4511:
42:
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1920:
1907:
1897:
1471:
Each year an examination is held for those who have completed their studies. In it their performance is evaluated by the abbot of the particular college. The topics for their dialectical examination are drawn from the whole course of study and the topic to be debated is selected by the abbot on the
1130:. The course of study which prevails in Kagyu and Nyingma circles emphasizes commentary over debate, and focuses on a somewhat wider selection of classics (with accordingly less detail). It ideally lasts for nine years, concluding with a three-year, three-month meditation retreat.
1472:
spot, so that students have no chance to do specific preparation. Thus, it is a real test of a student's abilities and the depth of their study. At the conclusion the abbot assigns each candidate to a category of
1843:
Quotation: The monastic education system in the Gelug monasteries covers five major topics, based on five great Indian scriptural texts studied through the medium of logic and debate ā "tsennyi" (
1460:). The first geshema degree was conferred to a German nun, Kelsang Wangmo, in 2011. The Gelug curriculum, which lasts between 12 and 40 years, centers around textual memorization and ritualized
1725:
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2051:
1496:
being the highest. After this, in order to qualify, the candidates are not allowed to miss even one of the three daily debate sessions during the subsequent eight months.
944:
1744:
1792:
1675:
1660:
degree in the Gelug school is comparable to a western doctorate in
Buddhist philosophy. The difference is that it usually takes more than twenty years to complete.
3804:
1116:
Under Sakya and Gelug influence, the Kagyu and
Nyingma monastic lineages developed their own systems of scholarly education. Their schools grant the degree of
4552:
2021:
1614:
2129:
1456:
In the Gelug school, the degree may not be earned by laypeople (though some recipients later give up their robes), or until recently by women (including
1886:
1822:
1606:
1572:
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1856:
In
December 2005 Dalai Lama said that talks was going on with the Department of religion to start honoring Buddhist nuns with the title Geshema ā
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2031:
937:
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2214:
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1202:
The exoteric study of
Buddhism is generally organized into "five topics", listed as follows with the primary Indian source texts for each:
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1060:. These centers were destroyed by Islamic invaders of India, leaving Tibet to continue the tradition. It first developed within the
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1864:
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68:
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1072:("ten subjects"). The Sakyas also granted degrees at the conclusion of these studies, on the basis of proficiency in
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monastic lineage. Under Gelug domination, monks from various monastic lineages would receive training as
1056:
curriculum represents an adaptation of subjects studied at Indian
Buddhist monastic universities such as
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2011:
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1943:
1923:
1086:'s time the Sakya degree was awarded at Sangphu, Kyormolung and Dewachen (later Ratƶ) monasteries.
1024:
909:
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51:
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1951:
1767:"Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns! - The Tibetan Nuns Project"
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31:
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268:
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1113:. (The tantric colleges also grant a "geshe" title for scholarship in the tantras.)
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1676:"Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees - Lion's Roar"
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2006:
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2016:
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In 2016, twenty
Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn
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2825:
2721:
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2370:
2157:
1983:
1377:
1120:("one with unobstructed knowledge of scriptures") as well as the title
1057:
1020:
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849:
805:
800:
696:
595:
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349:
273:
58:
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2704:
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2227:
1971:
1966:
1793:"Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees"
1461:
1415:
1223:
1122:
1079:
1030:
750:
514:
449:
172:
167:
162:
83:
1000:
1702:"2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women"
1602: (archived September 17, 2009) The Government of Tibet in Exile
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1094:
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760:
718:
661:
88:
78:
4356:
3149:
2815:
2312:
1195:) which were preliminary to the syllabus proper, as well as the
1145:, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.
691:
1868:
1044:
1028:
4014:
2550:
1834:
Translated and compiled by
Alexander Berzin, September 2003.
