Võ Nguyên Giáp - Knowledge (XXG)

1489:, Giáp moved back into Hanoi as the Vietnamese government re-established itself. He expanded and modernised the army, re-equipping it with Soviet and Chinese weapons systems. On 7 May 1955, he inaugurated the Vietnamese Maritime Force and on 1 May 1959, the Vietnamese People's Air Force. During the late 1950s Giáp served as Minister of Defence, Commander in Chief of the People's Army of Vietnam, Deputy Prime Minister, and deputy chairman of the Defence Council. In terms of his personal life, he was also able to move back in with his wife, from whom he had been separated for eight years during the war. She was working as a professor of history and social science at that time. Together they raised two boys and two girls. In the little spare time he had, he said in interviews that he occasionally enjoyed playing the piano, as well as reading Goethe, Shakespeare and Tolstoy. 1294:. By October French forces had begun to arrive in Vietnam, and the British handed control of the south back to them and in May 1946, an agreement between the French and the Chinese saw the Chinese withdraw from the north and the French move in there as well. Ho Chi Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp pursued lengthy negotiations with the French, seeking to avoid an all-out war to cement their independence. Giáp led the Vietnamese delegation at the Dalat conference in April 1946, which yielded nothing, and, returning to Hanoi, he was made Minister of Defense. Ho Chi Minh departed for France on 31 May, to negotiate with the French at 1349:

maintain some kind of peace but by the time Ho returned in November, both sides were on a war footing. Local fighting broke out repeatedly and on 27 November, Ho's government, concluding that it could not hold Hanoi against the French, retreated up into the northern hills where it had been based two years previously. On 19 December, the Vietnamese government officially declared war on France and fighting erupted all over the country. After this time, detailed information on Giáp's personal life becomes much scarcer and in most sources the emphasis is on his military achievements and, later, on his political work.

1804:''We were not strong enough to drive out a half-million American troops, that wasn't our aim. Our intention was to break the will of the American government to continue the war. Westmoreland was wrong to expect that his superior firepower would grind us down. If we had focused on the balance of forces, we would have been defeated in two hours. We were waging a people's war . . . America's sophisticated arms, electronic devices and all the rest were to no avail in the end. In war there are two factors━human beings and weapons. Ultimately, though, human beings are the decisive factor.'' 4663: 549: 536: 1087:; 1915–1944), he had first met at school in Hue. She too had learned nationalism from her father and had joined the revolutionary activities with which Giáp was involved. In June 1938 (or, according to some sources, April 1939) they were married and in May 1939 they had a daughter, Hong Anh (Red Queen of Flowers). Giáp's busy political activities took a toll on his postgraduate studies, and he failed to pass the examinations for the Certificate of Administrative Law. Unable therefore to practice as a lawyer, he took a job as a history teacher at the 1302:

Minh forces against non-communist nationalist troops in the suburbs of Hanoi, and had their leaders arrested, imprisoned, or killed. During this period he also began a relationship with a famous and beautiful dancer, Thuong Huyen, and was seen in public with her at nightclubs. This conduct caused serious concern in the upper ranks of the Party as it was contrary to the very strict and abstemious moral code by which all members were expected to abide. Wanting to protect him, Ho Chi Minh arranged for him to meet a graduate from a well-known family,

4651: 582: 1935: 4371: 1905: 1896: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1949: 1942: 1882: 1875: 518: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1889: 1780: 1703: 1507:, fighting against the government in Saigon. The Party Plenum in 1957 ordered changes to the structure of their units and Giáp was put in charge of implementing them and building their strength to form a solid basis for an insurrection in the South. The 1959 Plenum decided that the time for escalating the armed struggle in the South was right and in July that year Giáp ordered the opening up of the 1596: 69: 562: 1525: 1388: 1160:, the French authorities outlawed the Indochinese Communist Party. Its leaders decided that Giáp should leave Vietnam and go into exile in China. On 3 May 1940 he said farewell to his wife, left Hanoi and crossed the border into China. Giáp's wife went to her family home in Vinh, where she was arrested, sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment, and incarcerated in the 1200: 3813: 1353:

to resist the French. However, after the Chinese communists reached the northern border of Vietnam in 1949 and the Vietnamese destruction of French posts there, the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union.

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The last U.S. combat troops had left in August 1972. The remaining U.S. military personnel (except for the staff of the Defense Attache's Office and the US Embassy's Marine guards) completed their withdrawal in March 1973. Despite the agreement, there was no end in fighting. South Vietnamese attempts

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where he was blamed by the Politburo for the offensive's failure. Giáp was recalled to Hanoi where he was replaced as field commander of the PAVN and from then on watched subsequent events from the sidelines, with the glory of victory in 1975 going to the chief of the general staff, General Văn Tiến

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The first few years of the war involved mostly a low-level, semi-conventional resistance fight against the French occupying forces. Võ Nguyên Giáp first saw real fighting at Nha Trang, when he traveled to south-central Vietnam in January–February 1946, to convey the determination of leaders in Hanoi

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to bombard Haiphong in response to repeated skirmishes with Vietnamese forces as they tried to bring arms and contraband into the port. Around six thousand people were killed, and fourteen thousand wounded in the bombardment. Giáp, acting as de facto president in the absence of Ho Chi Minh, tried to

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said: "We fought a military war; our opponents fought a political one. We sought physical attrition; our opponents aimed for our psychological exhaustion. In the process we lost sight of one of the cardinal maxims of guerrilla war: the guerrilla wins if he does not lose. The conventional army loses

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criticized the battlefield prowess of Giáp, stating, "By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing

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were going to conduct it anyway, he left Vietnam for medical treatment in Hungary and did not return until after the offensive had begun. Although their attempt to spark a general uprising against the southern government failed disastrously, it was a significant political victory through convincing

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During the late 1950s the top priority of the re-established Vietnamese government was the rapid establishment of a socialist economic order and Communist Party rule. This involved collectivisation of agriculture and central management of all economic production. The process did not go smoothly and

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For the next few years he and his comrades worked steadily to build up a small military force and to win local people over to the communist cause. By the end of 1943 several hundred men and women had joined the Viet Minh. It was in the summer of 1943 that Giáp was told that his wife had been beaten

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Compared to other North Vietnamese leaders who favored an all-out quick offensive in the South to bring victory in a short period like Lê Duẩn, Giáp was relatively cautious, and he believed in a more protracted military struggle, which would not be as costly in manpower. However, he was willing to

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Giáp took up the French challenge. While the French dug in at their outpost, the Việt Minh were also preparing the battlefield. While diversionary attacks were launched in other areas, Giáp ordered his men to covertly position their artillery by hand. Defying standard military practice, he had his

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Cadres, in carrying out their antifeudal task, created contradictions in the tasks of land reform and the Revolution, in some areas treating them as if they were separate activities. We indiscriminately attacked all families owning land. Many thousands were executed. We saw enemies everywhere and

1473:, French Commander in Dien Bien Phu, was captured alive in his bunker. The French surrendered on 7 May. Their casualties totaled over 2,200 killed, 5,600 wounded, and 11,721 taken prisoner. The following day the French government announced that it intended to withdraw from Vietnam. 1446:

With anti-aircraft guns supplied by the Soviet Union, Giáp was able to severely restrict the ability of the French to supply their garrison, forcing them to drop supplies inaccurately from high altitude. Giáp ordered his men to dig a trench system that encircled the French. From the outer trench,

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With Ho in France, Giáp was effectively in charge of the government in Hanoi. Up to then, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had allowed nationalist and other newspapers to publish, but when they began attacking and vilifying Giáp he cracked down on them and closed them all. He also deployed Viet

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of Vietnam in January 1979 and once again Giáp was in overall responsibility for the response, which drove the Chinese out after a month. He finally retired from his post at the Defense Ministry in 1981 and retired from the Politburo in 1982. He remained on the Central Committee and Deputy Prime

