28:
20:
602:
204:. The four generals leading the revolt worked closely with German intelligence and accepted military aid from Germany. Hitler asked Turkey for permission to pass through Turkish territory to give Iraq military assistance. In exchange, the Turkish government demanded border concessions from Iraq. As the negotiations were taking place, British forces attacked Iraq. Between 18 April and 3 June, Britain restored the regime of Emir
454:
591:
517:
167:
to İnönü in which Hitler wrote that he had not started the war and did not intend to attack Turkey. Further, Hitler emphasised that he had ordered his troops in
Bulgaria to stay far from the Turkish border to avoid making a false impression of their presence. Hitler proposed a
227:
ore to
Germany in 1941 and in 1942, and 90,000 tons of the mineral in both 1943 and 1944, contingent on Germany's supplies of military equipment to Turkey. Germany would provide as many as 117 railway locomotives and 1,250 freight rail cars to transport the ore.
183:) through Bulgaria in an effort to secure its southern flank. The invasion of Yugoslavia ended on 17 April and the invasion of Greece on 1 June. Bulgaria annexed the Greek and Yugoslav regions that it had claimed, and the Axis occupation of the
143:
in April 1941, German troops arrived at the
Bulgarian border and demanded Bulgarian permission to pass through its territory. On 1 March 1941, Bulgaria, wishing to acquire the areas in which Bulgarian-speaking communities lived in Greece
239:
went on a buying spree to buying out
Turkish chromite even if they did not need so much of it. As part of the "package deal", the Anglo-Americans also bought Turkish dried fruit and tobacco.
399:
215:
In August 1944, Turkey severed its diplomatic and commercial relations with
Germany, which had predated the Friendship Treaty, and on 23 February 1945, Turkey declared war on Germany.
550:
94:
Article 1 – Germany and Turkey agree to respect each other's territorial integrity and inviolability of borders and shall not take any measures, direct or indirect, contrary thereto.
374:
299:
575:
97:
Article 2 – Germany and Turkey agree to communicate with each other on friendly terms regarding matters of common interest in order to come to a mutual understanding thereof.
104:
Despite the pact stipulating that it was to last for ten years, Turkey severed its diplomatic and commercial relations with
Germany in August 1944, and on 23 February 1945
105:
631:
442:
223:
In
October 1941, Turkey and Germany signed the Clodius Agreement, named after the German negotiator Karl Clodius. Turkey agreed to export up 45,000 tons of
661:
403:
349:
666:
212:. The issue between Turkey and Germany was resolved by that development. The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship was signed on 18 June 1941.
76:
686:
626:
420:
651:
525:
27:
435:
124:
pursued a policy of neutrality, tried to avoid involvement in the war and asked for military equipment deliveries from both the
691:
676:
656:
565:
671:
253:
535:
195:
108:. The pact was dissolved on 24 October 1945, after the fall of the Third Reich, when Turkey joined the United Nations.
646:
466:
428:
79:
458:
696:
605:
145:
100:
Article 3 – The treaty shall come into force on the day of signing, and shall be valid for a period of ten years.
19:
681:
636:
641:
540:
496:
486:
278:
121:
476:
176:
129:
191:
136:
353:
501:
481:
328:
332:
248:
169:
56:
555:
506:
570:
180:
149:
48:
160:
153:
72:
40:
231:
In an attempt to prevent the supply of the strategic mineral reaching
Germany, both the
491:
236:
209:
620:
595:
232:
258:
164:
117:
60:
90:
A short two-page document containing only three articles, the treaty stated that:
545:
205:
125:
132:. Germany tried to draw Turkey away from Britain by using diplomatic efforts.
224:
184:
516:
453:
140:
68:
64:
26:
18:
375:"Nazi Panzer Spearheads Drive Through British-Greek Defense Line"
201:
424:
400:"18 Haziran 1941 - Türk - Alman Saldırmazlık Paktı imzalandı"
576:
Agreement on
Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
402:(in Turkish). Almanak TR. 2010-06-03. Archived from
524:
465:
175:On 6 April, Axis troops attacked Yugoslavia (in
23:The German-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1941
436:
352:(in Turkish). arastiralim.com. Archived from
329:Allied Relations and Negotiations With Turkey
8:
200:, which overthrew the pro-British regime in
443:
429:
421:
300:"Nazi-Turkey Pact Reported Ready To Sign"
156:and so formally joined the Axis powers.
270:
82:. It went into effect on the same day.
