140:
333:
oil production grew substantially from 1939 to 1944, including many forced labourers and prisoners of war from Poland, Ukraine and the Soviet Union. German domestic oil production rose significantly during the course of the second world war, until allied bombing campaign in 1944. In
January 1944, total synthetic petroleum output was approximately 3.6 million barrels. In June, the month after the Allied petroleum raids began, production dropped by one-third to 2.2 million barrels. By the end of 1944 it had dropped another one-third, plummeting to 1.2 million barrels.
49:
148:
62:
332:
expanded significantly during World War II, especially in the occupied countries - with
Romania alone accounting for 3.3 million barrels in 1938 and producing 8 million barrels for German export in 1940—a staggering increase of 4.7 million barrels in only two years. The number of people employed in
296:, the German economy was converted to a war footing and all petroleum distribution companies in the Association of Petroleum Distribution were merged and only gasoline with no attached branding was sold. As the German-American Petroleum Company was still considered a
199:
for fuel purposes came into force in
Germany for all fuel companies. In each case, 2.5% by weight of the produced or imported quantity of fuel was to be obtained from the Reich monopoly administration. This rate increased gradually until October 1932 to 10%.
210:
In 1935, the German-American
Petroleum Company was the market leader in Germany among the Big Five petrol station chains with 18,327 petrol stations (32.7%) as well as with Rhenania-Ossag with a sales ratio of 20.9%.
106:
In 1891, the petrol import business of Edmund
Siemers was transferred to the company In the mid-1890s, the company took over half of the shares of the Bremen Petroleum Refinery.
225:
In 1938, German-American
Petroleum Company and Rhenania-Ossag, with the help of their non-executable foreign exchange reserves, took over half of Oelhag. At this time, the
947:
890:
1009:
1004:
714:
386:
128:
to gasoline., a DAPG delivery agreement enabled them to also offer a knock-resistant super gasoline by adding about 40% benzene. This product was called
117:
with the famous Indian head. In 1904, the
Standard Oil Company took a 50 percent stake in the company and moved the company's headquarters to Hamburg.
341:
The German-American
Petroleum Company was renamed Esso AG in 1950 and then Esso Deutschland GmbH in 1999. It is now part of the ExxonMobil group.
636:
578:
544:
510:
476:
442:
1014:
403:
847:; Combined Chiefs of Staff: Conference proceedings, 1941–1945; Box 1: Office of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. pp. 40–43, 88, 255–256.
1019:
795:
762:
367:
844:
819:
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it was put on the List of
Defense Contractors and received preferential material quotation. Two directors of the company,
931:"Turning Point: A History Of German Petroleum In World War Ii And Its Lessons For The Role Of Oil In Modern Air Warfare"
874:"Turning Point: A History Of German Petroleum In World War Ii And Its Lessons For The Role Of Oil In Modern Air Warfare"
858:
700:
329:
323:
287:
192:, the American oil company sold so many shares at that time, that the three companies each owned a third of the shares.
177:, the German petroleum company were bought by the German-American Petroleum Society and the German mineral oil company
399:
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156:
161:
85:
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70:
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Stiftungsstadt und BĂĽrgertum: Hamburgs
Stiftungskultur vom Kaiserreich bis in den Nationalsozialimus
301:
257:
242:
178:
96:
48:
74:
852:
428:
238:
27:
155:
In 1928 the tanker shipping company of the German-American Petroleum Society was renamed to the
689:(Videotape). tibav:25678: German National Library of Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany.
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to create a subsidiary of Standard Oil that would operate as a petroleum business in Germany.
626:
500:
174:
170:
628:
Innovation Excellence: Creating Market Success in the Energy and Natural Resources Sectors
390:
317:
79:
993:
306:
241:
was assigned to the German-American Petroleum Society along with its refinery in the
183:
344:
The name Esso is the phonetic pronunciation of the initials 'S' and 'O' in the name
345:
293:
275:
196:
31:
659:
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132:
and sold in September 1928 as red-coloured Esso. A 10% benzene was added to the
61:
930:
873:
431:; Jonathan Huener; University of Vermont. Center for Holocaust Studies (2004).
805:
772:
686:
The Waried Transport Company - A Chapter from the History of German Technology
684:
147:
42:
109:
At the beginning of the 20th century, the petroleum was sold under the brand
267:
230:
664:. University of Minnesota: Fairplay Publications Limited. 1956. p. 385
408:
263:
124:
scientist, Walter Oswald had developed a super-gasoline in 1924 by adding
271:
234:
229:
owned 94% of the German-American Petroleum Society. As a result of the
125:
121:
69:
On 25 February 1890 a joint venture between the German industrialists
979:
246:
237:
in 1938 and the subsequent reorganization of the local industry, the
100:
226:
60:
34:
and was founded in 1890. From 1950 onwards the company was called
788:
Faktor Öl : die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974
755:
Faktor Öl : die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974
189:
36:
52:
Founding document of the German-American Petroleum Society 1890
222:
brand was printed on the cover sheet of the drivers manual.
906:
Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974
502:
Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974
396:
Newspaper clippings about German-American Petroleum Company
790:(in German). Munich: Verlag, C.H. Beck. pp. 193–197.
606:. Vol. 70–72. Standard Oil Company. 1991. p. 40
570:
The History of the Standard Oil Company: Briefer Version
384:
Official presentation of the history of Esso in Germany
188:, that would be later called, Shell Germany Oil GmbH.
