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313:, in the General Motors Futurama Exhibit. It was another sleek, aircraft-inspired, turbine-engined "future" design, which GM coded internally as the XP-790. Its designers conceived it for a future in which cars steered automatically via programmed guidance systems, to "ensure absolute safety at more than twice the speed possible on expressways of the day." Though billed as being turbine-powered, the Firebird IV was non-functional. GM repackaged the Firebird IV for the 1969 show circuit as the
386:
480:) sections. As the exhaust section of the regenerator passes through the exhaust gases, it picks up waste heat, then rotation brings it into the inlet section, where the heat is transferred to the compressed air. The regenerators turn at approximately 30 RPM. In addition to improving thermodynamic efficiency, the regenerators serve to muffle engine noise and heat, reducing exhaust temperatures.
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148:. GM never actually intended to test the power or speed potential of the gas turbine, but merely the practical feasibility of its use. The braking system differs from standard drum systems, in that the drums are on the outside of the wheels to facilitate fast cooling—and the wings actually have aircraft-style flaps for slowing from high speed.
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the power turbine, which is on the output shaft. The power shaft speed is stepped down through reduction gearing at the output shaft to make it compatible with automotive components. An accessory shaft is driven from the gasifier/compressor shaft for engine ancillaries, including a gear-type lubrication oil pump.
180:. The engine output is 200 hp (150 kW). To solve the exhaust heat problem, the car feeds the exhaust through a regenerative system, allowing the engine to operate nearly 1,000 °F (538 °C) cooler, and also powers the accessories. Capable of using different types of fuel, the most common is
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The single-stage rotary compressor pushes compressed air out radially into the combustors, where it is mixed with fuel and burned, and the resulting combustion gases are expanded through first the gasifier turbine, which is on the same shaft and is used to drive the rotary compressor, then through
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similar to those found on aircraft that emerged from flat panels in the bodywork of the car to slow it from high speeds; an "ultra-sonic" key that signaled the doors to open; an automated guidance system to help avoid accidents; and a "no hold" steering system. The car's steering was controlled by
257:
The
Firebird III debuted at Motorama in 1959. The concept car featured a fiberglass body with seven short wings and tail fins. It is a two-seater powered by a 225 hp (168 kW) Whirlfire GT-305 gas turbine engine, with a two-cylinder 10 hp (7.5 kW) gasoline engine to run all the
100:
engines in cars as early as the 1940s. It was not until the early 1950s that the company began building an actual engine, under the direction of
Charles L. McCuen, general manager of General Motors Research Laboratories, with Emmett Conklin leading the project. The fanciful top speed of all four
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had an output of 370 hp (280 kW) when the gasifier (compressor) turbine was spinning at 26,000 RPM and the free (power) turbine was spinning at 13,000 RPM. The weight of the entire engine unit was 775 lb (352 kg). With a second burner, the engine was re-designated
136:, short wings, and a vertical tail fin. It has a 370 hp (280 kW) Whirlfire Turbo Power gas turbine engine, which has two speeds, and expels jet exhaust at some 1,250 °F (677 °C). The weight of the car is 2,500 lb (1,134 kg), with a 100-inch wheelbase.
139:
At first, Conklin was the only person qualified to drive the car, and he tested it up to 100 mph (160 km/h), but upon shifting into second gear the tires lost traction under the extreme engine torque and he immediately slowed down for fear of crashing. Racecar driver
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to the future, they are cruising at a high-speed in air-conditioned comfort along an automated freeway with no other vehicles (except once a
Firebird I) to be seen in a turbine-powered Firebird II. The movie's concept was that General Motors would provide such a future.
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engines are free-turbine machines, maximum torque is developed when the output shaft is stalled (not turning), and is approximately double the torque developed at full power output. In addition, the minimum fuel consumption rate is achieved at full power.
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The second concept car, the
Firebird II of 1956, was designed as a four-seat, family car. It has a low and wide design with two large air intakes at the front, a high bubble canopy top, and a vertical tail fin. Its exterior bodywork is made entirely of
539:(1958) fitted to Firebird III had an output of 225 hp (168 kW) (at turbine speeds of 33,000 RPM gasifier / 27,000 RPM power) and weight of 600–650 lb (270–290 kg). With a regenerator and additional component refinements,
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diesel engine (approximately 0.40 lb/hp·h), even though the turbine was 1,500 lb (680 kg) lighter. Other planned improvements would target throttle lag, caused by accelerating the gasifier turbine to peak speed, and lack of engine braking.
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and subsequent engines, the rotating drum regenerators are arranged to either side of the turboshafts in the side compartments. Within the compartments, a vertical bulkhead divides the regenerators into low-pressure exhaust (occupying approximately
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output was 200 hp (150 kW) at a gasifier turbine speed of 35,000 RPM. The gasifier turbine idled at 15,000 RPM and the power turbine operated at up to 28,000 RPM. Overall compression ratio in the gasifier stage was 3.5:1.
