1102:
817:
1045:
1158:
940:
854:
579:
65:
756:
704:
6967:
6554:
1819:
672:
6979:
51:
635:
1013:
6566:
977:
434:, but was forced to resign from the Secretariat nine days later on 14 March. This effectively left Khrushchev in control of the government, and he was elected to the new office of First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the Central Committee plenum on 14 September that same year. Khrushchev subsequently outmanoeuvred his rivals, who sought to challenge his
414:, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions. In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, although Stalin remained the
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
339:
in 1922 with the intention that it serve a purely administrative and disciplinary purpose. Its primary task would be to determine the composition of party membership and to assign positions within the party. The
General Secretary also oversaw the recording of party events, and was entrusted with
793:
in 1934, and the office was rarely mentioned after that. On
October 16, 1952, Stalin formally abolished the position, but he retained ultimate power and his position as Chairman of the Council of Ministers until his death on 5 March 1953. At a tenure of 30 years, 7 months, Stalin was the
4776:
4771:
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4359:
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386:
that called for Stalin's removal on the grounds that Stalin was becoming authoritarian and abusing his power. The pamphlet triggered a political crisis which endangered Stalin's position as
General Secretary, and a vote was held to remove him from office. With the help of
846:
briefly ranked first in the
Secretariat until he was forced to give up his position to Khrushchev on 14 March 1953. In September, Khrushchev was elected First Secretary, reestablishing the office. Khrushchev was removed as leader in 1964, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4354:
4231:
1966:
4756:
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4826:
4821:
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4746:
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4881:
4876:
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4856:
4851:
4846:
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331:, the job of the party secretary was largely that of a bureaucrat. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power, the Office of the Responsible Secretary was established in 1919 to perform administrative work. After the Bolshevik victory in the
2148:
969:
Brezhnev's powers and functions as the
General Secretary were limited by the collective leadership. By the 1970s, Brezhnev's influence exceeded that of Kosygin and Podgorny as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms.
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
660:
Stasova previously served as the original secretary of the
Central Committee, appointed on 13 March 1917, and as a member of the first Secretariat, where her title was Technical Secretary. She was elected Responsible Secretary at the
4374:
4369:
4364:
4281:
4276:
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605:
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1086:
loss of its position as the "leading and guiding force of the Soviet society." The powers of the
General Secretary were drastically curtailed. Throughout the rest of his tenure, Gorbachev ruled through the office of
514:
506:
252:
4173:
378:
to the position of leadership in the Soviet Union. In part, because
Sverdlov served as the original chairman of the party secretariat and was considered a natural candidate for the position of General Secretary.
5133:
3826:
395:, Stalin was able to survive the scandal and remained in his post. After Lenin's death, Stalin began to consolidate his power by using the office of General Secretary. By 1928, he had unquestionably become the
5473:
5098:
1135:. He became acting General Secretary following Gorbachev's resignation, but by then the Party was politically impotent. Its activities were suspended on 29 August 1991, and it was banned on 6 November.
4672:
4667:
2142:
5238:
5183:
3851:
3811:
3567:
4710:
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4662:
4639:
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4624:
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5367:
4733:
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1641:
1238:
923:
800:
739:
618:
562:
183:
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5907:
4015:
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4005:
4000:
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1513:
790:
418:
party secretary and maintained ultimate control of the party. When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov was considered to be the most important member of the
Secretariat, which also included
400:
6669:
5258:
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786:
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364:
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2435:
1132:
914:
662:
609:
411:
403:
refrained from formally re-electing Stalin as
General Secretary. However, Stalin was re-elected to all the other positions he held, and remained leader of the party without diminution.
2329:
5850:
5377:
5362:
6370:
5870:
4336:
3768:
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1269:
558:
148:
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5027:
5022:
5017:
2226:
5012:
5007:
5002:
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4540:
1038:
Chernenko was 72 years old when elected to the post of General Secretary and in rapidly failing health. Like Andropov, Chernenko ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had.
5896:
5865:
5037:
4997:
4203:
3743:
2866:
1350:
1264:
1071:
141:
5855:
5807:
4654:
3922:
1895:
1880:
1538:
1233:
733:. The Congress decided that the office of Responsible Secretary should have a presence at Politburo plenums. As a result, Molotov became a candidate member of the Politburo.
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
3866:
1885:
4682:
4611:
1243:
7014:
6104:
3871:
3846:
3560:
1771:
2359:
789:, used the office to appoint loyalists to positions in the party and create a strong power base for himself. He was not formally re-elected as General Secretary at the
7009:
1875:
816:
6788:
3831:
2874:
1310:
6916:
2870:
1890:
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5802:
5415:
4113:
1044:
6833:
5468:
5287:
5103:
3786:
3553:
1481:
3836:
3801:
315:. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the
6925:
6602:
5987:
5957:
367:(MarchβApril 1922), in which Lenin, due to his poor health, participated only sporadically, and only attended four of the twelve sessions of the Congress.