1476:
according to their ability. There are four such categories,
1766:
1105:
often went on to study at one of Lhasa's tantric colleges,
1726:"The Joy of Study: An Interview with Geshe Kelsang Wangmo"
1607:"The Education System of Three Major Monasteries in Lhasa"
1573:"The Education System of Three Major Monasteries in Lhasa"
1179:
The Geshe curriculum consists of the "Collected Topics" (
1317:
Four
Hundred Verses on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas (
1464:, and is invariably taught through the medium of the
1137:(IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of
4457:
4372:
4287:
3985:
3887:
3770:
3467:
3395:
3222:
3095:
3035:
2670:
2536:
2476:
2321:
2213:
2143:
1997:
1942:
1637:"The Passing of Ven. Geshe Gyeltsen - 1924 / 2009"
1823:"Overview of the Gelug Monastic Education System"
1579:. China Tibet Information Center. Archived from
1880:
1148:In 2013, Tibetan women were able to take the
1101:through the great Gelug monasteries. Gelugpa
938:
8:
2662:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
1825:. Berzin, Alexander (trans.). Study Buddhism
1596:The Geshe Degree: Origin of the Geshe Degree
991:. The degree is emphasized primarily by the
1678:. Lionsroar.com. 2016-07-15. Archived from
1887:
1873:
1865:
1135:Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies
1126:, which the Gelug tradition reserves for
945:
931:
18:
968:, "virtuous friend"; translation of Skt.
1064:monastic lineage, where it was known as
3849:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1627:
1171:degree because it is awarded to women.
1027:(1102ā1176), who composed an important
30:
4052:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1670:
1668:
1666:
1301:Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way (
7:
1858:Buddhism is All We Have - Dalai Lama
995:lineage, but is also awarded in the
4553:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers
1639:. Urban Dharma: Buddhism in America
1248:(Perfection of Wisdom, Wylie Tib.:
3839:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1745:"Buddhist nun professors or none?"
1199:, which form the syllabus proper.
415:Svatantrika-Prasaį¹
gika distinction
14:
1525:"The Gelugpa Monastic Curriculum"
4520:
4510:
4509:
4067:Thai temple art and architecture
3812:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2052:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1918:
1905:
1895:
1791:Meade Sperry, Rod (2016-07-15).
1218:Compendium of Higher Knowledge (
40:
16:Tibetan Buddhist academic degree
1919:
1821:Rinpoche II, Tsenzhab Serkong.
1558:. Tibetan and Himalayan Library
1402:Compendium on Valid Cognition (
1211:(Higher Knowledge, Wylie Tib.:
4057:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3859:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2939:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2130:Places where the Buddha stayed
1700:Haas, Michaela (18 May 2011).
1328:Introduction to the Middle Way
1019:was first applied to esteemed
1:
4072:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1743:Haas, Michaela (2013-07-07).
1555:Tibetan and Himalayan Library
1392:Treatise on Valid Cognition (
1256:Ornament of Clear Realization
1037:Seven Points of Mind Training
3829:Buddhism and the Roman world
3805:Decline of Buddhism in India
3800:History of Buddhism in India
1900: Topics in
1550:"Tibetan Monastic Education"
1229:Treasury of Higher Knowledge
1045:
1029:
1007:degree is awarded to women.
3027:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2767:
1728:(Interview). Archived from
1046:dGe-bshes gLang-ri Thang-pa
1003:traditions. The equivalent
361:
4574:
3977:The unanswerable questions
1847:, definitions) in Tibetan.
1358:The Way of the Bodhisattva
1345:Ornament of the Middle Way
1270:The Way of the Bodhisattva
1152:exams for the first time.
