40:
337:. Another example of this simplified lexicon is the location of the sign itself. IS will use movements on the chest to indicate feeling signs, and signs near the head will indicate cognitive activity. There have been several attempts at making dictionaries for IS. However, these lack detailed information on data collection, nor do they describe the exact meaning or how the signs should be used. This causes difficulty for training and teaching people in IS, as there is no empirical evidence.
5475:
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during the past 30 years. In 1973, a committee created and standardized a system of international signs. They tried to choose the most understandable signs from diverse sign languages to make the language easy to learn for not only the Deaf but for both interim management and an everyday observer. IS
416:
Simplification of signs in IS can vary between interpreters (one can choose a simplification over a much longer explanation), and because of this, certain information can be lost in translation. Because sign language relies heavily on local influences, many Deaf people do not understand each other's
311:
suggested that IS signers often use a large amount of vocabulary from their native language, choosing sign variants that would be more easily understood by a foreigner. In contrast, Rachel
Rosenstock notes that the vocabulary exhibited in her study of International Sign was largely made up of highly
407:
A paper presented in 1994 suggested that IS signers "combine a relatively rich and structured grammar with a severely impoverished lexicon". Supalla and Webb (1995) describe IS as a kind of a pidgin, but conclude that it is "more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like that of a full
288:
Deaf people typically know only one sign language. Signers from differing countries may use IS spontaneously with each other, with relative success. This communicative success is linked to various factors. First, people who sign in IS have a certain amount of shared contextual knowledge. Secondly,
316:
Over 60% of the signs occurred in the same form in more than eight SLs as well as in IS. This suggests that the majority of IS signs are not signs borrowed from a specific SL, as other studies found, but rather are common to many natural SLs. Only 2% of IS signs were found to be unique to IS. The
260:
International Sign has been described as a highly variable type of signed communication used between two signers who lack a common sign language. Most experts do not technically consider IS to be a full language, but rather a form of communication that arises on the spot. It is characterized by a
221:
However, when
Gestuno was first used at the WFD congress in Bulgaria in 1976, it was incomprehensible to deaf participants. Subsequently, it was developed informally by deaf and hearing interpreters, and came to include more grammar, especially linguistic features that are thought to be universal
192:
Deaf people in the
Western and Middle Eastern world have gathered together using sign language for 2,000 years. When Deaf people from different sign language backgrounds get together, a variety of sign language arises from this contact, whether it is in an informal personal context or in a formal
201:
developed as the delegates from different language backgrounds communicated with each other, and in 1973, a WFD committee ("the
Commission of Unification of Signs") published a standardized vocabulary. They selected "naturally spontaneous and easy signs in common use by deaf people of different
1337:
In: Bos, Heleen F. and
Schermer, Gertrude M. (eds): "Sign Language Research 1994: Proceedings of the Fourth European Congress on Sign Language Research, Munich, September 1–3, 1994." (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf; 29) Hamburg : Signum (1995) - p.
1711:
In: Bos, Heleen F. and
Schermer, Gertrude M. (eds): "Sign Language Research 1994: Proceedings of the Fourth European Congress on Sign Language Research, Munich, September 1–3, 1994." (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf; 29) Hamburg : Signum (1995) -
424:
An ethnographic study notes that there is some controversy among deaf people about how accessible IS is to deaf people from different places; it also observes that many deaf people are nevertheless highly motivated to do the work of communicating across linguistic and other differences.
276:
There is no consensus on what
International Sign is exactly. It may either refer to the way strangers sign with each other when they lack a common sign language, or it can refer to a conventionalized form used by a group of people with regular contact. The use of the term
297:
The lexicon of
International Sign is made by negotiation between signers. IS signers reportedly use a set of signs from their own national sign language mixed with highly iconic signs that can be understood by a large audience. Many, not to say most, signs are taken from
193:
international context. Deaf people have therefore used a kind of auxiliary gestural system for international communication at sporting or cultural events since the early 19th century. The need to standardise an international sign system was discussed at the first
1719:
In: Ahlgren, Inger / Bergman, Brita / Brennan, Mary (eds): Perspectives on sign language structure: Papers from the Fifth
International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Vol. 1; Held in Salamanca, Spain, 25–30 May 1992. Durham : isla (1994) -
5828:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
395:
used in verbs/predicates (classifiers are handshapes used to describe things, handle objects, and represent a few semantic classes that are regarded by IS signers to be widespread in sign languages, helping them to overcome linguistic
417:
signs. Furthermore, cultural differences in signs can vary even within borders. In these cases, many Deaf people revert to fingerspelling and gestures or mime, which has its own variations based on similar sign language properties.
420:
The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) has raised concern about the issues with simplification and standardization, and that it limits a sign to a single meaning or word, thus losing all natural forms of the initial meaning.
1060:
Experienced IS signers try to be as independent from one specific national sign language as possible, to ensure a large audience of varied backgrounds can understand the message to the fullest extent possible.
801:
Woll, Bencie and Ladd, Paddy (2003). Deaf communities. In M. Marschark and P. Spencer (eds.), The Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language and Education (pp. 151-163). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
604:
540:
5730:
708:
814:*Scott Gibson, L. & R. Ojala (1994). “International Sign Interpreting.” Paper presented to the Fourth East and South African Sign Language Seminar, Uganda, August 1994.
1791:
1766:
222:
among sign languages, such as role shifting, movement repetitions, the use of signing space, and classifiers. Additionally, the vocabulary was gradually replaced by more
289:
signers may take advantage of shared knowledge of a spoken language, such as English. Thirdly, communication is made easier by the use of iconic signs and pantomime.
5745:
3029:
248:
is now more commonly used in English to identify this variety of sign. This may be because current IS has little in common with the signs published under the name
5735:
4919:
4874:
1896:
687:
5766:
4931:
1982:
1977:
3259:
233:
The first training course in Gestuno was conducted in Copenhagen in 1977 to prepare interpreters for the 5th World Conference on Deafness. Sponsored by the
1617:
1040:
1312:
5893:
237:
and the University of Copenhagen, the course was designed by Robert M. Ingram and taught by Betty L. Ingram, two American interpreters of deaf parents.
1184:
596:
1006:
Stone, Christopher; Russell, Debra (2015). "Comparative Analysis of Depicting Signs in International Sign and Natural Sign Language Interpreting".