5441:
3841:
3816:
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6685:
6244:
6204:
6114:
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1849:
1766:
1656:
1362:
1187:
1003:
953:
910:
867:
3791:
470:
3821:
3781:
6232:
6127:
5999:
5785:
5335:
5158:
5093:
5068:
1199:
884:
458:
2076:
485:
ruled the Soviet Union as General Secretary until 1990, when the Communist Party lost its monopoly of power over the political system. The office of
6707:
6137:
6054:
5947:
5382:
2984:
1870:
1776:
1741:
1471:
1209:
769:
431:
88:
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6077:
5884:
5751:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
2274:
1791:
1781:
1451:
1300:
469:. The office was renamed to General Secretary in 1966. The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
2049:
7004:
5775:
5620:
5198:
1525:
1367:
297:
6658:
6654:
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5729:
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5603:
3438:
3136:
3110:
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2313:
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2220:
2181:
2086:
2059:
1842:
5203:
5188:
1092:
490:
6895:
6808:
6664:
6299:
6067:
5352:
5193:
4075:
1756:
1075:
473:. Brezhnev's influence grew throughout the 1970s as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms. After Brezhnev's death,
6783:
6697:
6642:
6179:
5845:
5792:
5780:
5223:
3593:
3576:
2432:
1446:
1222:
1177:
1083:
927:
893:
804:
743:
622:
566:
423:
352:
289:
281:
128:
2381:
2210:
6885:
6227:
6222:
5942:
5890:
3535:
3512:
3465:
3412:
3384:
3358:
3332:
3306:
3283:
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3237:
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3159:
3087:
3045:
3015:
2992:
2967:
2931:
1636:
1476:
1405:
1320:
1192:
6479:
6430:
6363:
6174:
5902:
5504:
5408:
5073:
3207:
2026:
1508:
1204:
6857:
6803:
6714:
6637:
6509:
6497:
6321:
6311:
6267:
6082:
5758:
5707:
5590:
5372:
5299:
1761:
1697:
1520:
1394:
6843:
6828:
6595:
6514:
6502:
6358:
6343:
6257:
6159:
5741:
5561:
5153:
1631:
1340:
1157:
382:
Prior to Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin's tenure as General Secretary was already being criticized. In Lenin's final months, he
285:
6900:
6870:
6823:
6739:
6455:
6435:
6189:
6132:
5746:
5571:
5499:
5263:
5078:
3064:
2351:
1786:
1736:
1441:
1431:
312:
939:
853:
6944:
6880:
6813:
6526:
6353:
6217:
6169:
5930:
5724:
5598:
5581:
5233:
5163:
5138:
1992:
1702:
1671:
1182:
1088:
486:
449:
In 1964, opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee, which had been increasing since the aftermath of the
6936:
6890:
6647:
6122:
5797:
5692:
5493:
5401:
5148:
5123:
5113:
1829:
1717:
1149:
6744:
6702:
6403:
6385:
6262:
6151:
6009:
5970:
5937:
5627:
5615:
5531:
5433:
5143:
5128:
3102:
2887:
1686:
1646:
1621:
1461:
898:
427:
6957:
6865:
6838:
6793:
6769:
6588:
6398:
6375:
6348:
5357:
5317:
5108:
5088:
5083:
4083:
3483:
3368:
3079:
3007:
2382:"Secretariat, Orgburo, Politburo and Presidium of the CC of the CPSU in 1919β1990 β Izvestia of the CC of the CPSU"
1707:
489:
was established so that Gorbachev could still retain his role as leader of the Soviet Union. Following the failed
399:
leader of the USSR, while the position of General Secretary became the highest office in the nation. In 1934, the
6875:
6775:
6731:
6440:
6413:
6316:
5118:
2908:
1666:
303:
Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a
6798:
6754:
6749:
6632:
6521:
5305:
3037:
2949:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1079:
17:
3404:
2842:
406:
In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to
6853:
5770:
3430:
1927:
1503:
1335:
95:
6921:
6611:
6450:
6042:
5980:
5269:
3527:
5541:
6569:
3252:
755:
348:
64:
5812:
1554:
578:
1002:
He emerged as Brezhnev's most likely successor as the chairman of the committee in charge of managing
6331:
6194:
6014:
5526:
3710:
3631:
1019:
478:
450:
383:
6971:
6558:
6287:
6092:
6021:
5829:
5678:
5556:
5478:
5451:
3151:
1823:
1651:
1330:
502:
167:
446:, an achievement which also helped to reinforce the supremacy of the position of First Secretary.
6759:
6425:
6408:
6336:
5653:
5566:
5456:
5446:
3680:
3674:
2385:
1712:
710:
678:
415:
328:
155:
612:. Until Stalin, the office was mainly responsible for technical rather than political matters.
6533:
6473:
6252:
6038:
5734:
5536:
5521:
5463:
5275:
4108:
3716:
3692:
3637:
3613:
3531:
3508:
3504:
3487:
3461:
3457:
3434:
3408:
3380:
3376:
3354:
3328:
3302:
3279:
3256:
3233:
3203:
3180:
3176:
3155:
3132:
3106:
3083:
3060:
3041:
3011:
2988:
2963:
2935:
2912:
2891:
2319:
2280:
2253:
2216:
2177:
2082:
2055:
1986:
1661:
1051:
823:
482:
419:
332:
103:
6983:
5323:
5293:
3722:
3475:
1942:
1580:
1549:
1108:
906:
494:
466:
443:
439:
435:
388:
356:
221:
347:
to be General Secretary. Over the next few years, Stalin was able to use the principles of
300:
and previous occupants had been responsible for technical rather than political decisions.
6445:
5658:
5610:
5516:
5329:
5281:
3698:
3619:
3394:
3316:
3298:
3275:
3217:
2439:
946:
860:
843:
457:
succeeded Khrushchev as First Secretary, but was initially obliged to govern as part of a
454:
407:
304:
50:
2018:
6465:
6393:
5673:
5663:
3662:
3601:
3029:
2978:
902:
794:
longest-serving General Secretary, serving almost half of the USSR's entire existence.
585:
462:
371:
336:
160:
3545:
359:. This view has been supported by several historians. According to Russian historian,
6993:
6418:
6326:
5311:
3704:
3686:
3668:
3656:
3625:
3607:
3398:
3350:
3342:
3025:
2953:
1801:
1676:
1572:
983:
762:
697:
When Krestinsky was elected Responsible Secretary, Stasova was demoted to Secretary.
641:
608:
on 19 August 1917, and rose to first among them before being elected chairman at the
498:
474:
375:
360:
344:
293:
274:
general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
263:
211:
72:
6209:
6030:
5424:
3450:
3221:
3120:
513:
in 1993, and is dedicated to reviving and restoring the CPSU. The organisation has
410:, possibly to test his abilities as a potential successor. In October 1952, at the
277:
118:
2839:"Π£ΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π Π‘Π€Π‘Π ΠΎΡ 6 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1991 Π³. β 169 Β«Π Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘Π‘ ΠΈ ΠΠ Π Π‘Π€Π‘Π Β»"
1012:
703:
671:
6072:
6034:
6026:
5648:
5632:
5546:
5488:
3229:
3128:
2959:
1746:
1586:
888:
510:
505:, suspended all activity in the Communist Party. Following the party's ban, the
392:
2980:
Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and post-Soviet Eras
976:
6062:
3295:
The Soviet Image: A Hundred Years of Photographs from Inside the TASS Archives
3170:
1796:
1091:. He resigned from his party office on 24 August 1991 in the aftermath of the
604:
Sverdlov was one of five secretaries elected to the first Secretariat at the
6282:
6277:
6099:
5992:
5822:
5483:
3900:
3876:
3422:
3199:
1567:
634:
493:, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was succeeded by his deputy,
1006:. Andropov ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had before he died.
6272:
5817:
5551:
5511:
5228:
3856:
3324:
1593:
1562:
370:
Some historians have regarded the premature death of prominent Bolshevik
3501:
The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918β53
6164:
5668:
4459:
3753:
3491:
2895:
2884:
Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction
1274:
172:
100:
5393:
355:. Trotsky attributed his appointment to the initial recommendation of
6580:
3893:
1900:
913:. The office of First Secretary was renamed General Secretary at the
2535:
2533:
2250:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
497:, who only served for five days as Acting General Secretary before
340:
keeping party leaders and members informed about party activities.
6087:
5965:
3373:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
2928:
Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies
2838:
1751:
351:
to transform his office into that of party leader, and eventually
296:'s accession, the position was not viewed as an important role in
6199:
5975:
3480:
Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society
507:
Union of Communist Parties β Communist Party of the Soviet Union
6584:
5397:
3549:
481:
were able to rule the country in the same way as Brezhnev had.
