552:"On 20 August 1939, Hitler sent a personal message to Stalin, asking him to receive Ribbentrop no later than the twenty-third. Ribbentrop made for Moscow, where, as both Orwell and Koestler noted, swastikas adorned the airport of the capital of the homeland of socialism. This, the final ideological shock that separated Koestler from communism, was really a sign that the Soviet Union was no longer an ideological state. The two regimes immediately found common ground in their mutual aspiration to destroy Poland ...the Soviet Union had agreed to attack Poland along with Germany. ... In August and September 1939, Stalin was reading maps not just of east Europe but of east Asia. He had found an opportunity to improve the Soviet position in the Far East. ...Stalin could now be confident that no German-Polish attack was coming from the west... The Soviets (and their Mongolian allies) attacked Japanese (and puppet Manchukuo) forces... on 20 August 1939. Stalin's policy of rapprochement with Berlin of August 23, 1939, was also directed against Tokyo. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed three days after the offensive, nullified the Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan. Even more than the battlefield defeat, the Nazi-Soviet alliance brought a political earthquake to Tokyo. The Japanese government fell, as would several more in the coming months. Once Germany seemed to have chosen the Soviet Union rather than Japan as its ally, the Japanese government found itself in an unexpected and confusing situation... if the union between Moscow and Berlin held, the Red Army would be able to concentrate its forces in Asia rather than in Europe. ... Hitler had given Stalin a free hand in Asia, and the Japanese could only hope that Hitler would betray his new friend. ... When the Red Army defeated the Japanese, on 15 September, Stalin had achieved exactly the result that he wanted. ... Stalin had replaced the phantom of a German-Polish-Japanese encirclement of the Soviet Union with a very real German-Soviet encirclement of Poland, an alliance that isolated Japan."
341:
agreement. On April 7, Soviet diplomat
Georgii Astakhov stated to the German Foreign Ministry that there was no point in continuing the German–Soviet ideological struggle and that the two countries could come to an agreement. Ten days later, Soviet ambassador Alexei Merekalov met with German State Secretary Ernst Weizsacker and presented him a note requesting speedy removal of any obstacles for fulfillment of military contracts signed between Czechoslovakia and the USSR before the former was occupied by Germany. According to German accounts, at the end of the discussion the ambassador stated "there exists for Russia no reason why she should not live with us on a normal footing. And from normal the relations might become better and better." Other sources claim that it could be an exaggeration or inaccurate recounting of the ambassador's words. Immediately after the meeting, the Soviet ambassador had been withdrawn to Moscow and never returned to Germany.
353:
later, on May 20, Molotov told the German ambassador in Moscow that he no longer wanted to discuss only economic matters, and that it was necessary to establish a "political basis", which German officials saw an "implicit invitation" and a "virtual summoning us to a political dialogue." On May 26, German officials feared a potential positive result to come from the
Soviets talks regarding proposals by Britain and France. On May 30, Germany directed its diplomats in Moscow that "we have now decided to undertake definite negotiations with the Soviet Union." The ensuing discussions were channeled through the economic negotiation, because the economic needs of the two sides were substantial and because close military and diplomatic connections had been severed in the mid-1930s after the creation of the Anti-Comintern Pact and the Spanish Civil War, leaving these talks as the only means of communication.
562:
441:
delayed signing the economic agreement for almost ten days until they were sure that they had also reached a political agreement. The Soviet ambassador explained that the
Soviets had begun their British negotiations "without much enthusiasm" at a time when they felt Germany would not "come to an understanding," and the parallel talks with the British could not be simply broken off when they had been initiated after "mature consideration." Meanwhile, every internal German military and economic study had argued that Germany was doomed to defeat without at least Soviet neutrality. The Wehrmacht High Command issued a report that Germany could only be safe from a blockade on the basis of close economic cooperation with the Soviet Union.
325:
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it was estimated that
Germany would need to find substitutes for approximately 165,000 tons of manganese and almost 2 million tons of oil per year. Germany already faced severe rubber shortages because of British and Dutch refusals to trade. In addition to domestic food fat and oil importation reliance, other food problems arose from labor shortages in the agricultural sector that required the work of schoolchildren and students. On May 8, German officials estimated that Germany had oil reserves for only 3.1 months.
