Artificial general intelligence

7944:, vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135–44. "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have already led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater." (p. 140.) 1142: 1366: 60: 1731:, which are risks that threaten "the premature extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life or the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for desirable future development". The risk of human extinction from AGI has been the topic of many debates, but there is also the possibility that the development of AGI would lead to a permanently flawed future. Notably, it could be used to spread and preserve the set of values of whoever develops it. If humanity still has moral blind spots similar to slavery in the past, AGI might irreversibly entrench it, preventing 938:, both industry and government pumped money into the field. However, confidence in AI spectacularly collapsed in the late 1980s, and the goals of the Fifth Generation Computer Project were never fulfilled. For the second time in 20 years, AI researchers who predicted the imminent achievement of AGI had been mistaken. By the 1990s, AI researchers had a reputation for making vain promises. They became reluctant to make predictions at all and avoided mention of "human level" artificial intelligence for fear of being labeled "wild-eyed dreamer". 1735:. Furthermore, AGI could facilitate mass surveillance and indoctrination, which could be used to create a stable repressive worldwide totalitarian regime. There is also a risk for the machines themselves. If machines that are sentient or otherwise worthy of moral consideration are mass created in the future, engaging in a civilizational path that indefinitely neglects their welfare and interests could be an existential catastrophe. Considering how much AGI could improve humanity's future and help reduce other existential risks, 993:

viable route from sense to symbols: from the ground up. A free-floating symbolic level like the software level of a computer will never be reached by this route (or vice versa) – nor is it clear why we should even try to reach such a level, since it looks as if getting there would just amount to uprooting our symbols from their intrinsic meanings (thereby merely reducing ourselves to the functional equivalent of a programmable computer).

8364: 1668:: To have conscious awareness of oneself as a separate individual, especially to be consciously aware of one's own thoughts. This is opposed to simply being the "subject of one's thought" – an operating system or debugger is able to be "aware of itself" (that is, to represent itself in the same way it represents everything else) but this is not what people typically mean when they use the term "self-awareness". 1253:, contending that it exhibited more general intelligence than previous AI models and demonstrated human-level performance in tasks spanning multiple domains, such as mathematics, coding, and law. This research sparked a debate on whether GPT-4 could be considered an early, incomplete version of artificial general intelligence, emphasizing the need for further exploration and evaluation of such systems. 1176:(i.e. between 2015 and 2045) was plausible. Mainstream AI researchers have given a wide range of opinions on whether progress will be this rapid. A 2012 meta-analysis of 95 such opinions found a bias towards predicting that the onset of AGI would occur within 16–26 years for modern and historical predictions alike. That paper has been criticized for how it categorized opinions as expert or non-expert. 1704:, while avoiding the associated risks. If an AGI's primary goal is to prevent existential catastrophes such as human extinction (which could be difficult if the Vulnerable World Hypothesis turns out to be true), it could take measures to drastically reduce the risks while minimizing the impact of these measures on our quality of life. 1476:, presently understood only in broad outline. The overhead introduced by full modeling of the biological, chemical, and physical details of neural behaviour (especially on a molecular scale) would require computational powers several orders of magnitude larger than Kurzweil's estimate. In addition, the estimates do not account for 7763:, historian of computing, writes (in what might be called "Dyson's Law") that "Any system simple enough to be understandable will not be complicated enough to behave intelligently, while any system complicated enough to behave intelligently will be too complicated to understand." (p. 197.) Computer scientist 961:. These "applied AI" systems are now used extensively throughout the technology industry, and research in this vein is heavily funded in both academia and industry. As of 2018, development in this field was considered an emerging trend, and a mature stage was expected to be reached in more than 10 years. 1788:

The potential fate of humanity has sometimes been compared to the fate of gorillas threatened by human activities. The comparison states that greater intelligence allowed humanity to dominate gorillas, which are now vulnerable in ways that they could not have anticipated. As a result, the gorilla has

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Proposed by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," this test involves a human judge engaging in natural language conversations with both a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The machine passes the test if it can convince the judge it is human

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Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their abilities correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in programs. Some abilities that children normally don't develop till they are teenagers may be in, and some abilities possessed by two

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Skeptics sometimes charge that the thesis is crypto-religious, with an irrational belief in the possibility of superintelligence replacing an irrational belief in an omnipotent God. Some researchers believe that the communication campaigns on AI existential risk by certain AI groups (such as OpenAI,

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These traits have a moral dimension. AI sentience would give rise to concerns of welfare and legal protection, similarly to animals. Other aspects of consciousness related to cognitive capabilities are also relevant to the concept of AI rights. Figuring out how to integrate advanced AI with existing

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has mind – indeed, there would be no way to tell. For AI research, Searle's "weak AI hypothesis" is equivalent to the statement "artificial general intelligence is possible". Thus, according to Russell and Norvig, "most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the

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statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond those abilities that we can test. The behaviour of a "weak AI" machine would be precisely identical to a "strong AI" machine, but the latter would also have subjective conscious experience. This usage is also common

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theory which asserts that human embodiment is an essential aspect of human intelligence and is necessary to ground meaning. If this theory is correct, any fully functional brain model will need to encompass more than just the neurons (e.g., a robotic body). Goertzel proposes virtual embodiment (like

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The expectation has often been voiced that "top-down" (symbolic) approaches to modeling cognition will somehow meet "bottom-up" (sensory) approaches somewhere in between. If the grounding considerations in this paper are valid, then this expectation is hopelessly modular and there is really only one

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The timeline for achieving AGI remains a subject of ongoing debate among researchers and experts. As of 2024, some argue that it may be possible in years or decades; others maintain it might take a century or longer; a minority believe it may never be achieved, while another minority says it already

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considers that AGIs will have no desire to dominate humanity and that we should be careful not to anthropomorphize them and interpret their intents as we would for humans. He said that people won't be "smart enough to design super-intelligent machines, yet ridiculously stupid to the point of giving

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has on average 7,000 synaptic connections (synapses) to other neurons. The brain of a three-year-old child has about 10 synapses (1 quadrillion). This number declines with age, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for an adult, ranging from 10 to 5×10 synapses (100 to 500 trillion). An estimate

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is among those who believe human-level AI will be accomplished, but that the present level of progress is such that a date cannot accurately be predicted. AI experts' views on the feasibility of AGI wax and wane. Four polls conducted in 2012 and 2013 suggested that the median estimate among experts

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Certainly, too, there are those who claim we are already seeing an early example of an AGI system in the recently announced GPT-3 natural language processing (NLP) neural network. ... So is GPT-3 the first example of an AGI system? This is debatable, but the consensus is that it is not AGI. ... If

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As of 2023, the development and potential achievement of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) remains a subject of intense debate within the AI community. While traditional consensus held that AGI was a distant goal, recent advancements have led some researchers and industry figures to claim that

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researchers. They define five levels of AGI: emerging, competent, expert, virtuoso, and superhuman. For example, a competent AGI is defined as an AI that outperforms 50% of skilled adults in a wide range of non-physical tasks, and a superhuman AGI is similarly defined but with a threshold of 100%.

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Bubeck, Sébastien; Chandrasekaran, Varun; Eldan, Ronen; Gehrke, Johannes; Horvitz, Eric; Kamar, Ece; Lee, Peter; Lee, Yin Tat; Li, Yuanzhi; Lundberg, Scott; Nori, Harsha; Palangi, Hamid; Ribeiro, Marco Tulio; Zhang, Yi (22 March 2023). "Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments

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Bubeck, Sébastien; Chandrasekaran, Varun; Eldan, Ronen; Gehrke, Johannes; Horvitz, Eric; Kamar, Ece; Lee, Peter; Lee, Yin Tat; Li, Yuanzhi; Lundberg, Scott; Nori, Harsha; Palangi, Hamid; Ribeiro, Marco Tulio; Zhang, Yi (27 March 2023). "Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments

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Everyone can enjoy a life of luxurious leisure if the machine-produced wealth is shared, or most people can end up miserably poor if the machine-owners successfully lobby against wealth redistribution. So far, the trend seems to be toward the second option, with technology driving ever-increasing

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In 2017, researchers Feng Liu, Yong Shi, and Ying Liu conducted intelligence tests on publicly available and freely accessible weak AI such as Google AI, Apple's Siri, and others. At the maximum, these AIs reached an IQ value of about 47, which corresponds approximately to a six-year-old child in

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around 2002. AGI research activity in 2006 was described by Pei Wang and Ben Goertzel as "producing publications and preliminary results". The first summer school in AGI was organized in Xiamen, China in 2009 by the Xiamen university's Artificial Brain Laboratory and OpenCog. The first university

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As defined in a standard AI textbook: "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating

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Conversely, idealists hold that consciousness is fundamental and cannot be fully explained by physical processes alone. They suggest that even if an AGI could mimic human intelligence, it might not possess true consciousness unless it shares in the non-physical essence that constitutes conscious

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and transformative AI. An artificial superintelligence (ASI) is a hypothetical type of AGI that is much more generally intelligent than humans, while the notion of transformative AI relates to AI having a large impact on society, for example, similar to the agricultural or industrial revolution.

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From a materialist standpoint, consciousness arises from physical processes in the brain. Materialists argue that replicating the neural structures and functions that underlie human intelligence would inherently produce consciousness in machines. In this view, intelligence and consciousness are

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In 2023, the CEOs of Google DeepMind, OpenAI and Anthropic, along with other industry leaders and researchers, issued a joint statement asserting that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war."

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of the human brain. In 2023, researchers from Duke University performed a high-resolution scan of a mouse brain. A supercomputer with similar computing capability as the human brain is expected in April 2024. Called "DeepSouth", it could perform 228 trillions of synaptic operations per second.