951:
5643:
5540:
517:
Supalla, T. and Webb, R. (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In: Emmorey, Karen / Reilly, Judy S. (eds):
792:, World Federation of the Deaf, May 2010, wfdeaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Perspectives-on-the-Concept-and-Definition-of-IS_Mesch-FINAL.pdf.
1759:
303:
interpreter Bill Moody noted in a 1994 paper that the vocabulary used in conference settings is largely derived from the sign languages of the
532:
2282:
1817:
1147:
Paper presented at the "Issues in Interpreting 2" conference, University of Durham, Durham, April 1994. Cited in McKee R., Napier J. (2002)
779:
In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
5785:
5192:
2396:
5611:
5238:
4816:
2980:
384:
size and shape delineation techniques using handshapes and extensions of movements of the hands (Size and Size Specifiers, SASS), and
269:
structures; IS signers may also point to nearby objects. While some degree of standardization takes place at events such WFD and the
5187:
3665:
1752:
1165:
1086:
1015:
982:
5684:
704:
1520:
Green, E. Mara (2014-08-13). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation".
5294:
5263:
5182:
4831:
3634:
1646:
126:
4985:
4034:
3295:
3269:
2136:
767:
378:
index and reference locations in the signing space in front of the signer, on the head and trunk, and on the non-dominant hand,
5888:
5790:
5284:
5177:
4864:
4450:
3504:
2343:
2148:
2060:
973:
Whynot, Lori (2015). "Telling, Showing, and Representing: Conventions of the Lexicon in International Sign Expository Text".
855:
Green, E. Mara (2014). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation".
5704:
4667:
4662:
3574:
2931:
2196:
1563:
5780:
5638:
4926:
4782:
4532:
4283:
3987:
2885:
2774:
2415:
2183:
2023:
1943:
1920:
484:
400:
It has been noted that signers are generally better at interlingual communication than non-signers, even using a spoken
181:
130:
5353:
5307:
4990:
4980:
4570:
3902:
3623:
3611:
3554:
3412:
3075:
2857:
2784:
2553:
2311:
2173:
680:
146:
5740:
5428:
5315:
4524:
4172:
2479:
2328:
1263:
827:, Research at Gallaudet, Fall 2005 - Winter 2006. This article was derived from the author's 2004 PhD dissertation:
521:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum (p. 347).
270:
5850:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4769:
5423:
5393:
5383:
5368:
5258:
5248:
4957:
4889:
4826:
4683:
4270:
4235:
4212:
4180:
3766:
3749:
3564:
3442:
3377:
3332:
3047:
2968:
2820:
2163:
1996:
1956:
1880:
1112:"Deaf people from different countries can communicate with each other using something called International Sign!"
494:
1625:
1048:
39:
5699:
5550:
5413:
5348:
5311:
5303:
5243:
5228:
5124:
5098:
5090:
5082:
4936:
4764:
4756:
4743:
4720:
4691:
4643:
4474:
4442:
4418:
4049:
4000:
3910:
3760:
3739:
3680:
3640:
3617:
3604:
3569:
3559:
3509:
3469:
3407:
3387:
3305:
3274:
3057:
2495:
2378:
2355:
2201:
1928:
1863:
1434:
Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy".
1391:
Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy".
1258:
1111:
350:
5053:
3459:
3424:
2570:
1689:
Digital version of Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf / Langage Gestuel International des Sourds
573:
317:
remaining 38% were borrowed (or "loan") signs that could be traced back to one SL or a group of related SLs.
5883:
5795:
5616:
5520:
5449:
5418:
5408:
5363:
5358:
5268:
5150:
5116:
5069:
5043:
5027:
4899:
4894:
4578:
4550:
4508:
4458:
4378:
4370:
4217:
4125:
4099:
3969:
3953:
3831:
3754:
3693:
3529:
3342:
3337:
3326:
3315:
3037:
2802:
2797:
2651:
2631:
2455:
2365:
2350:
2241:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1869:
1596:
445:
Digital version of Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf/Langage Gestuel International des Sourds
234:
5837:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
4312:
3242:
3234:
5830:
5810:
5535:
5403:
5398:
5378:
5373:
5233:
5169:
5103:
5035:
4995:
4949:
4941:
4884:
4879:
4838:
4806:
4777:
4751:
4712:
4617:
4612:
4586:
4490:
4402:
4336:
4320:
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4262:
4254:
4227:
4156:
4148:
4133:
4117:
4109:
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4039:
3844:
3815:
3810:
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3645:
3599:
3584:
3544:
3418:
3402:
3397:
3320:
3300:
3204:
3065:
3042:
2939:
2828:
2792:
2753:
2732:
2686:
2672:
2636:
2466:
2410:
2386:
2333:
2323:
2292:
2191:
2158:
2008:
1933:
1886:
1850:
1840:
1786:
1181:
474:
299:
5834:
5590:
5530:
5388:
5253:
5223:
5061:
4904:
4869:
4811:
4735:
4725:
4704:
4632:
4542:
4516:
4503:
4498:
4482:
4426:
4410:
4394:
4328:
4291:
4278:
4204:
4196:
4138:
4044:
4026:
4013:
3982:
3961:
3945:
3926:
3918:
3836:
3718:
3706:
3675:
3670:
3655:
3628:
3594:
3579:
3549:
3514:
3496:
3449:
3367:
3347:
3220:
2901:
2875:
2769:
2748:
2727:
2711:
2656:
2646:
2600:
2430:
2360:
2297:
2272:
2233:
2225:
2211:
2206:
2143:
2095:
2013:
1961:
1874:
1856:
1845:
912:
842:
Moody, Bill (2002). "International Sign: A Practitioner's Perspective." Journal of Interpretation, 1-47.
5838:
5545:
5289:
5048:
5008:
4970:
4914:
4657:
4652:
4622:
4537:
4466:
4354:
4341:
4307:
4188:
4104:
4083:
4075:
4062:
3977:
3894:
3865:
3852:
3823:
3734:
3713:
3589:
3524:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3310:
3290:
2949:
2944:
2915:
2870:
2865:
2838:
2807:
2641:
2587:
2533:
2474:
2372:
2168:
2028:
2018:
1951:
1891:
1276:
392:
307:
and is less comprehensible to those from African or Asian sign language backgrounds. A 1999 study by
5770:
5714:
5630:
5218:
5108:
5000:
4975:
4909:
4730:
4696:
4675:
4627:
4434:
4386:
4362:
4346:
4164:
4143:
4021:
3886:
3878:
3860:
3685:
3660:
3650:
3539:
3534:
3519:
3454:
3437:
3382:
3372:
2993:
2833:
2706:
2595:
2338:
2105:
2100:
2050:
1834:
1122:
194:
812:*Moody, B. (n.d.). International communication among deaf people. Unpublished, undated manuscript.