6184:
6004:
2648:
2646:
442:(one of Stalin's oldest and closest associates) from power in
438:. He was able to comprehensively remove Malenkov, Molotov and
5239:
Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
5368:
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
3347:
Stalin's Terror of 1937β1938: Political Genocide in the USSR
35:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3057:
Comrades in Arms: Bolshevik Women in the Russian Revolution
2451:
2449:
1943:[kΙmΚnΚ²ΙͺsΚ²ΛtΚ²itΙΙͺskΙjΙΛpartΚ²ΙͺjΙsΙΛvΚ²etskΙvΙsΙΛjuzΙ]
374:
to have been a key factor in facilitating the elevation of
5358:
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
3146:
LΓΆwenhardt, John; Ozinga, James R.; van Ree, Erik (2024).
2597:
2595:
2582:
2580:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2503:
2100:
2098:
2048:
McCauley, Martin; Mccauley, Martin (11 September 2002).
5378:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
5363:
League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad
2552:
2550:
2548:
2490:
2488:
2019:"Soviet Union β General Secretary: Power and Authority"
363:, Stalin's election to the position occurred after the
2567:
2565:
2433:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939 β 1953
2418:
2406:
2212:
Joseph Stalin: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works
6955:
1932:
5229:
All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)
2867:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
1131:
Ivashko was elected Deputy General Secretary at the
6935:
6909:
6852:
6768:
6727:
6678:
6625:
6618:
6490:
6464:
6384:
6298:
6243:
6150:
6113:
6053:
5956:
5918:
5838:
5700:
5691:
5641:
5589:
5580:
5432:
5345:
5251:
5216:
5176:
5061:
5054:
4988:
4895:
4732:
4723:
4681:
4653:
4610:
4598:
4531:
4458:
4335:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4074:
3921:
3914:
3885:
3767:
3736:
3647:
3592:
3583:
1896:
President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1881:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
258:
246:
228:
217:
207:
189:
179:
166:
154:
134:
124:
114:
94:
34:
3449:
2209:Marples, David R.; Hurska, Alla (23 August 2022).
3272:Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises
729:Molotov was elected Responsible Secretary at the
424:troika consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov
335:, the Office of General Secretary was created by
55:Emblem of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
7000:Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
6273:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1886:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
1876:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
2875:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union
2173:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
1973:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018
18:General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
2905:Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe
2871:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
1891:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
6596:
5409:
5234:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization
3561:
3076:The Origins of the Stalinist Political System
2777:
2384:(in Russian). 7 November 1990. Archived from
1920:
1850:
343:When assembling his cabinet, Lenin appointed
288:in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized
40:
8:
3852:Political Administration of the Armed Forces
2613:
2128:
2116:
1934:Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskovo Soyuza
2748:
2479:
2467:
453:, led to Khrushchev's removal from office.
6622:
6603:
6589:
6581:
6304:
5697:
5586:
5416:
5402:
5394:
5213:
5173:
5058:
4729:
4607:
4199:
4190:
3918:
3589:
3568:
3554:
3546:
3125:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
2652:
2625:
2315:The Russian Tragedy: The Burden of History
1857:
1843:
1616:
1543:
1389:
1295:
1227:
1145:
515:members in all the former Soviet republics
253:Chairman of the Union of Communist Parties
63:
5336:State Committee on the State of Emergency
3249:The Cold War: conflict in Europe and Asia
3148:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo
3099:The Communist Party In Post-Soviet Russia
2712:
2276:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition
2215:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 270.
2005:
785:Stalin, elected General Secretary at the
7015:General secretaries of communist parties
5383:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad
2985:Continuum International Publishing Group
2825:
2765:
2676:
2637:
2601:
2586:
2524:
1871:General Secretary of the Communist Party
524:
89:Central Committee of the Communist Party
7010:1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
6962:
3321:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion
2813:
2801:
2736:
2664:
2509:
2104:
1958:
1912:
1726:
1684:
1619:
1459:
1429:
1392:
1348:
1318:
1298:
1251:
1148:
5442:Index of Soviet Unionβrelated articles
2556:
2539:
2273:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013).
2078:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War
1984:
744:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
461:, forming another troika with Premier
31:
3448:VasilΚΉeva, Larisa Nikolaevna (1994).
2903:Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008).
2789:
2700:
2688:
2494:
2455:
2081:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43.
2029:from the original on 28 November 2022
1941:
7:
5353:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans
4777:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.βAug. 1917)
2724:
2571:
2229:from the original on 14 October 2023
2190:from the original on 14 October 2023
2170:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
2151:from the original on 30 October 2023
2075:McDermott, Kevin (23 January 2006).
623:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
567:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
422:, among others. Under a short-lived
319:highest office of the Soviet Union.
3577:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2332:from the original on 18 August 2023
928:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
805:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
282:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
27:De facto leader of the Soviet Union
2932:State University of New York Press
2882:Armstrong, John Alexander (1986).
2419:Z. Medvedev & R. Medvedev 2006
2407:Z. Medvedev & R. Medvedev 2006
2362:from the original on 30 April 2023
25:
2845:from the original on 1 March 2021
2293:from the original on 13 July 2023
2144:Writings of Leon Trotsky: 1936β37
6977:
6965:
6565:
6564:
6552:
5373:Siberian Social-Democratic Union
3034:How the Soviet Union is Governed
3002:Clements, Barbara Evans (1997).
2955:The Rise & Fall of Communism
2352:"What Lenin's Critics Got Right"
1817:
1156:
1100:
1043:
1011:
975:
938:
891:(also known by its Russian name
852:
815:
754:
702:
670:
633:
577:
49:
6789:Astronomers and astrophysicists
3400:Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
2147:. Pathfinder Press. p. 9.
77:3 April 1922 β 16 October 1952,
5264:Group of Democratic Centralism
3196:Who's who in Russia since 1900
2051:Who's Who in Russia since 1900
509:(UCPβCPSU) was established by
1:
7005:1917 establishments in Russia
6105:Political abuse of psychiatry
5897:Congress of People's Deputies
4772:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912β17)
4757:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905β06)
3872:Transportation-Communications
3867:Trade and Consumers' Services
3847:Planning and Financial Organs
2252:. Mehring Books. p. 61.
1922:ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π¦Π ΠΠΠ‘Π‘
1772:Political abuse of psychiatry
1351:Congress of People's Deputies
1089:President of the Soviet Union
1072:Congress of People's Deputies
966:16 years, 216 days
782:30 years, 196 days
617:Responsible Secretary of the
487:President of the Soviet Union
311:had executive control of the
42:ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π¦Π ΠΠΠ‘Π‘
6917:Metropolitans and Patriarchs
6834:Physicians and psychologists
2977:Chubarov, Alexander (2003).
2318:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 198.
1150:Politics of the Soviet Union
1067:6 years, 166 days
839:11 years, 30 days
284:(CPSU). From 1924 until the
6268:Academy of Medical Sciences
3524:Encyclopedia of Soviet Life
3427:Stalin: The Man and His Era
3103:Manchester University Press
2888:University Press of America
2542:, pp. 98β99 & 104.