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So, facing possible futures of incalculable benefits and risks, the experts are surely doing everything possible to ensure the best outcome, right? Wrong. If a superior alien civilisation sent us a message saying, 'We'll arrive in a few decades,' would we just reply, 'OK, call us when you get

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entails. Does it require consciousness? Must it display the ability to set goals as well as pursue them? Is it purely a matter of scale such that if model sizes increase sufficiently, intelligence will emerge? Are facilities such as planning, reasoning, and causal understanding required? Does

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Progress in artificial intelligence has historically gone through periods of rapid progress separated by periods when progress appeared to stop. Ending each hiatus were fundamental advances in hardware, software or both to create space for further progress. For example, the computer hardware

1011:, the proposed AGI agent maximises “the ability to satisfy goals in a wide range of environments”. This type of AGI, characterized by the ability to maximise a mathematical definition of intelligence rather than exhibit human-like behaviour, was also called universal artificial intelligence. 1133:, this ability to think before responding represents a new, additional paradigm. It improves model outputs by spending more computing power when generating the answer, whereas the model scaling paradigm improves outputs by increasing the model size, training data and training compute power. 1086:

for when they would be 50% confident AGI would arrive was 2040 to 2050, depending on the poll, with the mean being 2081. Of the experts, 16.5% answered with "never" when asked the same question but with a 90% confidence instead. Further current AGI progress considerations can be found above

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year olds are still out. The matter is further complicated by the fact that the cognitive sciences still have not succeeded in determining exactly what the human abilities are. Very likely the organization of the intellectual mechanisms for AI can usefully be different from that in people.

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AGI could improve the productivity and efficiency in most jobs. For example, in public health, AGI could accelerate medical research, notably against cancer. It could take care of the elderly, and democratize access to rapid, high-quality medical diagnostics. It could offer fun, cheap and

748:, designed to imitate a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, reportedly passed a Turing Test event by convincing 33% of judges that it was human. However, this claim was met with significant skepticism from the AI research community, who questioned the test's implementation and its relevance to AGI. 1627:

This philosophical divide raises questions about whether an AGI would necessarily be conscious. While materialists affirm that sufficiently advanced intelligence entails (or is equal to) consciousness, idealists contend that consciousness requires more than just computational capability.

1111:. They concluded: "Given the breadth and depth of GPT-4’s capabilities, we believe that it could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system." Another study in 2023 reported that GPT-4 outperforms 99% of humans on the 1858:

Researchers from OpenAI estimated that "80% of the U.S. workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of LLMs, while around 19% of workers may see at least 50% of their tasks impacted". They consider office workers to be the most exposed, for example

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In the same year, Jason Rohrer used his GPT-3 account to develop a chatbot, and provided a chatbot-developing platform called "Project December". OpenAI asked for changes to the chatbot to comply with their safety guidelines; Rohrer disconnected Project December from the GPT-3 API.

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AGI refers to AI systems that possess a reasonable degree of self-understanding and autonomous self-control, and have the ability to solve a variety of complex problems in a variety of contexts, and to learn to solve new problems that they didn't know about at the time of their

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competition with a top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, significantly better than the second-best entry's rate of 26.3% (the traditional approach used a weighted sum of scores from different pre-defined classifiers). AlexNet was regarded as the initial ground-breaker of the current

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mapped by year. Note the logarithmic scale and exponential trendline, which assumes the computational capacity doubles every 1.1 years. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg, Bostrom report is less certain about where

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The idea of the test is that the machine has to try and pretend to be a man, by answering questions put to it, and it will only pass if the pretence is reasonably convincing. A considerable portion of a jury, who should not be expert about machines, must be taken in by the

519:. In contrast, weak AI (or narrow AI) is able to solve one specific problem, but lacks general cognitive abilities. Some academic sources use "weak AI" to refer more broadly to any programs that neither experience consciousness nor have a mind in the same sense as humans. 1099:

found that "over 60-year time frame there is a strong bias towards predicting the arrival of human-level AI as between 15 and 25 years from the time the prediction was made". They analyzed 95 predictions made between 1950 and 2012 on when human-level AI will come about.

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However, in the early 1970s, it became obvious that researchers had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. Funding agencies became skeptical of AGI and put researchers under increasing pressure to produce useful "applied AI". In the early 1980s, Japan's

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inseparable because consciousness is considered an emergent property of complex computations and neural interaction (it is possible to have non neural internals however). Therefore, an AGI that achieves human-level intelligence would, by necessity, also be conscious.

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In the introduction to his 2006 book, Goertzel says that estimates of the time needed before a truly flexible AGI is built vary from 10 years to over a century. As of 2007, the consensus in the AGI research community seemed to be that the timeline discussed by

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was a consultant on the project of making HAL 9000 as realistic as possible according to the consensus predictions of the time. He said in 1967, "Within a generation... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".

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AGI intelligence may be comparable to, match, differ from, or even appear alien-like relative to human intelligence, encompassing a spectrum of possible cognitive architectures and capabilities that includes the spectrum of human-level intelligence.

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The idea that this stuff could actually get smarter than people – a few people believed that, . But most people thought it was way off. And I thought it was way off. I thought it was 30 to 50 years or even longer away. Obviously, I no longer think

442:(ASI), refers to types of intelligence that range from being only marginally smarter than the upper limits of human intelligence to greatly exceeding human cognitive capabilities by orders of magnitude. AGI is considered one of the definitions of 1658:" However, we are unlikely to ask "what does it feel like to be a toaster?" Nagel concludes that a bat appears to be conscious (i.e. has consciousness) but a toaster does not. In 2022, a Google engineer claimed that the company's AI chatbot, 6594: 7868:

that actually deceive people, then they barely exist. The fakes aren't deep, and the deeps aren't fake. A.I.-generated videos are not, in general, operating in our media as counterfeited evidence. Their role better resembles that of

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A machine is required to enter an average American home and figure out how to make coffee: find the coffee machine, find the coffee, add water, find a mug, and brew the coffee by pushing the proper buttons. This has not yet been

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The term "artificial general intelligence" was used as early as 1997, by Mark Gubrud in a discussion of the implications of fully automated military production and operations. A mathematical formalism of AGI was proposed by

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fails at tasks that require real humanlike reasoning or an understanding of the physical and social world.... ChatGPT seemed unable to reason logically and tried to rely on its vast database of... facts derived from online

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In the 1990s and early 21st century, mainstream AI achieved commercial success and academic respectability by focusing on specific sub-problems where AI can produce verifiable results and commercial applications, such as

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believed that such intelligence is unlikely in the 21st century because it would require "unforeseeable and fundamentally unpredictable breakthroughs" and a "scientifically deep understanding of cognition". Writing in

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The thesis that AI poses an existential risk for humans, and that this risk needs more attention, is controversial but has been endorsed in 2023 by many public figures, AI researchers and CEOs of AI companies such as

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A problem is informally called "AI-complete" or "AI-hard" if it is believed that in order to solve it, one would need to implement AGI, because the solution is beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.

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In 1997, Kurzweil looked at various estimates for the hardware required to equal the human brain and adopted a figure of 10 computations per second (cps). (For comparison, if a "computation" was equivalent to one

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a significant fraction of the time. Turing proposed this as a practical measure of machine intelligence, focusing on the ability to produce human-like responses rather than on the internal workings of the machine.

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The thesis that AI can pose existential risk also has detractors. Skeptics usually say that AGI is unlikely in the short-term, or that concerns about AGI distract from other issues related to current AI. Former

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In "Mind Children" 10 cps is used. More recently, in 1997, Moravec argued for 10 MIPS which would roughly correspond to 10 cps. Moravec talks in terms of MIPS, not "cps", which is a non-standard term Kurzweil

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The ultimate effort is to make computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals in the world as well as humans. However, many people involved in particular research areas are much less ambitious.

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Modern AI research began in the mid-1950s. The first generation of AI researchers were convinced that artificial general intelligence was possible and that it would exist in just a few decades. AI pioneer

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similarly said that "The progress in the last few years has been pretty incredible", and that he sees no reason why it would slow down, expecting AGI within a decade or even a few years. In March 2024,

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A machine enrolls in a university, taking and passing the same classes that humans would, and obtaining a degree. LLMs can now pass university degree-level exams without even attending the classes.

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writes "it would be a great relief to the rest of the workers in AI if the inventors of new general formalisms would express their hopes in a more guarded form than has sometimes been the case."

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Müller, V. C., & Bostrom, N. (2016). Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. In Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence (pp. 555–572). Springer, Cham.

3517: 1646:, use the term "consciousness" to refer exclusively to phenomenal consciousness, which is roughly equivalent to sentience. Determining why and how subjective experience arises is known as the 8331: 6844:"Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity: a reaction to Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, and McDermott's critique of Kurzweil" 972:

I am confident that this bottom-up route to artificial intelligence will one day meet the traditional top-down route more than half way, ready to provide the real-world competence and the

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considers that for many people outside of the technology industry, existing chatbots and LLMs are already perceived as though they were AGI, leading to further misunderstanding and fear.

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personalized education. For virtually any job that benefits society if done well, it would probably sooner or later be preferable to leave it to an AGI. The need to work to subsist could

1431:.) He used this figure to predict the necessary hardware would be available sometime between 2015 and 2025, if the exponential growth in computer power at the time of writing continued. 840:

requires a machine to read and write in both languages, follow the author's argument (reason), understand the context (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the author's original intent (

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mathematicians, accountants or web designers. AGI could have a better autonomy, ability to make decisions, to interface with other computer tools, but also to control robotized bodies.

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AGI is also known as strong AI, full AI, human-level AI or general intelligent action. However, some academic sources reserve the term "strong AI" for computer programs that experience

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Pei, Jing; Deng, Lei; Song, Sen; Zhao, Mingguo; Zhang, Youhui; Wu, Shuang; Wang, Guanrui; Zou, Zhe; Wu, Zhenzhi; He, Wei; Chen, Feng; Deng, Ning; Wu, Si; Wang, Yu; Wu, Yujie (2019).

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is necessary for human-level AGI. Academic philosophers such as Searle do not believe that is the case, and to most artificial intelligence researchers the question is out-of-scope.

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explained in 1974 that it "feels like" something to be conscious. If we are not conscious, then it doesn't feel like anything. Nagel uses the example of a bat: we can sensibly ask "

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claimed the gulf between modern computing and human-level artificial intelligence is as wide as the gulf between current space flight and practical faster-than-light spaceflight.