1093:degree flowered under the
4505:
4062:Buddhist temples in Korea
2625:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2528:Three planes of existence
2135:Buddha in world religions
1914:
1293:(Middle Way, Wylie Tib.:
1184:
3844:Persecution of Buddhists
3065:Four stages of awakening
2446:Three marks of existence
2032:Physical characteristics
1430:The Root of the Vinaya (
1167:degree, but is called a
1163:degree is the same as a
1143:Venerable Kelsang Wangmo
444:Practices and attainment
432:Pointing-out instruction
343:Three marks of existence
4558:Tibetan Buddhist titles
3207:Ten principal disciples
2090:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1452:Conferral of the Degree
3917:Buddhism and democracy
3430:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3425:Chinese Buddhist canon
2657:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2652:Early Buddhist schools
1362:BodhisattvacaryÄvatÄra
1274:BodhisattvacaryÄvatÄra
1023:masters such as Geshe
813:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3927:Eight Consciousnesses
2037:Life of Buddha in art
1530:The Treasury of Lives
1303:MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ,
1068:("four subjects") or
388:Dependent origination
4404:East Asian religions
3834:Buddhism in the West
3405:Early Buddhist texts
3020:Four Right Exertions
2486:Ten spiritual realms
1979:Noble Eightfold Path
1771:Tibetan Nuns Project
1266:as related to Asaį¹
ga
1220:Abhidharma Samuccaya
966:dge-ba'i bshes-gnyen
887:History and overview
286:Samding Dorje Phagmo
151:Second dissemination
4527:Religion portal
4274:Temple of the Tooth
4153:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3192:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
2685:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
2468:Two truths doctrine
2288:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2088:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1749:The Washington Post
1133:In April 2011, the
1025:Chekawa Yeshe Dorje
674:Institutional roles
113:First dissemination
4449:Western philosophy
4047:Dzong architecture
3869:Vipassana movement
3864:Buddhist modernism
3292:Emperor Wen of Sui
3060:PratyekabuddhayÄna
2993:Threefold Training
2795:Vipassana movement
2511:Hungry Ghost realm
2331:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
2278:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
2027:Great Renunciation
2022:Eight Great Events
1904:
1444:Pandita Gunaprabha
1440:dul-ba mdo rtsa-ba
1336:dBu-ma-la āJug-pa)
865:Tree of physiology
405:Four Tenets system
4535:
4534:
4173:Om mani padme hum
3879:Women in Buddhism
3795:Buddhist councils
3665:Western countries
3453:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
3214:Shaolin Monastery
2791:Samatha-vipassanÄ
2401:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
2205:Metteyya/Maitreya
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
1952:Four Noble Truths
1432:Vinaya-mūla-sūtra
1349:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
1260:AbhisamayÄlaį¹kÄra
1197:five major topics
955:
954:
917:Index of articles
533:Major monasteries
491:Tantra techniques
410:Rangtong-Shentong
318:10th Panchen Lama
107:Key personalities
4565:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4512:
4352:Sacred languages
4200:Maya Devi Temple
4163:Mahabodhi Temple
3967:Secular Buddhism
3932:Engaged Buddhism
2772:
2620:Tibetan Buddhism
2571:Vietnamese Thiį»n
2170:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1875:
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1854:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:. Archived from
1740:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1618:
1613:. Archived from
1592:
1590:
1588:
1583:on 20 April 2015
1577:China Tibetology
1567:
1565:
1563:
1546:Dreyfyus, George
1541:
1539:
1537:
1523:Adams, Miranda.
1466:Tibetan language
1404:PramÄį¹asamuccaya
1332:MadhyamakÄvatÄra
1186:
1128:Abbot (Buddhism)
1048:
1034:
978:Tibetan Buddhist
947:
940:
933:
870:Festival thangka
364:
337:General Buddhist
44:
34:
33:Tibetan Buddhism
19:
4573:
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4568:
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4562:
4538:
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4531:
4519:
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4453:
4368:
4283:
4020:Ordination hall
3981:
3883:
3854:Buddhist crisis
3766:
3463:
3415:Mahayana sutras
3391:
3387:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
3218:
3091:
3031:
2981:Bodhisattva vow
2666:
2532:
2472:
2431:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
2366:Five hindrances
2317:
2209:
2139:
1993:
1938:
1910:
1893:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1706:Huffington Post
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1656:Quotation: The
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1605:
1600:Wayback Machine
1586:
1584:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1502:
1454:
1438:, Wylie Tib.: '
1394:PramÄį¹avarttika
1245:PrajĆ±Ä PÄramitÄ
1233:Abhidharma KoÅa
1177:
1013:
981:academic degree
951:
922:
921:
888:
880:
879:
840:
830:
829:
820:Mahayana sutras
796:
786:
785:
741:
731:
730:
675:
667:
666:
535:
525:
524:
445:
437:
436:
333:
323:
322:
313:14th Dalai Lama
308:13th Dalai Lama
292:
281:
263:
245:
227:
210:Patrul Rinpoche
152:
114:
109:
99:
98:
54:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:Greco-Buddhist
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:Burmese pagoda
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3817:Greco-Buddhism
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:United Kingdom
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Czech Republic
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3459:Abhidharmadīpa
3456:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:B. R. Ambedkar
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Songtsen Gampo
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Eight precepts
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2747:Five Strengths
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Mental factors
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:MahamoggallÄna
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2153:AvalokiteÅvara
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1836:
1813:
1783:
1758:
1755:on 2013-06-07.