1933:
1311:Central Executive Committee
880:1 year, 176 days
694:1 year, 107 days
305:monopoly on political power
7031:
6819:Linguists and philologists
5318:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
5312:Union of Marxist-Leninists
3484:Cambridge University Press
3080:Cambridge University Press
3008:Cambridge University Press
2926:Baylis, Thomas A. (1989).
2909:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
2864:
2176:. Routledge. p. 136.
2054:. Routledge. p. 200.
1035:1 year, 25 days
999:1 year, 89 days
897:) alongside the country's
887:. He formed an unofficial
726:1 year, 18 days
353:leader of the Soviet Union
290:leader of the Soviet Union
6546:
6307:
3842:Organisational-party Work
3499:Williamson, D.G. (2007).
3405:W.W. Norton & Company
3194:McCauley, Martin (1997).
3169:McCauley, Martin (1998).
2279:. Routledge. p. 35.
1991:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1921:
1667:Material balance planning
1368:1989 Legislative election
922:General Secretary of the
921:
911:Chairman of the Presidium
798:
738:General Secretary of the
737:
616:
601:1 year, 8 days
556:
540:
537:
530:
527:
87:
60:
48:
41:
39:
3832:Light- and Food Industry
3293:Radetsky, Peter (2007).
3247:Phillips, Steve (2001).
3055:Fairfax, Kaithy (1999).
3038:Harvard University Press
2614:Backes & Moreau 2008
2129:Fainsod & Hough 1979
2117:Fainsod & Hough 1979
1482:Administrator of Affairs
1080:1977 Soviet Constitution
307:, the General Secretary
6559:Soviet Union portal
3431:Tauris Parke Paperbacks
2312:Ragsdale, Hugh (1996).
2248:Rogovin, Vadim (2021).
1967:"ΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠ£Π‘ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ―"
1824:Soviet Union portal
1336:Soviet of Nationalities
883:Brezhnev was part of a
799:First Secretary of the
365:Eleventh Party Congress
195:; 102 years ago
6686:De jure heads of state
6451:Stalinist architecture
6205:Science and technology
6115:Ideological repression
6043:Soviet Airborne Forces
5981:Destruction battalions
3737:Decision-making bodies
3528:Transaction Publishers
3522:Zemtsov, Ilya (2001).
3074:Grill, Graeme (2002).
2141:Trotsky, Leon (1970).
1767:Ideological repression
1657:Science and technology
842:After Stalin's death,
234:; 33 years ago
6233:List of metro systems
5786:Collective leadership
3901:Bolshevik / Kommunist
3862:Science and Education
3777:Administrative Organs
3744:Politburo / Presidium
3270:Ra'anan, Uri (2006).
2438:16 April 2023 at the
1200:Collective leadership
909:who became in 1965 a
885:collective leadership
521:List of officeholders
459:collective leadership
349:democratic centralism
286:country's dissolution
6809:Electrical engineers
6195:Net material product
6138:Censorship of images
6055:Political repression
6015:Soviet Border Troops
5948:First Deputy Premier
5532:1965 economic reform
5527:Soviet space program
4752:3rd (Apr.βDec. 1905)
4468:7th (Jan.βMar. 1919)
3711:Konstantin Chernenko
3632:Konstantin Chernenko
3152:taylor & Francis
3097:March, Luke (2002).
3059:. Resistance Books.
2023:www.country-data.com
1777:Political repression
1742:Censorship of images
1472:First Deputy Premier
1210:Presidential Council
1020:Konstantin Chernenko
501:, the newly elected
479:Konstantin Chernenko
451:Cuban Missile Crisis
432:Council of Ministers
6784:Aerospace engineers
6670:Prosecutors general
6263:Academy of Sciences
6078:Population transfer
6022:Soviet Armed Forces
5885:Congress of Soviets
5866:Presidium/Politburo
5830:Soviet anti-Zionism
5679:West Siberian Plain
5557:Revolutions of 1989
5494:Great Patriotic War
5479:New Economic Policy
5270:Workers' Opposition
4897:Auditing Commission
4187:Leadership sittings
3649:General Secretaries
2804:, pp. 433β435.
2458:, pp. 231β232.
2131:, pp. 142β146.
1792:Suppressed research
1782:Population transfer
1652:New Economic Policy
1331:Soviet of the Union
1301:Congress of Soviets
1133:28th Party Congress
963:10 November 1982 β
915:23rd Party Congress
787:11th Party Congress
731:10th Party Congress
503:President of Russia
491:August coup of 1991
412:19th Party Congress
401:17th Party Congress
384:authored a pamphlet
232:29 August 1991
6926:until 15th century
6638:Republican leaders
6612:People from Russia
5908:Military Collegium
5776:Capital punishment
5654:Caucasus Mountains
5567:Post-Soviet states
5447:Russian Revolution
5055:Wider organisation
4990:Control Commission
4603:Control Commission
3759:Control Commission
3681:Vyacheslav Molotov
3675:Nikolay Krestinsky
3226:The Unknown Stalin
2430:Geoffrey Roberts,
2388:on 7 November 2011
1526:Procurator General
1514:Military Collegium
1004:Brezhnev's funeral
996:9 February 1984 β
711:Vyacheslav Molotov
679:Nikolay Krestinsky
663:8th Party Congress
606:6th Party Congress
426:, Malenkov became
329:October Revolution
298:Lenin's government
6953:
6952:
6910:Religious leaders
6723:
6722:
6715:Foreign ministers
6691:and their spouses
6665:Foreign ministers
6619:Political leaders
6578:
6577:
6542:
6541:
6534:Hammer and sickle
6476:and their groups
6474:Soviet dissidents
6253:Communist Academy
6170:Economic planning
6146:
6145:
6039:Soviet Air Forces
5958:Security services
5878:General Secretary
5861:Central Committee
5803:Political parties
5735:Brezhnev Doctrine
5730:Foreign relations
5687:
5686:
5628:Autonomous okrugs
5542:SovietβAfghan War
5522:Sino-Soviet split
5464:Russian Civil War
5391:
5390:
5300:United Opposition
5247:
5246:
5212:
5211:
5172:
5171:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
4734:Central Committee
4719:
4718:
4594:
4593:
4533:Control Committee
4196:Central Committee
4182:
4181:
3915:National meetings
3910:
3909:
3787:Chemical Industry
3717:Mikhail Gorbachev
3693:Nikita Khrushchev
3638:Mikhail Gorbachev
3614:Nikita Khrushchev
3585:Central Committee
3505:Pearson Education
3458:Arcade Publishing
3440:978-1-84511-422-0
3377:Penguin Books Ltd
3177:Pearson Education
3138:978-0-7656-2387-4
3112:978-0-7190-6044-1
2941:978-0-88706-944-4
2918:978-3-525-36912-8
2715:, pp. 95β96.
2655:, pp. 70β71.
2470:, pp. 29β31.
