78:
22:
147:
In late 2017, the minister of
Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation Professor Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng, advocated for the people of Ghana to be educated on GM seeds and GMO products. Frimpong-Boateng believed that if the public knew more about GMO products, they would be more likely to
182:
refers to the inherent right of all countries and their people, to have control over food production and also recognizes the political and economic aspects of the agriculture industry. The importance of food sovereignty for a country began to be acknowledged, after numerous citizens in developing
193:
of seeds and the domination of their agriculture industry. Control over the agricultural seed industry by MNCs contains risks for Ghana's food sovereignty by potentially increasing the income disparity between the farmers in Ghana, and the MNCs profiting from the use of their GM seeds.
168:
Pro Plant
Breeders Right Bill opinions have indicated that GMOs and the bill are unrelated. Dr. Margaret Ottah Atikpo, head of the microbiology division of the Food Research Institute stated, " protects the breeders and brings royalty to the breeder and the country."
160:
The
Ghanaian Parliament is currently considering a bill that would protect the rights of scientists and corporations in relation to the creation of seeds or crops developed for Ghana. If passed, this bill could make Ghana dependent on certified seeds invented by
151:
In concurrence with the
Frimpong-Boateng campaign for public education on GMO inclusion, Food Sovereignty Ghana filled suit against the National Biosafety Authority Board for its plans to proceed with the introduction of GM products on the local market.
119:
and cotton in the three northern regions of the country were underway. In 2015, a temporary injunction on any further GMO commercialization and development was put in place, until the conclusion of the case brought by Food
Sovereignty Ghana against the
101:. They argue that genetically modified food is not conducive to good health and is neo-colonialist in nature. That is, it hands control of the food supply to rich nations, which threatens food sovereignty and the national interest.
92:
in 2013. GM crops are controversial around the world for various reasons and Ghana is no exception. Groups against its introduction include Food
Sovereignty Ghana, The Coalition For Farmer’s Rights, Advocacy Against
140:. NASTAG states that the use of GM seeds in this West Africa country will reduce the number of pesticides and time it takes for farmers to spray. In 2011, the Biosafety Act passed in Ghana, permitting the
128:) and TestBioTech took place in March and April 2022. Commercialization of Bt Cowpea is thus still pending approval, although imports of genetically engineered products to Ghana are still allowed.
189:
in 2007 and 2008. One of the most significant arguments among activists against the incorporation of GMO products is the impact they have on the food sovereignty of local communities through the
165:
and other GM seed producers, thus surrendering Ghana's food sovereignty to individuals and organizations. Activists believe this could hinder local farmers and cause local economic problems.
141:
472:
1595:
491:
144:
to conduct trials of specific GMOs. It is estimated that genetically modified cowpea, a GMO the CSIR has been experimenting with, will be on the market in Ghana in 2019.
843:
781:
1416:
104:
Proponents argue that GM crops engineered to resist common pests, increase yield, and hence lead to rising incomes for farmers and the country in general.
655:
510:
136:
The
National Seed Trade Association of Ghana (NASTAG), publicly advocates for the inclusion of GM seeds in Ghana, to aid agricultural development and
1499:
473:"Testbiotech comment on risk assessment and confined field trials with genetically engineered Bt cowpea conducted in Ghana | Food Sovereignty Ghana"
121:
559:
1289:
42:
705:
384:
1505:
1495:
584:
269:
214:
184:
295:
359:
1446:
240:
724:"Epistemic Brokerage in the Bio-Property Narrative: Contributions to Explaining Opposition to Transgenic Technologies in Agriculture"
31:
1456:
774:
64:
1600:
1464:
1007:
630:
1510:
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98:
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1485:
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1128:
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534:
94:
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767:
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1101:
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1036:
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853:
125:
1147:
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820:
811:
432:
1342:
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1123:
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1017:
871:
452:
137:
108:
85:
107:
Ghana's 2011 Biosafety Act 831 permitted the introduction of GM foods, and by 2014, “confined field trials” of
35:
897:
679:
1436:
1211:
977:
838:
492:
USDA Foreign
Agricultural Service, Ghana Agricultural Biotechnology Annual GAIN report, November 2021
1426:
1358:
1296:
1160:
790:
77:
1304:
1155:
388:
605:
273:
218:
1541:
1431:
1421:
745:
299:
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accept and understand the importance of GMOs in assisting Ghana's economy and development.