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In October 1972, the negotiators came close to agreeing to a formula to end the conflict. The proposal was that the remaining U.S. troops would withdraw from South Vietnam in exchange for a cease-fire and the return of American prisoners held by Hà Nội. It was also agreed that the governments in

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Giáp remained commander in chief of the People's Army of Vietnam throughout the war against South Vietnam and its allies, the United States, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, and the Philippines. He oversaw the expansion of the PAVN from a small self-defense force into a large conventional army,

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Giáp was taught at home by his father before going to the village school. His precocious intelligence meant that he was soon transferred to the district school and in 1924, at the age of thirteen, he left home to attend the Quốc Học (also known in English as the "National Academy"), a French-run

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American historian Derek Frisby criticized Westmoreland's view, which he said reflected a failure in understanding Giáp's core philosophy of "revolutionary war". According to Frisby, "Giap understood that protracted warfare would cost many lives but that did not always translate into winning or

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In September 1944 the first Revolutionary Party Military Conference was held and it was agreed that the time was now right to take the military struggle forward into a new phase. The formation of the Vietnam Liberation army was proclaimed, with Giáp as its commander. Ho Chi Minh directed him to

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in the 1880s. He was arrested for subversive activities by the French colonial authorities in 1919 and died in prison a few weeks later. Giáp had two sisters and one brother, and soon after his father's incarceration, one of his sisters was also arrested. Although she was not held for long, the

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When it became clear that France was becoming involved in a long drawn-out and so far not very successful war, the French government tried to negotiate an agreement with the Viet Minh. They offered to help set up a national government and promised that they would eventually grant Vietnam its

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losing the war. In the final analysis, Giap won the war despite losing many battles, and as long as the army survived to fight another day, the idea of Vietnam lived in the hearts of the people who would support it, and that is the essence of 'revolutionary war'." Nixon's Secretary of State

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In a single month they succeeded in training around 200 hand-picked future leaders of the army they were to oppose a few decades later. Growing stronger, Giáp's forces took more territory and captured more towns up until the announcement on 15 August by the Japanese Emperor of his country's

1814:"Guerrilla warfare is a means of fighting a revolutionary war that relies on the heroic spirit to triumph over modern weapons. It is the means whereby the people of a weak, badly equipped country can stand up against an aggressive army possessing better equipment and techniques." 1476:

Giáp's victory over the French was an important inspiration to anti-colonial campaigners around the world, particularly in French colonies, and most particularly in North Africa, not least because many of the troops fighting on the French side in Indochina were from North Africa.

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By April the Viet Minh had nearly five thousand members, and was able to attack Japanese posts with confidence. Between May and August 1945, the United States, keen to support anti-Japanese forces in mainland Asia, actively supplied and trained Giáp and the Viet Minh. Major

2281: 1435:, disrupting Việt Minh supply lines passing through Laos. He surmised that in an attempt to reestablish the route, Giáp would be forced to organize a mass attack on Ðiện Biên Phủ, thus fighting a conventional battle, in which Navarre could expect to have the advantage. 1498:

resorted to widespread violence and terror. In some places, in our efforts to implement land reform, we failed to respect religious freedoms and the right to worship. We placed too much emphasis on class origins rather than political attitudes. There were grave errors.

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spoke little Vietnamese, so Giáp and his colleagues had to learn local dialects and draw pictures to communicate. When Vichy security patrols approached, they would conceal themselves in a cave under a waterfall, or, at times, in the lands of the Man Trang people.

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Through the first half of 1945, Giáp's military position strengthened as the political position of the French and Japanese weakened. On 9 March the Japanese removed the titular French regime and placed the emperor Bảo Đại at the head of a puppet state, the

5380: 935:. Giáp, who in the 1930s had studied law and worked as a history teacher, never attended any courses at a military academy, nor had any direct military training prior to World War II. A highly-effective logistician, he was the principal architect of the 1817:"The correct tactics for a protracted revolutionary war are to wage guerrilla warfare, to advance from guerrilla warfare to regular warfare and then closely combine these two forms of war; to develop from guerrilla to mobile and then to siege warfare." 3664:

Both sides agree that North Vietnam attacked a U.S. Navy ship in the gulf on Aug. 2 as it cruised close to shore. But it was an alleged second attack two days later that led to the first U.S. bombing raid on the North and propelled America deep into

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to regain communist-controlled territory inspired their opponents to change strategy. Communist leaders met in Hanoi in March for a series of meetings to plan for a massive offensive against the South. In June 1973, the U.S. Congress passed the

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later having a more direct military responsibility. Nevertheless, he was crucial to the transformation of the PAVN into "one of the largest, most formidable" mechanised and combined-arms fighting force capable of defeating the

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Ho Chi Minh decided that for propaganda purposes, the Armed Propaganda Unit had to win a military victory within a month of being established, so on 25 December 1944 Giáp led successful attacks against French outposts in the

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during the spring of 1972 was beaten back with high casualties, the proposal did not require them to leave the South. PAVN would thus be able to maintain a foothold in South Vietnam from which to launch future offensives.

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forces included colonial troops from many parts of the former French empire (Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Laotian, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Vietnamese ethnic minorities), French professional troops and units of the

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Giáp is often credited with North Vietnam's military victory over the United States and South Vietnam. Recent scholarship cites other leaders as more prominent, with former subordinates and later rivals Dũng and

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The departure of the French and the partition of Vietnam meant that the Hanoi government only controlled the north part of the country. In South Vietnam there were still several thousand guerillas, known as

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also attended it. Diem later became President of South Vietnam (1955–63). Years earlier the same school had educated another boy, Nguyễn Sinh Cung, also the son of an official. In 1943 Cung adopted the name

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could not be open-ended. Giáp later argued that the Tết Offensive was not a "purely military strategy" but part of a "general strategy, an integrated one, at once military, political and diplomatic."

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After the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Giáp extensively wrote about his military strategy. The subsequent passage from one of his books explains his method of defeating a powerful foreign enemy:

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While growing stronger in Vietnam, the Việt Minh also expanded the war and lured the French to spread their force to remote areas such as Laos. In December 1953, French military commander General

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On 13 March 1954, Giap launched his offensive. For 54 days, the Viet Minh seized position after position, pushing the French until they occupied only a small area of Dien Bien Phu. Colonel

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and many other revolutionary newspapers, while actively participating in various revolutionary movements. All the while, Giáp was a dedicated reader of military history and philosophy, revering

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France was attempting to build up her economy after the devastation of the Second World War. The cost of the war had so far been twice what they had received from the United States under the

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Platoon after the great Vietnamese hero, it was armed with two revolvers, seventeen rifles, one light machine gun, and fourteen breech-loading flintlocks dating from the Russo-Japanese War.

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revolutionary and politician. Regarded as one of the greatest military strategists of the 20th century, Giáp led Vietnamese communist forces to victories in wars against Japan, France,

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of a classified analysis by a National Security Agency historian, Robert J. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964",

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Between 18 January and 5 February, Võ Nguyên Giáp traveled to south-central Vietnam to convey the determination of leaders in Hanoi to back armed resistance to the French invaders.

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that had been proposed in October, although with added conditions favorable to both the U.S. and to North Vietnam. South Vietnam objected, but had little choice but to accept it.

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The final evidence that there had not been any Vietnamese attack against U.S. ships on the night of 4 August 1964 was provided by the release of a slightly sanitized version.

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spend the lives of his soldiers with what American commanders would regard as reckless abandon, if that was what it took to win the war. Giáp explained to American journalist

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recruits (i.e. recruits from France itself) was forbidden by French governments to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" (

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against the Viet Minh, but this was never seriously considered. Another suggestion was that conventional air raids would be enough to scatter Giáp's troops. U.S. President

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Arthur J. Dommen. The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Indiana University Press, 2001

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if it does not win. The North Vietnamese used their armed forces the way a bull-fighter uses his cape — to keep us lunging in areas of marginal political importance."