1735:
1732:on 2016-03-04.
1717:
1692:
1662:
1649:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:on 2015-04-20.
1603:
1593:
1568:
1542:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1436:DĆ¼lwa Do Tsawa
1423:, Wylie Tib.:
1416:Vowed Morality
1412:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1364:, Wylie Tib.:
1355:
1342:
1334:, Wylie Tib.:
1325:
1315:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1276:, Wylie Tib.:
1267:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1176:
1173:
1049:, 1054ā1123).
1012:
1009:
953:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
907:
901:
900:
895:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:Wall paintings
852:
847:
841:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
825:Nyingma Gyubum
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
803:
797:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Galdan Namchot
753:
748:
746:Chotrul Duchen
742:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
716:
711:
705:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
682:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
603:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
564:
559:
553:
552:
547:
542:
536:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
511:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
488:
482:
481:
476:
470:
469:
467:AvalokiteÅvara
464:
458:
457:
452:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
423:
422:
418:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
396:
395:
390:
384:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
357:
352:
346:
345:
339:
338:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:5th Dalai Lama
300:
294:
293:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
241:
240:
238:Rangjung Dorje
235:
229:
228:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
140:Trisong Detsen
137:
135:Songtsen Gampo
132:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4289:Miscellaneous
4286:
4280:
4279:Vegetarianism
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Buddha in art
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:United States
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Padmasambhava
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:Major figures
3221:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:Western tulku
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Five precepts
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Dhamma vicaya
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
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2717:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
2715:
2711:
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2701:
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2364:
2362:
2361:Enlightenment
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Dhamma theory
2349:
2347:
2346:Buddha-nature
2344:
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2185:Samantabhadra
2183:
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2176:
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2168:
2166:
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2159:
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2013:
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1824:
1817:
1814:
1803:on 2016-10-05
1802:
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1703:
1696:
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1682:on 2016-10-05
1681:
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1571:Liu Shengqi.
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1198:
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1170:
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1162:
1159:degrees. The
1158:
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1125:
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1041:Langri Tangpa
1038:
1033:
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749:
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735:
734:
725:
724:Western tulku
722:
721:
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712:
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304:
301:
299:
298:Je Tsongkhapa
296:
295:
290:
289:
288:
287:
279:
278:
275:
272:
270:
269:Sakya Pandita
267:
266:
261:
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254:
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249:
248:
243:
242:
239:
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231:
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221:
218:
216:
215:Dudjom Lingpa
213:
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208:
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198:
196:
195:Yeshe Tsogyal
193:
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120:PadmasambhÄva
118:
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108:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
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65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4467:Bodhisattvas
4387:Christianity
4382:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
4247:Dharmachakra
4237:Prayer wheel
4227:Prayer beads
3995:Architecture
3874:969 Movement
3658:Saudi Arabia
3636:Central Asia
3629:South Africa
3451:
3434:
3367:Panchen Lama
3272:BuddhapÄlita
3159:
2868:Satipatthana
2863:Mindful Yoga
2776:Recollection
2690:Brahmavihara
2561:Japanese Zen
2556:Chinese Chan
2516:Animal realm
2323:Key concepts
2145:Bodhisattvas
1957:Three Jewels
1852:
1844:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1796:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1773:. 2016-07-14
1770:
1761:
1753:the original
1748:
1738:
1730:the original
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1657:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1630:
1615:the original
1610:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1560:. Retrieved
1553:
1536:November 22,
1534:. Retrieved
1528:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1414:
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1393:
1386:
1385:Wylie Tib.:
1382:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1353:ÅÄntarakį¹£ita
1348:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1306:
1305:Wylie Tib.:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1277:
1273:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1192:
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1160:
1156:
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1147:
1138:
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1121:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1069:
1065:
1053:
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1036:
1035:text called
1016:
1014:
1004:
973:
970:kalyÄÅamitra
969:
965:
964:, short for
961:
957:
956:
860:Ashtamangala
845:Sand mandala
708:
685:Panchen Lama
652:Tashi Lhunpo
284:
205:Jigme Lingpa
125:ÅÄntarakį¹£ita
4312:Dharma talk
4141:Asalha Puja
3937:Eschatology
3740:Switzerland
3720:New Zealand
3648:Middle East
3557:Philippines
3477:Afghanistan
3282:Bodhidharma
3267:Buddhaghosa
3187:Householder
3097:Monasticism
3050:Bodhisattva
2905:Prostration
2858:Mindfulness
2786:Anapanasati
2769:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
2566:Korean Seon
2506:Asura realm
2501:Human realm
2441:Ten Fetters
2396:Parinirvana
2298:Uppalavanna
2263:MahÄkaccana
2248:MahÄkassapa
2180:Kį¹£itigarbha
2175:ÄkÄÅagarbha
2072:SuddhodÄna
2017:Four sights
1944:Foundations
1845:mtshan-nyid
1797:Lion's Roar
1611:zt.tibet.cn
1562:22 November
1398:Dharmakīrti
1340:Candrakīrti
1319:Catuįø„Åataka
1307:rTsa dbu-ma
1118:ka-rabjampa
1074:dialectical
579:Mindrolling
376:Bodhisattva
178:Sukhasiddhi
168:Abhayakirti
4542:Categories
4429:Psychology
4409:Gnosticism
4397:Comparison
4392:Influences
4374:Comparison
4257:Bhavacakra
4215:Kushinagar
4190:Pilgrimage
4136:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
4091:Bodhi Tree
3907:Buddhology
3897:Abhidharma
3889:Philosophy
3822:Menander I
3690:Costa Rica
3641:Uzbekistan
3482:Bangladesh
3436:Dhammapada
3420:Pali Canon
3382:Ajahn Chah
3362:Dalai Lama
3262:KumÄrajÄ«va
3257:Vasubandhu
3232:The Buddha
3140:Zen master
3075:Sakadagami
3055:Buddhahood
2986:Pratimokį¹£a
2801:Shikantaza
2757:Meditation
2732:Deity yoga
2603:Madhyamaka
2496:Deva realm
2391:Mindstream
2341:Bodhicitta
2253:Aį¹
gulimÄla
2120:Devadatta
2096:YaÅodharÄ
1999:The Buddha
1989:Middle Way
1829:2016-06-06
1807:2018-01-18
1777:2018-01-18
1711:2018-01-18
1686:2016-10-04
1643:2010-02-04
1623:References
1506:Dialectics
1366:sPyod-ājug
1290:Madhyamaka
1278:sPyod-ājug