597:"International Sign: Interested in perfecting your skills as an interpreter in international sign"
5761:
5659:
4965:
4222:
3992:
3873:
3698:
3392:
2843:
1545:
1502:
1459:
1416:
1373:
1239:
943:
880:
662:
5664:
5325:
1537:
1494:
1451:
1408:
1365:
1304:
1231:
1161:
1092:
1082:
1021:
1011:
988:
978:
935:
872:
368:
and often has a larger signing space. The use of mouth gestures for adverbials is emphasized.
282:
1734:(revised and expanded). Carlisle: British Deaf Association the World Federation of the Deaf.
5863:
5674:
5669:
5505:
5486:
1529:
1486:
1443:
1400:
1357:
1294:
1284:
1223:
1121:
927:
864:
652:
642:
1678:
202:
countries" to make the language easy to learn. A book published by the commission in 1975,
5800:
5595:
5575:
5454:
1188:
771:
346:
57:
1683:
1727:
Vol. 3. S-Z,Index. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. - pp. 81–82.
1280:
168:
While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as
5709:
5694:
5585:
5570:
5340:
1299:
138:
134:
1709:
International sign: The creation of an international deaf community and sign language.
1654:
1335:
International sign: The creation of an international deaf community and sign language.
102:
5877:
5679:
5580:
5565:
5560:
5197:
1775:
1700:
McKee R., Napier J. (2002) "Interpreting in International Sign Pidgin: an analysis."
1549:
1506:
1463:
1420:
1377:
1272:
1243:
884:
747:
McKee R., Napier J. (2002) "Interpreting in International Sign Pidgin: an analysis."
666:
479:
469:
401:
388:
304:
122:
947:
764:
5555:
5500:
353:. However, some letters differ in a few finger positions to the American alphabet.
647:
630:
5689:
5459:
489:
308:
142:
1567:
5805:
5444:
4787:
4596:
4005:
3479:
2420:
1533:
931:
868:
831:
An Investigation of International Sign: Analyzing Structure and Comprehension.
266:
150:
1541:
1498:
1455:
1412:
1369:
1235:
1096:
1025:
992:
939:
876:
5330:
5299:
5155:
4591:
438:
321:
International Sign has a simplified lexicon. In IS for example, the English
262:
223:
95:
79:
1308:
1490:
1447:
1404:
1361:
1348:
Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign".
1227:
1214:
Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign".
86:
5510:
5469:
5320:
5074:
1116:
365:
227:
50:
contact between sign languages, international contact between deaf people
1289:
356:
IS numbers larger than five are, unlike in ASL, performed by two hands.
5145:
1723:
Moody, W. (1987). "International Gestures." In: van Cleve, J. V. (ed.)
1257:
Power, Justin M.; Grimm, Guido W.; List, Johann-Mattis (January 2020).
657:
17:
705:"Eurovision 2016 to be broadcast with international sign performances"
5774:
4859:
2131:
2119:
1201:
198:
125:
which is used in a variety of different contexts, particularly as an
119:
65:
5474:
631:"Interpreting international sign: mapping the interpreter's profile"
364:
Very little is known about the grammar of IS. It tends to use fewer
565:
447:— contains original IS signs (many now outdated) in photograph form
160:
means precisely, and empirically derived dictionaries are lacking.
1688:
1588:
444:
5464:
1744:
1477:
Adam, Robert (2015-07-08). "Standardization of Sign Languages".
790:
Perspectives on the Concept and Definition of International Sign
629:
de Wit, Maya; Crasborn, Onno; Napier, Jemina (25 January 2021).
3793:
1809:
1748:
1008:
International sign : linguistic, usage, and status issues
975:
International sign : linguistic, usage, and status issues
1081:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 319.
533:"EU State of the Union: Why no sign Language interpretation?"
681:
International Sign Interpretation at United Nations Meetings
197:
in 1951, when the WFD was formed. In the following years, a
1259:"Evolutionary dynamics in the dispersal of sign languages"
1158:
The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction.
345:
The manual alphabet of IS belongs to the French family of
27:
Sign language, used particularly at international meetings
1707:
Allsop, Lorna; Woll, Bencie; Brauti, John Martin (1995).
1333:
Allsop, Lorna; Woll, Bencie; Brauti, John Martin (1995).
434:
1079:
The linguistics of sign languages : an introduction
450:
Short International Sign Language Dictionary web archive
459:
Signs2Cross Project - Information on International Sign
387:
a feature common to most sign languages: an extensive
371:
People communicating in IS tend to make heavy use of:
206:, contains a vocabulary list of 1,470 signs. The name
5731:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
686:(Report). World Federation of the Deaf. August 2013.
456:
European Union on the Deaf (EUD) - Information on IS
180:(IG). International Sign (IS) is a term used by the
5754:
5723:
5652:
5629:
5604:
5519:
5485:
5437:
5339:
5277:
5206:
5168:
5133:
5017:
4849:
4559:
4244:
3935:
3800:
3786:
3727:
3283:
3258:
3219:
3202:
3074:
3056:
3028:
2992:
2958:
2930:
2884:
2856:
2819:
2783:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2699:
2665:
2624:
2615:
2585:
2568:
2551:
2512:
2488:
2395:
2310:
2281:
2259:
2224:
2182:
2118:
2088:
2059:
2037:
1995:
1970:
1942:
1816:
1800:
1730:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975).
1725:
Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness.
93:
77:
72:
54:
46:
32:
349:, specifically in a subgroup around to the modern
281:might also lead to the misconception that it is a
153:, and informally when travelling and socialising.
1732:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf.
1182:Session 10: Language Planning and Standardisation
1145:International Sign: Language, pidgin or charades?
736:Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf.
204:Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf
5746:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1589:"The ISL video dictionary: 440 words - Sématos"
1156:Sutton-Spence, Rachel and Woll, Bencie. (1999)
570:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1739:Towards an International Language of Gestures.