1314:
735:
178:
244:
1363:
1247:
1206:
1165:
1075:
1389:
1384:
1319:
1221:
1058:
1022:
190:
116:
124:. The trial has been severely protracted and testimonies from Jonathan Latham (of the
1584:
1564:
1441:
1379:
1196:
1085:
972:
339:
1353:
1252:
1231:
1080:
902:
46:
1216:
879:
1257:
920:
740:
723:
656:"The Proposed Plant Breeders Bill of Ghana and the Food Sovereignty Conundrum"
1569:
1536:
1411:
1070:
1063:
1002:
997:
956:
938:
749:
433:"Human Rights Court Hears Ghana's First GMO Case | Food Sovereignty Ghana"
1559:
1526:
1329:
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1201:
453:"Dr. Latham Testifies In Ghana's GMO Court Case | Food Sovereignty Ghana"
1554:
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1111:
1012:
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112:
535:"Ghanaians require proper education on GMOs – Minister - Ghana News"
1309:
511:"GMO technology can turn around Ghana's fortunes – Seed Producers"
89:
76:
162:
763:
631:"Ghana's farmers battle 'Monsanto law' to retain seed freedom"
296:"GMOs Are "Neo-Colonialist", Security Threat To Ghana - Group"
15:
560:"Ghanaians should be properly educated on GMOs – Minister"
360:"Ghana's law on GM foods finally gets Presidential Assent"
215:"Food Sovereignty Ghana demonstrates against GM products"
411:"Court Orders Temporary Halt On GM Commercialization"
142:
Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
844:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
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797:
585:"Food Sovereignty Ghana sues gov't again over GMOs"
385:"Controversy Over Genetically Modified Food Rages"
379:
377:
706:"The Origins & Potential of Food Security"
1596:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
775:
97:, Ghana Catholic Bishops’ Conference and the
8:
1417:Detection of genetically modified organisms
1274:
1184:
1041:
816:
807:
782:
768:
760:
326:The Journal of World Intellectual Property
45:. Please do not remove this message until
739:
362:. ghanabusinessnews.com. 17 February 2012
340:"Pod Borer Resistant Maruca (PBR) Cowpea"
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
203:
606:"Battling the 'Monsanto law' in Ghana"
138:mitigate the effects of climate change
699:
697:
680:"Consult more on Plant Breeders Bill"
529:
527:
505:
503:
501:
499:
156:Plant Breeders Right Bill controversy
7:
319:
317:
209:
207:
1447:Genetic use restriction technology
14:
387:. Peace FM Online. Archived from
298:. Peace FM Online. Archived from
272:. Peace FM Online. Archived from
243:. Revolution News. Archived from
241:"Thousands in Ghana Protest GMOs"
217:. Peace FM Online. Archived from
122:Ministry of Food and Agriculture
20:
1465:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
99:Convention People’s Party (CPP)
86:Genetically Modified (GM) food
1:
1227:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
270:"Catholic Bishops Join 'War'"
126:Bioscience Resource Project
88:crops were introduced into
47:conditions to do so are met
1617:
1550:
1285:Genetically modified food
741:10.1016/j.nbt.2010.05.017
722:Herring, Ronald (2010).
413:. Food Sovereignty Ghana
132:History of GMOs in Ghana
186:World Food Price Crisis
1601:Controversies in Ghana
82:
898:Roundup ready soybean
80:
1591:Agriculture in Ghana
1437:Reverse transfection
1212:Genetic transduction
610:New Internationalist
183:countries faced the
1427:Genetics in fiction
1359:Genetic enhancement
1161:Hepatitis B vaccine
791:Genetic engineering
391:on 16 December 2013
324:Adi, Bongo (2006).
34:of this article is
1537:Stem cell research
1156:Ice-minus bacteria
328:. pp. 92–112.
247:on 1 February 2014
83:
1578:
1577:
1542:Synthetic biology
1432:Human enhancement
1422:Genetic pollution
1398:
1397:
1266:
1265:
1174:
1173:
1137:
1136:
1031:
1030:
704:Wittman, Hannah.
660:Afronomicslaw.org
637:. 24 October 2014
81:Location of Ghana
75:
74:
67:
1608:
1315:Dow AgroSciences
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635:theecologist.org
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179:Food sovereignty
173:Food sovereignty
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
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1607:
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1605:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1546:
1515:
1469:
1451:
1404:
1394:
1368:
1364:Genetic testing
1346:
1336:
1262:
1248:Recombinant DNA
1236:
1207:Electroporation
1170:
1166:Oncolytic virus
1145:
1133:
1090:
1076:Herman the Bull
1027:
961:
943:
925:
907:
884:
866:
848:
802:
800:
793:
788:
758:
757:
721:
720:
716:
708:
703:
702:
695:
685:
683:
678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
654:
653:
649:
640:
638:
629:
628:
624:
615:
613:
604:
603:
599:
590:
588:
583:
582:
578:
569:
567:
558:
557:
553:
544:
542:
533:
532:
525:
516:
514:
509:
508:
497:
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486:
477:
475:
471:
470:
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457:
455:
451:
450:
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437:
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431:
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409:
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375:
365:
363:
358:
357:
353:
344:
342:
338:
337:
333:
323:
322:
315:
305:
303:
302:on 4 March 2016
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54:
51:
40:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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1523:
1521:
1520:Similar fields
1517:
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1508:
1503:
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1471:
1470:
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1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1390:Gene targeting
1387:
1385:Gene knockdown
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:DuPont Pioneer
1317:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1278:In agriculture
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Microinjection
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
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1163:
1158:
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1139:
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1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:Knockout mouse
1050:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
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962:
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841:
836:
831:
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823:
814:
805:
795:
794:
789:
787:
786:
779:
772:
764:
756:
755:
734:(5): 614–622.