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writes: "we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent." (For a discussion of some definitions of intelligence used by

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AGI could also help to make rational decisions, and to anticipate and prevent disasters. It could also help to reap the benefits of potentially catastrophic technologies such as

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AGI could have a wide variety of applications. If oriented towards such goals, AGI could help mitigate various problems in the world such as hunger, poverty and health problems.

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A machine performs an economically important job at least as well as humans in the same job. AIs are now replacing humans in many roles as varied as fast food and marketing.

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Also known as the Flat Pack Furniture Test. An AI views the parts and instructions of an Ikea flat-pack product, then controls a robot to assemble the furniture correctly.

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The relationship between artificial general intelligence (AGI) and consciousness is a subject of ongoing philosophical debate, particularly between the perspectives of

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Project revived interest in AGI, setting out a ten-year timeline that included AGI goals like "carry on a casual conversation". In response to this and the success of

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speculated in 1965 that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do". This prediction failed to come true. Microsoft co-founder

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model must be sufficiently faithful to the original, so that it behaves in practically the same way as the original brain. Whole brain emulation is a type of

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that mitigating the risk of human extinction from AI should be a global priority. Others find the development of AGI to be too remote to present such a risk.

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will have reasons to try to survive and acquire more power as intermediary steps to achieving these goals. And that this does not require having emotions.

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article, while there is consensus that GPT-3 is not an example of AGI, it is considered by some to be too advanced to be classified as a narrow AI system.

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At its low point, some computer scientists and software engineers avoided the term artificial intelligence for fear of being viewed as wild-eyed dreamers.

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At the turn of the century, many mainstream AI researchers hoped that strong AI could be developed by combining programs that solve various sub-problems.

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Pandey, Mohit; Fernandez, Michael; Gentile, Francesco; Isayev, Olexandr; Tropsha, Alexander; Stern, Abraham C.; Cherkasov, Artem (March 2022).

3839:"First International Summer School in Artificial General Intelligence, Main summer school: June 22 – July 3, 2009, OpenCog Lab: July 6-9, 2009" 1631:

Consciousness can have various meanings, and some aspects play significant roles in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence:

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first grade. An adult comes to about 100 on average. Similar tests were carried out in 2014, with the IQ score reaching a maximum value of 27.

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of the brain's processing power, based on a simple switch model for neuron activity, is around 10 (100 trillion) synaptic updates per second (

434:(AI) that falls within the lower and upper limits of human cognitive capabilities across a wide range of cognitive tasks. This contrasts with 7638: 7556: 7529: 7280: 7046: 6996: 6822: 6777: 6548: 6510: 5881: 5853: 5768: 5596: 5470: 5424: 3768: 3678: 2195: 2067: 1507: 678:

Other capabilities are considered desirable in intelligent systems, as they may affect intelligence or aid in its expression. These include:

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course was given in 2010 and 2011 at Plovdiv University, Bulgaria by Todor Arnaudov. MIT presented a course on AGI in 2018, organized by

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predicts that a map of sufficient quality will become available on a similar timescale to the computing power required to emulate it.

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According to Stephen Hawking, the outcome of automation on the quality of life will depend on how the wealth will be redistributed:

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However, even at the time, this was disputed. For example, Stevan Harnad of Princeton University concluded his 1990 paper on the

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There are many problems that have been conjectured to require general intelligence to solve as well as humans. Examples include

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For low-level brain simulation, a very powerful cluster of computers or GPUs would be required, given the enormous quantity of

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2023 also marked the emergence of large multimodal models (large language models capable of processing or generating multiple

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Anthropic, DeepMind, and Conjecture) may be an at attempt at regulatory capture and to inflate interest in their products.

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a biological brain in detail, and then copying and simulating it on a computer system or another computational device. The

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that has been so frustratingly elusive in reasoning programs. Fully intelligent machines will result when the metaphorical

59: 7876:

Leffer, Lauren, "The Risks of Trusting AI: We must avoid humanizing machine-learning models used in scientific research",

7611: 7140: 3800: 1647: 1638:(or "phenomenal consciousness"): The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively, as opposed to the ability to 923: 7549:

Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the AGI Workshop 2006

7390: 5353: 5284: 5251:"A new supercomputer aims to closely mimic the human brain — it could help unlock the secrets of the mind and advance AI" 8345: 8205: 8134: 7790: 2017: 1933: 1816:, rather than destructive, manner after it reaches superintelligence? Solving the control problem is complicated by the 439: 35: 7338: 2828:

Pfeifer, R. and Bongard J. C., How the body shapes the way we think: a new view of intelligence (The MIT Press, 2007).

2316: 473:

has expressed concerns about the rapid progress towards AGI, suggesting it could be achieved sooner than many expect.

8351: 7829: 6913: 5763:(Reprinted with corrections 2017 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press. 5543: 606: 265: 216: 113: 4455: 4066:"Machines That Feel and Think: The Role of Affective Feelings and Mental Action in (Artificial) General Intelligence" 7828:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 81–82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP ( 6843: 4913:"A developer built an AI chatbot using GPT-3 that helped a man speak again to his late fiancée. OpenAI shut it down" 4004: 2083:

specifically criticized AI's "grandiose objectives" and led the dismantling of AI research in England. In the U.S.,

565:. However, there are other well-known definitions, and some researchers disagree with the more popular approaches. 5487: 4804:

Liu, Feng; Shi, Yong; Liu, Ying (2017). "Intelligence Quotient and Intelligence Grade of Artificial Intelligence".

1957: 1916: 1853: 1329: 628: 443: 88: 6093:"The fascinating Facebook debate between Yann LeCun, Stuart Russel and Yoshua Bengio about the risks of strong AI" 5027: 3077: 1154:

available in the twentieth century was not sufficient to implement deep learning, which requires large numbers of

8104: 8088: 8038: 7268: 4213: 2495: 1585:, "as long as the program works, they don't care if you call it real or a simulation." If the program can behave 1562:

use the term "strong AI" to mean "human level artificial general intelligence". This is not the same as Searle's

1465: 1030:

As of 2023, a small number of computer scientists are active in AGI research, and many contribute to a series of

931: 640: 166: 6097:

The fascinating Facebook debate between Yann LeCun, Stuart Russel and Yoshua Bengio about the risks of strong AI

1369:

Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels (from Ray Kurzweil,

1145:

AI has surpassed humans on a variety of language understanding and visual understanding benchmarks. As of 2023,

8139: 8058: 7900:, "In Front of Their Faces: Does facial-recognition technology lead police to ignore contradictory evidence?", 6559:"Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain" 1798: 1690: 1603: 1155: 985: 958: 663: 647: 586: 290: 7813: 7328: 6500: 1824:

of safety precautions in order to release products before competitors), and the use of AI in weapon systems.

844:). All of these problems need to be solved simultaneously in order to reach human-level machine performance. 7994: 7865: 7822:, which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms", 7807: 7009: 3398: 3396: 2404: 2063: 1469: 1353: 1337: 1172: 1159: 1070:

intelligence require explicitly replicating the brain and its specific faculties? Does it require emotions?

947: 836:, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real-world problem. Even a specific task like 655: 552: 431: 71: 51: 6610: 1447:-funded initiative active from 2013 to 2023, has developed a particularly detailed and publicly accessible 8063: 6118: 2642: 1993: 1872: 1789:

become an endangered species, not out of malice, but simply as a collateral damage from human activities.

161: 6787: 3233: 2236: 2087:

became determined to fund only "mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research".

8018: 7833: 5028:"A.I. could rival human intelligence in 'just a few years,' says CEO of Google's main A.I. research lab" 4912: 4009: 2412: 1309: 1295: 7781: 6472:"Elon Musk says we need universal basic income because 'in the future, physical work will be a choice'" 5976: 2916:"What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)? | 4 Tests For Ensuring Artificial General Intelligence" 2707:"Artificial intelligence is transforming our world – it is on all of us to make sure that it goes well" 2554: 1594:

strong AI hypothesis." Thus, for academic AI research, "Strong AI" and "AGI" are two different things.

4396: 3482: 2528:"Impressed by artificial intelligence? Experts say AGI is coming next, and it has 'existential' risks" 1739:

calls these existential risks "an argument for proceeding with due caution", not for "abandoning AI".

8109: 7672: 6654: 6043: 4563: 4397:"OpenAI Announces a New AI Model, Code-Named Strawberry, That Solves Difficult Problems Step by Step" 3614: 1939: 1833: 1305: 477: 103: 1888: – Software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain 1808:

Many scholars who are concerned about existential risk advocate for more research into solving the "

1219:, a language model capable of performing many diverse tasks without specific training. According to 1129:, the first of a series of models that "spend more time thinking before they respond". According to 8324: 7926: 7909: 7890: 7878: 7836:

they receive. This could cause for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze

7824: 7795: 2758: 2603:: Kurzweil describes strong AI as "machine intelligence with the full range of human intelligence." 1969: 1951: 1928: 1701: 1440: 1321: 848: 841: 837: 651: 620: 577: 255: 6924:

Holte, R. C.; Choueiry, B. Y. (2003), "Abstraction and reformulation in artificial intelligence",

6248: 7832:) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of 7435: 7225:(1963), "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought", in Feigenbaum, E. A.; Feldman, J. (eds.), 7191: 6749: 6678: 6586: 5434: 4972: 4831: 4813: 4786: 4656: 4595: 4520: 4494: 4333: 4177: 4101: 3983: 3774: 3755:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8598. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence. 3684: 3630: 3604: 2915: 2870: 2783:

This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by major AI textbooks, including:

2613: 2500: 1975: 1821: 1809: 1784:

here—we'll leave the lights on?' Probably not—but this is more or less what is happening with AI.

1484: 1428: 1246: 954: 683: 305: 7959: 7774:

are, at their core, dead simple stupid. They work, but they work by brute force." (p. 198.)

7702:

Zucker, Jean-Daniel (July 2003), "A grounded theory of abstraction in artificial intelligence",

7038: 7032: 3715: 2659: 1472:. A brain simulation would likely have to capture the detailed cellular behaviour of biological 1344:

technologies that could deliver the necessary detailed understanding are improving rapidly, and

1126: 883:

wrote in 1965: "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do."