762:International gesture: Principles and gestures
5736:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1760:
825:International Sign: Negotiating Understanding
184:(WFD) and other international organisations.
8:
273:, it is limited to vocabulary, not grammar.
1178:British Sign Language in its Social Context
312:iconic signs common to many sign languages:
5493:
3790:
3080:
2621:
2403:
2316:
2265:
2124:
2043:
2001:
1939:
1806:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1010:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet Univ Press.
977:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet Univ Press.
707:. Eurovision Song Contest. 22 April 2016.
560:
558:
531:Langensiepen, Katrin (15 September 2021).
38:
29:
1298:
1288:
656:
646:
1715:Webb, Rebecca and Supalla, Ted, (1994).
1564:"International Sign Language Dictionary"
624:
622:
156:Linguists do not agree on what the term
5541:Manually coded language in South Africa
911:Hiddinga, Anja; Crasborn, Onno (2011).
507:
635:The Interpreter and Translator Trainer
244:has fallen out of use, and the phrase
1653:(in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from
1120:. Length 1:34 minutes. Archived from
1072:
1070:
1068:
968:
966:
964:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
850:
848:
607:from the original on 20 February 2022
7:
1702:Journal of Sign Language Linguistics
913:"Signed languages and globalization"
749:Journal of Sign Language Linguistics
730:
728:
726:
513:
511:
453:EU sample dictionary of IS (sematos)
412:Recent studies of International Sign
2578:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
810:McKee R., Napier J. (2002), citing:
441:video in IS with English subtitles.
141:conferences, at events such as the
3891:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3505:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
1647:"international sign | Signs2Cross"
1315:from the original on 26 March 2023
734:British Deaf Association. (1975).
711:from the original on 26 March 2023
601:Knowledge Centre on Interpretation
576:from the original on 26 March 2023
25:
5894:International auxiliary languages
1110:Signs For Humanity (2018-07-24).
5473:
5264:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
957:from the original on 2017-09-23.
693:from the original on 2014-01-04.
566:"International Sign Interpreter"
543:from the original on 2 June 2023
127:international auxiliary language
5854:
5845:
5823:
5791:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4875:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3497:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
1717:Negation in international sign.
1599:from the original on 2018-09-25
381:different movement repetitions,
5612:Bilingual–bicultural education
4932:Western Torres Strait Islander
4006:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1983:Western Torres Strait Islander
1679:Indigenous signs for countries
829:* Rosenstock, Rachel. (2004).
235:Danish Association of the Deaf
1:
4684:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3832:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3694:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3443:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2950:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
648:10.1080/1750399X.2020.1868172
519:Language, gesture, and space.
333:are all translated simply to
230:from various sign languages.
3270:Providence Island (Provisle)
2920:North West Frontier Province
1566:. 2015-07-09. Archived from
1039:European Union of the Deaf.
485:World Federation of the Deaf
182:World Federation of the Deaf
147:Miss & Mister Deaf World
131:World Federation of the Deaf
4870:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
1737:Magarotto, Cesare, (1974).
1684:Indigenous signs for cities
5910:
5741:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4950:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4880:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3666:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3520:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2940:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
2334:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1622:European Union of the Deaf
1264:Royal Society Open Science
271:European Union of the Deaf
5819:
5496:
4986:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3425:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
3235:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
3083:
2642:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2406:
2319:
2268:
2137:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2127:
2046:
2004:
1792:List by number of signers
1782:
1534:10.1017/s0047404514000396
932:10.1017/S0047404511000480
869:10.1017/S0047404514000396
495:Esperanto manual alphabet
174:International Sign Pidgin
37:
5551:Paget Gorman Sign System
5005:Samoa and American Samoa
3795:Sign languages by region
3580:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
3306:Albarradas Sign Language
3296:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
3129:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2981:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2945:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
2197:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1811:Sign languages by family
760:Bar-Tzur, David (2002).
351:American manual alphabet
210:was chosen, referencing
133:(WFD) congress, in some
129:at meetings such as the
5796:Monastic sign languages
5644:Television shows (list)
5617:Manually coded language
5450:Hamburg Notation System
3243:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2489:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
2212:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
2149:Northern Ireland (NISL)
738:Carlisle, England: BDA.
603:. European Commission.
537:The Parliament Magazine
285:form of communication.
5767:CHCI chimpanzee center
5536:Manually coded English
5234:Henniker Sign Language
4900:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4885:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3879:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1787:List of sign languages
777:International gesture.
475:List of sign languages
319:
300:American Sign Language
137:settings, and at some
5889:Constructed languages
5591:Signing Exact English
5531:Indian Signing System
5254:Plateau Sign Language
4628:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
4205:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3735:Amami Shuwa languages
3408:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
3348:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3327:Caucasian (Harsneren)
3275:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2803:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2775:French Belgian (LSFB)
2207:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
1491:10.1353/sls.2015.0015
1479:Sign Language Studies
1448:10.1353/sls.1976.0018
1436:Sign Language Studies
1405:10.1353/sls.1976.0018
1393:Sign Language Studies
1362:10.1353/sls.2008.0003
1350:Sign Language Studies
1228:10.1353/sls.2008.0003
1216:Sign Language Studies
833:Gallaudet University.
314:
178:International Gesture
5839:French Sign Language
5546:Manually Coded Malay
5354:British (two-handed)
5290:Bimodal bilingualism
4920:Far North Queensland
4228:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3750:Sri Lankan languages
3681:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3585:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3096:Chaticks si Chaticks
3076:Plains Sign Language
2994:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2496:Indonesian (Bisindo)
2174:South African (SASL)
1897:Far North Queensland
1618:"International Sign"
1191:- notes for students
1077:Anne, Baker (2016).
1041:"International Sign"
823:Rosenstock, Rachel.
3761:Tanzanian languages
3740:Ethiopian languages
3707:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2798:Icelandic (Táknmál)
2513:Francophone African
2471:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
2329:Swiss-German (DSGS)
2260:Chilean-Paraguayan-
1522:Language in Society
1290:10.1098/rsos.191100
1281:2020RSOS....791100P
1176:Day, Linda, (2000)
920:Language in Society
857:Language in Society
437:– contains a short
195:World Deaf Congress
5762:Baby sign language
5660:Jabbar Baghtcheban
5141:International Sign
5044:Brazilian (Libras)
4958:New Zealand (NZSL)
4905:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4833:Sandy River Valley
4812:Keresan (Keresign)
4403:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3774:International Sign
3755:Sudanese languages
3378:Navajo/Diné Family
3192:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
3030:Original Thai Sign
2808:Danish (Tegnsprog)
2351:Brazilian (Libras)
2164:New Zealand (NZSL)
1187:2018-08-07 at the
1143:Moody, B. (1994).