2325:978-1-56324-755-2
2286:978-1-317-86369-4
2259:978-1-893638-97-6
2222:978-1-5381-3361-3
2183:978-1-135-75840-0
2088:978-0-230-20478-2
2061:978-1-134-77214-8
1931:
1867:
1866:
1809:
1808:
1662:Era of Stagnation
1604:
1603:
1489:
1488:
1377:
1376:
1283:
1282:
1254:General Secretary
1239:Central Committee
1139:
1138:
1082:resulting in the
1052:Mikhail Gorbachev
1029:13 February 1984
993:12 November 1982
924:Central Committee
833:7 September 1953
824:Nikita Khrushchev
801:Central Committee
740:Central Committee
688:29 November 1919
654:29 November 1919
619:Central Committee
563:Central Committee
483:Mikhail Gorbachev
436:political reforms
420:Nikita Khrushchev
333:Russian Civil War
313:Soviet government
270:
269:
193:3 April 1922
184:Central Committee
104:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
7022:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6961:
6804:Earth scientists
6728:Military figures
6698:De facto leaders
6623:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6582:
6568:
6567:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6305:
6213:
6068:Collectivization
5813:MarxismβLeninism
5698:
5587:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5395:
5324:Anti-Party Group
5294:Right Opposition
5214:
5174:
5062:Republican-level
5059:
4730:
4608:
4200:
4191:
4134:11th (Dec. 1921)
3919:
3837:Machine Industry
3802:Defence Industry
3723:Vladimir Ivashko
3671:(Mar.βDec. 1919)
3590:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3518:
3503:(1st ed.).
3495:
3471:
3455:
3444:
3418:
3395:Taubman, William
3390:
3364:
3338:
3317:Rappaport, Helen
3312:
3289:
3266:
3243:
3218:Medvedev, Zhores
3213:
3190:
3165:
3142:
3116:
3093:
3070:
3051:
3021:
2998:
2973:
2945:
2922:
2899:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2421:, p. 40-41.
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2356:Dissent Magazine
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1757:Collectivization
1617:
1581:De-Stalinization
1555:MarxismβLeninism
1550:Soviet democracy
1544:
1447:State Committees
1390:
1296:
1228:
1160:
1146:
1119:
1109:Vladimir Ivashko
1104:
1058:
1047:
1032:10 March 1985 β
1026:
1015:
990:
979:
957:
942:
933:
907:Nikolai Podgorny
874:14 October 1964
871:
856:
836:14 October 1964
830:
819:
810:
779:16 October 1952
773:
758:
749:
717:
706:
685:
674:
648:
637:
628:
598:16 March 1919 β
592:
581:
572:
557:Chairman of the
535:
525:
495:Vladimir Ivashko
467:Nikolai Podgorny
440:Lazar Kaganovich
389:Grigory Zinoviev
357:Grigory Zinoviev
249:
242:
240:
235:
222:Vladimir Ivashko
203:
201:
196:
109:
67:
53:
44:
43:
32:
21:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7019:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6978:
6976:
6966:
6964:
6956:
6954:
6949:
6931:
6905:
6848:
6844:Weaponry makers
6829:Naval engineers
6773:
6764:
6745:Soviet marshals
6729:
6719:
6674:
6655:Prime ministers
6614:
6609:
6579:
6574:
6553:
6551:
6538:
6486:
6460:
6380:
6294:
6239:
6211:
6185:Internet domain
6180:Five-year plans
6142:
6109:
6049:
5952:
5914:
5846:Communist Party
5834:
5793:Passport system
5683:
5659:European Russia
5637:
5576:
5517:Khrushchev Thaw
5496:(World War II)
5474:Creation treaty
5428:
5422:
5392:
5387:
5341:
5306:Left-Right Bloc
5282:Left Opposition
5259:Ban on factions
5243:
5208:
5168:
5042:
4984:
4891:
4742:1st (1898β1903)
4725:
4715:
4677:
4649:
4602:
4599:Elected by the
4590:
4527:
4454:
4331:
4195:
4178:
4129:10th (May 1921)
4099:4th (Nov. 1907)
4094:3rd (Aug. 1907)
4070:
3906:
3881:
3763:
3732:
3699:Leonid Brezhnev
3643:
3620:Leonid Brezhnev
3579:
3574:
3544:
3538:
3521:
3515:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3447:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3393:
3387:
3369:Service, Robert
3367:
3361:
3341:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3299:Chronicle Books
3292:
3286:
3276:Lexington Books
3269:
3263:
3246:
3240:
3216:
3210:
3193:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3145:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3096:
3090:
3073:
3067:
3054:
3048:
3030:Hough, Jerry F.
3024:
3018:
3004:Bolshevik Women
3001:
2995:
2976:
2970:
2948:
2942:
2925:
2919:
2902:
2881:
2877:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:, pp. 218.
2776:
2772:
2764:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2653:LΓΆwenhardt 2024
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2626:Williamson 2007
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2440:Wayback Machine
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1971:The VVM Library
1965:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1863:
1834:
1830:Other countries
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1722:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1425:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1225:
1223:Communist Party
1215:
1214:
1173:
1144:
1125:29 August 1991
1122:24 August 1991
1115:
1113:
1112:
1084:Communist Party
1064:24 August 1991
1056:
1055:
1024:
1023:
988:
987:
951:
950:
947:Leonid Brezhnev
931:
930:
865:
864:
861:Leonid Brezhnev
844:Georgy Malenkov
828:
827:
808:
807:
767:
766:
747:
746:
715:
714:
683:
682:
646:
645:
626:
625:
590:
589:
570:
569:
533:
532:
523:
455:Leonid Brezhnev
408:Georgy Malenkov
325:
247:
238:
236:
233:
199:
197:
194:
146:
110:
107:
106:
83:
78:
76:
71:
70:Longest serving
68:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7028:
7026:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6974:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6871:Ballet dancers
6868:
6862:
6860:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6824:Mathematicians
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6740:Field marshals
6736:
6734:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6562:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6228:Rail transport
6225:
6223:Railway system
6215:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5943:Deputy Premier