847:

However, many of these tasks can now be performed by modern large language models. According to

7810:– disembodied, strangers to blood, sweat, and tears – have no occasion for that." (p. 30.) 6222: 6071: 5786:"How technological progress is making it likelier than ever that humans will destroy ourselves" 5723: 5622: 17: 8290: 8265: 8083: 7818: 7731: 7688: 7664: 7644: 7634: 7607: 7595: 7552: 7525: 7509: 7367: 7353: 7276: 7089: 7042: 6992: 6953: 6818: 6773: 6761: 6741: 6698: 6670: 6578: 6544: 6506: 6282: 6201: 6173: 5984: 5877: 5849: 5819: 5764: 5731: 5466: 5420: 5363: 5001: 4778: 4648: 4587: 4579: 4512: 4404: 4325: 4169: 4093: 4085: 3963: 3945: 3764: 3674: 2997: 2969: 2862: 2829: 2191: 1999: 1925: – Collaborative public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration 1802: 1686: 1578: 1461: 764: 667: 624: 573:

However, researchers generally hold that intelligence is required to do all of the following:

523: 83: 5950: 5570: 4850: 2598: 1624:

experience. According to idealism, intelligence does not automatically entail consciousness.

1312:

can serve as an alternative approach. With whole brain simulation, a brain model is built by

1073:

Most AI researchers believe strong AI can be achieved in the future, but some thinkers, like

8312: 8285: 8185: 8033: 7851: 7837: 7768: 7721: 7713: 7680: 7626: 7587: 7501: 7461: 7427: 7254: 7238: 7222: 7183: 7081: 7067: 6943: 6935: 6882: 6855: 6765: 6733: 6662: 6570: 6417:"GPTs are GPTs: An early look at the labor market impact potential of large language models" 6163: 6145: 5662: 4823: 4768: 4722: 4638: 4571: 4504: 4429: 4315: 4159: 4149: 4077: 3953: 3937: 3756: 3666: 3622: 3261: 3078:"6 Jobs Artificial Intelligence Is Already Replacing and How Investors Can Capitalize on It" 3054: 2854: 2216: 2183: 2080: 1922: 1885: 1728: 1333: 1325: 1299: 1146: 1044: 891: 880: 802: 600: 221: 156: 141: 7168: 6966: 4853:[Google AI is twice as smart as Siri – but a six-year-old beats both] (in German). 898:, who embodied what AI researchers believed they could create by the year 2001. AI pioneer 8250: 8230: 8220: 8210: 8144: 8078: 7940: 7755: 7316: 7019: 6532: 6154: 5447: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5308:. A wide range of views in current research, all of which require grounding to some degree 4377: 2425: 2261: 1776: 1757: 1529:

argument. He proposed a distinction between two hypotheses about artificial intelligence:

1370: 1257: 1239: 1188: 1180: 887: 829: 745: 687: 632: 531: 489: 485: 470: 98: 7684: 6770:

The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World

5506: 2754: 1693:. This also raises the question of the place of humans in a radically automated society. 7676: 7591: 6658: 6168: 6149: 5898: 4940:"DeepMind's new AI can perform over 600 tasks, from playing games to controlling robots" 4567: 4353:"Unveiling of Large Multimodal Models: Shaping the Landscape of Language Models in 2024" 3662:

Universal Artificial Intelligence: Sequential Decisions Based on Algorithmic Probability

3618: 1149:

still lack advanced reasoning and planning capabilities, but rapid progress is expected.

8073: 7902: 7856: 7750: 7726: 7492: 6948: 6737: 6690: 6631: 6537: 3958: 3925: 3894: 1963: 1871:

Elon Musk considers that the automation of society will require governments to adopt a

1765: 1732: 1697: 1665: 1643: 1444: 1313: 1270: 1184: 1074: 935: 670:). There is debate about whether modern AI systems possess them to an adequate degree. 458: 4209:"The Doomsday Invention: Will artificial intelligence bring us utopia or destruction?" 3342: 2041:

See below for the origin of the term "strong AI", and see the academic definition of "

8380: 8280: 8225: 8195: 7845: 7764: 7544: 7323:, presented and distributed at the 2007 Singularity Summit, San Francisco, California 6714: 5364:

Will Biological Computers Enable Artificially Intelligent Machines to Become Persons?

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Armstrong, Stuart, and Kaj Sotala. 2012. “How We’re Predicting AI—or Failing To.” In

4181: 4105: 3750: 3626: 2961: 2005: 1987: 1761: 1567: 1416: 1383: 1317: 1220: 1201: 1078: 1059: 1004: 899: 788: 516: 151: 7667:(2008), "Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk", 7439: 7293: 7152: 6753: 6682: 6558: 5663:"How we can Benefit from Advancing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) – Unite.AI" 4899:

nothing else, GPT-3 tells us there is a middle ground between narrow and general AI.

4835: 4551: 4277: 3864: 3688: 3203: 2874: 8270: 8200: 8013: 7917: 7841: 7777: 7630: 7540: 7473:

Sutherland, J. G. (1990), "Holographic Model of Memory, Learning, and Expression",

7357: 7234: 7218: 7127: 7102: 7005: 6839: 6590: 6308:"Humanity, Security & AI, Oh My! (with Ian Bremmer & Shuman Ghosemajumder)" 6191: 4037: 3778: 3634: 2342: 2046: 2042: 1902: 1817: 1651: 1582: 1563: 1559: 1526: 1374: 1348: 1341: 1279: 1167: 1066: 1054: 1019: 977: 965: 919: 752: 558: 295: 6275:"Experts disagree over threat posed but artificial intelligence cannot be ignored" 3838: 3126:"Turing Test is unreliable. The Winograd Schema is obsolete. Coffee is the answer" 2889: 2614:"The Age of Artificial Intelligence: George John at TEDxLondonBusinessSchool 2013" 1242:, a "general-purpose" system capable of performing more than 600 different tasks. 7412: 7072: 6860: 5812:"Climate change an 'existential security risk' to Australia, Senate inquiry says" 3817:: 'The term "AGI" was popularized by... Shane Legg, Mark Gubrud and Ben Goertzel' 3660: 2379:"AI timelines: What do experts in artificial intelligence expect for the future?" 2344:

A Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy

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Ord, Toby (2020). "Chapter 5: Future Risks, Unaligned Artificial Intelligence".

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Several tests meant to confirm human-level AGI have been considered, including:

636: 581: 562: 324: 309: 7954: 7505: 4773: 4756: 4643: 4626: 4552:"Towards artificial general intelligence with hybrid Tianjic chip architecture" 4482: 4320: 4303: 3924:

Shevlin, Henry; Vold, Karina; Crosby, Matthew; Halina, Marta (4 October 2019).

3792: 3022: 646:

Computer-based systems that exhibit many of these capabilities exist (e.g. see

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Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving

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Darrach, Brad (20 November 1970), "Meet Shakey, the First Electronic Person",

5641:"Artificial General Intelligence – Do[es] the cost outweigh benefits?" 5350: 5276: 4944: 4827: 4575: 4508: 4154: 4137: 3760: 2187: 1793: 1769: 1753: 1048: 1015: 911: 7513: 7389:, Technical Report #2008-3, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, 7381: 6286: 6177: 6119:"Will Artificial Intelligence Doom The Human Race Within The Next 100 Years?" 5988: 5823: 5735: 5695:"What Will Our Society Look Like When Artificial Intelligence Is Everywhere?" 5005: 4782: 4652: 4583: 4516: 4408: 4329: 4173: 4089: 3949: 3001: 2014: – Hardware specially designed and optimized for artificial intelligence 1797:

it moronic objectives with no safeguards". On the other side, the concept of

476:

There is debate on the exact definition of AGI, and regarding whether modern

8255: 8245: 8023: 7861: 7771: 7332: 6416: 4483:"The Why, What, and How of Artificial General Intelligence Chip Development" 3941: 3241:

Artificial Intelligence, Evolutionary Computation and Metaheuristics (AIECM)

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Goertzel, Ben; Pennachin, Cassio (2007). "Artificial General Intelligence".

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Clocksin, William (August 2003), "Artificial intelligence and the future",

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White, R. W. (1959). "Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence".

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Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel J, et al. (April 2009),

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Creating AGI is a primary goal of AI research and of companies such as

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for curiosity by the field about why a program behaves the way it does

4302:

Guzik, Erik E.; Byrge, Christian; Gilde, Christian (1 December 2023).

1948: – AI system capable of generating content in response to prompts 8169: 7799: 4033:"Artificial intelligence will not turn into a Frankenstein's monster" 2858: 2593: 1829: 1483:

A fundamental criticism of the simulated brain approach derives from

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Scharre, Paul, "Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race",

7578:

Williams, R. W.; Herrup, K. (1988), "The control of neuron number",

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UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development

5072: 3670: 1498:) as an option, but it is unknown whether this would be sufficient. 462: 4977: 4878:"We're entering the AI twilight zone between narrow and general AI" 4818: 4499: 4263:"Microsoft Now Claims GPT-4 Shows 'Sparks' of General Intelligence" 3988: 3665:. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science an EATCS Series. Springer. 3609: 2819:

de Charms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic Press.

2440:"AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns of danger ahead" 7798:

is what distinguishes us from machines. For biological creatures,

7520:

de Vega, Manuel; Glenberg, Arthur; Graesser, Arthur, eds. (2008),

5899:"OpenAI Chief Scientist Says Advanced AI May Already Be Conscious" 5544:"The Google engineer who thinks the company's AI has come to life" 3510:"Behind Artificial Intelligence, a Squadron of Bright Real People" 2641:, This is the term they use for "human-level" intelligence in the 2084: 1659: 1448: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1364: 1250: 1216: 1140: 1108: 659: 540: 530:

A framework for classifying AGI in levels was proposed in 2023 by

481: 7806:

come from acting in the world and experiencing the consequences.