770:2017-11-11 at the
497:(Signuno alphabet)
279:International Sign
246:International Sign
158:International Sign
112:International Sign
33:International Sign
5871:
5870:
5864:extinct languages
5786:Legal recognition
5665:Jeanette Berglind
5625:
5624:
5326:Nonmanual feature
5239:Martha's Vineyard
5164:
5163:
4818:Martha's Vineyard
4313:Faroese (Teknmál)
4035:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3845:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3782:
3781:
3767:Zimsign languages
3745:Laotian languages
3629:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3388:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
3333:Azerbaijani (AİD)
3254:
3253:
2852:
2851:
2695:
2694:
2611:
2610:
2601:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
2306:
2305:
2234:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
2220:
2219:
2114:
2113:
2084:
2083:
1991:
1990:
1846:Eltye eltyarrenke
1826:
1825:multiple families
775:Moody, W. (1987).
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
5901:
5858:
5849:
5827:
5715:Pierre Pélissier
5700:Thomas Gallaudet
5675:Thomas Braidwood
5506:Initialized sign
5494:
5477:
4962:Papua New Guinea
4865:Australian-Irish
4571:Plains Sign Talk
4451:Northern Ireland
4447:Northern Ireland
3970:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3791:
3570:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3485:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
3301:Albanian (AlbSL)
3081:
2895:Bangalore-Madras
2876:Israeli (Shassi)
2844:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2754:Honduran (LESHO)
2622:
2480:Singapore (SgSL)
2416:Black ASL (BASL)
2404:
2344:Australian-Irish
2317:
2266:
2242:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2202:Portuguese (LGP)
2192:Eritrean (EriSL)
2125:
2044:
2002:
1940:
1824:
1807:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1741:(Unesco Courier)
1720:pp. 173–186
1712:pp. 171–188
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1624:. Archived from
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1302:
1292:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1036:
1030:
1029:
1003:
997:
996:
970:
959:
958:
956:
917:
908:
889:
888:
852:
843:
840:
834:
821:
815:
808:
802:
799:
793:
788:Mesch, Johanna.
786:
780:
758:
752:
745:
739:
732:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
695:
694:
692:
685:
677:
671:
670:
660:
650:
626:
617:
616:
614:
612:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
562:
553:
552:
550:
548:
528:
522:
515:
408:sign language".
347:manual alphabets
105:
89:
82:
60:
42:
30:
21:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5852:
5843:
5821:
5815:
5801:Tactile signing
5750:
5719:
5648:
5621:
5600:
5576:Signed Japanese
5522:
5515:
5488:
5481:
5455:Stokoe notation
5433:
5335:
5295:Phonology (ASL)
5273:
5208:
5202:
5160:
5129:
5028:Argentine (LSA)
5013:
4845:
4668:New Costa Rican
4663:Old Costa Rican
4563:
4561:
4555:
4439:North Macedonia
4240:
3931:
3866:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3796:
3778:
3728:Other groupings
3723:
3575:Old Costa Rican
3550:Burkina (Mossi)
3530:Mauritian (MSL)
3403:Ghardaia (AJSL)
3316:Argentine (LSA)
3279:
3261:
3250:
3215:
3198:
3070:
3052:
3024:
2988:
2954:
2926:
2887:
2880:
2848:
2815:
2785:Danish (Tegnic)
2779:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2691:
2666:Yugoslavic Sign
2661:
2632:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
2617:
2607:
2596:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
2581:
2571:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
2564:
2547:
2534:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2515:(Françafrosign)
2514:
2508:
2484:
2456:Malaysian (BIM)
2398:
2391:
2366:Valencian (LSV)
2302:
2293:Paraguay (LSPY)
2284:
2277:
2261:
2255:
2216:
2178:
2110:
2080:
2055:
2039:
2033:
1997:Arab (Ishaaric)
1987:
1966:
1938:
1851:Iltyeme iltyeme
1822:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1778:
1773:
1697:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1189:Wayback Machine
1175:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1054:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
985:
972:
971:
962:
954:
915:
910:
909:
892:
854:
853:
846:
841:
837:
828:
822:
818:
813:
811:
809:
805:
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
772:Wayback Machine
759:
755:
746:
742:
733:
724:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
690:
683:
679:
678:
674:
628:
627:
620:
610:
608:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
564:
563:
556:
546:
544:
539:. Merit Group.
530:
529:
525:
516:
509:
504:
466:
431:
414:
362:
343:
341:Manual alphabet
295:
258:
190:
166:
101:
85:
78:
68:
61:
58:Language family
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Sign languages
5876:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5710:William Stokoe
5707:
5702:
5697:
5695:Valerie Sutton
5692:
5687:
5685:Abbé de l'Épée
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5596:Signed Swedish
5593:
5588:
5586:Signed Spanish
5583:
5578:
5573:
5571:Signed Italian
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Serbo-Croatian
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5341:Fingerspelling
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Western Desert
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4778:American (ASL)
4775:
4772:
4770:Old Salvadoran
4767:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4640:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Maritime (MSL)
4615:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4587:American (ASL)
4584:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Central Taurus
4530:
4527:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4288:United Kingdom
4286:
4284:French Belgian
4281:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4084:Kazakh-Russian
4081:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3988:Indo-Pakistani
3985:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3600:Peruvian (LSP)
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Miyakubo Shuwa
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Dogon/Douentza
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3205:American (ASL)
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3066:Namibian (NSL)
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:Indo-Pakistani
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2733:Tunisian (TSL)
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2687:Yugoslav (YSL)
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:Croatian (HZJ)
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2544:Sierra Leonean
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2467:Filipino (FSL)
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:American (ASL)
2407:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2387:Romanian (LSR)
2384:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Algerian (LSA)
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2285:Uruguayan Sign
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2273:Chilean (LSCh)
2269:
2263:
2262:Uruguayan Sign
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Maritime (MSL)
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:Qatari Unified
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1971:Zendath Kesign
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:Western Desert
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1921:Worora Kinship
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1673:External links
1671:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1609:
1593:www.sematos.eu
1580:
1555:
1528:(4): 451–452.