195:. It also featured a non-operational guidance system intended for use with "the highway of the future," where an electrical wire embedded in the roadway would send signals that would help guide cars and avoid accidents. This car appears in GM's
54:, took Earl's inspiration from the innovations in fighter aircraft design at the time. General Motors never intended the cars for production, but rather to showcase the extremes in technology and design that the company was able to achieve.
123:
By 1953, the research team had developed the
Firebird XP-21. This was later referred to as the Firebird I, which was essentially a jet airplane on wheels. It was the first gas turbine-powered car tested in the
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machines with two spools: one compressor/gasifier turboshaft and one power/output turboshaft sharing a common axis without a mechanical coupling between them. Initially, the first engines developed (
527:(1956) was the first GM gas turbine to include a regenerator, which used exhaust heat to warm intake air, improving fuel consumption to 0.77 lb/hp·h. As fitted to Firebird II,
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As these concept cars were not specifically tied to any one division of GM, the
Firebird I, II, and III were adorned with the logo of the
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1193:"Introducing the newest General Motors 'laboratory on wheels...' an amazing experience in automatic car control! Firebird III"
961:
Turunen, W. A. (1955). "Pinwheels or
Pistons? — A Progress Report on Automotive Gas Turbines, SAE Technical Paper 550236".
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1168:"The story of Firebird II | 'THREE-ZERO-FOUR': The Gas Turbine Family Car, General Motors latest 'laboratory on wheels'"
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1096:. Vol. XVIII, no. 28. Allison Division, General Motors Corporation. January 16, 1959. pp. 1, 4
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513:(BSFC) was a notable issue, which at 1.63 lb/hp·h was significantly greater than that of a comparable
430:, but adding regeneration to recapture heat from the exhaust gases was found to reduce fuel consumption by
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gas turbine engines fitted to the
Firebird concept cars and other GM concept buses and trucks are
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1224:. Vol. XVIII, no. 11. Allison Division, General Motors Corporation. September 19, 1958
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1063:. Vol. XIII, no. 30. Allison Division, General Motors Corporation. January 22, 1954
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achieved a brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.55 lb/hp·h. The engine was redesignated
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996:
Turunen, W.; Collman, J. (1965). "The
General Motors Research GT-309 Gas Turbine Engine".
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in 1959 and further development for regular production was handed off from GM Research to
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662:"Firebird 1 XP-21: GM's Audacious 1950s Jet-Powered, Fighter Jet-Inspired Concept Car"
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1090:"Allison Given Responsibility For Marketing Whirlfire GMT-305 Gas Turbine Engine"
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accessories. Its exterior design features a double-bubble canopy and included
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878:"Directory Index: GM Corporate and Concepts - 1959 Firebird III Brochure"
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88:, which had no direct relation to these series of Firebird concept cars.
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using electronic vehicle control and improved highway infrastructure.
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over a single-seat cockpit, a bullet-shaped fuselage made entirely of
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on their way to a day at the beach, but they are stuck in a freeway
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1032:"The XP-21 Firebird: General Motors' Newest Experiment on Wheels"
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950:. Gas Turbine Progress Meeting. WAshington, D.C. pp. 35–50.
72:
The tradition of offering prototype vehicles continued with the
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GM preserved the prototype cars at the GM Heritage Center in
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The concept car was also the first use by
General Motors of
69:, and the cars still make regular appearances at car shows.
61:. Models of the cars are in the permanent collection of the
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of the regenerator) and high-pressure inlet (the remaining
850:"GM Corporate and Concepts - 1959 Firebird III Brochure"
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fitted to Firebird II, so subsequent generations of GM
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An example of this type of forecast is the approach in
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The first engine, carrying an internal designation of
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317:. Reportedly, the show car was crushed in the 1980s.
563:(1965) equipped with a derivative gas turbine engine
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19:For the later General Motors-produced vehicle, see
824:"GM Corporate and Concepts - 1956 GM Firebird II"
795:"GM Corporate and Concepts - 1956 GM Firebird II"
739:"GM Corporate and Concepts - 1954 XP-21 Firebird"
569:, a consumer prototype gas turbine design by the
297:Height: 44.8 in (1,138 mm) (canopy top)
151:A miniature version of the Firebird I crowns the
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942:"Allison Division of General Motors Corporation"
771:American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year
30:Firebird II (1956, left) and III (1959, right)
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350:projected a vision of the future. It shows a
128:. The design is entirely impractical, with a
106:General Motors Air Transport Section (GMATS).