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In an effort to put pressure on both North and South Vietnam during the negotiations, President Nixon ordered a series of air raids on Hanoi and Haiphong, codenamed

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placed on the forward slopes of the hills around Dien Bien Phu, in deep, mostly hand-dug emplacements protecting them from French aircraft and counter-battery fire.

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Giáp is regarded as a mastermind military leader. During the First Indochina War, he transformed a "rag-tag" band of rebels to a "fine light-infantry army" fielding

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equipped by its communist allies with considerable amounts of relatively sophisticated weaponry, although that did not usually match the weaponry of the Americans.

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other trenches and tunnels were gradually dug inward towards the center. The Viet Minh were now able to move in close to the French troops defending Dien Bien Phu.

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On 9 September, the Nationalist Chinese forces crossed the border and quickly took control of the north, while on 12 September, the British Indian Army arrived in

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Power Company. He was expelled from the school after two years for taking part in protests, and went home to his village for a while. While there, he joined the

5848: 5244: 5021: 4930: 4503: 1127:, learning from it practical examples of how to apply minimum military force to maximum effect. He also read and was influenced by historical figures including 5563: 4890: 1659:. The operation ended on 29 December 1972, after 12 days with 42 U.S. casualties and over 1,600 North Vietnamese killed. North Vietnam then agreed to sign the 1493:

it led to food shortages and revolts. At the 10th Plenum of the Communist Party, 27–29 October 1956, Giáp stood in front of the assembled delegates and said:

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On 4 October 2013, the Communist Party of Vietnam and government officials announced that Võ Nguyên Giáp had died, aged 102, at 18:09 local time, at

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The standard view of this period is that after Ho Chi Minh's death in September 1969, Giáp lost a power struggle in 1972 shortly after the failed

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North and South Vietnam would remain in power, and reunification would be "carried out step by step through peaceful means". Although the North's

1172:. Giáp adopted the alias Duong Huai-nan, learned to speak and write Chinese, and studied the strategy and tactics of the Chinese Communist Party. 3985: 5080: 5075: 939:, the logistical network between North and South Vietnam which is recognised as one of the 20th century's great feats of military engineering. 5612: 4271: 3030: 1615:

of 1968, considering focus on guerrilla tactics in the south to be more effective. The best evidence suggests that when it became obvious that

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was produced. Giáp wrote many articles for it, and was repeatedly criticised by Ho Chi Minh for the excessive verbosity of his writing style.

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A growing number of people in France had reached the conclusion that their country did not have any moral justification for being in Vietnam.

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The tense standoff between the Vietnamese government and the French occupiers escalated dramatically on 23 October when the French commander

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establish Armed Propaganda Brigades and the first one, consisting of thirty-one men and three women, was formed in December 1944. Named the

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to the practice. Giáp supported a 1980s study in which experts advised against mining that damaged the environment and national security.

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When Navarre realized that he was trapped, he appealed for help. The United States was approached and some advisers suggested the use of

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was established. In the new government, Giáp was made Deputy Prime Minister in July 1976. In December 1978 he oversaw the successful

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Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. University of North Carolina Press 2012

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to death by guards in the central prison in Hanoi. Her sister was guillotined and Giáp's daughter died in prison of unknown causes.

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before him, was convinced that a U.S. withdrawal was necessary, but four years passed before the last American troops departed.

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independence. Ho Chi Minh and the other leaders of the Viet Minh did not trust the word of the French and continued the war.

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While a student, Giáp had taken lodgings with Professor Dang Thai Minh, whose daughter, Nguyen Thi Minh Giang (also cited as

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Although he denied it, Giáp was said by the historian Cecil B. Currey to have also spent some time in the prestigious Hanoi

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on 12–13 October, and his body was laid in state at the national morgue in Hanoi until his burial in his home province of

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to an affluent peasant family, Giáp participated in anti-colonial political activity in his youth, and in 1931 joined the

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In 1942, Giáp and about forty men moved back into Vietnam and established themselves in remote caves near the village of

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Pribbenow, Merle (2008). "General Võ Nguyên Giáp and the Mysterious Evolution of the Plan for the 1968 Tết Offensive".

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Dũng. Giáp's contribution to the 1975 victory is largely ignored by official Vietnamese accounts.

1303: 1165: 1034: 460: 189: 4452: 2121: 1723: 1280: 700: 4581: 4434: 3070:[Happy moment with General Giap's family] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: 2Sao. 12 October 2013. 4866: 4703: 3233: 3035: 1147:(Soul of Youth), an underground socialist newspaper. He also founded the French-language paper 916:. He resigned as defense minister in 1980 and left the Politburo in 1982. Giáp remained on the 4605: 4250: 4231: 4204: 4189: 4161: 4142: 4123: 4101: 4082: 4060: 4038: 4019: 3819: 3762: 3728: 3514: 3338: 3279: 3255: 3199:"Those named Martin, Their history is ours – The Great History, (1946–1954) The Indochina War" 3175: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3094: 2886: 2766: 2735: 2627: 2453: 2447: 2395: 2181: 1640: 1508: 1272: 1245: 1132: 936: 745: 4183:

Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

3756: 227: 4322: 3659: 3636: 3477: 3310: 2762: 2756: 1925: 1918: 1690: 1586: 1373: 1253: 1061: 970: 897: 707: 643: 386: 381: 4691: 2794:

For details of Sun Tzu's influence on Giáp see: Forbes, Andrew & Henley, David (2012),

1911: 4374: 4275: 4074: 3655: 3632: 3573: 2563: 2016: 1888: 1789: 1754: 1268: 1004: 985:

privations of prison life made her ill and she too died a few weeks after being released.

740: 31: 3083: 1413:

The war had lasted for seven years and there was still no sign of a clear French victory.

4727: 1616: 1419:

Parts of the French left supported the goals of the Việt Minh to form a socialist state.

110: 4997: 4416: 4115: 3331: 2362: 1798: 1779: 1684: 1466: 1216: 1136: 1118: 1007:. This school had been founded by a Catholic official named Ngo Dinh Kha, and his son, 2205: 1392: 830: 5667: 3605: 3441: 3273: 3163: 2150:"General Vo Nguyen Giap: Soldier who led Vietnamese forces against France and the US" 1851: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1612: 1600: 1582: 1424: 1407: 1325: 1295: 1276: 1229: 893: 826: 695: 554: 3569:"Vo Nguyen Giap, Vietnamese commander whose army defeated French, U.S. forces, dies" 1847: 1702: 1356: 1176: 924: 869: 618: 4769: 4488: 4287: 3206: 2487: 1631:

Peace negotiations between representatives from the United States, South Vietnam,

1595: 68: 4292: 3648: 3625: 3508: 2389: 965:

Võ Nguyên Giáp was born on 25 August 1911 (or 1912 according to some sources) in

927:, artillery and advanced logistics capable of challenging the larger, modernised 44:. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the 4721: 2116: 1719: 1578: 1524: 1204: 1101:

As well as teaching in school, Giáp was busy producing and writing articles for

1013: 889: 865: 690: 4317: 1403:

Between 1946 and 1952 many French troops had been killed, wounded, or captured.

3745:, Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition (Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1), pp. 1–55. 2039: 1387: 1068:

where he earned a bachelor's degree in law with a major in political economy.