1512:
1485:(4): 432–445.
1469:
1426:
1383:
1356:(2): 144–146.
1340:
1326:
1249:
1222:(2): 131–159.
1206:
1193:
1169:
1149:
1136:
1102:
1087:
1064:
1031:
1016:
998:
983:
960:
926:(4): 483–505.
890:
863:(4): 445–465.
844:
835:
816:
803:
794:
781:
753:
740:
722:
696:
672:
618:
595:Pelea, Alina.
587:
554:
523:
506:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
442:
430:
427:
413:
410:
398:
397:
385:
382:
379:
376:
361:
358:
342:
339:
294:
291:
257:
254:
189:
186:
165:
162:
135:European Union
107:
106:
99:
91:
90:
83:
75:
74:
73:Language codes
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5906:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:Miscellaneous
5753:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:Organisations
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Laurent Clerc
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Pär Aron Borg
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Signed Polish
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Signed German
5564:
5562:
5561:Signed French
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Grammar (ASL)
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:International
5132:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:South America
5016:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Rossel Island
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Mount Avejaha
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:Navajo Family
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:United States
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:South African
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Yoruban (YSL)
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Bura (Burasl)
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:West African
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Ugandan (USL)
3674:
3672:
3671:Turkish (TİD)
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Spanish (LSE)
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Rossel Island
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:Qahveh Khaneh
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
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3555:Mount Avejaha
3553:
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3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Maltese (LSM)
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
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3468:
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3439:
3438:Atgangmuurniq
3436:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:Guinea-Bissau
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
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3366:
3364:
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3359:
3356:
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3329:
3328:
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3319:
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3312:
3309:
3307:
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3299:
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3289:
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3276:
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3257:
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3218:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3194:
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3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
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3155:
3152:
3149:
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3137:
3134:
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3128:
3125:
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3119:
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3110:
3107:
3104:
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3079:
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3067:
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3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3019:Cepeda Peraza
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:Highland Maya
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:Japanese Sign
2929:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Flemish (VGT)
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Mexican (LSM)
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Italian (LIS)
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2657:Russian (РЖЯ)
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Latvian (LSL)
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2602:
2599:
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2597:
2594:
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2402:
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2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:Catalan (LSC)
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2298:Uruguay (LSU)
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:British (BSL)
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
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2087:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
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2062:
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2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:Ngaatjatjarra
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1815:
1808:
1805:
1799:
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1790:
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1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:Sign language
1770:
1765:
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1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
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1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1657:on 2018-10-12
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1628:on 2018-11-28
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1570:on 2015-07-09
1569:
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1523:
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1274:
1273:Royal Society
1270:
1266:
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1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
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1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:0-521-63718-X
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1126:on 2022-02-26
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:9789027212306
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:on 2018-11-28
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:9781563686573
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
984:9781563686573
980:
976:
969:
967:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
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933:
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921:
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849:
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839:
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826:
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741:
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731:
729:
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723:
710:
706:
700:
697:
689:
682:
676:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
641:(2): 205–24.
640:
636:
632:
625:
623:
619:
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
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538:
534:
527:
524:
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514:
512:
508:
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496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Sign language
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Lingua franca
468:
467:
463:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
411:
409:
405:
403:
402:lingua franca
394:
390:
389:formal system
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
359:
357:
354:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
313:
310:
306:
305:Western world
301:
292:
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284:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
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231:
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217:
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209:
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196:
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179:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:sign language
121:
117:
113:
104:
100:
98:
97:
92:
88:
84:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5859:
5853:
5844:
5842:
5822:
5639:Films (list)
5556:Signed Dutch
5501:Contact sign
5140:
4946:Hawaii (USA)
4839:
4832:
4817:
4642:
4633:
4525:Swiss-German
4161:Saudi Arabia
3899:South Africa
3773:
3633:
3616:
3490:Somali (SSL)
3417:
3325:
3260:Providencia–
3239:Nesilextcl'n
3212:Oneida (OSL)
3174:Tickanwa•tic
3162:Schitsu'umsh
3144:Nųmą́khų́·ki
3058:Paget Gorman
2979:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2923:Punjab-Sindh
2871:Polish (PJM)
2866:German (DGS)
2742:Mexican Sign
2721:Italian Sign
2625:Russian Sign
2588:French (LSF)
2561:Oneida (OSL)
2475:Quebec (LSQ)
2460:Oneida (OSL)
2377:
2373:French (LSF)
2226:Chinese Sign
2184:Swedish Sign
1908:
1879:
1862:
1855:
1833:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1695:Bibliography
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1651:www.acm5.com
1650:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1399:(1): 57–59.