45:Türkisch-Deutscher Freundschaftsvertrag
350:"Savunma Tarihimizden Trajik Bir Olay"
16:1941 treaty between Germany and Turkey
324:
322:
320:
7:
632:Treaties entered into force in 1941
561:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
343:
341:
135:As Germany was preparing to invade
106:Turkey declared war on Nazi Germany
77:Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs
37:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
536:Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement
190:In the meantime, on 1 April 1941,
14:
662:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
601:
600:
589:
515:
452:
477:Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri)
71:by German ambassador to Turkey
606:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
208:, the regent of four-year-old
31:The two sides signing the pact
1:
566:Zürich and London Agreements
279:"Tageseinträge für 30. 1941"
120:in 1939, Turkish President
713:
687:Military history of Ankara
627:Treaties concluded in 1941
584:
513:
146:East Macedonia and Thrace
667:Germany–Turkey relations
652:Treaties of Nazi Germany
254:Germany–Turkey relations
163:forwarded a letter from
53:Türk-Alman Dostluk Paktı
541:Treaty of Ankara (1926)
497:Treaty of Ankara (1921)
281:(in German). chroniknet
692:20th century in Ankara
677:Turkey in World War II
304:Middlesboro Daily News
116:After the outbreak of
52:
44:
32:
24:
657:World War II treaties
192:Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani
30:
22:
672:Non-aggression pacts
502:Armistice of Mudanya
482:Cilicia Peace Treaty
379:The Pittsburgh Press
112:Geopolitical context
551:Montreux Convention
469:War of Independence
333:US State Department
249:Anti-Comintern Pact
170:non-aggression pact
67:on 18 June 1941 in
57:non-aggression pact
647:Treaties of Turkey
556:Treaty of Saadabad
526:After Proclamation
507:Treaty of Lausanne
459:Treaties of Turkey
148:) and Yugoslavia (
33:
25:
614:
613:
596:Turkey portal
219:Clodius Agreement
179:) and Greece (in
159:On 4 March 1941,
704:
697:June 1941 events
604:
603:
594:
593:
592:
571:Ankara Agreement
519:
487:Treaty of Moscow
457:
456:
445:
438:
431:
422:
415:
414:
412:
411:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
371:
365:
364:
362:
361:
345:
336:
326:
315:
314:
312:
311:
296:
290:
289:
287:
286:
275:
181:Operation Marita
150:Vardar Macedonia
712:
711:
707:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
682:Franz von Papen
637:1941 in Germany
617:
616:
615:
610:
590:
588:
580:
528:of the Republic
527:
520:
511:
468:
461:
451:
449:
419:
418:
409:
407:
398:
397:
393:
384:
382:
373:
372:
368:
359:
357:
347:
346:
339:
327:
318:
309:
307:
298:
297:
293:
284:
282:
277:
276:
272:
267:
245:
221:
161:Franz von Papen
154:Tripartite Pact
114:
88:
80:Şükrü Saracoğlu
73:Franz von Papen
59:signed between
17:
12:
11:
5:
710:
708:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:1941 in Turkey
639:
634:
629:
619:
618:
612:
611:
609:
608:
598:
585:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
530:
522:
521:
514:
512:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Treaty of Kars
489:
484:
479:
473:
471:
463:
462:
450:
448:
447:
440:
433:
425:
417:
416:
391:
366:
348:Solak, Cemil.
337:
316:
291:
269:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
244:
241:
237:United Kingdom
220:
217:
210:King Faisal II
187:was complete.
152:), signed the
113:
110:
102:
101:
98:
95:
87:
84:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
709:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
607:
599:
597:
587:
586:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
531:
529:
523:
518:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
472:
470:
464:
460:
455:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
426:
423:
406:on 2011-09-03
405:
401:
395:
392:
380:
376:
370:
367:
356:on 2010-10-01
355:
351:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
321:
317:
305:
301:
295:
292:
280:
274:
271:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
242:
240:
238:
234:
233:United States
229:
226:
218:
216:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
188:
186:
185:Balkan region
182:
178:
173:
172:with Turkey.
171:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
109:
107:
99:
96:
93:
92:
91:
85:
83:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
560:
408:. Retrieved
404:the original
394:
383:. Retrieved
381:. 1941-04-15
378:
369:
358:. Retrieved
354:the original
308:. Retrieved
306:. 1941-06-18
303:
294:
283:. Retrieved
273:
259:World War II
230:
222:
214:
196:
189:
177:Operation 25
174:
165:Adolf Hitler
158:
134:
118:World War II
115:
103:
89:
61:Nazi Germany
36:
34:
546:Balkan Pact
206:Abdul-Illah
197:coup d'état
194:launched a
126:Axis powers
122:İsmet İnönü
621:Categories
467:During the
410:2011-05-15
385:2011-05-15
360:2011-05-15
310:2011-05-15
285:2011-05-15
265:References
137:Yugoslavia
335:, pp. 6-8
243:See also
235:and the
225:chromite
128:and the
55:) was a
49:Turkish
141:Greece
130:Allies
69:Ankara
65:Turkey
41:German
86:Terms
202:Iraq
139:and
75:and
63:and
35:The
623::
377:.
340:^
331:,
319:^
302:.
51::
47:,
43::
444:e
437:t
430:v
413:.
388:.
363:.
313:.
288:.
144:(
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