480:. This loan would be 100% guaranteed by the German government with a 5% interest rate. However, the agreement contained a "Confidential Protocol" providing that the German government would refund 0.5% of the interest, making the effective rate 4.5%. The terms were extremely favorable, at 1.5–2.5% lower as compared to discount rates than such credit lines in the 1920s and early 1930s. The Soviet Union would start to pay off the loan with raw materials seven years later (beginning in 1946).
376:
the
Germans. The Soviet ambassador explained that a deal with Germany better suited Soviet needs than a deal with Britain and France or inconclusive negotiations resulting in no deal. Draganov promptly informed the German Foreign Ministry of the conversation. Seven days earlier, the Soviets had agreed that a high ranking German official would come to Moscow to continue the negotiations, which occurred in Moscow on July 3. Thereafter, official talks were started in Berlin on July 22.
73:
362:
421:, stating "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies," "neither we nor Italy have anything in common with the capitalist west" and "it seems to us rather unnatural that a socialist state would stand on the side of the western democracies." The Germans explained that their prior hostility toward Soviet Bolshevism had subsided with the changes in the
391:
On July 25, the Soviet Union and
Germany were very close to finalizing the terms of a proposed economic deal. On July 26, over dinner, the Soviets accepted a proposed three-stage agenda which included the economic agenda first and "a new arrangement which took account of the vital political interests
375:
told a German official that Moscow "had lost all interest in these negotiations as a result of earlier German procrastination." On June 15, the Soviet ambassador held a discussion with the
Bulgarian ambassador in Berlin, Purvan Draganov, who served as an unofficial intermediary for negotiations with
352:
In the context of further economic discussions, on May 17, Astakhov told a German official that he wanted to restate "in detail that there were no conflicts in foreign policy between
Germany and Soviet Russia and that therefore there was no reason for any enmity between the two countries." Three days
268:
By the late 1930s, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with
Britain were impossible, Germany needed to arrange closer relations with the Soviet Union, if not just for economic reasons alone. Germany lacked key supplies, such as oil and food, metal ores and rubber, for which it relied
733:
was signed on
February 11, 1940. Under that agreement, the Soviet Union became a major supplier of vital materials to Germany, including petroleum, manganese, copper, nickel, chrome, platinum, lumber and grain. They also received considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, including manganese
348:
would require massive new infusions of technology and industrial equipment. Meanwhile, German military spending increased to 23% of gross national product in 1939. German planners in April and May 1939 feared that a cessation of Swedish trade would cut key iron ore supplies. Without Soviet supplies,
312:
In October 1938, Germany started pushing for expansion of economic ties between the two countries and presented a plan to the Soviets on December 1, 1938. Stalin, however, was not willing to sell his increasingly strong economic bargaining position for the small price that Hitler was then willing to
536:
At the signing, Ribbentrop and Stalin enjoyed warm conversations, exchanged toasts and further addressed the prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They characterized Britain as always attempting to disrupt Soviet-German relations, stated that the Anti-Comintern pact was not aimed at
502:
German Foreign Ministry official Karl Schnurre noted at the time that "he movement of goods envisaged by the agreement might therefore reach a total of more than 1 billion Reichsmarks for the next few years." Schnurre also wrote "part from the economic import of the treaty, its significance lies in
466:
published a report that the Soviet–British–French talks had become snarled over the Far East and "entirely different matters", Germany took it as a signal that there was still time and hope to reach a Soviet–German deal. At 2 am on August 20, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the trade agreement,
440:
On August 5, Soviet officials stated that the completion of the trading credit agreement was crucial for further political talks. Hitler himself telephoned to interrupt economic talks, pushing for a settlement. By August 10, the countries worked out the last minor technical details, but the Soviets
133:
over seven years with an effective interest rate of 4.5 percent. The credit line was to be used during the next two years for purchase of capital goods (factory equipment, installations, machinery and machine tools, ships, vehicles, and other means of transport) in Germany and was to be paid off by
1855:
Russian submarine SC.323 damaged German steamer OLIVA (1308grt) with gunfire off Uto. She was damaged again by Russian submarine S.1 off Rauma on the Dec 10th 1939. Russian submarine SC.322 damaged German steamer HELGA BOGE (2181grt) with gunfire, four miles north of Revalstein. Russian submarine
436:
for August 25 and prepared for war with France, German war planners in August estimated that, with an expected British naval blockade and the hostile Soviet Union, Germany would fall short of its war mobilization requirements by 9.9 million tons of oil and 260,000 tons of manganese. At that time,
802:
The various items that the USSR had sent to Germany from 1939 to 1941 in significant amount, could be substituted or obtained by increased imports from other countries. Conversely, without Soviet deliveries of these major items, Germany could barely have attacked the Soviet Union, let alone come
340:
Germany and the Soviet Union discussed entering into an economic deal throughout early 1939. During spring and summer 1939, the Soviets negotiated a political and military pact with France and Britain, while at the same time talking with German officials about a potential political Soviet–German
470:
The agreement covered "current" business, which entailed Soviet obligations to deliver 180 million Reichsmarks in raw materials and German commitment to provide the Soviets with 120 million Reichsmarks of German industrial goods. Under the agreement, Germany also granted the Soviet Union a
437:
Germany was still importing 20% of foodstuffs, 66% of oil and 80% of rubber. It possessed only two to three months of rubber and three to six months of oil supplies. Because of the expected naval blockade, the Soviet Union would become the only supplier for many items.
197:
of raw materials and other goods per year from Russia. Such imports fell sharply after World War I. In the early 1930s, Soviet imports decreased as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and dwindling adherence to the disarmament requirements of the
603:
was established on September 3, 1939. By April 1940 Britain realized that blockade appeared not to be working because of "leaks" in the blockade, with two major "holes" in the Black Sea and Mediterranean provided by several neutral countries, including Italy.
392:
of both parties." On August 1, the Soviets raised two conditions before political negotiations could begin: a new economic treaty and the cessation of anti-Soviet attacks by German media. The Germans immediately agreed. Two days later, German Foreign Minister
818:
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. Series D (1937–1945) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov. Printing Office, 1949-64 vol. v. VI The last months of peace, March-Aug. 1939.--v. VII The last days of peace, Aug. 9-Sept. 3, 1939, signed on August 19,
269:
upon Soviet supply or transit, and had to look to Russia and Romania. Moreover, Germany's food requirements would grow further if it conquered nations that were also net food importers. Soviet imports of Ukrainian grains or Soviet transshipments of
288:
in mid-1938, economic reconciliation was hampered by political tension and Hitler's increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, German needs for military supplies and Soviet needs for military machinery increased after the
509:
published an article on August 21 declaring that the August 19 commercial agreement "may appear as a serious step in the cause of improving not only economic, but also political relations between the USSR and Germany." Molotov wrote in
169:
in June 1941, in violation of the treaties between the two countries. Soviet trade with Germany in the pre-invasion period ended up providing the Germans with many of the resources they needed for their invasion of the Soviet Union.
753:
During both the first period of the 1940 agreement (February 11, 1940, to February 11, 1941) and the second (February 11, 1941, until the Pact was broken), Germany received massive quantities of raw materials, including over:
234:" masters. Even with rising tensions, in the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts to reestablish closer contacts with Germany., which were rebuffed by Hitler, who wished to steer clear of such political ties.
503:
the fact that the negotiations also served to renew political contacts with Russia and that the credit agreement was considered by both sides as the first decisive step in the reshaping of political relations."