4994:"'The Godfather of A.I.' Leaves Google and Warns of Danger Ahead" 1919: – Process of automating the application of machine learning 851:'s 2024 AI index, AI has reached human-level performance on many 5385: 5383: 5381: 4456:"Next-Gen AI: OpenAI and Meta's Leap Towards Reasoning Machines" 2733:"Here is how far we are to achieving AGI, according to DeepMind" 1984: – Overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence 1972: – Solving multiple machine learning tasks at the same time 1558:

In contrast to Searle and mainstream AI, some futurists such as

1404: 1008: 7963: 7840:. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone 7366:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 7361: 7298:

Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research

6968:

Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective

3100:"The Plan to Replace the Turing Test with a 'Turing Olympics'" 2469:"Microsoft Researchers Claim GPT-4 Is Showing "Sparks" of AGI" 1336:, and for medical research purposes. It has been discussed in 1286:

employee, estimated AGI by 2027 to be "strikingly plausible".

915: 5225:"How uploading our minds to a computer might become possible" 5160: 5158: 2290: 1996: – Alternate term for or form of artificial intelligence 809:

An AI model is given $ 100,000 and has to obtain $ 1 million.

6249:"AI arms race risks spiralling out of control, report warns" 5203:"Decade-long European research project maps the human brain" 1065:

A further challenge is the lack of clarity in defining what

58: 7921: 7794:, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 27–28, 30. " 7753:, "Ready for Robots? How to Think about the Future of AI", 7243:"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" 5417:

Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain

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The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity

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Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence

5054:"Nvidia CEO says AI could pass human tests in five years" 4304:"The originality of machines: AI takes the Torrance Test" 3897:[Elective courses 2010/2011 – winter trimester]. 3867:[Elective courses 2009/2010 – spring trimester]. 3213:(Second ed.). New York: John Wiley. pp. 54–57. 2990:"Eugene Goostman is a real boy – the Turing Test says so" 2037: 2035: 1480:, which are known to play a role in cognitive processes. 1087: 7522:

Symbols and Embodiment: Debates on meaning and cognition

7490:(October 1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", 5977:"A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn" 4487:

IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems

2555:"A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn" 1936: – Defunct Oxford interdisciplinary research centre 580:, use strategy, solve puzzles, and make judgments under 561:

have been proposed. One of the leading proposals is the

5305: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3343:"Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky" 2350:, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute Working Paper 20, 7759:, vol. 98, no. 4 (July/August 2019), pp. 192–98. 6887:

Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology

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Bostrom, Nick (2017). "§ Preferred order of arrival".

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Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

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AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence

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The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

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Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

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The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence

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Chow, Andrew R.; Perrigo, Billy (16 February 2023).

2966:

Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said To Think?

2792: 1942: – Learning to play multiple games successfully 1550:

The first one he called "strong" because it makes a

27:

Human-level or stronger AI for a wide range of tasks

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Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence will Kill our Grandchildren