714:
693:
671:
647:
622:
597:
576:
551:
523:
495:
484:
464:
444:
424:
402:
373:
351:
331:
313:
287:
258:
232:
202:
201:
199:
196:
191:monopolization
174:
171:
157:
154:
133:
130:
117:Ashanti region
73:
72:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Biotechnology
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:South America
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:North America
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Transhumanism
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Gene knockout
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:Controversies
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1254:
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1245:
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1228:
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1223:
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1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1189:Inserting DNA
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:Other animals
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
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974:
971:
970:
968:
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958:
955:
954:
952:
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946:
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937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
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919:
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916:
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910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
887:
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878:
877:
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873:
869:
863:
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859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
822:
818:
815:
813:
809:
806:
804:
796:
792:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
766:
765:
762:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
715:
707:
700:
698:
694:
681:
675:
672:
661:
657:
651:
648:
636:
632:
626:
623:
611:
607:
601:
598:
586:
580:
577:
565:
561:
555:
552:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
512:
506:
504:
502:
500:
496:
493:
488:
485:
474:
468:
465:
454:
448:
445:
434:
428:
425:
412:
406:
403:
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
361:
355:
352:
341:
335:
332:
327:
320:
318:
314:
301:
297:
291:
288:
276:on 4 May 2015
275:
271:
265:
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259:
246:
242:
236:
233:
221:on 4 May 2015
220:
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79:
69:
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58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
33:
27:
18:
17:
1354:Gene therapy
1253:Transgenesis
1232:Transfection
1197:Agrobacteria
1081:Knockout rat
903:Vistive Gold
799:Genetically
731:
727:
717:
684:. Retrieved
682:. Vibe Ghana
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:
650:
639:. Retrieved
634:
625:
614:. Retrieved
612:. 2014-10-20
609:
600:
589:. Retrieved
587:. 2017-11-27
579:
568:. Retrieved
566:. 2017-09-26
563:
554:
543:. Retrieved
541:. 2017-09-26
538:
515:. Retrieved
513:. 2017-09-04
487:
476:. Retrieved
467:
456:. Retrieved
447:
436:. Retrieved
427:
415:. Retrieved
405:
393:. Retrieved
389:the original
364:. Retrieved
354:
343:. Retrieved
334:
325:
304:. Retrieved
300:the original
290:
278:. Retrieved
274:the original
249:. Retrieved
245:the original
235:
223:. Retrieved
219:the original
185:
177:
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159:
150:
146:
135:
106:
103:
84:
61:
52:
30:
1373:In research
1347:diagnostics
1217:Lipofection
978:Arabidopsis
880:Golden rice
728:New Biology
55:August 2020
1585:Categories
1457:Regulation
1301:Companies
1258:Cisgenesis
1202:Biolistics
1008:Sugar beet
921:Flavr Savr
821:Maize/corn
686:31 January
665:2023-07-08
641:2023-07-08
616:2023-07-08
591:2017-12-22
570:2023-07-08
545:2017-12-22
539:Ghana News
517:2017-12-22
478:2022-06-28
458:2022-06-28
438:2022-06-28
395:30 January
366:31 January
345:2021-06-05
306:31 January
280:31 January
251:31 January
225:31 January
198:References
32:neutrality
1570:Bioethics
1474:Geography
1412:Transgene
1180:Processes
1071:Enviropig
1064:Oncomouse
1003:SmartStax
939:Bt cotton
803:organisms
43:talk page
1560:Genetics
1527:Eugenics
1405:articles
1330:Syngenta
1325:Monsanto
1297:Pharming
1143:Bacteria
839:StarLink
801:modified
750:20570620
564:GhanaWeb
36:disputed
1555:Biology
1532:Cloning
1511:Oceania
1403:Related
1148:viruses
1112:GloFish
1102:Insects
1046:Mammals
1037:Animals
1023:Mustard
1013:Tobacco
983:Brinjal
890:Soybean
862:Amflora
834:MON 863
829:MON 810
115:in the
109:GM rice
1486:Africa
1481:Europe
1343:humans
1117:Salmon
1086:Rabbit
993:Papaya
988:Canola
931:Cotton
913:Tomato
854:Potato
748:
113:cowpea
1310:Bayer
1241:Types
1129:Frogs
1124:Birds
1054:Mouse
1018:Trees
973:Apple
966:Other
949:Wheat
812:Crops
709:(PDF)
417:4 May
90:Ghana
1491:Asia
1305:BASF
1271:Uses
1146:and
1107:Fish
998:Rose
872:Rice
746:PMID
688:2014
419:2015
397:2014
368:2014
308:2014
282:2014
253:2014
227:2014
163:MNCs
111:and
95:GMOs
29:The
1345:and
1341:In
957:HB4
736:doi
1587::
1500:US
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