475:
over seven years to be financed by the German Gold Discount Bank. The credit was to be used to finance Soviet "new business" orders in Germany to include machinery, manufactured goods, war materials and
396:
outlined a plan where the countries would agree to nonintervention in the others' affairs and would renounce measures aimed at the others' vital interests and that "there was no problem between the
2561:
462:
While the treaty was ready at 4 pm on August 19, the Soviets announced that they could not sign it that day, worrying German officials that the Soviets were delaying for political reasons. When
313:
offer. The Soviets were willing to engage in talks discussing a new German offer in February and March 1939 in Moscow. Germany put the talks on hold in mid-March. A few days thereafter, Germany
379:
Meanwhile, hoping to stop the German war machine, in July, Britain conducted talks with Germany regarding a potential plan to bail out the debt-ridden German economy at the cost of one billion
193:
needed for economic and military operations. Since the late 19th century, it had relied heavily upon Russian imports of such materials. Before World War I, Germany imported 1.5 billion
31:
2350:
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that the August 19 deal was "better than all earlier treaties" and "we have never managed to reach such a favorable economic agreement with Britain, France or any other country."
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came. The Soviets fulfilled their obligations to the letter right up until the invasion, wanting to avoid provoking Germany. All these agreements were terminated when
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730:
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2556:
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soybeans could make up the shortfall. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union required, in the short term, military equipment and weapon designs to strengthen the weakened
2286:
2521:
2484:
2546:
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281:. The Soviet transportation network was woefully underdeveloped, with roads approaching non-existence and rail lines already stretched to their limits.
729:
Germany and the Soviet Union continued economic, military and political negotiations throughout the last half of 1939, which resulted in a much larger
324:
2312:
302:
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2239:
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The Soviets sent mixed signals thereafter. On May 31, Molotov's speech appeared to be positive, while on June 2 Soviet Commissar for Foreign Trade
2324:
517:
Early in the morning of August 24, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the political and military deal that accompanied the trade agreement, the
792:
In August 1940, Soviet imports comprised over 50% of Germany's total overseas imports, which declined at this time to 20.4 thousands of tons.
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dated August 19, in Berlin providing for the trade of certain German military and civilian equipment in exchange for Soviet raw materials.
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the Soviet Union, but actually aimed at Western democracies and "frightened principally the City of London and the English shopkeepers."
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in exchange for Germany ending its armaments program. The British press broke the story and Germany eventually rejected the offer.
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521:. The pact was an agreement of mutual non-aggression between the countries. It contained secret protocols dividing the states of
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means of Soviet material shipment from 1946 onwards. The economic agreement was the first step toward improvement in
417:
The Germans discussed prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They addressed their common ground of
161:. German shipments to the Soviets became tardy and failed to provide all that was promised the closer the date of
2386:
2221:, Head of the Eastern European and Baltic Section of the Commercial Policy Division of the German Foreign Office.
693:
2526:
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ore, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria. On January 10, 1941, the countries
141:
On 11 May 1939, the day after the Credit Agreement, the Soviet Union went to war against Japan in a successful
149:
was signed four days after the Credit Agreement. The 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement renewed declined
2076:
A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941
249:
142:
411:
393:
533:." At the time, Stalin considered the trade agreement to be more important than the non-aggression pact.
344:
Likelihood of war increased military production in both Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviets' Third
17:
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modifying their 1940 commercial agreement, adjusting borders, and resolving other minor disputes.
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linked the improvement in Nazi-Soviet relations in 1939 to Stalin's objective of disrupting the
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Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics, and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940
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Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics, and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940
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The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts
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1201:"Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941 : Documents from the German Foreign Office"
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2134:
The Lure of Neptune: German–Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941
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SC.322 damaged German steamer GILLHAUSEN (4339grt) with gunfire south of Hanko
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The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933-36
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Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),
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401:
285:
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1183:. Infamous Encounter? The Merekalov–Weizsacker Meeting of 17 April 1939.
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Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941
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started at November 1939. Several German merchant ships were damaged
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644:
629:
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whereby the latter received an acceptance credit of 200 million
54:
429:. Astakhov characterized the conversation as "extremely important."
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From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941
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which held up to 70 per cent of Poland's pre-war oil production.