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(2006), 6273:Milmo, Dan; Stacey, Kiran (25 September 2023). 5137: 2237:"What is artificial narrow intelligence (ANI)?" 1864: 1781: 1542:: An artificial intelligence system can (only) 1262: 1107:researchers published a detailed evaluation of 998:Modern artificial general intelligence research 736: 8155:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 7788:, Princeton University Press, 2023, 333 pp.), 7466:The Shape of Automation for Men and Management 7334:Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach 6150:"Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey" 4003:Allen, Paul; Greaves, Mark (12 October 2011). 1642:about perceptions. 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A 2020 survey identified 72 active AGI 8125:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 7873:, especially smutty ones." (p. 59.) 7380:Sandberg, Anders; Boström, Nick (2008), 7273:Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis 6223:"The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying" 5249:Vicinanza, Domenico (18 December 2023). 5149: 4708: 4691: 4194: 4123: 3555:"Trends in the Emerging Tech Hype Cycle" 2571: 1468:implementations is simple compared with 8165:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 7475:International Journal of Neural Systems 6854:(18, Special Review Issue): 1161–1173, 6543:, World Scientific Publishing Company, 6007: 6005: 5867: 5865: 5218: 5216: 5188: 5176: 3582: 3465: 3449: 3430: 3414: 3372: 3368: 3329: 3286: 3211:Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence 2808: 2796: 2144: 2031: 2020: – Form of artificial intelligence 1555:in academic AI research and textbooks. 1398:. Each of the 10 (one hundred billion) 1097:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 50: 6439: 6437: 6051:from the original on 25 September 2015 5754: 5752: 5717: 5715: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5443: 5432: 5317: 4851:"Google-KI doppelt so schlau wie Siri" 4750: 4748: 4045:from the original on 17 September 2014 3845:from the original on 28 September 2020 3647: 3489:from the original on 30 September 2008 3222:(Section 4 is on "AI-Complete Tasks".) 2947: 2463: 2461: 2421: 2410: 1340:research as an approach to strong AI. 438:, which is limited to specific tasks. 8402:Unsolved problems in computer science 7955:The AGI portal maintained by Pei Wang 7780:, "The Fate of Free Will" (review of 7565:from the original on 18 February 2021 7337:, New York: Oxford University Press, 7108:The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence 6597:from the original on 18 February 2021 5530: 5351:MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 5306:de Vega, Glenberg & Graesser 2008 4888:from the original on 4 September 2020 3899:Факултет по математика и информатика 3869:Факултет по математика и информатика 3803:from the original on 28 December 2018 3578: 3576: 3325: 3220:from the original on 1 February 2016. 2620:from the original on 26 February 2014 2357:from the original on 14 November 2021 2068:philosophy of artificial intelligence 1508:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 733:Turing described the test as follows: 635:) consider additional traits such as 465:projects spread across 37 countries. 7: 7304:from the original on 12 January 2008 7205:from the original on 16 October 2011 6563:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 5486:Chalmers, David J. (9 August 2023). 5287:from the original on 8 February 2014 4919:from the original on 16 October 2021 4733:from the original on 4 December 2020 4723:"Error in Armstrong and Sotala 2012" 4686: 4684: 4682: 4430:"AI Index: State of AI in 13 Charts" 4221:from the original on 28 January 2016 3520:from the original on 2 February 2023 3388: 3262:"AI Index: State of AI in 13 Charts" 2888:Muehlhauser, Luke (11 August 2013). 2765:from the original on 26 October 2007 2373: 2371: 2012:Hardware for artificial intelligence 1779:criticized widespread indifference: 1727:AGI may represent multiple types of 1517:"Strong AI" as defined in philosophy 1089:Tests for confirming human-level AGI 522:Related concepts include artificial 7906:, 20 November 2023, pp. 20–26. 7592:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231 7145:Journal of Evolution and Technology 6975:from the original on 17 August 2007 6868:from the original on 7 January 2016 5897:Al-Sibai, Noor (13 February 2022). 5403:Explainable artificial intelligence 4876:Grossman, Gary (3 September 2020). 4857:from the original on 3 January 2019 4606:from the original on 29 August 2022 4531:from the original on 28 August 2022 3402: 3076:Naysmith, Caleb (7 February 2023). 3048:Varanasi, Lakshmi (21 March 2023). 1954: – Scientific research project 1689:if the wealth produced is properly 1656:what does it feel like to be a bat? 1415:" – a measure used to rate current 1113:Torrance tests of creative thinking 697:, change location to explore, etc.) 8307:Statement on AI risk of extinction 7848:for such a purpose." (p. 82.) 7685:10.1093/oso/9780198570509.003.0021 7449:from the original on 17 March 2019 7396:from the original on 25 March 2020 6738:10.1212/01.WNL.0000166914.38327.BB 6364:Titcomb, James (30 October 2023). 5951:"AI Should Be Terrified of Humans" 5784:Piper, Kelsey (19 November 2018). 5722:Stevenson, Matt (8 October 2015). 5571:"AI Should Be Terrified of Humans" 3452:, pp. 161–162, 197–203, 240; 3176:Suleyman, Mustafa (14 July 2023). 3098:Turk, Victoria (28 January 2015). 2896:from the original on 25 April 2014 2793:Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 2002: – Machine learning technique 1982:Outline of artificial intelligence 1946:Generative artificial intelligence 1191:developed a neural network called 1122:such as text, audio, and images). 980:is driven uniting the two efforts. 918:project (that began in 1984), and 870:History of artificial intelligence 32:generative artificial intelligence 25: 8044:Ethics of artificial intelligence 7612:"Artificial General Intelligence" 7341:from the original on 25 July 2009 6796:from the original on 26 July 2010 6619:from the original on 23 July 2014 6519:from the original on 18 June 2022 6247:Tetlow, Gemma (12 January 2017). 5223:Thornton, Angela (26 June 2023). 4952:from the original on 16 June 2022 4136:Fjelland, Ragnar (17 June 2020). 3905:from the original on 26 July 2020 3875:from the original on 26 July 2020 3730:from the original on 15 June 2022 3695:from the original on 19 July 2022 3508:Markoff, John (14 October 2005). 3349:from the original on 16 July 2012 3250:from the original on 22 May 2013. 3150:Bhaimiya, Sawdah (20 June 2023). 2926:from the original on 17 July 2019 2731:Dickson, Ben (16 November 2023). 2508:from the original on 30 June 2023 543:to be instances of emerging AGI. 8363: 8362: 8054:Friendly artificial intelligence 7383:Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap 6893:from the original on 29 May 2011 6345:from the original on 4 June 2014 5923:Samuelsson, Paul Conrad (2019). 5595:Nosta, John (18 December 2023). 5415:Churchland, Patricia S. (1986). 5347:(quoted in " Encyclopedia.com"), 5052:Nellis, Stephen (2 March 2024). 4755:Butz, Martin V. (1 March 2021). 3723:(Thesis). University of Lugano. 3561:from the original on 22 May 2019 2587:Kurzweil, Ray (5 August 2005a), 2494:Morozov, Evgeny (30 June 2023). 2235:Krishna, Sri (9 February 2023). 2218:What is Artificial Intelligence? 874:Symbolic artificial intelligence 751:The Robot College Student Test ( 6811:Artificial General Intelligence 6505:. Paris: UNESCO. 11 June 2021. 5949:Kateman, Brian (24 July 2023). 5693:Talty, Jules; Julien, Stephan. 5569:Kateman, Brian (24 July 2023). 4378:"Introducing OpenAI o1-preview" 4351:Zia, Tehseen (8 January 2024). 3752:Artificial General Intelligence 3439:Feigenbaum & McCorduck 1983 3307:from the original on 6 May 2022 2315:Heath, Alex (18 January 2024). 1978: – Law in machine learning 926:project, were directed at AGI. 615:in completion of any given goal 557:Various popular definitions of 424:Artificial general intelligence 79:Artificial general intelligence 18:General artificial intelligence 8115:Center for Applied Rationality 7631:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.585 7275:, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 7020:Lighthill, Professor Sir James 6881:Gubrud, Mark (November 1997), 5621:Akst, Daniel (10 April 2023). 5086:Nosta, John (5 January 2024). 4849:Brien, Jörn (5 October 2017). 3209:. In Stuart C. Shapiro (ed.). 1990: – Philosophical movement 834:natural language understanding 469:exists. Notable AI researcher 1: 7916:aced a test but showed that 7580:Annual Review of Neuroscience 7420:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7169:"What Is it Like to Be a Bat" 6333:Hamblin, James (9 May 2014). 6169:10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001 5848:. New York, NY: Basic Books. 4938:Wiggers, Kyle (13 May 2022), 4674:Goertzel & Pennachin 2006 2789:Luger & Stubblefield 2004 2045:" and weak AI in the article 2008: – Annual AI competition 1648:hard problem of consciousness 8135:Future of Humanity Institute 7791:The New York Review of Books 7551:. IOS Press. pp. 1–16. 7468:, New York: Harper & Row 7413:"Minds, Brains and Programs" 7073:10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.009 6861:10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.011 6697:. New York, NY: BasicBooks. 5975:Roose, Kevin (30 May 2023). 5810:Doherty, Ben (17 May 2018). 5277:"Glia—the other brain cells" 4276:Shimek, Cary (6 July 2023). 4250:Beyond AI: Artificial Dreams 4005:"The Singularity Isn't Near" 3793:"Who coined the term "AGI"?" 3627:10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6 2553:Roose, Kevin (30 May 2023). 2018:Weak artificial intelligence 1934:Future of Humanity Institute 1566:, unless it is assumed that 440:Artificial superintelligence 36:artificial superintelligence 8352:Artificial Intelligence Act 8346:Do You Trust This Computer? 7830:natural-language processing 7619:Annual Review of Psychology 7524:, Oxford University Press, 6395:Australian Financial Review 5844:MacAskill, William (2022). 5465:. Oxford University Press. 5461:Chalmers, David J. (1996). 5138:Sandberg & Boström 2008 4761:KI – Künstliche Intelligenz 4631:Nature Machine Intelligence 3202:Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992). 3124:Gopani, Avi (25 May 2022). 1256:In 2023, the AI researcher 986:symbol grounding hypothesis 695:move and manipulate objects 430:) is a theoretical type of 114:Natural language processing 8418: 8397:Computational neuroscience 7300:, National Academy Press, 7134:, Harvard University Press 7026:, Science Research Council 6965:Howe, J. (November 1994), 6638:, Oxford University Press. 4774:10.1007/s13218-021-00705-x 4644:10.1038/s42256-022-00463-x 4321:10.1016/j.yjoc.2023.100065 3717:Machine Super Intelligence 3437:, p. 24 and see also 1958:Intelligence amplification 1917:Automated machine learning 1854:Technological unemployment 1851: 1716: 1601: 1505: 1330:computational neuroscience 1293: 945: 867: 817: 629:computational intelligence 550: 167:Hybrid intelligent systems 89:Recursive self-improvement 29: 8360: 8105:Alignment Research Center 8089:Technological singularity 8039:Effective accelerationism 7814:Hughes-Castleberry, Kenna 7669:Global Catastrophic Risks 7432:10.1017/S0140525X00005756 7247:Communications of the ACM 6786:Gelernter, David (2010), 6609:Berglas, Anthony (2008), 5876:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5390:Russell & Norvig 2003 5332:Russell & Norvig 2003 5165:Russell & Norvig 2003 4992:Metz, Cade (1 May 2023). 4828:10.1007/s40745-017-0109-0 4576:10.1038/s41586-019-1424-8 4509:10.1109/TCDS.2021.3069871 4155:10.1057/s41599-020-0494-4 3761:10.1007/978-3-319-09274-4 3542:Russell & Norvig 2003 3454:Russell & Norvig 2003 3435:Russell & Norvig 2003 3419:Russell & Norvig 2003 3204:"Artificial Intelligence" 2785:Russell & Norvig 2003 2188:10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4 1502:Philosophical perspective 1466:artificial neural network 1304:While the development of 1125:In 2024, OpenAI released 959:recommendation algorithms 932:Fifth Generation Computer 744:In 2014, a chatbot named 709:Tests for human-level AGI 693:the ability to act (e.g. 8140:Future of Life Institute 8059:Instrumental convergence 7808:Artificial intelligences 7506:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 5071:Aschenbrenner, Leopold. 3827:Wang & Goertzel 2007 3299:Kaplan, Andreas (2022). 3130:Analytics India Magazine 2132:made this point in 1950. 1799:instrumental convergence 1604:Artificial consciousness 1413:floating-point operation 800:The Modern Turing Test ( 664:evolutionary computation 648:computational creativity 499:. Many AI personalities 291:Artificial consciousness 30:Not to be confused with 8392:Artificial intelligence 8387:Hypothetical technology 7995:artificial intelligence 7866:artificial intelligence 7229:, New York: McGraw-Hill 7060:Artificial Intelligence 7011:The Singularity is Near 6848:Artificial Intelligence 5627:The Wall Street Journal 5360:(quoted in "AITopics"), 5343:3 December 2007 at the 4481:James, Alex P. (2022). 3942:10.15252/embr.201949177 3659:Hutter, Marcus (2005). 3485:. Stanford University. 3328:, p. 96 quoted in 2639:Newell & Simon 1976 2266:www-formal.stanford.edu 2221:. Stanford University. 2215:McCarthy, John (2007). 2064:artificial intelligence 1820:(which could lead to a 1354:The Singularity Is Near 1338:artificial intelligence 1173:The Singularity is Near 948:Artificial intelligence 656:decision support system 553:Artificial intelligence 432:artificial intelligence 162:Evolutionary algorithms 52:Artificial intelligence 8064:Intelligence explosion 7920:cannot be measured by 7718:10.1098/rstb.2003.1308 7139:Moravec, Hans (1998), 6987:Johnson, Mark (1987), 6940:10.1098/rstb.2003.1317 6667:10.1098/rsta.2003.1232 6013:"Statement on AI Risk" 5846:What we owe the future 4806:Annals of Data Science 4064:Deane, George (2022). 