962:"Oil as a factor in the German war effort, 1933-1945"
840:
Casablanca Conference: Papers and Minutes of Meetings
757:(in German). Munich: Verlag, C.H. Beck. p. 199.
270:, who responsible for the production of the chemical
360:
Super, voll!: kleine Kulturgeschichte der Tankstelle
826:. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 502.
929:Keller, Major, United States Air Force, Shawn P.
872:Keller, Major, United States Air Force, Shawn P.
143:Workshop with Esso and Dapolin pump (early 1930s)
966:Declassified World War II Operational Documents
743:Handbuch fĂĽr Kraftwagenfahrer, 5th edition 1937
908:(in German). MĂĽnchen: C.H. Beck. p. 460.
409:Fleetlist of Esso Germany and its predecessors
251:From 1938 onwards the company had holdings in
8:
946:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
904:Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G. (2003).
889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
20:Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft
786:Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G (2003).
753:Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G (2003).
214:During 1937-1938, the brand was renamed to
499:Rainer Karlsch; Raymond G. Stokes (2003).
113:and the American gasoline under the brand
625:Stephan Scholtissek (25 February 2011).
146:
138:
47:
721:(in German). ExxonMobil. Archived from
420:
136:fuel to increase the knock resistance.
939:
882:
850:
692:
173:, the shares of MAN and Haniel in the
434:Business and Industry in Nazi Germany
7:
1010:German companies established in 1890
1005:Energy companies established in 1890
980:"Our History | Esso and Mobil"
505:(in German). C.H.Beck. p. 57.
362:(in German). Marburg : Jonas.
631:. mi-Wirtschaftsbuch. p. 21.
471:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 256.
195:In 1930, the supply regulation of
14:
99:was agreed in the German city of
41:and has been a subsidiary of the
24:German-American Petroleum Company
661:Fairplay Weekly Shipping Journal
533:Michael Werner (10 March 2015).
845:Eisenhower Presidential Library
567:Ida M. Tarbell (8 March 2012).
437:. Berghahn Books. p. 115.
207:was renamed Standard Gasoline.
95:and the American industrialist
465:Rudolf Vierhaus (3 May 2011).
1:
837:US Secretary (January 1943).
683:IWF and ZKM (29 May 2019) .
358:Kleinmanns, Joachim (2002).
324:Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft
288:Oil campaign of World War II
266:near Stettin, together with
1015:Energy companies of Germany
539:. De Gruyter. p. 107.
400:20th Century Press Archives
330:Oil production in the Reich
1036:
285:
227:Standard Oil of New Jersey
157:Waried Tankschiff Rhederei
218:. Later in 1938, the new
30:that was a subsidiary of
1020:Oil companies of Germany
857:: CS1 maint: location (
699:: CS1 maint: location (
16:German petroleum company
715:"ExxonMobil in Germany"
573:. Courier Corporation.
468:Schlumberger - Thiersch
86:Wilhelm Anton Riedemann
278:, and Rhenania-Ossag.
171:global economic crisis
152:
151:Esso-Tankstelle (2014)
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53:
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64:
51:
719:ExxonMobil Corporate
322:were members of the
253:Hydrierwerke Pölitz
122:Benzene association
97:John D. Rockefeller
71:Franz Ernst SchĂĽtte
429:Francis R. Nicosia
389:2019-04-14 at the
239:Vacuum Oil Company
153:
145:
67:
54:
45:group since 1999.
638:978-3-86416-000-4
580:978-0-486-13995-1
546:978-3-486-71388-6
512:978-3-406-50276-7
478:978-3-11-096502-5
444:978-1-57181-653-5
28:petroleum company
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843:. Dwight D.
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727:. Retrieved
723:the original
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666:. Retrieved
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448:. Retrieved
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346:Standard Oil
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294:World War II
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282:World War II
276:gas chambers
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75:Carl SchĂĽtte
68:
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32:Standard Oil
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316: [
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182: [
169:During the
160: [
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994:Categories
915:3406502768
806:1085549828
773:1085549828
415:References
352:Literature
120:After the
65:Dapol sign
43:ExxonMobil
853:cite book
268:IG Farben
231:Anschluss
942:cite web
885:cite web
822:(1966).
729:16 March
668:13 March
644:13 March
603:The Lamp
387:Archived
272:Zyklon B
245:area of
203:In 1931
134:dapoline
610:3 March
586:3 March
552:3 March
518:2 March
484:2 March
450:2 March
402:of the
398:in the
235:Austria
205:DAPOLIN
126:benzene
115:DAPOLIN
57:History
912:
804:
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771:
761:
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509:
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366:
264:Pölitz
262:AG in
247:Vienna
243:Kagran
175:Oelhag
166:GmbH.
130:Duolin
101:Bremen
934:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
320:]
309:]
260:]
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111:DAPOL
93:]
82:]
948:link
910:ISBN
891:link
859:link
802:OCLC
792:ISBN
769:OCLC
759:ISBN
731:2019
701:link
670:2019
646:2019
633:ISBN
612:2019
588:2019
575:ISBN
554:2019
541:ISBN
520:2019
507:ISBN
486:2019
473:ISBN
452:2019
439:ISBN
364:ISBN
311:and
274:for
220:ESSO
216:ESSO
190:ARCO
84:and
37:Esso
404:ZBW
233:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