1396:
1392:
1386:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1268:
1262:
1252:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1200:Rosenstock,
1196:
1177:
1172:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1115:
1105:
1078:
1059:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1044:
1034:
1007:
1001:
974:
923:
919:
860:
856:
838:
830:
824:
819:
806:
797:
789:
784:
776:
761:
756:
748:
743:
735:
713:. Retrieved
699:
675:
638:
634:
609:. Retrieved
600:
590:
578:. Retrieved
569:
545:. Retrieved
536:
526:
518:
435:WFD homepage
423:
419:
415:
406:
399:
370:
363:
355:
344:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
315:
296:
287:
283:standardized
278:
275:
259:
249:
245:
241:
239:
232:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
191:
177:
173:
169:
167:
157:
155:
115:
111:
110:
94:
5781:Open Outcry
5705:Abbé Sicard
5690:Roger Fouts
5521:Signed Oral
5460:SignWriting
5308:Orientation
5278:Linguistics
5259:Pitha Pitha
4954:New Zealand
4890:Manjiljarra
4761:El Salvador
4521:Switzerland
4431:Netherlands
4271:Azerbaijani
4213:Old Bangkok
4153:Philippines
3841:Ivory Coast
3635:Sandy River
3373:Cuban (LSC)
3262:Cayman Sign
3111:Hinono'eino
3102:Coahuilteco
3087:Anishinaabe
3048:Old Bangkok
2969:Old Kentish
2898:Beluchistan
2858:German Sign
2839:Ho Chi Minh
2763:Old Belgian
2707:Dutch (NGT)
2446:Costa Rican
2339:Irish (ISL)
2283:Paraguayan-
2074:Palestinian
1957:Manjiljarra
1952:Kartutjarra
1887:Rdaka rdaka
1881:Pitha Pitha
715:20 February
658:2066/230291
611:20 February
580:20 February
547:20 February
490:Ted Supalla
393:classifiers
309:Bencie Woll
256:Description
143:Deaflympics
5878:Categories
5806:Protactile
5445:ASL-phabet
5429:Portuguese
5331:Sign names
5316:Expression
5244:Old French
5229:Kalkutungu
5198:Name signs
5188:Literature
5125:Venezuelan
5099:Inmaculada
5091:Paraguayan
5083:Ecuadorian
4937:Yir Yoront
4788:Protactile
4765:Salvadoran
4757:Panamanian
4744:Nicaraguan
4721:Albarradas
4692:Guatemalan
4649:Costa Rica
4644:Old Cayman
4597:Protactile
4475:Portuguese
4443:Macedonian
4419:Lithuanian
4267:Azerbaijan
4236:Vietnamese
4193:Tajikistan
4181:Sri Lankan
4080:Kazakhstan
4050:Kafr Qasem
4001:Indonesian
3703:Mofu-Gudur
3641:Salvadoran
3618:Rennellese
3605:Inmaculada
3560:Mozambican
3510:Macedonian
3480:Kata Kolok
3470:Kafr Qasim
3429:Creole HSL
3180:Tsuu T'ina
3141:Niitsítapi
3135:Ni Mii Puu
3126:Maagiadawa
3090:Apsáalooke
3016:Trascorral
2700:Dutch Sign
2503:Yogyakarta
2463:Panamanian
2421:Protactile
2379:Old French
2356:Lithuanian
2312:Francosign
1929:Yir Yoront
1916:Warramunga
1864:Kalkutungu
1820:Aboriginal
1818:Australian
1661:2018-10-16
1632:2018-10-16
1603:2018-10-16
1574:2021-09-14
1275:: 191100.
1130:2018-11-19
1055:2018-11-19
502:References
396:barriers).
375:role play,
293:Vocabulary
267:pantomimic
228:loan signs
226:signs and
151:Eurovision
5862:indicate
5523:Languages
5424:Ukrainian
5384:Hungarian
5369:Esperanto
5300:Handshape
5269:Warluwara
5209:languages
5193:Profanity
5156:Signalong
5121:Venezuela
5117:Uruguayan
5070:Colombian
5024:Argentina
4895:Warlmanpa
4856:Australia
4794:Blackfeet
4783:Black ASL
4740:Nicaragua
4688:Guatemala
4680:Greenland
4603:Blackfoot
4592:Black ASL
4560:North and
4551:Ukrainian
4509:Valencian
4491:Slovenian
4459:Norwegian
4415:Lithuania
4379:Icelandic
4371:Hungarian
4218:Chiangmai
4189:Taiwanese
4177:Sri Lanka
4173:Singapore
4169:Singapore
4126:Mongolian
4100:Malaysian
3997:Indonesia
3966:Hong Kong
3954:Cambodian
3911:Tanzanian
3787:By region
3343:Bhutanese
3138:Niimíipuu
3120:Karankawa
3043:Hai Phong
3038:Chiangmai
2829:Hai Phong
2821:Viet-Thai
2683:Slovenian
2652:Mongolian
2618:Hungarian
2554:Hand Talk
2521:Ethiopian
2449:Dominican
2443:Cambodian
2238:Shanghai
2068:Jordanian
2061:Levantine
2040:Levantine
1925:Yan-nhaŋu
1910:Warluwara
1904:Warlmanpa
1870:Miriwoong
1550:147662111
1542:0047-4045
1507:145518387
1499:1533-6263
1464:144987587
1456:1533-6263
1442:(1): 60.
1421:144987587
1413:1533-6263
1378:145192212
1370:1533-6263
1244:145192212
1236:1533-6263
1097:932169688
1026:936854431
993:936854431
940:0047-4045
885:147662111
877:0047-4045
667:234031206
572:. WASLI.
439:QuickTime
366:mouthings
261:focus on
240:The name
96:Glottolog
80:ISO 639-3
5511:Mouthing
5487:Language
5470:ASLwrite
5394:Japanese
5349:American
5321:Mouthing
5312:Movement
5304:Location
5249:Old Kent
5215:Chilmark
5151:Monastic
5104:Peruvian
5087:Paraguay
5075:Provisle
5066:Colombia
5036:Bolivian
4996:Sinasina
4840:Henniker
4800:Cheyenne
4752:Chiriqui
4713:Honduran
4709:Honduras
4579:Belizean
4487:Slovenia
4471:Portugal
4337:Ghardaia
4321:Estonian
4300:Croatian
4263:Austrian
4255:Armenian
4209:Thailand
4157:Filipino
4149:Nepalese
4134:Ghandruk
4122:Mongolia
4118:Maldives
4114:Maldives
4110:Selangor
4096:Malaysia
4068:Miyakubo
4058:Japanese
4040:Ghardaia
3950:Cambodia
3907:Tanzania
3820:Cameroon
3816:Ghardaia
3811:Algerian
3646:Sinasina
3419:Henniker
3398:Ghandruk
3338:Belizean
3321:Armenian
3284:Isolates
3231:Kalispel
3228:A'aninin
3186:Wazhazhe
3183:Umatilla
3165:Shiwinna
3156:Piipaash
3105:Dane-zaa
3099:Cheyenne
3004:Yucatec
2975:Chilmark
2909:Calcutta
2793:Malagasy
2637:Georgian
2541:Nigerian
2538:Moroccan
2527:Ghanaian
2452:Jamaican
2438:Mandalay
2427:Bolivian
2397:American
2089:Possible
2071:Lebanese
2009:Egyptian
1875:Mudburra
1841:Djingili
1803:families
1801:Language
1597:Archived
1313:Archived
1309:32218940
1185:Archived
1117:Facebook
952:Archived
948:14010408
768:Archived
709:Archived
688:Archived
605:Archived
574:Archived
541:Archived
464:See also
429:Examples
103:inte1259
5860:Italics
5811:Tic-tac
5653:Persons
5489:contact
5438:Writing
5419:Spanish
5409:Russian
5364:Chilean
5359:Catalan
5224:Jaralde
5207:Extinct
5178:Grammar
5146:Makaton
5113:Uruguay
5079:Ecuador
5062:Chilean
5054:Ka'apor
5032:Bolivia
4850:Oceania
4736:Mexican
4726:Chatino
4705:Haitian
4634:Plateau
4564:America
4562:Central
4547:Ukraine
4543:Turkish
4517:Swedish
4504:Spanish
4499:Catalan
4483:Russian
4427:Russian
4423:Moldova
4411:Latvian
4395:Italian
4383:Ireland
4375:Iceland
4367:Hungary
4351:Germany
4329:Finnish
4325:Finland
4317:Estonia
4304:Denmark
4296:Croatia
4292:British
4279:Flemish
4275:Belgium
4259:Austria
4251:Armenia
4232:Vietnam
4197:Russian
4139:Jhankot
4092:Laotian
4045:Israeli
4027:Kurdish
4014:Persian
3983:Bengali
3962:Chinese
3946:Bengali
3927:Zambian
3919:Ugandan
3883:Senegal
3870:Nigeria
3837:Nanabin
3807:Algeria
3719:Zambian
3595:Persian
3501:Kisindo
3460:Ka'apor
3450:Jhankot
3368:Chatino
3221:Plateau
3203:Mixed,
3195:Wyandot
3189:Wichita
3177:Tháumgá
3159:Ppáⁿkka
3147:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
3123:Liksiyu
3114:Hiraacá
3093:Arikara
2960:Kentish
2902:Bengali
2812:Teknmál
2712:Gambian
2680:Serbian
2677:Kosovar
2616:Austro-
2586:Mixed,
2569:Mixed,
2552:Mixed,
2530:Guinean
2524:Chadian
2500:Jakarta
2431:Burmese
2399:(ASLic)
2096:Emirati
2014:Kuwaiti
1857:Jaralde
1319:26 June
1300:7029929
1277:Bibcode
1160:p. 32.