3749:Goertzel, Ben (2014). 2643:physical symbol system 2420:Cite journal requires 2180:Cognitive Technologies 1994:Synthetic intelligence 1873:universal basic income 1869: 1786: 1387: 1267: 1150: 995: 982: 741: 613:integrate these skills 591:common sense knowledge 63: 8019:AI capability control 7625:, Springer: 585–612, 7260:10.1145/360018.360022 7227:Computers and Thought 6762:Feigenbaum, Edward A. 4721:Grace, Katja (2016). 4308:Journal of Creativity 4010:MIT Technology Review 3182:MIT Technology Review 2960:Turing, Alan (1952). 2158:MIT Technology Review 1852:Further information: 1521:In 1980, philosopher 1368: 1328:that is discussed in 1310:whole brain emulation 1306:large language models 1296:Whole brain emulation 1290:Whole brain emulation 1144: 990: 974:commonsense knowledge 970: 908:classical AI projects 763:The Employment Test ( 478:large language models 62: 8110:Center for AI Safety 7176:Philosophical Review 6989:The body in the mind 6148:(19 December 2014). 6146:Yampolskiy, Roman V. 6044:The Independent (UK) 6017:Center for AI Safety 5699:Smithsonian Magazine 5356:19 July 2008 at the 4384:. 12 September 2024. 4082:10.1162/artl_a_00368 3714:Legg, Shane (2008). 3483:"Reply to Lighthill" 3417:, pp. 115–117; 2847:Psychological Review 2662:on 25 September 2009 1940:General game playing 1834:Shuman Ghosemajumder 1534:Strong AI hypothesis 814:AI-complete problems 104:General game playing 8325:Our Final Invention 7927:Scientific American 7891:Scientific American 7879:Scientific American 7825:Scientific American 7769:AI machine-learning 7712:(1435): 1293–1309, 7677:2008gcr..book..303Y 6934:(1435): 1197–1204, 6659:2003RSPTA.361.1721C 6653:(1809): 1721–1748, 5548:The Washington Post 5369:13 May 2008 at the 4757:"Towards Strong AI" 4568:2019Natur.572..106P 3619:1990PhyD...42..335H 3557:. Gartner Reports. 2759:Stanford University 1970:Multi-task learning 1952:Human Brain Project 1929:China Brain Project 1702:climate engineering 1441:Human Brain Project 849:Stanford University 842:social intelligence 652:automated reasoning 587:represent knowledge 569:Intelligence traits 497:an existential risk 256:Machine translation 172:Systems integration 109:Knowledge reasoning 46:Part of a series on 7665:Yudkowsky, Eliezer 7608:Yudkowsky, Eliezer 7354:Russell, Stuart J. 7086:Machines Who Think 6905:Halal, William E. 6772:, Michael Joseph, 6636:The Conscious Mind 5981:The New York Times 4998:The New York Times 3514:The New York Times 3468:, pp. 209–212 2559:The New York Times 2501:The New York Times 2444:The New York Times 1976:Neural scaling law 1822:race to the bottom 1803:intelligent agents 1540:Weak AI hypothesis 1485:embodied cognition 1470:biological neurons 1388: 1247:Microsoft Research 1151: 955:speech recognition 942:Narrow AI research 690:, hear, etc.), and 64: 8374: 8373: 8291:Eliezer Yudkowsky 8266:Stuart J. Russell 8084:Superintelligence 7852:Immerwahr, Daniel 7838:ancient languages 7782:Kevin J. Mitchell 7767:writes: "Current 7640:978-3-540-23733-4 7558:978-1-58603-758-1 7531:978-0-19-921727-4 7282:978-1-55860-467-4 7082:McCorduck, Pamela 7066:(18): 1174–1182, 7048:978-0-8053-4780-7 6998:978-0-226-40317-5 6842:(December 2007), 6824:978-3-540-23733-4 6779:978-0-7181-2401-4 6766:McCorduck, Pamela 6732:(12): 2004–2005, 6575:10.1002/cne.21974 6550:978-1-86094-036-1 6512:978-92-3-100450-6 6470:Sheffey, Ayelet. 6397:. 30 October 2023 5883:978-1-5266-0021-9 5855:978-1-5416-1862-6 5770:978-0-19-967811-2 5472:978-0-19-511789-9 5446:value: checksum ( 5426:978-0-262-53088-4 4911:Quach, Katyanna. 4562:(7767): 106–111. 4282:Neuroscience News 3770:978-3-319-09273-7 3680:978-3-540-26877-2 3421:, pp. 21–22. 3367:Marvin Minsky to 2755:"Basic Questions" 2711:Our World in Data 2601:on 14 August 2005 2383:Our World in Data 2197:978-3-540-23733-4 2066:researchers, see 2000:Transfer learning 1848:Mass unemployment 1713:Existential risks 1462:artificial neuron 1147:foundation models 787:The Coffee Test ( 668:intelligent agent 625:cognitive science 623:approaches (e.g. 621:interdisciplinary 524:superintelligence 421: 420: 157:Bayesian networks 84:Intelligent agent 16:(Redirected from 8409: 8366: 8365: 8313:Human Compatible 8286:Roman Yampolskiy 8034:Consequentialism 7991:Existential risk 7984: 7977: 7970: 7961: 7738: 7729: 7697: 7659: 7658:on 11 April 2009 7657: 7651:, archived from 7616: 7602: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7534: 7516: 7500:(236): 433–460, 7482: 7469: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7417: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7376: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7324: 7317:Omohundro, Steve 7312: 7311: 7309: 7285: 7264: 7262: 7230: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7204: 7173: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7151:, archived from 7135: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7111:, archived from 7098: 7076: 7075: 7051: 7027: 7015: 7001: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6960: 6951: 6920: 6918: 6912:. Archived from 6911: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6863: 6835: 6834:on 20 March 2013 6833: 6827:, archived from 6816: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6782: 6756: 6719: 6718:, pp. 58–68 6708: 6685: 6639: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6553: 6542: 6539:Impossible Minds 6533:Aleksander, Igor 6528: 6526: 6524: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6476:Business Insider 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6125:. 22 August 2014 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5643:. 23 August 2021 5637: 5631: 5630: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5601:Psychology Today 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5430: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5376: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5255:The Conversation 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5229:The Conversation 5220: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5092:Psychology Today 5083: 5077: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4915:. The Register. 4908: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4776: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4646: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4502: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4434:hai.stanford.edu 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4323: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4265:. 24 March 2023. 4259: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4167: 4157: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4110: 4109: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4031:Winfield, Alan. 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3901:(in Bulgarian). 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3871:(in Bulgarian). 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3835: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3656: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3612: 3603:(1–3): 335–346. 3592: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544:, pp. 25–26 3539: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3441: 3428: 3422: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3289:, pp. 48–50 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3156:Business Insider 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3055:Business Insider 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2962:B. Jack Copeland 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2922:. 13 July 2019. 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2859:10.1037/h0040934 2842: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658:. Archived from 2652: 2646: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2597:, archived from 2584: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2291:"OpenAI Charter" 2287: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2262:"Basic Question" 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081:Lighthill report 2077: 2071: 2056: 2050: 2039: 1923:BRAIN Initiative 1886:Artificial brain 1729:existential risk 1435:Current research 1429:achieved in 2022 1425:achieved in 2011 1334:neuroinformatics 1326:brain simulation 1300:Brain simulation 1195:, which won the 1045:Herbert A. Simon 892:Arthur C. Clarke 881:Herbert A. Simon 607:natural language 413: 406: 399: 320:Existential risk 142:Machine learning 43: 21: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8356: 8295: 8251:Steve Omohundro 8231:Geoffrey Hinton 8221:Stephen Hawking 8206:Paul Christiano 8186:Scott Alexander 8174: 8145:Google DeepMind 8093: 8079:Suffering risks 7997: 7988: 7951: 7941:Foreign Affairs 7756:Foreign Affairs 7751:Cukier, Kenneth 7747: 7745:Further reading 7742: 7701: 7695: 7663: 7655: 7641: 7614: 7606: 7577: 7568: 7566: 7559: 7538: 7532: 7519: 7486: 7472: 7460: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7415: 7407: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7352: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7315: 7307: 7305: 7288: 7283: 7267: 7233: 7217: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7188:10.2307/2183914 7171: 7166: 7158: 7156: 7155:on 15 June 2006 7138: 7126: 7118: 7116: 7115:on 3 March 2016 7101: 7096: 7080: 7054: 7049: 7030: 7018: 7004: 6999: 6986: 6978: 6976: 6964: 6923: 6919:on 6 June 2013. 6916: 6909: 6904: 6896: 6894: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6838: 6831: 6825: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6797: 6785: 6780: 6760: 6723: 6711: 6705: 6691:Crevier, Daniel 6689: 6642: 6632:Chalmers, David 6630: 6622: 6620: 6608: 6600: 6598: 6556: 6551: 6531: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6451:. 23 March 2023 6443: 6442: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6155:Physica Scripta 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6070:Herger, Mario. 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5507:"Consciousness" 5504: 5503: 5499: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5441: 5431: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5371:Wayback Machine 5358:Wayback Machine 5345:Wayback Machine 5327: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5026:Bove, Tristan. 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4891: 4889: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4462:. 19 April 2024 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4436:. 15 April 2024 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4113: 4070:Artificial Life 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3771: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3671:10.1007/b138233 3658: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3521: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3433:, p. 211, 3429: 3425: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3375:, p. 109). 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3268:. 15 April 2024 3260: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2996:. 9 June 2014. 2988: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2534:. 23 March 2023 2526: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2475:. 23 March 2023 2467: 2466: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2198: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2078: 2074: 2057: 2053: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2023: 1881: 1856: 1850: 1810:control problem 1777:Stephen Hawking 1758:Geoffrey Hinton 1745: 1725: 1717:Main articles: 1715: 1710: 1687:become obsolete 1679: 1606: 1600: 1577:. According to 1519: 1514: 1504: 1458: 1437: 1427:, while 10 was 1371:Anders Sandberg 1363: 1361:Early estimates 1302: 1294:Main articles: 1292: 1258:Geoffrey Hinton 1189:Geoffrey Hinton 1181:Alex Krizhevsky 1139: 1040: 1032:AGI conferences 1007:in 2000. Named 1000: 968:wrote in 1988: 950: 944: 888:Stanley Kubrick 876: 868:Main articles: 866: 861: 830:computer vision 822: 816: 775:The Ikea test ( 746:Eugene Goostman 718:The Turing Test 711: 682:the ability to 676: 674:Physical traits 633:decision making 605:communicate in 571: 555: 549: 547:Characteristics 532:Google DeepMind 509: 490:futures studies 486:science fiction 480:(LLMs) such as 471:Geoffrey Hinton 417: 388: 387: 378: 370: 369: 345: 335: 334: 306:Control problem 286: 276: 275: 187: 177: 176: 137: 129: 128: 99:Computer vision 74: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8415: 8413: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8074:Machine ethics 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7949:External links 7947: 7946: 7945: 7936: 7910:Roivainen, Eka 7907: 7903:The New Yorker 7895: 7883: 7874: 7857:The New Yorker 7849: 7819:Cain's Jawbone 7811: 7775: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7699: 7693: 7661: 7639: 7604: 7575: 7557: 7536: 7530: 7517: 7484: 7470: 7458: 7426:(3): 417–457, 7405: 7377: 7372: 7350: 7325: 7313: 7286: 7281: 7265: 7253:(3): 113–126. 7231: 7215: 7167:Nagel (1974), 7164: 7136: 7124: 7099: 7094: 7078: 7056:McCarthy, John 7052: 7047: 7028: 7016: 7014:, Viking Press 7002: 6997: 6984: 6962: 6921: 6902: 6878: 6836: 6823: 6805: 6783: 6778: 6758: 6721: 6709: 6703: 6687: 6640: 6628: 6606: 6569:(5): 532–541, 6554: 6549: 6529: 6511: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6462: 6433: 6408: 6382: 6356: 6325: 6314:. 20 July 2023 6299: 6265: 6239: 6213: 6207:978-0199678112 6206: 6183: 6136: 6110: 6084: 6062: 6030: 6001: 5967: 5941: 5929:Philosophy Now 5915: 5889: 5882: 5861: 5854: 5836: 5802: 5776: 5769: 5748: 5711: 5680: 5669:. 7 April 2020 5654: 5632: 5613: 5587: 5561: 5550:. 11 June 2022 5535: 5523: 5497: 5478: 5471: 5453: 5425: 5407: 5394: 5392:, p. 947. 5377: 5375: 5374: 5373:Anthony Tongen 5361: 5348: 5335: 5321: 5310: 5298: 5267: 5241: 5212: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5112:Hickey, Alex. 5104: 5078: 5063: 5044: 5018: 4984: 4962: 4930: 4903: 4868: 4841: 4812:(2): 179–191. 4796: 4744: 4713: 4696: 4694:, p. 260) 4678: 4666: 4637:(3): 211–221. 