96:General Motors researched the feasibility of
46:(GM) engineered for the 1953, 1956, and 1959
8:
1057:"GM's XP21 'Firebird' Exhibited in Motorama"
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300:Ground clearance: 5.3 in (135 mm)
224:Ground clearance: 5.5 in (140 mm)
50:auto shows. The cars' designers, headed by
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500:(1953), did not have a regenerator. The
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393:, the commercialized derivative of the
191:on all four wheels, along with a fully
291:Wheelbase: 119 in (3,023 mm)
218:Wheelbase: 120 in (3,048 mm)
16:1950s prototype cars by General Motors
448:turbines incorporated a regenerator.
294:Length: 248.2 in (6,304 mm)
221:Length; 234.7 in (5,961 mm)
7:
1121:. Detroit Diesel Allison. July 1975
509:and fitted to Firebird I (XP-21).
372:vehicle infrastructure integration
279:positioned between the two seats.
14:
1476:International Harvester Turbostar
1218:"New Firebird III Unveiled by GM"
1148:. True (magazine). pp. 64–69
940:Fetters, J.C. (April 6–7, 1959).
354:that are hot and perspiring in a
144:later test drove the car at the
1252:Conklin Systems: Firebird Pages
660:Radu, Vlad (9 September 2021).
511:Brake-specific fuel consumption
309:The Firebird IV debuted at the
245:Firebird III on display at the
76:series. From 1967 to 2002, the
1481:LeTourneau Overland Train MkII
902:"GM's World's Fair Dream Cars"
769:Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008).
1:
1116:"Truck Model 8V-71TT, 305 hp"
687:"AC Spark Plug advertisement"
155:, given to the winner of the
1584:Cars powered by gas turbines
1522:Pioneer 1 (land speed racer)
969:. SAE International: 72–83.
80:division of GM marketed its
1579:General Motors concept cars
101:concept cars is "200 MPH."
1600:
1247:Concept Carz: Firebird III
1142:"A Report on Gas Turbines"
403:
311:1964 New York World's Fair
59:Sterling Heights, Michigan
18:
1486:Leyland gas turbine truck
1451:Chevrolet Turbo Titan III
1140:Kincaid, Kenneth (1955).
561:Chevrolet Turbo Titan III
440:in the second-generation
1302:Austin 250hp gas turbine
773:. McFarland Publishers.
344:The 1956 Motorama movie
1461:Freightliner Turboliner
1406:SBB-CFF-FFS Am 4/6 1101
1317:General Motors Firebird
416:free-turbine turboshaft
389:Cutaway of the Allison
288:GM internal code: XP-73
215:GM internal code: XP-43
38:comprises a quartet of
36:General Motors Firebird
1532:Renault Étoile Filante
1510:Land speed record cars
1402:Renault Class 040-GA-1
1198:. General Motors. 1962
1173:. General Motors. 1956
1037:. General Motors. 1954
591:Renault Etoile Filante
549:Allison Engine Company
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329:Overall length: 229.8"
254:
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193:independent suspension
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120:
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1419:United Aircraft Turbo
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340:Motorama theme (1956)
315:Buick Century Cruiser
247:Century 21 Exposition
244:
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153:Harley J. Earl Trophy
146:Indianapolis Speedway
118:
29:
1517:Bluebird-Proteus CN7
1307:Chrysler Turbine Car
1288:Gas turbine vehicles
906:Hemmings Classic Car
613:. GM Heritage Center
571:Chrysler Corporation
567:Chrysler Turbine Car
130:bubble-topped canopy
1380:Bombardier JetTrain
1352:Toyota Century GT45
1347:STP-Paxton Turbocar
1146:Automobile Yearbook
882:Oldcarbrochures.com
854:Oldcarbrochures.com
828:Oldcarbrochures.com
799:Oldcarbrochures.com
743:Oldcarbrochures.com
406:GM Whirlfire engine
270:. It also featured
204:Design for Dreaming
1390:British Rail 18100
1385:British Rail 18000
713:"Gas Turbine Auto"
402:
255:
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1541:Armoured vehicles
1491:Mack Cruise-Liner
780:978-0-7864-3229-5
717:Popular Mechanics
691:Popular Mechanics
611:"1954 Firebird I"
426:) did not have a
346:Key to the Future
63:Henry Ford Museum
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1496:Mack Super-Liner
1471:GM Astro Turbine
1395:British Rail GT3
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801:. pp. 12–13
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719:: 90. March 1954
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693:: 241. June 1954
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21:Pontiac Firebird
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745:. pp. 6–7
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908:. June 2005
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428:regenerator
400:gas turbine
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335:Height: 45"
305:Firebird IV
189:disc brakes
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1573:Categories
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1357:Toyota GTV
1337:Rover JET1
1222:AllisoNews
1094:AllisoNews
1061:AllisoNews
887:2011-11-20
597:References
142:Mauri Rose
134:fiberglass
119:Firebird I
111:Firebird I
1548:M1 Abrams
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1342:Rover-BRM
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545:GMT-305
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