1000: 762: 501: 45: 1504: 1184: 1042: 1030: 540: 17: 1056:, a future Prime Minister, who also denied studying at Albert Sarraut, and 3481: 1734:

Giáp wrote extensively on military theory and strategy. His works include

4536: 1440: 1279:

had already decided the future of postwar Vietnam at a summit meeting at

1114: 1020: 991: 341: 5764:

Members of the 1st Standing Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party

4201:

Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975

996: 5789:

Members of the 1st Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party

3535:"Paris Peace Talks and the Release of POWs | American Experience | PBS" 3510:

Trial by Fire: The 1972 Easter Offensive, America's Last Vietnam Battle

3031:"Bà Đặng Bích Hà, phu nhân Đại tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp, qua đời ở tuổi 96" 2803: 2111: 1820:"Accumulate a thousand small victories to turn into one great success." 1711: 1549: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1110: 1041:

in 1931 and took part in several demonstrations against French rule in

567: 35: 5814:

Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

5809:

Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

5804:

Members of the 4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

2982:

Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina

2312:"The Ho Chi Minh Campaign: The 1975 North Vietnamese Spring Offensive" 920:

and as deputy prime minister until 1991, and died in 2013 at age 102.

5799:

Members of the 3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

5794:

Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

4333: 1459: 1291: 829:

and the United States, and China. Giáp was military commander of the

3497:

1982. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved 9 November 2010.

1372:) by supporters of the Left in France and intellectuals (including 1199: 4987:

Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration

3368:

France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation

1778: 1701: 1594: 1386: 1264: 1198: 403: 40: 4035:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

4016:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

3085:

Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World

2624:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

2177:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

3335:

The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French Defeat in Vietnam.

2513:"The Return to War: North Vietnamese Decision-Making, 1973–1975" 1316:

They married in August 1946, and went on to have five children.

1029:, an underground group founded in 1924, which introduced him to 5784:

Members of the 2nd Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

4621: 4492: 4342: 2925:"WGBH Open Vault – Interview with Archimedes L. A. Patti, 1981" 1776:

men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks."

1045:

as well as assisting in founding the Democratic Front in 1933.

872:

as the military leader of the Việt Minh resistance against the

5779:

Members of the 4th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

4280: 3390: 3388: 3378: 3376: 2824:

T. Derbent: Giap et Clausewitz, éditions ADEN, Bruxelles 2006.

1518: 5774:

Members of the 3rd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

5769:

Members of the 2nd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

4308:

Bibliography: Writings of Vo Nguyen Giáp, and Books about Him

1624:

American politicians and the public that their commitment to

4139:

The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis

3986:"Khanh Hoa names street in honour of General Vo Nguyen Giap" 2540:"Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, Who Ousted U.S. From Vietnam, Is Dead" 1635:

and the Viet Cong began in Paris in January 1969. President

1603:

was the military headquarters of General Giáp during the war

167:(Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Ministers of Vietnam) 3903:"Nơi an nghỉ của Đại tướng đẹp huyền ảo như trong cổ tích" 3758:

The American Experience in Vietnam: Reflections on an Era

1761:. "Absolutely nothing", Giáp replied. Giáp said that the 1399:

French public opinion continued to move against the war:

976:

Giáp's father was both a minor official and a committed

4176:

A History of the Ho Chi Minh Trail: The Road to Freedom

27:

Vietnamese general and communist politician (1911–2013)

5699:

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War

1828:

following government plans to open large areas of the

1757:

met Giáp to ask what happened on 4 August 1964 in the

3956:"Hanoi to have Vo Nguyen Giap Road – News VietNamNet" 3917:"Vũng Chùa – Yến Island, nơi yên nghỉ của tướng Giáp" 1726:. In retaliation, Cambodia's ally China responded by 908:. Giáp oversaw his final campaigns in the successful 2882:

10,000 Days of Thunder: A History of the Vietnam War

876:, and after the war led anti-colonial forces in the 817:; 25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was a Vietnamese 5630: 5595: 5586: 5480: 5471: 5389: 5311: 5243: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5061: 5054: 5014: 4949: 4918: 4779: 4682: 4671: 4284:. Conducted in May 1996, translated from Vietnamese 3931:"Da Nang names street after General Vo Nguyen Giap" 3068:"Khoảnh khắc hạnh phúc bên gia đình của Tướng Giáp" 781: 733: 611: 601: 593: 575: 529: 524: 512: 500: 492: 421: 410: 393: 368: 363: 347: 335: 325: 302: 290: 271: 253: 241: 213: 182: 162: 147: 135: 119: 104: 82: 59: 3783:"Vo Nguyen Giap – 'A master of revolutionary war'" 3082: 1462:, before becoming involved in escalating the war. 120:Commander-in-chief of the People's Army of Vietnam 4137:Lawrence, Mark Atwood; Logevall, Fredrik (2007). 3649:McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 3626:McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 2449:Giap: The General Who Defeated America in Vietnam 4203:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 3812:Isserman, Maurice; Bowman, John Stewart (2009). 787: 4992:National Political Publishing House – The Truth 4278: (archived 25 September 2000). (interview) 4098:Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings 3606:"WorldCat Identities Võ, Nguyên Giáp 1911–2013" 3205:(in French). Channel 5 (France). Archived from 2701: 2699: 2697: 1495: 4633: 4504: 4354: 4079:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography 2441: 2439: 2437: 2338:"1978-1979 – Vietnamese Invasion of Cambodia" 1783:Tomb of Võ Nguyên Giáp in Quảng Bình Province 8: 3881:"Legendary Vietnam Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap Dies" 3677:"CNN Cold War – Interviews: Robert McNamara" 2388:Long, Lonnie M.; Blackburn, Gary B. (2013). 1511:to improve supply lines to Viet Cong units. 1298:, and he remained in France until November. 84:Secretary of the Central Military Commission 3865:Vietnam farmers fall to bauxite bulldozers. 3370:, University Press of Florida, 2000, p. 18. 2588:"Vietnam war leader General dies, aged 102" 1824:In 2009, Giáp became a prominent critic of 1019:At age 14, Giáp became a messenger for the 851:Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam 5592: 5590: 5477: 5156: 5147: 5058: 4679: 4640: 4626: 4618: 4511: 4497: 4489: 4361: 4347: 4339: 4228:Vietnam War: The Essential Reference Guide 4219:Secrets of War: Vietnam Special Operations 4181:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive (2018). 4174:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive (2006). 3230:"Guerre d'Indochine: Libérez Henri Martin" 3168:Vietnam: State, War, Revolution, 1945–1946 1753:In 1995, former U.S. Secretary of Defense 849:from 1955 to 1991. He was a member of the 67: 56: 4077:; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1995). 3337:London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004. 1842:Death and state funeral of Võ Nguyên Giáp 1565:Learn how and when to remove this message 1287:and the southern half under the British. 1263:On 28 August 1945, Giáp led his men into 5704:Generals of the People's Army of Vietnam 4972:Commission for Information and Education 1993: 1868: 1164:in Hanoi. In China, Giáp joined up with 884:. He won a decisive victory at the 1954 845:in 1946–1947 and from 1948 to 1980, and 178:20 September 1955 – August 1991 5864:People educated at Lycee Albert Sarraut 3232:(in French). l'Humanité. Archived from 2256:"What The French Lost At Dien Bien Phu" 2137: 1611:Giáp opposed the implementation of the 1260:unconditional surrender to the allies. 910:Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978 5844:Recipients of the Order of Ho Chi Minh 5613:Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization 4057:Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975 3733:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3726: 2740:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2733: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2559:"Asian Heroes: General Vo Nguyen Giap" 2476:, Omnigraphics, 2007, p. 166–169. 2199: 2197: 1153:(on which Phạm Văn Đồng also worked). 1003:, history, geography, literature, and 3275:Vietnam at War: The History 1946–1975 2286:Air Force Historical Support Division 2143: 2141: 1113:. He also made a particular study of 1064:. From 1933 to 1938, Giáp studied at 812: 131:2 March 1946 – 30 April 1975 7: 1547:adding citations to reliable sources 1391:Võ Nguyên Giáp and Phạm Văn Đồng in 1117:'s generalship, and greatly admired 4298:General Vo Nguyen Giáp – Asian Hero 3840:"Vo Nguyen Giap | Encyclopedia.com" 2796:The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu 2626:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 12. 2486:Morris, Virginia (25 August 2006). 2204:History, Alpha (11 November 2015). 2180:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 37. 1731:Minister until he retired in 1991. 1710:Soon after the fall of Saigon, the 1066:the Indochinese University in Hanoi 929:French Far East Expeditionary Corps 4326:interview with Peter MacDonald on 4247:Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook 4100:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 3785:, Deutsche Welle, 7 October 2013. 3755:Boston Publishing Company (2014). 3120:. New York: Random House. p. 3039:(in Vietnamese). 17 September 2024 2761:. Novato: Presidio Press. p. 2538:Gregory, Joseph (4 October 2013). 900:, after which he was succeeded by 25: 5869:People of the Sino-Vietnamese War 5849:Hero of the People's Armed Forces 5819:Deputy prime ministers of Vietnam 5719:Vietnamese people of World War II 5694:People of the First Indochina War 5648:Socialist-oriented market economy 5608:Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union 4957:Commission for External Relations 3009:"General Vo Nguyen Giap obituary" 3007:Robert Templer (4 October 2013). 2798:, Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2622:Currey, Cecil B. (4 March 2022). 2557:Johnson, Kay (13 November 2006). 2174:Currey, Cecil B. (4 March 2022). 1998:Hero of the People's Armed Forces 1105:(Voice of the People) founded by 868:. Giáp rose to prominence during 321:11 May 1946 – 8 May 1947 4661: 4649: 4369: 4303:Vo Nguyen Giáp's interview – PBS 3495:"Interview with Vo Nguyen Giap." 2415:Karnow, Stanley (24 June 1990). 1984: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1523: 1238:Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan 952:(ARVN) in conventional warfare. 833:and the PAVN from 1941 to 1972, 634:Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan 580: 560: 547: 534: 516: 164:Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam 5839:People of the Laotian Civil War 5824:Ministers of defence of Vietnam 5749:Government ministers of Vietnam 5709:World War II resistance members 5689:People from Quảng Bình province 4520:Vietnamese Ministers of Defence 3440:History, Alpha (23 June 2019). 3299:Pringle, James (1 April 2004). 3228:Ruscio, Alain (2 August 2003). 2282:"1972 – Operation Linebacker I" 1534:needs additional citations for 950:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 479: 449: 3761:. Zenith Press. pp. 56–. 3172:University of California Press 2986:University of California Press 2148:Stowe, Judy (4 October 2013). 1759:second Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1728:invading the Cao Bang province 1427:set up a defensive complex at 1181:Japanese occupation of Vietnam 888:, which ended the war. In the 839:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1: 5618:Vietnam People's Armed Forces 4941:Central Inspection Commission 4018:. Washington: Brassey's Inc. 3469:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 2755:Davidson, Phillip B. (1988). 2394:. iUniverse. pp. 21–23. 1848:Central Military Hospital 108 1712:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 980:, having participated in the 843:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 588:Vietnam People's Ground Force 452: 1938, died) 4967:Mass Mobilization Commission 4313:Vo Nguyen Giáp on Britannica 4226:Willbanks, James H. (2013). 4141:. Harvard University Press. 3799:"A quote by Henry Kissinger" 3595:Macdonald 1993, pp. 337–338. 3430:Macdonald 1993, pp. 181–182. 3403:Macdonald 1993, pp. 171–172. 3306:International Herald Tribune 3272:Davidson, Philip B. (1988). 3089:. World Publishing. p. 2235:Pacific Atrocities Education 2231:"Vietnam During World War 2" 2097:Resolution for Victory Order 2092:Resolution for Victory Order 2087:Resolution for Victory Order 2082:Resolution for Victory Order 2075:Resolution for Victory Order 2069:Resolution for Victory Order 1143:years in France, he founded 1026:Tân Việt Revolutionary Party 768:Resolution for Victory Order 5744:Vietnamese military writers 5714:Guerrilla warfare theorists 4936:Central Military Commission 4328:Giap: The Victor in Vietnam 4158:Giap: The Victor in Vietnam 4059:. Oxford University Press. 3558:Davidson 1991, pp. 712–713. 3355:Giap: The Victor in Vietnam 3081:Barnet, Richard J. (1968). 