4617: 4542: 4493:(2): 333–347. 4473: 4447: 4421: 4395:Knight, Will. 4387: 4369: 4343: 4294: 4268: 4254: 4241: 4232: 4214:The New Yorker 4199: 4187: 4128: 4111: 4076:(3): 289–309. 4056: 4023: 3995: 3973: 3936:(10): e49177. 3916: 3886: 3856: 3830: 3819: 3784: 3769: 3741: 3706: 3679: 3651: 3640: 3587: 3572: 3546: 3534: 3500: 3479:McCarthy, John 3470: 3458: 3442: 3423: 3407: 3392: 3385:Lighthill 1973 3377: 3369:Darrach (1970) 3360: 3334: 3318: 3291: 3279: 3253: 3224: 3194: 3168: 3142: 3116: 3090: 3068: 3040: 3014: 2981: 2975:978-0198250791 2974: 2952: 2937: 2907: 2890:"What is AGI?" 2880: 2853:(5): 297–333. 2837: 2821: 2812: 2801: 2776: 2751:McCarthy, John 2742: 2723: 2698: 2673: 2647: 2631: 2605: 2589:"Long Live AI" 2576: 2574:, p. 260. 2564: 2545: 2519: 2486: 2457: 2431: 2422:|journal= 2395: 2367: 2333: 2307: 2282: 2253: 2227: 2207: 2196: 2170: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2122: 2112: 2102: 2096:As AI founder 2089: 2072: 2051: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1964:Machine ethics 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1849: 1846: 1766:Demis Hassabis 1744: 1741: 1733:moral progress 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1698:nanotechnology 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1666:self-awareness 1663: 1644:David Chalmers 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1518: 1515: 1503: 1500: 1457: 1454: 1436: 1433: 1417:supercomputers 1362: 1359: 1291: 1288: 1271:Demis Hassabis 1185:Ilya Sutskever 1138: 1135: 1075:Hubert Dreyfus 1039: 1036: 999: 996: 946:Main article: 943: 940: 936:expert systems 865: 862: 860: 857: 818:Main article: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 798: 794: 785: 782: 773: 770: 761: 758: 749: 735: 734: 731: 727: 710: 707: 699: 698: 691: 675: 672: 617: 616: 611:if necessary, 609: 603: 598: 593: 584: 570: 567: 551:Main article: 548: 545: 508: 505: 419: 418: 416: 415: 408: 401: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 303: 298: 293: 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 252: 251: 241: 236: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 209: 204: 202:Earth sciences 199: 194: 192:Bioinformatics 188: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8414: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8369: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8332:The Precipice 8329: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8281:Frank Wilczek 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Dan Hendrycks 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196:Yoshua Bengio 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098:Organizations 8096: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7846:training data 7843: 7842:civilizations 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7778:Gleick, James 7776: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7765:Alex Pentland 7762: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7694:9780198570509 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541:Goertzel, Ben 7537: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7445: 7441: 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6826: 6820: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6715:Life Magazine 6710: 6706: 6704:0-465-02997-3 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6552: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6371: 6370:The Telegraph 6367: 6360: 6357: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6326: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6266: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6240: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6192:Bostrom, Nick 6187: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6162:(1): 018001. 6161: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6144:Sotala, Kaj; 6140: 6137: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6073: 6066: 6063: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6019:. 30 May 2023 6018: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5968: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5942: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5803: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5588: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5562: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5512: 5511:New Scientist 5508: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5492:Boston Review 5489: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5419:. MIT Press. 5418: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328:For example: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5179:, p. 61. 5178: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150:Drachman 2005 5146: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4974: 4971:with GPT-4". 4966: 4963: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4767:(1): 91–101. 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709:Goertzel 2007 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692:Kurzweil 2005 4687: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4314:(3): 100065. 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4195:McCarthy 2007 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4165:11250/2726984 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4124:Clocksin 2003 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3982:with GPT-4". 3977: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3726: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3707: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3456:, p. 25. 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373:Crevier (1993 3370: 3364: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3332:, p. 109 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3029:. 9 June 2014 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834:0-262-16239-3 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2687: 2686:Enterprise AI 2683: 2677: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Kurzweil 2005 2568: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2414: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2353: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2334: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098:John McCarthy 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:John McCarthy 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006:Loebner Prize 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988:Transhumanism 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Yoshua Bengio 1759: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1691:redistributed 1688: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1598:Consciousness 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1568:consciousness 1565: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1384:consciousness 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1269:In May 2023, 1266: 1261: 1260:stated that: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221:Gary Grossman 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202:deep learning 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1083:John McCarthy 1080: 1079:Roger Penrose 1076: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1060:Alan Winfield 1058:, roboticist 1057: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005:Marcus Hutter 997: 994: 989: 987: 981: 979: 975: 969: 967: 962: 960: 956: 949: 941: 939: 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 901: 900:Marvin Minsky 897: 894:'s character 893: 889: 884: 882: 875: 871: 863: 858: 856: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 821: 813: 808: 805: 804: 799: 795: 792: 791: 786: 783: 780: 779: 774: 771: 768: 767: 762: 759: 756: 755: 750: 747: 743: 742: 740: 732: 728: 725: 724: 719: 716: 715: 714: 708: 706: 704: 696: 692: 689: 685: 681: 680: 679: 673: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 614: 610: 608: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 588: 585: 583: 579: 576: 575: 574: 568: 566: 564: 560: 554: 546: 544: 542: 538: 533: 528: 525: 520: 518: 517:consciousness 514: 506: 504: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 466: 464: 460: 456: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 414: 409: 407: 402: 400: 395: 394: 392: 391: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 344: 339: 338: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 250: 249:Mental health 247: 246: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 213: 212:Generative AI 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 186: 181: 180: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 152:Deep learning 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8311: 8271:Jaan Tallinn 8211:Eric Drexler 8201:Nick Bostrom 8014:AI alignment 8008: 7939: 7925: 7918:intelligence 7912:, "AI's IQ: 7901: 7889: 7886:Marcus, Gary 7877: 7855: 7844:to serve as 7823: 7817: 7789: 7785: 7761:George Dyson 7754: 7709: 7703: 7668: 7653:the original 7622: 7618: 7583: 7579: 7567:. Retrieved 7548: 7521: 7497: 7491: 7488:Turing, Alan 7478: 7474: 7465: 7462:Simon, H. A. 7451:, retrieved 7423: 7419: 7409:Searle, John 7398:, retrieved 7382: 7362: 7343:, retrieved 7333: 7329:Poole, David 7320: 7308:29 September 7306:, retrieved 7297: 7272: 7250: 7246: 7239:Simon, H. A. 7226: 7223:Simon, H. A. 7207:, retrieved 7179: 7175: 7157:, retrieved 7153:the original 7148: 7144: 7131: 7119:29 September 7117:, retrieved 7113:the original 7107: 7085: 7063: 7059: 7033: 7023: 7010: 6988: 6977:, retrieved 6967: 6931: 6925: 6914:the original 6895:, retrieved 6886: 6870:, retrieved 6851: 6847: 6829:the original 6817:, Springer, 6810: 6798:, retrieved 6788: 6769: 6729: 6725: 6713: 6694: 6650: 6644: 6635: 6621:, retrieved 6611: 6599:, retrieved 6566: 6562: 6538: 6523:22 September 6521:. Retrieved 6501: 6479:. Retrieved 6475: 6465: 6453:. Retrieved 6448: 6424:. Retrieved 6420: 6411: 6399:. Retrieved 6394: 6385: 6373:. Retrieved 6369: 6359: 6347:. Retrieved 6339:The Atlantic 6338: 6328: 6318:15 September 6316:. Retrieved 6311: 6302: 6290:. Retrieved 6279:The Guardian 6278: 6268: 6256:. Retrieved 6252: 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6226: 6216: 6196: 6186: 6159: 6153: 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6122: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6096: 6087: 6075:. Retrieved 6065: 6053:. Retrieved 6042: 6033: 6021:. Retrieved 6016: 5992:. Retrieved 5980: 5970: 5958:. Retrieved 5954: 5944: 5932:. Retrieved 5928: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5902: 5892: 5873: 5845: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5816:The Guardian 5815: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5789: 5779: 5760: 5739:. Retrieved 5727: 5702:. Retrieved 5698: 5671:. Retrieved 5667:www.unite.ai 5666: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5635: 5626: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5600: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5574: 5564: 5552:. Retrieved 5547: 5538: 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5510: 5505:Seth, Anil. 5500: 5491: 5481: 5462: 5456: 5416: 5410: 5397: 5324: 5313: 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5280: 5270: 5258:. Retrieved 5254: 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5228: 5206: 5196: 5189:Moravec 1998 5184: 5177:Moravec 1988 5172: 5145: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5117: 5107: 5095:. Retrieved 5091: 5081: 5066: 5057: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5031: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 4997: 4987: 4965: 4954:, retrieved 4943: 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4906: 4897: 4890:. Retrieved 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4844: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4764: 4760: 4735:. Retrieved 4726: 4716: 4669: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4608:. Retrieved 4559: 4555: 4545: 4533:. Retrieved 4490: 4486: 4476: 4464:. Retrieved 4459: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4433: 4424: 4414:17 September 4412:. Retrieved 4400: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4360:. Retrieved 4356: 4346: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4285:. Retrieved 4281: 4271: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4223:. Retrieved 4212: 4202: 4190: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4049:17 September 4047:. Retrieved 4038:The Guardian 4036: 4026: 4016:17 September 4014:. Retrieved 4008: 3998: 3976: 3933: 3930:EMBO Reports 3929: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3898: 3889: 3877:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3833: 3822: 3805:. Retrieved 3797:goertzel.org 3796: 3787: 3751: 3744: 3732:. Retrieved 3716: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3661: 3654: 3643: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3585:, p. 20 3583:Moravec 1988 3563:. Retrieved 3549: 3537: 3529: 3522:. Retrieved 3513: 3503: 3493:29 September 3491:. Retrieved 3473: 3466:Crevier 1993 3461: 3450:Crevier 1993 3445: 3431:Crevier 1993 3426: 3415:Crevier 1993 3410: 3380: 3371:, quoted in 3363: 3351:. Retrieved 3337: 3330:Crevier 1993 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3294: 3287:Crevier 1993 3282: 3270:. Retrieved 3265: 3256: 3240: 3227: 3210: 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3181: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3133:. Retrieved 3129: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3071: 3059:. Retrieved 3053: 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3026: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 2994:The Guardian 2993: 2984: 2965: 2955: 2928:. Retrieved 2919: 2910: 2898:. Retrieved 2883: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2824: 2815: 2809:Johnson 1987 2804: 2797:Nilsson 1998 2779: 2767:. Retrieved 2745: 2736: 2726: 2714:. 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