2094:
Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941
2018:
The Soviet High Command: A Military-political History, 1918–1941
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2173:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
237:
Relations further declined in 1936, when Germany supported the
2215:
Description of the agreement written 10 days after its signing
599:, to administer the economic blockade of Germany, the British
218:
increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union, with
2052:
Grenville, John Ashley Soames; Wasserstein, Bernard (2001),
719:
which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.
1492:
Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia
973:
Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment
321:(Memel), making a German war with Poland far more likely.
248:, while the Soviets supported the partially socialist-led
159:
January 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
1018:
The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War
252:
opposition. The same year, Germany and Japan entered the
1227:
Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe
1187:, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 921–926. Stable URL:
1041:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970, pages 346.
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invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory
1511:
Bertriko, Jean-Jacques Subrenat, A. and David Cousins,
189:
Germany lacks natural resources, including several key
722:
German-Soviet tensions were also raised by the Soviet
27:
Credit agreement between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union
2402:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1839:, New York : Manchester University Press, 1995,
2155:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
1885:
Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941
1858:
http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-3912-09DEC01.htm
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close to victory, even with more intense rationing.
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Addressing past hostilities and finalizing the deals
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The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia
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1225:Biskupski, Mieczysław B. and Piotr Stefan Wandycz,
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German–Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940
97:
64:
50:
42:
32:
German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (disambiguation)
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404:that could not be solved between the two of us."
498:Ribbentrop and Stalin at the signing of the Pact
202:decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.
1818:, Rowman & Littlefield, Landham, Md, 2008,
1667:
1665:
799:and invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.
715:– were given no choice but to sign a so-called
2433:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
153:and was adjusted and expanded with the larger
136:relations between the Soviet Union and Germany
2240:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1016:Jurado, Carlos Caballero and Ramiro Bujeiro,
795:The trade relations ended when Germany began
8:
2078:, Continuum International Publishing Group,
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180:German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)
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1700:Text of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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681:*German Imports in millions of Reichsmarks
143:four-week military campaign in the Far East
2562:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)
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2225:
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583:Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)
222:casting the Soviet Union as populated by "
36:
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885:
883:
699:In October three German trade partners -
587:German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)
18:German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)
2256:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941
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1307:
785:300,000 tons of scrap metal and pig iron
608:
119:German–Soviet Trade and Credit Agreement
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1988:
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471:merchandise credit of 200 million
185:Traditional commerce and pre-Nazi trade
2366:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)
2136:, University of South Carolina Press,
1736:
1724:
1627:
1593:
1578:
1153:
839:
548:and waging war on Japan. Snyder said:
121:) was an economic arrangement between
717:Pact of defense and mutual assistance
7:
2557:Economic history of the Soviet Union
1403:
1246:
1189:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639445
945:A History of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945
931:
889:
303:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations
2522:Treaties entered into force in 1939
2287:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
565:German and Soviet soldiers talk in
332:aircraft developed for and used by
2415:Soviet offensive plans controversy
1887:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003,
1513:Estonia: Identity and Independence
1473:, Harcourt Brace Publishing, 2002
947:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000,
731:German–Soviet Commercial Agreement
484:Political deal and secret protocol
25:
2547:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
1816:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
1785:, Oxford University Press, 2003,
1764:, Oxford University Press, 2003,
425:and the Soviet renunciation of a
260:also disrupted Soviet diplomacy.