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5926:Heads of state
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5900:
5894:
5891:Supreme Soviet
5888:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5858:
5853:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5808:State ideology
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5704:
5702:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5674:Ural Mountains
5671:
5666:
5664:North Caucasus
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5288:Workers' Group
5285:
5279:
5276:Workers' Truth
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Transcaucasian
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5099:Karelo-Finnish
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5038:28th (1990β91)
5035:
5033:16th (1930β34)
5030:
5028:15th (1927β30)
5025:
5023:14th (1925β27)
5020:
5018:13th (1924β25)
5015:
5013:12th (1923β24)
5010:
5008:11th (1922β23)
5005:
5003:10th (1921β22)
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4980:27th (1986β90)
4977:
4975:26th (1981β86)
4972:
4970:25th (1976β81)
4967:
4965:24th (1971β76)
4962:
4960:23rd (1966β71)
4957:
4955:22nd (1961β66)
4952:
4950:20th (1956β61)
4947:
4945:19th (1952β56)
4942:
4940:18th (1939β52)
4937:
4935:17th (1934β39)
4932:
4930:16th (1930β34)
4927:
4925:15th (1927β30)
4922:
4920:14th (1925β27)
4917:
4915:13th (1924β25)
4912:
4910:10th (1921β24)
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4887:28th (1990β91)
4884:
4882:27th (1986β90)
4879:
4877:26th (1981β86)
4874:
4872:25th (1976β81)
4869:
4867:24th (1971β76)
4864:
4862:23rd (1966β71)
4859:
4857:22nd (1961β66)
4854:
4852:20th (1956β61)
4849:
4847:19th (1952β56)
4844:
4842:18th (1939β52)
4839:
4837:17th (1934β39)
4834:
4832:16th (1930β34)
4829:
4827:15th (1927β30)
4824:
4822:14th (1925β27)
4819:
4817:13th (1924β25)
4814:
4812:12th (1923β24)
4809:
4807:11th (1922β23)
4804:
4802:10th (1921β22)
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:16th (1930β34)
4708:
4706:15th (1927β30)
4703:
4701:14th (1925β27)
4698:
4696:13th (1924β25)
4693:
4691:12th (1923β24)
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4673:14th (1925β27)
4670:
4668:13th (1924β25)
4665:
4663:12th (1923β24)
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4645:28th (1990β91)
4642:
4640:16th (1930β34)
4637:
4635:15th (1927β30)
4632:
4630:14th (1925β27)
4627:
4625:13th (1924β25)
4622:
4620:12th (1923β24)
4616:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4586:27th (1986β90)
4583:
4581:26th (1981β86)
4578:
4576:25th (1976β81)
4573:
4571:24th (1971β76)
4568:
4566:23rd (1966β71)
4563:
4561:22nd (1961β66)
4558:
4556:20th (1956β61)
4553:
4551:19th (1952β56)
4548:
4546:18th (1939β52)
4543:
4541:17th (1934β39)
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4523:18th (1939β52)
4520:
4518:17th (1934β39)
4515:
4513:16th (1930β34)
4510:
4508:15th (1927β30)
4505:
4503:14th (1925β27)
4500:
4498:13th (1924β25)
4495:
4493:12th (1923β24)
4490:
4488:11th (1922β23)
4485:
4483:10th (1921β22)
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4450:28th (1990β91)
4447:
4445:27th (1986β90)
4442:
4440:26th (1981β86)
4437:
4435:25th (1976β81)
4432:
4430:24th (1971β76)
4427:
4425:23rd (1966β71)
4422:
4420:22nd (1961β66)
4417:
4415:20th (1956β61)
4412:
4410:19th (1952β56)
4407:
4405:18th (1939β52)
4402:
4400:17th (1934β39)
4397:
4395:16th (1930β34)
4392:
4390:15th (1927β30)
4387:
4385:14th (1925β27)
4382:
4380:13th (1924β25)
4377:
4375:12th (1923β24)
4372:
4370:11th (1922β23)
4367:
4365:10th (1921β22)
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4327:28th (1990β91)
4324:
4322:27th (1986β90)
4319:
4317:26th (1981β86)
4314:
4312:25th (1976β81)
4309:
4307:24th (1971β76)
4304:
4302:23rd (1966β71)
4299:
4297:22nd (1961β66)
4294:
4292:20th (1956β61)
4289:
4287:19th (1952β56)
4284:
4282:18th (1939β52)
4279:
4277:17th (1934β39)
4274:
4272:16th (1930β34)
4269:
4267:15th (1927β30)
4264:
4262:14th (1925β27)
4259:
4257:13th (1924β25)
4254:
4252:12th (1923β24)
4249:
4247:11th (1922β23)
4244:
4242:10th (1921β22)
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Oct.βDec. 1917
4214:
4212:Aug.βOct. 1917
4208:
4206:
4197:
4194:Elected by the
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Heavy Industry
3814:
3809:
3807:Foreign Cadres
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3663:Yakov Sverdlov
3660:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3602:Vladimir Lenin
3598:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3537:978-0887383502
3536:
3519:
3514:978-0582505803
3513:
3496:
3476:White, Stephen
3472:
3467:978-1559702607
3466:
3445:
3439:
3419:
3414:978-0393051445
3413:
3391:
3386:978-0674034938
3385:
3365:
3360:978-1893638082
3359:
3343:Rogovin, Vadim
3339:
3334:978-1576070840
3333:
3313:
3308:978-0811857987
3307:
3290:
3285:978-0739114025
3284:
3267:
3262:978-0435327361
3261:
3244:
3239:978-1585675029
3238:
3214:
3208:
3191:
3186:978-0582437586
3185:
3166:
3161:978-1040007365
3160:
3143:
3137:
3117:
3111:
3094:
3089:978-0521529365
3088:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3047:978-0674410305
3046:
3026:Fainsod, Merle
3022:
3017:978-0521599207
3016:
2999:
2994:978-0826413505
2993:
2974:
2969:978-0061138799
2968:
2946:
2940:
2923:
2917:
2900:
2878:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2830:
2828:, p. 314.
2818:
2816:, p. 435.
2806:
2794:
2792:, p. 211.
2782:
2778:Vasil'eva 1994
2770:
2753:
2741:
2739:, p. 258.
2729:
2727:, p. 734.
2717:
2713:Rappaport 1999
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2642:
2640:, p. 117.
2630:
2618:
2616:, p. 415.
2606:
2604:, p. 105.
2591:
2589:, p. 219.
2576:
2574:, p. 394.
2561:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2512:, p. 378.
2499:
2497:, p. 403.
2484:
2472:
2460:
2445:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2373:
2343:
2324:
2304:
2285:
2265:
2258:
2240:
2221:
2201:
2182:
2162:
2133:
2121:
2119:, p. 126.
2109:
2107:, p. 132.