2758:Vietnam at War: The History 2592:Radio France Internationale 2363:"Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979" 2316:Buk's Historical Ad Hockery 1740:People's Army, People's War 649:Battle of Route Coloniale 4 5885: 5834:Vietnamese revolutionaries 4657:Communist Party of Vietnam 4245:Woods, L. Shelton (2002). 4081:. New York: Castle Books. 3301:"Au revoir, Dien Bien Phu" 3278:. Novato: Presidio Press. 3144:Macdonald 1993, pp. 74–78. 3057:Macdonald 1993, pp. 73–74. 2997:Macdonald 1993, pp. 70–73. 2980:Jennings, Eric T. (2011). 2944:Macdonald 1993, pp. 34–36. 2833:Macdonald 1993, pp. 22–23. 2646:Macdonald 1993, pp. 19–20. 2488:"We were waiting for them" 1839: 1678: 1576: 1323: 1039:Communist Party of Vietnam 862:Communist Party of Vietnam 624:War in Vietnam (1945–1946) 29: 4526: 4388: 4293:National Liberation Front 4199:Pribbenow, Merle (2002). 4185:, McFarland & Co Inc. 4156:Macdonald, Peter (1993). 4033:Currey, Cecil B. (2005). 4014:Currey, Cecil B. (2000). 3353:Macdonald, Peter (1993). 2895:– via Google Books. 2446:Warren, James A. (2013). 1996: 1850:in Hanoi. He was given a 1826:bauxite mining in Vietnam 1722:from power and ended the 1706:Giáp at a meeting in 2008 1168:, then an adviser to the 1156:After the signing of the 810:Vietnamese pronunciation: 799: 795: 788: 777: 674:Second Battle of Nghĩa Lộ 359: 314: 260: 171: 157:(as President of Vietnam) 124: 93: 78: 66: 4560:Trần Nam Trung (1969–76) 4221:. Documedia Group. 1998. 4096:Giáp, Võ Nguyên (1970). 2059:Fatherland Defense Order 1716:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 1452:tactical nuclear weapons 1170:People's Liberation Army 933:Vietnamese National Army 841:(North Vietnam) and the 758:Fatherland Defense Order 720:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5829:Vietnamese nationalists 5754:Vietnamese centenarians 5005:The Communist Newspaper 4977:Organisation Commission 3870:2 June 2009. (archive). 3818:. Infobase Publishing. 3658:". (November 9, 1995). 3421:Macdonald 1993, p. 181. 3412:Macdonald 1993, p. 174. 3394:Macdonald 1993, p. 170. 3382:Macdonald 1993, p. 169. 2879:Caputo, Philip (2011). 2705:Willbanks 2013, p. 229. 2673:Currey 2005, pp. 28–31. 2421:New York Times Magazine 1763:attack on 4 August 1964 1736:Big Victory, Great Task 1657:Operation Linebacker II 1591:Operation Linebacker II 1334:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1158:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1124:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 886:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 814:[vɔ̌ˀŋʷīənjǎːp] 684:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 664:Battle of the Day River 4919:Decision-making bodies 4288:General Giáp Biography 4037:. Potomac Books, Inc. 3863:Lam, Tran Dinh Thanh. 3507:Andradé, Dale (1995). 3114:Sheehan, Neil (1988). 2971:Macdonald 1993, p. 63. 2953:Macdonald 1993, p. 60. 2914:Macdonald 1993, p. 33. 2905:Macdonald 1993, p. 32. 2885:. Simon and Schuster. 2869:Macdonald 1993, p. 31. 2860:Macdonald 1993, p. 29. 2851:Macdonald 1993, p. 28. 2842:Macdonald 1993, p. 27. 2815:Macdonald 1993, p. 23. 2691:Macdonald 1993, p. 22. 2664:Macdonald 1993, p. 21. 2655:Macdonald 1993, p. 20. 2612:Macdonald 1993, p. 19. 2452:. St. Martin's Press. 2342:www.globalsecurity.org 2032:Military Exploit Order 2022:Military Exploit Order 1862:Awards and decorations 1822: 1784: 1765:, had been imaginary. 1707: 1604: 1500: 1396: 1208: 978:Vietnamese nationalist 752:Military Exploit Order 639:Battle of Hanoi (1946) 507:Indochinese University 114:(as General Secretary) 5729:Vietnamese communists 5391:Inspection Commission 4381:Vietnam People's Army 4122:. New York: Penguin. 3960:english.vietnamnet.vn 3742:Cryptologic Quarterly 3679:. CNN. Archived from 3482:10.1525/vs.2008.3.2.1 3366:Chiviges Naylor, P., 3153:Lawrence 2007, p. 82. 2065:Victory Banner Medal 1809: 1782: 1771:In a 1998 interview, 1705: 1681:1975 Spring Offensive 1669:Case–Church Amendment 1598: 1390: 1362:French Foreign Legion 1202: 1162:Hoa Lo Central Prison 1078:Nguyễn Thị Quang Thái 847:deputy prime minister 713:1975 spring offensive 594:Years of service 431:Nguyễn Thị Quang Thái 5724:Vietnamese Buddhists 5490:Provisional: 1930–35 4053:Davidson, Phillip B. 3844:www.encyclopedia.com 3631:6 March 2015 at the 3513:. Hippocrene Books. 3209:on 29 September 2007 3117:A Bright Shining Lie 2011:Order of Ho Chi Minh 2005:Order of Ho Chi Minh 1773:William Westmoreland 1649:Nguyễn Huệ Offensive 1543:improve this article 1487:Geneva Peace Accords 1456:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1342:ordered the cruiser 1050:Lycée Albert Sarraut 5854:Vietnamese Marxists 5638:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5313:Military Commission 5144:Leadership sittings 5015:Steering committees 4982:Theoretical Council 3781:Gabriel Domínguez, 3442:"The Tet Offensive" 2785:Currey 2005, p. 32. 2682:Currey 2005, p. 36. 2127:Sino-Vietnamese War 1661:Paris Peace Accords 1471:General De Castries 1378:Henri Martin affair 1330:First Indochina War 1320:First Indochina War 1285:Nationalist Chinese 1203:Võ Nguyên Giáp and 1175:In September 1940, 1129:Carl von Clausewitz 999:, where he studied 967:Quảng Bình Province 914:Sino-Vietnamese War 878:First Indochina War 874:Japanese occupation 858:Quảng Bình province 835:minister of defence 783:Vietnamese alphabet 725:Sino-Vietnamese War 629:First Indochina War 255:Minister of Defence 5587:Wider organisation 5570:13th: 2021–present 5459:13th: 2021–present 5235:13th: 2021–present 4120:Vietnam: A History 3883:. Associated Press 3715:on 31 January 2016 3654:2015-03-06 at the 3313:on 8 February 2008 3019:on 4 October 2013. 2962:Woods 2002, p. 60. 2262:. 12 February 2018 2122:History of Vietnam 1785: 1724:Cambodian genocide 1708: 1605: 1433:Mường Thanh Valley 1397: 1209: 1072:Political activism 982:Cần Vương movement 701:Battle of Khe Sanh 669:Battle of Hòa Bình 654:Battle of Vĩnh Yên 142:Office established 5859:Anti-imperialists 5739:Viet Minh members 5734:Anti-revisionists 5661: 5660: 5626: 5625: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5482:Central Committee 5467: 5466: 5153:Central Committee 5139: 5138: 5063:National Congress 5055:National meetings 5050: 5049: 5027:Central Highlands 4825:Nguyễn Thanh Bình 4684:General Secretary 4674:Central Committee 4615: 4614: 4594:Phùng Quang Thanh 4486: 4485: 4459:Phùng Quang Thanh 4330:, August 29, 1993 4210:978-0-7006-1175-1 4194:978-0-8078-3551-7 4160:. Fourth Estate. 4107:978-0-85345-193-8 3990:en.nhandan.com.vn 3935:en.nhandan.org.vn 3825:978-1-4381-0015-9 3768:978-0-7603-4625-9 3520:978-0-7818-0286-4 3181:978-0-520-27415-0 2633:978-1-64012-082-2 2519:. 9 November 2017 2391:Unlikely Warriors 2187:978-1-64012-082-2 2103: 2102: 1992: 1991: 1830:Central Highlands 1641:Lyndon B. Johnson 1639:, like President 1575: 1574: 1567: 1509:Ho Chi Minh trail 1273:Winston Churchill 1271:, Prime Minister 1246:Empire of Vietnam 1133:George Washington 1089:Thăng Long School 937:Ho Chi Minh trail 918:Central Committee 803: 802: 746:Ho Chi Minh Order 659:Battle of Mạo Khê 16:(Redirected from 5876: 5759:Men centenarians 5643:Marxism–Leninism 5593: 5478: 5157: 5148: 5059: 4863:(Apr.–Jul. 2001) 4855:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 4815:(June–Dec. 1986) 4789:Nguyễn Duy Trinh 4781:Permanent Member 4764:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 4736:(Jul.–Dec. 1986) 4680: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4619: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4399:Nguyễn Chí Thanh 4382: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4340: 4272:"Vo Nguyen Giap" 4260: 4241: 4222: 4214: 4171: 4152: 4133: 4111: 4092: 4075:Dupuy, Trevor N. 4070: 4048: 4029: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3966:on 12 April 2021 3962:. Archived from 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3919:(in Vietnamese). 3913: 3907: 3906: 3905:(in Vietnamese). 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3708:. Archived from 3707: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3660:Associated Press 3646: 3640: 3637:Associated Press 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3577:. 4 October 2013 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3383: 3380: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3309:. Archived from 3296: 3290: 3289: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3236:on 4 August 2003 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3015:. Archived from 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2718:. Archived from 2712: 2706: 2703: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2594:. 