1226:(1924–25)
1095:The young
1031:March 2010
661:philosophy
566:scholastic
411:intuitions
393:psychology
358:Psychology
165:Ida Lieben
102:1917-03-18
2861:Platonism
2816:MacIntyre
2678:Averroism
2656:Al-Farabi
2614:Critolaus
2558:Followers
2535:Economics
2515:Mechanics
2480:On Plants
2475:On Colors
2470:On Breath
2421:On Dreams
2411:On Memory
2174:Haecceity
2152:Syllogism
2123:Phronesis
2015:Catharsis
1964:Aristotle
685:Aristotle
636:, and of
421:Judgement
121:Education
80:Rhineland
2906:Category
2831:Nussbaum
2801:Brentano
2673:Averroes
2661:Avicenna
2651:Al-Kindi
2624:Erymneus
2520:Problems
2416:On Sleep
2383:Rhetoric
2362:Politics
2307:Movement
2169:Quiddity
2030:accident
1957:Overview
1830:Archived
1378:See also
1248:Plotinus
957:de facto
812:Florence
709:theology
693:Tübingen
669:Würzburg
581:dogmatic
483:Laicized
475:Ordained
455:Religion
415:concepts
354:Ontology
2749:Scotism
2737:Thomism
2388:Poetics
2297:History
2259:Physics
2251:Physics
2208:Organon
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2082:Mimesis
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1272:(1911)
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1055:Fregean
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616:, near
543:German:
399:sensory
385:genetic
159:Spouses
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84:Prussia
2791:Newman
2784:Modern
2693:Jewish
2343:Ethics
2236:Topics
2106:Philia
2100:Mythos
1974:Lyceum
1747:
1371:(2014)
1364:(2010)
1357:(2009)
1350:(2008)
1252:Online
1234:
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1187:online
1091:Legacy
1079:object
927:, or "
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816:Zürich
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673:Berlin
665:Munich
465:Church
256:Theses
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110:Zürich
2856:Plato
2821:Smith
2806:Adler
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2145:ousia
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