2094:
2087:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2010:
2006:Armstrong 1986
1998:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Kosygin reform
1644:
1642:Five-Year Plan
1639:
1637:Consumer goods
1634:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1521:People's Court
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:Deputy Premier
1474:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Official names
1402:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1321:Supreme Soviet
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:Vice President
1190:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:11 March 1985
1059:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
980:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
943:
935:
934:
919:
918:
903:Alexei Kosygin
881:
878:
875:
872:
857:
849:
848:
840:
837:
834:
831:
820:
812:
811:
796:
795:
783:
780:
777:
774:
759:
751:
750:
735:
734:
727:
724:
721:
720:16 March 1921
718:
707:
699:
698:
695:
692:
691:16 March 1921
689:
686:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:249 days
655:
652:
651:25 March 1919
649:
638:
630:
629:
614:
613:
602:
599:
596:
593:
586:Yakov Sverdlov
582:
574:
573:
554:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
529:
522:
519:
463:Alexei Kosygin
416:highest-ranked
372:Yakov Sverdlov
337:Vladimir Lenin
324:
321:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
230:
226:
225:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
170:
164:
163:
161:Kremlin Senate
158:
152:
151:
145:
144:
138:
136:
132:
131:
129:Country leader
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
92:
91:
85:
84:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7027:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6963:
6959:
6946:
6945:Chess players
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:Opera singers
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:IT developers
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6726:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6571:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Printed media
6429:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6364:Cyrillisation
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Working class
6330:
6328:
6327:Soviet people
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:Energy policy
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:Supreme Court
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5505:The Holocaust
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:9th (1920β21)
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:8th (1919β21)
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:9th (1920β21)
4795:
4793:
4792:8th (1919β20)
4790:
4788:
4787:7th (1918β19)
4785:
4783:
4782:6th (1917β18)
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:5th (1907β12)
4765:
4763:
4762:4th (1906β07)
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:2nd (1903β05)
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:9th (1920β21)
4476:
4474:
4473:8th (1919β20)
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:9th (1920β21)
4358:
4356:
4355:8th (1919β20)
4353:
4351:
4350:7th (1918β19)
4348:
4346:
4345:6th (1917β18)
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:9th (1920β21)
4235:
4233:
4232:8th (1919β20)
4230:
4228:
4227:7th (1918β19)
4225:
4223:
4222:6th (1917β18)
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:International
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:Yuri Andropov
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:Joseph Stalin
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3669:Elena Stasova
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:Elena Stasova
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:Yuri Andropov
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:Joseph Stalin
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:Kremlin Wives
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:Mehring Books
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:Medvedev, Roy
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:0-415-13898-1
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:Kort, Michael
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2950:Brown, Archie
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:McCauley 1998
2822:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2768:, p. 60.
2767:
2766:Chubarov 2003
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:, p. 69.
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2703:, p. 59.
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:, p. 72.
2690:
2685:
2682:
2679:, p. 20.
2678:
2677:Phillips 2001
2673:
2670:
2667:, p. 38.
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:McCauley 1997
2634:
2631:
2628:, p. 42.
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:McCauley 1997
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Radetsky 2007
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:, p. 98.
2558:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:, p. 48.
2526:
2525:McCauley 1997
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:, p. 58.
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:, p. 40.
2408:
2403:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
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2308:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 93.
2007:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1919:Russian:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
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1828:
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1815:
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1803:
1802:Soviet Empire
1800:
1798:
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1790:
1788:
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1678:
1677:War communism
1675:
1673:
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1665:
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1609:
1596:
1595:
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1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1573:Khrushchevism
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
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1534:
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1512:
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1510:
1509:Supreme Court
1507:
1505:
1502:
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1483:
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1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:State Council
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
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1103:
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1073:
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1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
986:
985:
984:Yuri Andropov
981:
978:
974:
973:
968:
965:
962:
960:8 April 1966
959:
955:
949:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
886:
882:
879:
877:8 April 1966
876:
873:
869:
863:
862:
858:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
826:
825:
821:
818:
814:
813:
806:
802:
797:
792:
791:17th Congress
788:
784:
781:
778:
776:3 April 1922
775:
771:
765:
764:
763:Joseph Stalin
760:
757:
753:
752:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:
723:3 April 1922
722:
719:
713:
712:
708:
705:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
681:
680:
676:
673:
669:
668:
664:
659:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:
642:Elena Stasova
639:
636:
632:
631:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
597:
595:8 March 1918
594:
588:
587:
583:
580:
576:
575:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
534:(BirthβDeath)
526:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Boris Yeltsin
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:Yuri Andropov
472:
468:
465:and Chairman
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
377:
376:Joseph Stalin
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:Vadim Rogovin
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Joseph Stalin
341:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:
248:Superseded by
245:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:Joseph Stalin
210:
206:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
150:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
75:
74:
73:Joseph Stalin
66:
59:
52:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6972:Soviet Union
6937:Sportspeople
6891:Philosophers
6708:1st deputies
6659:1st deputies
6648:1991βpresent
6550:
6322:Demographics
6312:Antisemitism
6165:Central Bank
6083:Forced labor
6031:Spetsnaz GRU
5877:
5851:organisation
5759:Human rights
5708:Constitution
5591:Subdivisions
5469:Russian SFSR
5425:Soviet Union
5217:Other organs
5134:Russian SFSR
5079:Byelorussian
3899:
3892:
3886:Publications
3792:Construction
3729:, Aug. 1991)
3726:
3648:
3523:
3500:
3479:
3451:
3426:
3399:
3372:
3346:
3320:
3294:
3271:
3248:
3225:
3195:
3171:
3147:
3124:
3098:
3075:
3056:
3033:
3003:
2979:
2954:
2927:
2904:
2883:
2861:Bibliography
2849:23 September
2847:. Retrieved
2833:
2821:
2814:Service 2009
2809:
2802:Service 2009
2797:
2785:
2773:
2749:Ra'anan 2006
2744:
2737:Taubman 2003
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2665:Rogovin 2001
2660:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2510:Service 2009
2480:Ra'anan 2006
2475:
2468:Ra'anan 2006
2463:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:the original
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2314:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2275:
2268:
2249:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2211:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2172:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2105:Zemtsov 2001
2077:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2001:
1975:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1915:
1762:Human rights
1752:Gulag system
1727:
1698:Demographics
1685:
1620:
1592:
1585:
1460:
1430:
1395:Constitution
1393:
1349:
1319:
1299:
1253:
1252:
1128:5 days
1116:
1107:
1050:
1018:
982:
945:
892:
859:
822:
761:
709:
677:
640:
610:7th Congress
584:
549:Left office
546:Took office
471:Brezhnev Era
448:
405:
396:
381:
369:
342:
326:
316:
308:
302:
273:
271:
262:10,000
218:Final holder
208:First holder
119:Party leader
82:5 March 1953
79:
69:
29:
6896:Playwrights
6772:, engineers
6426:Phraseology
6371:Prohibition
6359:Linguistics
6344:Drug policy
6337:1989 census
6258:Cybernetics
6160:Agriculture
6073:Great Purge
6035:Soviet Navy
6027:Soviet Army
5899:(1989β1991)
5893:(1938β1991)
5887:(1922β1936)
5871:Secretariat
5742:Gun control
5649:Caspian Sea
5633:Closed city
5562:Dissolution
5547:Perestroika
5489:Great Purge
5177:Local-level
5074:Azerbaijani
4655:Secretariat
4337:Secretariat
4174:19th (1988)
4169:18th (1941)
4164:17th (1932)
4159:16th (1929)
4154:15th (1926)
4149:14th (1925)
4144:13th (1924)
4139:12th (1922)
4066:28th (1990)
4061:27th (1986)
4056:26th (1981)
4051:25th (1976)
4046:24th (1971)
4041:23rd (1966)
4036:22nd (1961)
4031:21st (1959)
4026:20th (1956)
4021:19th (1952)
4016:18th (1939)
4011:17th (1934)
4006:16th (1930)
4001:15th (1927)
3996:14th (1925)
3991:13th (1924)
3986:12th (1923)
3981:11th (1922)
3976:10th (1921)
3822:Information
3782:Agriculture
3769:Departments
3749:Secretariat
3230:I.B. Tauris
3129:M.E. Sharpe
2960:Bodley Head
2557:Baylis 1989
2540:Baylis 1989
2366:22 February
2033:28 November
1747:Great Purge
1713:Phraseology
1632:Agriculture
1587:Perestroika
1462:Premiership
1292:Legislature
1270:Secretariat
1114:(1932β1994)
1093:August Coup
1057:(1931β2022)
1025:(1911β1985)
989:(1914β1984)
932:(1966β1991)
889:Triumvirate
829:(1894β1971)
809:(1953β1966)
748:(1922β1952)
716:(1890β1986)
684:(1883β1938)
647:(1873β1966)
627:(1919β1922)
591:(1885β1919)
571:(1918β1919)
559:Secretariat
511:Oleg Shenin
393:Lev Kamenev
327:Before the
292:. Prior to
149:Secretariat
6994:Categories
6866:Architects
6839:Physicists
6794:Biologists
6770:Scientists
6760:Cosmonauts
6466:Opposition
6456:Television
6436:Propaganda
6409:Literature
6283:Naukograds
6278:Sharashkas
6212:(currency)
6190:Inventions
6133:Censorship
6063:Red Terror
5747:Government
5621:Autonomous
5604:Autonomous
5537:Stagnation
5500:Evacuation
5149:Turkestani
5124:Lithuanian
4724:Elected by
4124:9th (1920)
4119:8th (1919)
4114:7th (1917)
4109:6th (1912)
4104:5th (1908)
4089:2nd (1906)
4084:1st (1905)
4076:Conference
3971:9th (1920)
3966:8th (1919)
3961:7th (1918)
3956:6th (1917)
3951:5th (1907)
3946:4th (1906)
3941:3rd (1905)
3936:2nd (1903)
3931:1st (1898)
3857:Propaganda
3492:B003QI0DQE
3423:Ulam, Adam
3066:090919694X
2896:B002DGQ6K2
2865:See also:
2790:White 2000
2701:Brown 2009
2689:Grill 2002
2495:Brown 2009
2456:Brown 2009
2392:21 October
2233:30 October
2194:30 October
2155:30 October
1977:27 January
1797:Red Terror
1787:Propaganda
1737:Censorship
1728:Repression
1442:Ministries
1432:Government
1386:Governance
1172:Leadership
239:1991-08-29
200:1922-04-03
108:(informal)
6984:Communism
6886:Novelists
6876:Composers
6776:inventors
6732:explorers
6643:1917β1991
6527:Republics
6515:Republics
6503:Republics
6354:Languages
6218:Transport
6100:Holodomor
5993:Militsiya
5931:President
5823:Stalinism
5725:Elections
5599:Republics
5582:Geography
5572:Nostalgia
5484:Stalinism
5332:(1990β91)
5320:(1932β33)
5302:(1926β27)
5296:(1924β33)
5290:(1923β30)
5284:(1923β27)
5278:(1921β23)
5272:(1920β21)
5266:(1919β21)
5252:Groupings
5159:Ukrainian
5129:Moldavian
4683:Collegium
4612:Presidium
4204:Politburo
3719:(1985β91)
3713:(1984β85)
3707:(1982β84)
3701:(1964β82)
3695:(1953β64)
3689:(1922β52)
3683:(1921β22)
3677:(1919β21)
3665:(1918β19)
3659:(1917β18)
3640:(1985β91)
3634:(1984β85)
3628:(1982β84)
3622:(1964β82)
3616:(1953β64)
3610:(1924β53)
3604:(1912β24)
3253:Heinemann
3200:Routledge
3172:Gorbachev
2725:Ulam 2007
2572:Kort 2010
2443:, p. 345.
1954:Citations
1928:romanized
1703:Education
1672:Transport
1568:Stalinism
1498:Judiciary
1341:Presidium
1265:Politburo
1183:President
1078:from the
1076:Article 6
1070:The 1990
917:in 1966.
552:Duration
528:Portrait
229:Abolished
190:Formation
180:Appointer
156:Residence
142:Politburo
135:Member of
6799:Chemists
6755:Aviators
6750:Admirals
6703:Premiers
6633:Monarchs
6570:Category
6123:Religion
6010:Chairmen
5856:Congress
5818:Leninism
5798:Propiska
5693:Politics
5552:Glasnost
5512:Cold War
5452:February
5346:See also
5189:Okrugkom
5109:Khorezmi
5094:Georgian
5089:Estonian
5084:Bukharan
5069:Armenian
4726:Congress
3923:Congress
3478:(2000).
3425:(2007).
3397:(2003).
3371:(2009).
3345:(2001).
3325:ABC-CLIO
3319:(1999).
3224:(2006).
3123:(2010).
3032:(1979).
2952:(2009).
2843:Archived
2436:Archived
2360:Archived
2330:Archived
2291:Archived
2227:Archived
2188:Archived
2149:Archived
2027:Archived
1987:cite web
1718:Religion
1594:Glasnost
1563:Leninism
1539:Ideology
1452:Cabinets
1234:Congress
1142:See also
1074:removed
428:Chairman
397:de facto
317:de facto
309:de facto
276:was the
266:annually
224:(acting)
175:, Moscow
80:de facto
6958:Portals
6858:writers
6854:Artists
6626:Russian
6491:Symbols
6404:Fashion
6386:Culture
6300:Society
6245:Science
6210:Rouble
6152:Economy
6128:Science
5938:Premier
5919:Offices
5781:Leaders
5701:General
5669:Siberia
5642:Regions
5616:Oblasts
5457:October
5434:History
5224:Statute
5204:Partkom
5154:Turkmen
5119:Latvian
5114:Kirghiz
4601:Central
4460:Orgburo
3812:General
3797:Culture
3754:Orgburo
3594:Leaders
1687:Culture
1622:Economy
1613:Society
1363:Speaker
1275:Orgburo
1244:History
1178:Leaders
926:of the
899:Premier
803:of the
742:of the
621:of the
565:of the
561:of the
430:of the
323:History
280:of the
237: (
198: (
173:Kremlin
101:Comrade
6922:Saints
6679:Soviet
6510:Emblem
6498:Anthem
6446:Sports
6399:Cinema
6394:Ballet
6376:Racism
6349:Family
5839:Bodies
5427:topics
5338:(1991)
5326:(1957)
5314:(1932)
5308:(1930)
5199:Raikom
5194:Gorkom
5104:Kazakh
3894:Pravda
3727:acting
3534:
3511:
3490:
3464:
3437:
3411:
3383:
3357:
3331:
3305:
3282:
3259:
3236:
3206:
3183:
3158:
3135:
3109:
3086:
3063:
3044:
3014:
2991:
2966:
2938:
2915:
2894:
2873:, and
2336:9 July
2322:
2297:9 July
2283:
2256:
2219:
2180:
2085:
2058:
1901:Cheget
1708:Family
1165:
1117:Acting
952:(1906β
905:, and
894:troika
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