1672:Grenville & Wasserstein 2001
1640:Grenville & Wasserstein 2001
167:Germany invaded the Soviet Union
151:German–Soviet economic relations
83:
71:
2392:Occupation of the Baltic states
2132:Philbin III, Tobias R. (1994),
1906:A History of Russia: Since 1855
1684:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1538:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1443:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1389:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1365:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1296:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
1166:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997
2320:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
2118:, W. W. Norton & Company,
2038:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
1229:, Boydell & Brewer, 2003,
736:signed an additional agreement
115:German–Soviet Credit Agreement
38:German–Soviet Credit Agreement
1:
2096:, Columbia University Press,
2512:Treaties of the Soviet Union
601:Ministry of Economic Warfare
557:Later events and total trade
2361:Commercial Agreement (1940)
2356:Commercial Agreement (1939)
2171:Shirer, William L. (1990),
2034:Ericson, Edward E. (1999),
1340:Stalin: The Man and His Era
1020:, Osprey Publishing, 2006,
788:2,000 kilograms of platinum
2578:
2517:Treaties concluded in 1939
1703:, executed August 23, 1939
770:200,000 tons of phosphates
680:
655:
572:
487:
300:
177:
29:
2479:
2387:Soviet invasion of Poland
2157:, Yale University Press,
1751:, Bloodlands (2010) P.115
1659:, pp. 61&227–231
782:500,000 tons of iron ores
773:20,000 tons of chrome ore
767:140,000 tons of manganese
597:German invasion of Poland
432:As Germany scheduled its
264:Late 1930s economic needs
117:(also referred to as the
2532:1939 in the Soviet Union
2507:Treaties of Nazi Germany
2335:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
2060:, Taylor & Francis,
1835:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline,
975:, Berghahn Books, 2002,
779:100,000 tons of soybeans
758:1,600,000 tons of grains
529:into German and Soviet "
458:Berlin Reich Chancellery
2552:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2537:Economy of Nazi Germany
2428:Northern Sea Route Raid
2308:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2016:Erickson, John (2001),
575:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
519:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
490:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
315:occupied Czechoslovakia
308:Preliminary discussions
206:Deteriorating relations
2189:Wegner, Bernd (1997),
2175:, Simon and Schuster,
2074:Hehn, Paul N. (2005),
1908:, Anthem Press, 2005,
1342:, Beacon Press, 1989,
1185:The Historical Journal
943:Bendersky, Joseph W.,
764:200,000 tons of cotton
750:
570:
554:
499:
459:
414:
412:Joachim von Ribbentrop
394:Joachim von Ribbentrop
368:
337:
2465:Falsifiers of History
2303:Relations before 1941
2110:Overy, R. J. (2004),
776:18,000 tons of rubber
744:
689:On September 17, the
573:Further information:
564:
550:
497:
457:
410:
364:
327:
301:Further information:
2449:Operation Barbarossa
2325:Population transfers
797:Operation Barbarossa
591:Operation Barbarossa
531:spheres of influence
242:Spanish Nationalists
220:Nazi racial ideology
200:Treaty of Versailles
30:For other uses, see
2542:German trade policy
2270:Anti-Comintern Pact
1494:, Macmillan, 2002,
1490:Vehviläinen, Olli,
965:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
761:900,000 tons of oil
749:G-6 production site
724:invasion of Finland
546:Anti-Comintern Pact
254:Anti-Comintern Pact
39:
2382:Invasion of Poland
2351:Economic relations
2193:, Berghahn Books,
1943:, pp. 152–153
1883:Weeks, Albert L.,
1781:Imlay, Talbot C.,
1760:Imlay, Talbot C.,
1569:, pp. 539–540
1469:Fest, Joachim C.,
1367:, pp. 112–113
1168:, pp. 108–109
1156:, pp. 515–540
1037:Gerhard Weinberg:
969:Gerd R. Ueberschär
751:
579:Invasion of Poland
571:
500:
473:ℛ︁ℳ︁
460:
445:German–Soviet deal
434:invasion of Poland
415:
369:
366:Vyacheslav Molotov
338:
131:ℛ︁ℳ︁
2494:
2493:
2282:Spanish Civil War
2276:Jewish Bolshevism
2219:Dr. Karl Schnurre
2200:978-1-57181-882-9
2182:978-0-671-72868-7
2164:978-0-300-11204-7
2151:Roberts, Geoffrey
2143:978-0-87249-992-8
2125:978-0-393-02030-4
2103:978-0-231-10676-4
2085:978-0-8264-1761-9
2067:978-0-415-23798-7
2045:978-0-275-96337-8
2027:978-0-7146-5178-1
1837:Stalin's Cold War
1814:Wettig, Gerhard,
1338:Ulam, Adam Bruno,
842:, pp. 99–100
685:
684:
569:(Sept. 20, 1939).