765:website
360:Grammar
250:Gestuno
242:Gestuno
216:oneness
212:gesture
208:Gestuno
188:History
170:Gestuno
118:) is a
18:Gestuno
5775:Loulis
5771:Washoe
5605:Others
5404:Polish
5399:Korean
5379:German
5374:French
5219:Diyari
5183:Idioms
5040:Brazil
5009:Samoan
4971:Kailge
4915:Umpila
4860:Auslan
4823:Navajo
4807:Oneida
4803:Ojibwa
4748:Panama
4717:Mexico
4658:Brunca
4653:Bribri
4639:Cayman
4623:Quebec
4613:Oneida
4609:Ojibwa
4583:Canada
4575:Belize
4538:Mardin
4529:Turkey
4513:Sweden
4479:Russia
4467:Polish
4463:Poland
4455:Norway
4407:Latvia
4399:Kosovo
4359:Greece
4355:German
4342:French
4333:France
4308:Danish
4245:Europe
4185:Taiwan
4105:Penang
4076:Korean
4063:Koniya
4031:Israel
3978:Alipur
3942:Bengal
3923:Zambia
3915:Uganda
3895:Somali
3853:Kenyan
3824:Maroua
3801:Africa
3757:(~150)
3590:Penang
3535:M'bour
3525:Mardin
3475:Kailge
3465:Kajana
3434:Inuit
3358:Brunca
3353:Bribri
3311:Alipur
3291:Afghan
3247:Sqeliz
3132:Nakota
3010:Nohkop
3007:Chicán
2916:Nepali
2906:Bombay
2435:Yangon
2169:Samoan
2155:Fijian
2132:Auslan
2120:BANZSL
2077:Syrian
2038:Iraqi–
2029:Yemeni
2019:Libyan
1978:Meriam
1892:Umpila
1835:Diyari
1548:
1540:
1505:
1497:
1462:
1454:
1419:
1411:
1376:
1368:
1307:
1297:
1242:
1234:
1202:Op cit
1164:
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1024:
1014:
991:
981:
946:
938:
883:
875:
665:
329:, and
263:iconic
224:iconic
199:pidgin
164:Naming
149:, and
145:, the
120:pidgin
66:pidgin
47:Region
5631:Media
5389:Irish
5109:Sivia
5058:Chile
5001:Wanib
4976:Mehek
4942:Yolŋu
4910:Ngada
4731:Mayan
4701:Haiti
4697:Mayan
4676:Cuban
4495:Spain
4435:Dutch
4391:Italy
4387:Irish
4363:Greek
4347:Lyons
4201:Tibet
4165:Saudi
4144:Jumla
4130:Nepal
4072:Korea
4054:Japan
4022:Iraqi
3974:India
3958:China
3887:Mbour
3861:Tebul
3849:Kenya
3828:Ghana
3686:Wanib
3661:Tebul
3651:Sivia
3540:Mehek
3455:Jumla
3168:Sioux
3153:Palus
3150:Omaha
3013:Nohya
2912:Delhi
2834:Hanoi
2246:Macau
2106:Omani
2101:Saudi
2051:Iraqi
1934:Yolŋu
1704:5(1).
1546:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1417:S2CID
1374:S2CID
1271:(1).
1240:S2CID
955:(PDF)
944:S2CID
916:(PDF)
881:S2CID
751:5(1).
691:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
663:S2CID
172:, or
5833:and
5465:si5s
5095:Peru
5049:Cena
4966:Enga
4797:Cree
4672:Cuba
4606:Cree
4223:Thai
4088:Laos
4018:Iraq
4010:Iran
3993:Naga
3936:Asia
3874:Bura
3857:Mali
3763:(7+)
3565:Naga
3393:Enga
3363:Cena
3171:Taos
3117:Icāk
3108:Diné
2888:Sign
1538:ISSN
1495:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1440:1010
1409:ISSN
1397:1010
1366:ISSN
1321:2020
1305:PMID
1232:ISSN
1162:ISBN
1093:OCLC
1083:ISBN
1022:OCLC
1012:ISBN
989:OCLC
979:ISBN
936:ISSN
873:ISSN
717:2022
613:2022
582:2022
549:2022
335:what
327:what
214:and
176:and
5835:BSL
5831:ASL
5170:ASL
1530:doi
1487:doi
1444:doi
1401:doi
1358:doi
1338:187
1295:PMC
1285:doi
1224:doi
1045:EUD
928:doi
865:doi
653:hdl
643:doi
391:of
331:how
323:who
265:or
87:ils
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