4 October 2013 2584: 2569: 2568: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2472:Tom Pendergast, 2470: 2464: 2463: 2443: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2417:"Giap Remembers" 2412: 2406: 2405: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2292:on 13 March 2023 2288:. Archived from 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2206:"Vo Nguyen Giap" 2201: 2192: 2191: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1866: 1865: 1836:Death and legacy 1718:which drove the 1691:Easter Offensive 1587:Easter Offensive 1570: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1527: 1519: 1441:105 mm howitzers 1374:Jean-Paul Sartre 1312: 1254:Archimedes Patti 1217:Nung hill people 1189:Việt Nam Độc Lập 1107:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 1097: 1086: 1062:Emperor of Annam 971:French Indochina 898:Easter Offensive 816: 811: 791: 790: 708:Easter Offensive 679:Battle of Nà Sản 586: 584: 583: 566: 564: 563: 553: 551: 550: 539: 538: 537: 525:Military service 520: 483: 481: 469: 453: 451: 439: 400: 389: 387:French Indochina 378: 376: 364:Personal details 350: 338: 328: 319: 305: 293: 274: 265: 244: 216: 176: 150: 138: 129: 107: 98: 71: 57: 21: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5622: 5574: 5473: 5463: 5385: 5307: 5239: 5152: 5135: 5046: 5032:Judicial Reform 5022:Anti-corruption 5010: 4945: 4914: 4891:Trần Quốc Vượng 4873:Trương Tấn Sang 4813:Nguyễn Văn Linh 4775: 4740:Nguyễn Văn Linh 4673: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4616: 4611: 4522: 4517: 4487: 4482: 4384: 4380: 4376:Generals of the 4375: 4367: 4318:General History 4276:Wayback Machine 4268: 4263: 4257: 4244: 4238: 4225: 4217: 4211: 4198: 4178:, Orchid Press. 4168: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4116:Karnow, Stanley 4114: 4108: 4095: 4089: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4045: 4032: 4026: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703:"Archived copy" 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3683:on 14 June 2008 3675: 3674: 3670: 3656:Wayback Machine 3647: 3643: 3633:Wayback Machine 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3574:Washington Post 3567: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3332:Windrow, Martin 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3174:. p. 132. 3162: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2722:on 5 March 2016 2716:"Archived copy" 2714: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2474:The Vietnam War 2471: 2467: 2460: 2445: 2444: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2369:. 11 April 2017 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2318:. 11 March 2020 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2154:The Independent 2147: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2108: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2017:Gold Star Order 2012: 2007: 1864: 1844: 1838: 1790:Henry Kissinger 1755:Robert McNamara 1700: 1687: 1679:Main articles: 1677: 1593: 1577:Main articles: 1571: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1540: 1528: 1517: 1483: 1336: 1324:Main articles: 1322: 1306: 1269:Harry S. Truman 1197: 1195:Military career 1145:Hồn Trẻ tập mới 1091: 1080: 1074: 1005:natural science 963: 958: 809: 773: 741:Gold Star Order 729: 581: 579: 570: 561: 559: 558: 548: 546: 545: 543: 535: 533: 488: 485: 482: 1946) 477: 473: 470: 463: 455: 447: 443: 440: 433: 411:Political party 402: 401:(aged 102) 398: 385: 380: 374: 372: 348: 336: 326: 320: 315: 303: 291: 286: 272: 266: 261: 242: 237: 214: 209: 177: 172: 166: 148: 136: 130: 125: 105: 99: 94: 88:Communist Party 74: 62: 53: 32:Vietnamese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5674:Võ Nguyên Giáp 5666: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5203:8th: 1996–01 ( 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5151:Elected by the 5145: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4962:Central Office 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4911:(2024–present) 4906: 4903:Trương Thị Mai 4900: 4894: 4888: 4885:Đinh Thế Huynh 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4861:Trần Đình Hoan 4858: 4852: 4849:Phạm Thế Duyệt 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772:(2024–present) 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4608:(2021–present) 4606:Phan Văn Giang 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4564:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4561: 4558: 4555:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4552: 4546: 4543:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4540: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4411:Hoàng Văn Thái 4408: 4402: 4396: 4393:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4389: 4386: 4385: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4267: 4266:External links 4264: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4153: 4147: 4134: 4128: 4112: 4106: 4093: 4087: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4030: 4024: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3977: 3947: 3922: 3908: 3894: 3872: 3856: 3831: 3824: 3804: 3790: 3774: 3767: 3747: 3694: 3668: 3641: 3618: 3597: 3588: 3560: 3551: 3526: 3519: 3499: 3487: 3458: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3359: 3346: 3324: 3291: 3284: 3264: 3247: 3220: 3190: 3180: 3164:Marr, David G. 3155: 3146: 3137: 3130: 3106: 3099: 3073: 3059: 3050: 3022: 2999: 2990: 2988:. pp. 233–234. 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2787: 2778: 2771: 2747: 2707: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2632: 2614: 2605: 2570: 2549: 2544:New York Times 2530: 2504: 2478: 2465: 2458: 2433: 2407: 2400: 2380: 2354: 2329: 2303: 2273: 2247: 2222: 2193: 2186: 2166: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2001: 2000: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1840:Main article: 1837: 1834: 1799:Stanley Karnow 1699: 1696: 1685:Fall of Saigon 1676: 1675:Fall of Saigon 1673: 1573: 1572: 1531: 1529: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1482: 1481:Interwar years 1479: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1370:la sale guerre 1321: 1318: 1196: 1193: 1179:agreed to the 1137:Vladimir Lenin 1119:T. E. Lawrence 1073: 1070: 1035:Lao Bảo Prison 962: 959: 957: 954: 945:Hoàng Văn Thái 806:Võ Nguyên Giáp 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789:Võ Nguyên Giáp 785: 779: 778: 775: 774: 772: 771: 765: 760: 755: 749: 743: 737: 735: 731: 730: 728: 727: 722: 717: 716: 715: 710: 705: 704: 703: 688: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 626: 621: 615: 613: 609: 608: 603: 599: 598: 595: 591: 590: 577: 576:Branch/service 573: 572: 531: 527: 526: 522: 521: 514: 510: 509: 504: 498: 497: 494: 490: 489: 487: 486: 475: 471: 459: 458: 456: 445: 441: 429: 428: 425: 423: 419: 418: 412: 408: 407: 397:4 October 2013 395: 391: 390: 384:, Quảng Bình, 379:25 August 1911 370: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 339: 333: 332: 329: 327:Prime Minister 323: 322: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 281: 277: 275: 273:Prime Minister 269: 268: 258: 257: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 219: 217: 215:Prime Minister 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 186: 184: 180: 179: 169: 168: 160: 159: 151: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 122: 121: 117: 116: 108: 102: 101: 91: 90: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 61:Võ Nguyên Giáp 60: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5881: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550:12th: 2016–21 5548: 5546: 5545:11th: 2011–16 5543: 5541: 5540:10th: 2006–11 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 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5146: 5142: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4897:Võ Văn Thưởng 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801:Lê Thanh Nghị 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4758:Nông Đức Mạnh 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4710:Nguyễn Văn Cừ 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4698:Lê Hồng Phong 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4659: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600:Ngô Xuân Lịch 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570:Văn Tiến Dũng 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4471:Ngô Xuân Lịch 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405:Văn Tiến Dũng 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4256:9781576074169 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4237:9781610691031 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4167:1-85702-107-X 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4148:9780674023710 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4129:0-14-026547-3 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4088:0-7858-0437-4 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4044:9781612340104 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4025:1-57488-194-9 4021: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3459: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343:0-297-84671-X 3340: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3285:0-89141-306-5 3281: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3260:0-253-33854-9 3257: 3251: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3131:0-394-48447-9 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3100:0-529-02014-9 3096: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2892:9781442444546 2888: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2772:0-89141-306-5 