1250:phar-phyin
1237:Vasubandhu
1208:Abhidharma
1193:bsdus-grwa
1185:ą½ą½¦ą¾”ą½“ą½¦ą¼ą½ą¾²ą¾ą¼
1175:Curriculum
1084:Tsongkhapa
1077:ritualized
1039:and Geshe
1015:The title
875:Mani stone
680:Dalai Lama
520:Buddhahood
508:Dream yoga
498:Deity yoga
474:Meditation
462:Bodhicitta
200:Longchenpa
130:KamalaÅÄ«la
4497:Festivals
4477:Buddhists
4439:Theosophy
4242:Symbolism
4232:Hama yumi
4205:Bodh Gaya
3972:Socialism
3947:Evolution
3922:Economics
3760:Venezuela
3675:Australia
3670:Argentina
3594:Sri Lanka
3589:Singapore
3507:Indonesia
3469:Countries
3410:Tripiį¹aka
3372:Ajahn Mun
3247:Nagarjuna
3242:AÅvaghoį¹£a
3125:AnagÄrika
3120:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
3115:ÅrÄmaį¹era
3110:Bhikkhunī
3070:SotÄpanna
2959:Passaddhi
2900:Offerings
2875:Nekkhamma
2752:Iddhipada
2672:Practices
2642:Theravada
2615:Vajrayana
2608:Yogachara
2578:Pure Land
2491:Six Paths
2478:Cosmology
2258:Anuruddha
2233:SÄriputta
2223:Kaundinya
2215:Disciples
2190:VajrapÄį¹i
2042:Footprint
2007:TathÄgata
1442:) by the
1370:ÅÄntideva
1313:NÄgÄrjuna
1282:ÅÄntideva
962:dge bshes
739:Festivals
503:Guru yoga
486:Vajrayana
455:PÄramitÄs
355:Cosmology
331:Teachings
256:Taranatha
4515:Category
4444:Violence
4414:Hinduism
4362:Sanskrit
4317:Hinayana
4302:AmitÄbha
4262:Swastika
4131:Uposatha
4121:Holidays
4106:Calendar
3952:Humanism
3790:Kanishka
3780:Timeline
3604:Thailand
3572:Kalmykia
3567:Buryatia
3552:Pakistan
3537:Mongolia
3532:Maldives
3527:Malaysia
3492:Cambodia
3357:Shamarpa
3352:Nichiren
3302:Xuanzang
3237:Nagasena
3155:Rinpoche
2885:PÄramitÄ
2727:Devotion
2647:Navayana
2635:Dzogchen
2598:Nichiren
2546:Mahayana
2538:Branches
2416:Saį¹
khÄra
2165:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
2122:(cousin)
2114:(cousin)
2082:(mother)
2074:(father)
2062:Miracles
2012:Birthday
1929:Glossary
1902:Buddhism
1511:Gelongma
1500:See also
1494:Lharampa
1490:Lharampa
1486:Tsorampa
1387:tshad-ma
1323:Äryadeva
1264:Maitreya
898:Timeline
766:Dosmoche
702:Rinpoche
591:Narthang
550:Dzogchen
427:Dzogchen
280:Bodongpa
183:Milarepa
145:Ralpacan
24:a series
22:Part of
4492:Temples
4472:Buddhas
4434:Science
4424:Judaism
4419:Jainism
4337:Lineage
4297:AbhijƱÄ
4267:Thangka
4210:Sarnath
4195:Lumbini
4116:Funeral
4111:Cuisine
3987:Culture
3962:Reality
3912:Creator
3902:Atomism
3772:History
3745:Ukraine
3705:Germany
3624:Senegal
3614:Vietnam
3542:Myanmar
3342:Shinran
3332:Karmapa
3307:Shandao
3277:DignÄga
3202:ÅrÄvaka
3182:Donchee
3177:Kappiya
3135:Sayadaw
3105:Bhikkhu
3080:AnÄgÄmi
3037:Nirvana
3003:Samadhi
2890:Paritta
2831:Tonglen
2826:Mandala
2781:Smarana
2762:Mantras
2710:Upekkha
2680:Bhavana
2630:Shingon
2583:Tiantai
2436:TathÄtÄ
2426:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
2421:Skandha
2411:Saį¹sÄra
2406:Rebirth
2381:Kleshas
2371:Indriya
2273:Subhūti
2158:Guanyin
2112:Änanda
2104:RÄhula
1984:Nirvana
1924:Outline
1635:Staff.
1598:at the
1587:23 July
1517:Sources
1482:Lingtse
1478:Dorampa
1425:'dul-ba
1408:DignÄga
1383:pramÄį¹a
1181:Tibetan
1169:geshema
1161:geshema
1157:geshema
1058:NÄlandÄ
1021:Kadampa
1011:History
1005:geshema
974:geshema
910:Culture
905:Outline
893:History
850:Thangka
806:Tengyur
801:Kangyur
781:Losoong
776:Sho Dun
697:Karmapa
657:Tsurphu
618:Ramoche
601:Pabonka
596:Nechung
584:Namgyal
574:Labrang
562:Jokhang
545:Drepung
540:Tradruk
515:Thukdam
421:Nyingma
399:Tibetan
371:Rebirth
362:Saį¹sÄra
350:Skandha
291:Gelugpa
274:Gorampa
251:Dolpopa
189:Nyingma
59:Nyingma
52:Schools
4548:Geshes
4487:Sutras
4482:Suttas
4347:Siddhi
4332:Koliya
4307:BrahmÄ
4222:Poetry
4168:Mantra
4158:Kasaya
4030:Pagoda
4010:Kyaung
4005:VihÄra
4000:Temple
3942:Ethics
3785:Ashoka
3735:Sweden
3730:Poland
3725:Norway
3715:Mexico
3700:France
3685:Canada
3680:Brazil
3619:Africa
3599:Taiwan
3562:Russia
3487:Bhutan
3447:Vinaya
3327:Naropa
3317:Saraha
3252:Asanga
3008:PrajƱÄ
2917:Refuge
2880:Nianfo
2841:Tertƶn
2836:Tantra
2821:Ganana
2811:Tukdam
2737:DhyÄna
2705:Mudita
2700:Karuį¹Ä
2593:Risshū
2588:Huayan
2521:Naraka
2461:AnattÄ
2456:Dukkha
2451:Anicca
2356:Dharma
2308:Channa
2243:Änanda
2228:Assaji
2195:Skanda
2098:(wife)
2067:Family
2047:Relics
1972:Sangha
1967:Dharma
1962:Buddha
1462:debate
1421:vinaya
1295:dbu-ma
1224:Asanga
1123:Khenpo
1103:geshes
1099:geshes
1080:debate
1070:ka-chu
1066:ka-shi
1031:lojong
960:(Tib.