246:Spanish Civil War
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
2569:
2263:Prior antagonism
2249:
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2235:
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1968:
1967:, pp. 208–9
1962:
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1955:, pp. 195–9
1950:
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1938:
1932:
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1926:
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291:Munich Agreement
250:Spanish Republic
232:Jewish Bolshevik
230:ruled by their "
147:Nazi-Soviet Pact
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2019:
2014:
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2002:
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1871:, p. 103
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1824:0-7425-5542-9
1821:
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1791:0-19-926122-9
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1767:
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1567:Erickson 2001
1563:
1560:
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1540:, p. 115
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1476:
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1310:, p. 516
1309:
1308:Erickson 2001
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 111
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317:and then the
316:
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2190:
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2035:
2017:
2001:Ericson 1999
1996:
1989:Ericson 1999
1984:
1979:, p. 82
1977:Roberts 2006
1972:
1965:Ericson 1999
1960:
1953:Ericson 1999
1948:
1941:Ericson 1999
1936:
1931:, p. 47
1905:
1900:
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1884:
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1455:Roberts 2006
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1384:
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1377:Ericson 1999
1372:
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1329:, p. 46
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1281:Ericson 1999
1268:, p. 44
1266:Ericson 1999
1242:
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1221:
1216:, p. 43
1214:Ericson 1999
1209:
1195:
1184:
1161:
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1142:Ericson 1999
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1111:Ericson 1999
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1000:
993:Ericson 1999
988:
972:
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920:Ericson 1999
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892:, p. 15
875:Ericson 1999
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297:Negotiations
283:
267:
256:. Stalinist
236:
209:
188:
140:
127:Soviet Union
123:Nazi Germany
118:
114:
112:
78:Soviet Union
1737:Shirer 1990
1725:Shirer 1990
1628:Shirer 1990
1594:Shirer 1990
1579:Wegner 1997
1154:Shirer 1990
840:Wegner 1997
195:Reichsmarks
65:Signatories
2501:Categories
2471:Baltic Way
2420:Basis Nord
2397:Winter War
2330:Axis talks
2010:References
1916:, page 291
1772:, page 122
1350:, page 508
1028:, page 5-6
983:, page 244
955:, page 177
856:Bloodlands
595:After the
284:After the
271:Manchurian
216:Nazi Party
174:Background
163:Barbarossa
2442:Aftermath
2296:Political
1502:, page 30
1404:Hehn 2005
1247:Hehn 2005
932:Hehn 2005
890:Hehn 2005
713:Lithuania
650:Lithuania
540:In 2010,
423:Comintern
402:Black Sea
334:Lufthansa
286:Anschluss
226:" ethnic
98:Languages
2485:Category
2375:Military
2344:Economic
2153:(2006),
1523:page 131
691:Red Army
523:Northern
400:and the
279:Red Navy
275:Red Army
125:and the
51:Location
1793:, p.113
705:Estonia
640:Estonia
635:Finland
373:Mikoyan
328:German
244:in the
239:Fascist
214:of the
106:Russian
90:Germany
59:Germany
2409:Lützow
2197:
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1471:Hitler
1346:
1233:
1024:
979:
951:
858:, 2010
747:Bf 109
711:, and
709:Latvia
645:Latvia
630:Danzig
625:Poland
616:Soviet
612:
589:, and
512:Pravda
506:Pravda
398:Baltic
381:pounds
336:, 1938
258:purges
145:. The
102:German
55:Berlin
43:Signed
2426:Komet
807:Notes
745:1943
676:27.8
664:140.8
628:&
620:Union
567:Brest
330:Ju 90
228:Slavs
2195:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1022:ISBN
977:ISBN
949:ISBN
819:1939
673:43.6
670:24.3
667:88.9
661:52.8
657:1939
525:and
464:TASS
277:and
210:The
157:and
113:The
2217:by
2503::
2213:A
1921:^
1876:^
1691:^
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1077:^
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971:,
967:,
912:^
897:^
882:^
863:^
854:,
824:^
707:,
703:–
585:,
581:,
577:,
293:.
138:.
104:,
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2248:e
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1203:.
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20:)
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