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2518: 2517:Wilson Center 2514: 2508: 2505: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2459:9781137098917 2455: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2401:9781475990577 2397: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2381: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2167: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2048:Second class 2045: 2041: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:state funeral 1849: 1843: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Ðiện Biên Phủ 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637:Richard Nixon 1634: 1633:North Vietnam 1629: 1627: 1626:South Vietnam 1622: 1621:Văn Tiến Dũng 1618: 1614: 1613:Tết Offensive 1609: 1602: 1601:Hanoi Citadel 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:Tet Offensive 1580: 1569: 1566: 1558: 1555:December 2018 1548: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1532:This section 1530: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:Ðiện Biên Phủ 1426: 1425:Henri Navarre 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408:Marshall Plan 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1376:) during the 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364:. The use of 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:North Vietnam 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313:(1928–2024). 1310: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1296:Fontainebleau 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:Joseph Stalin 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1230:Tran Hung Dao 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1141:Popular Front 1139:. During the 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Phạm Văn Đồng 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1009:Ngô Đình Diệm 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 986: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 960: 955: 953: 951: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 912:and the 1979 911: 907: 903: 902:Văn Tiến Dũng 899: 895: 894:Tet Offensive 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:South Vietnam 824: 820: 815: 807: 798: 794: 786: 784: 780: 776: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 736: 732: 726: 723: 721: 718: 714: 711: 709: 706: 702: 699: 698: 697: 696:Tet Offensive 694: 693: 692: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 644:Operation Léa 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 614: 610: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 578: 574: 569: 556: 555:North Vietnam 542: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 467: 462: 457: 437: 432: 427: 426: 424: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 396: 392: 388: 383: 371: 367: 362: 358: 355: 352: 346: 343: 340: 334: 330: 324: 318: 313: 310: 309:Văn Tiến Dũng 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 283:Phạm Văn Đồng 282: 279: 278: 276: 270: 264: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248:Phan Văn Khải 246: 240: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 223:Phạm Văn Đồng 221: 220: 218: 212: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 195:Tôn Đức Thắng 193: 191: 188: 187: 185: 181: 175: 170: 165: 161: 158: 155: 154:Tôn Đức Thắng 152: 146: 143: 140: 134: 128: 123: 118: 115: 112: 109: 103: 97: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 70: 65: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5603:Constitution 5596:Other organs 5535:9th: 2001–06 5530:8th: 1996–01 5525:7th: 1991–96 5520:6th: 1986–91 5515:5th: 1982–86 5510:4th: 1976–82 5505:3rd: 1960–76 5500:2nd: 1951–60 5495:1st: 1935–51 5439:9th: 2001–06 5434:8th: 1996–01 5429:7th: 1991–96 5424:6th: 1986–91 5419:5th: 1982–86 5414:4th: 1976–82 5409:3rd: 1960–76 5404:2nd: 1951–60 5399:1st: 1948–51 5283:9th: 2001–06 5278:7th: 1991–96 5273:6th: 1986–91 5268:5th: 1982–86 5263:4th: 1976–82 5258:3rd: 1960–76 5253:2nd: 1951–60 5215:9th: 2001–06 5199:7th: 1991–96 5194:6th: 1986–91 5189:5th: 1982–86 5184:4th: 1976–82 5179:3rd: 1960–76 5174:2nd: 1951–60 5169:1st: 1935–51 5003: 4996: 4843:Lê Khả Phiêu 4837:Đào Duy Tùng 4752:Lê Khả Phiêu 4734:Trường Chinh 4716:Trường Chinh 4588:Phạm Văn Trà 4563: 4554: 4549:Tạ Quang Bửu 4542: 4447:Phạm Văn Trà 4441:Nguyễn Quyết 4429:Lê Trọng Tấn 4392: 4327: 4323: 4279: 4249:. ABC-CLIO. 4246: 4230:. ABC-CLIO. 4227: 4218: 4200: 4182: 4175: 4157: 4138: 4119: 4097: 4078: 4056: 4034: 4015: 4007:Bibliography 3993:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3964:the original 3959: 3950: 3938:. Retrieved 3934: 3925: 3911: 3897: 3885:. Retrieved 3875: 3867: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3843: 3834: 3814: 3807: 3793: 3777: 3757: 3750: 3740: 3717:. Retrieved 3710:the original 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3681:the original 3671: 3663: 3644: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3572: 3563: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3509: 3502: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3445: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3334: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3311:the original 3304: 3294: 3274: 3267: 3250: 3238:. Retrieved 3234:the original 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3207:the original 3202: 3193: 3185: 3170:. Berkeley: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3116: 3109: 3084: 3076: 3062: 3053: 3043:17 September 3041:. 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Retrieved 2153: 2062:First class 2053:Third class 2043:First class 1845: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1770: 1767: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1709: 1688: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1630: 1610: 1606: 1561: 1552: 1541:Please help 1536:verification 1533: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1475: 1464: 1449: 1445: 1439:twenty-four 1437: 1422: 1398: 1382: 1369: 1366:metropolitan 1357:French Union 1355: 1351: 1343: 1337: 1315: 1304:Đặng Bích Hà 1300: 1289: 1275:and Premier 1262: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1188: 1177:Vichy France 1174: 1155: 1148: 1144: 1122: 1102: 1100: 1075: 1047: 1024: 1018: 990: 987: 975: 964: 941: 925:cryptography 922: 880:against the 870:World War II 855: 805: 804: 619:World War II 612:Battles/wars 606:Army general 461:Đặng Bích Hà 399:(2013-10-04) 354:Tạ Quang Bửu 349:Succeeded by 316: 304:Succeeded by 297:Tạ Quang Bửu 262: 243:Succeeded by 200:Trường Chinh 173: 156: 149:Succeeded by 141: 126: 113: 106:Succeeded by 95: 73:Giáp in 1957 54: 49: 39: 18:General Giap 5684:2013 deaths 5679:1911 births 5303:13th: 2021– 5245:Secretariat 5131:13th (2021) 5126:12th (2016) 5121:11th (2011) 5116:10th (2006) 4931:Secretariat 4909:Lương Cường 4905:(2023–2024) 4899:(2021–2023) 4879:Lê Hồng Anh 4807:Võ Chí Công 4766:(2011–2024) 4724:(1956–1960) 4722:Hồ Chí Minh 4596:(2006–2016) 4590:(1997–2006) 4531:Chu Văn Tấn 4477:Lương Cường 4453:Lê Văn Dũng 4417:Chu Huy Mân 3868:Asia Times. 3815:Vietnam War 3787:(in German) 3539:www.pbs.org 3476:(2): 1–33. 3446:Vietnam War 3317:23 February 3203:documentary 2210:Vietnam War 2117:Vietnam War 2034:First class 2025:First class 1748:We Will Win 1720:Khmer Rouge 1579:Vietnam War 1515:Vietnam War 1307: [ 1205:Ho Chi Minh 1166:Hồ Chí Minh 1092: [ 1081: [ 1060:, the last 1014:Ho Chi Minh 890:Vietnam War 866:Ho Chi Minh 691:Vietnam War 571:(1976–1992) 557:(1945–1976) 544:(1944–1945) 464: [ 434: [ 417:(1931–1992) 337:Preceded by 331:Hồ Chí Minh 292:Preceded by 280:Hồ Chí Minh 205:Võ Chí Công 190:Hồ Chí Minh 137:Preceded by 50:Nguyên Giáp 5668:Categories 5559:Alternates 5472:Elected by 5111:9th (2001) 5106:8th (1996) 5101:7th (1991) 5096:6th (1986) 5091:5th (1982) 5086:4th (1976) 5081:3rd (1960) 5076:2nd (1951) 5071:1st (1935) 4831:Lê Đức Anh 4795:Lê Đức Thọ 4704:Hà Huy Tập 4576:Lê Đức Anh 4423:Lê Đức Anh 4066:0195067924 3544:27 January 2804:B00B91XX8U 2367:HistoryNet 2260:HistoryNet 2133:References 2099:6th award 2094:5th award 2089:4th award 2084:3rd award 2077:2nd award 2072:1st award 2051:Feat Order 2046:Feat Order 2040:Feat Order 2036:2nd award 2027:1st award 2013:2nd award 2008:1st award 1856:Quảng Bình 1698:Later life 1485:After the 1150:Le Travail 1098:in Hanoi. 1001:arithmetic 961:Early life 763:Feat Order 530:Allegiance 502:Alma mater 375:1911-08-25 46:given name 5564:Apparatus 5161:Politburo 5042:Southwest 5037:Northwest 4950:Apparatus 4926:Politburo 4893:(2018–21) 4887:(2016–18) 4881:(2011–16) 4875:(2006–11) 4869:(2002–06) 4867:Phan Diễn 4857:(1999–01) 4851:(1998–01) 4845:(1996–97) 4839:(1991–96) 4833:(1991–92) 4827:(1988–91) 4821:(1986–88) 4809:(1982–86) 4803:(1980–82) 4797:(1980–82) 4791:(1976–82) 4760:(2001–11) 4754:(1997–01) 4748:(1991–97) 4742:(1986–91) 4730:(1960–86) 4718:(1940–56) 4712:(1938–40) 4706:(1936–38) 4700:(1931–36) 4694:(1930–31) 4602:(2016–21) 4584:(1992–97) 4582:Đoàn Khuê 4578:(1987–92) 4572:(1980–87) 4566:(1976–80) 4557:(1948–76) 4551:(1947–48) 4545:(1946–47) 4533:(1945–46) 4435:Đoàn Khuê 4324:Booknotes 3887:4 October 3662:. 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