771:Monlam
751:Dajyur
714:Tertƶn
613:Ralung
608:Palcho
567:Kumbum
557:Ganden
450:Lamrim
381:Dharma
244:Jonang
220:Mipham
173:Niguma
163:Talika
84:Jonang
74:Bodong
4459:Lists
4327:Kalpa
4322:Iddhi
4185:Music
4180:Mudra
4146:Vassa
4126:Vesak
4096:Budai
4042:Candi
4025:Stupa
3957:Logic
3710:Italy
3609:Tibet
3547:Nepal
3517:Korea
3512:Japan
3502:India
3497:China
3442:Sutra
3397:Texts
3347:DÅgen
3337:HÅnen
3322:AtiÅa
3287:Zhiyi
3197:Achar
3165:Tulku
3160:Geshe
3145:RÅshi
3130:Ajahn
3085:Arhat
3045:Bodhi
3015:VÄ«rya
2932:Sacca
2927:Satya
2922:SÄdhu
2910:Music
2853:Merit
2846:Terma
2806:Zazen
2742:Faith
2695:MettÄ
2376:Karma
2336:Bardo
2303:Asita
2293:Khema
2283:UpÄli
2268:Nanda
2106:(son)
2080:MÄyÄ
2057:Films
1934:Index
1658:geshe
1474:geshe
1406:) by
1396:) by
1378:Logic
1368:) by
1351:) by
1321:) by
1280:) by
1262:) by
1235:) by
1222:) by
1213:mdzod
1189:Wylie
1165:geshe
1150:geshe
1139:geshe
1111:GyĆ¼me
1107:GyĆ¼tƶ
1095:Gelug
1091:geshe
1082:. In
1062:Sakya
1054:geshe
1017:Geshe
997:Sakya
993:Gelug
985:monks
976:is a
972:) or
958:Geshe
794:Texts
761:Losar
719:Tulku
709:Geshe
662:Yerpa
645:Shalu
635:Sanga
630:Sakya
479:Laity
393:Karma
262:Sakya
233:Marpa
226:Kagyu
158:AtiÅa
89:Gelug
79:Kagyu
69:Sakya
64:Kadam
4357:PÄįø·i
4342:MÄra
4252:Flag
3653:Iran
3577:Tuva
3522:Laos
3150:Lama
2998:ÅÄ«la
2966:ÅÄ«la
2954:PÄ«ti
2944:Sati
2895:Puja
2816:Koan
2722:DÄna
2313:Yasa
2200:TÄrÄ
1589:2014
1564:2013
1538:2013
1488:and
1458:nuns
1089:The
1052:The
999:and
989:nuns
987:and
983:for
692:Lama
640:Sera
623:Rato
94:RimƩ
4079:Art
4015:Wat
2551:Zen
1338:by
1311:by
1141:on
1109:or
1001:Bƶn
838:Art
4544::
3581:ru
1795:.
1769:.
1747:.
1704:.
1665:^
1609:.
1575:.
1552:.
1548:.
1527:.
1492:,
1484:,
1480:,
1468:.
1434:,
1427:)
1389:)
1297:)
1252:)
1215:)
1191::
1187:,
1183::
26:on
3583:)
3579:(
2797:)
2793:(
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1832:.
1810:.
1780:.
1714:.
1689:.
1646:.
1591:.
1566:.
1540:.
1419:(
1381:(
1360:(
1347:(
1330:(
1309:)
1272:(
1258:(
1231:(
1043:(
946:e
939:t
932:v
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