888:
873:
904:
2447:, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
561:
1202:
1576:
sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other. After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined
Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s. Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (
1349:
845:
573:
1683:
1695:
1671:
1110:, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries. The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor
1659:
1596:
107:. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history. Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.
404:
40:
2459:, pp. 171â172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
373:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire. However, variants of the same term were also used in the
455:
836:, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility. These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.
2105:
Within the boundaries of present-day
Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavariansâall speaking West Germanic dialectsâhad merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic
734:
German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights. The church played an important role among
Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in
1333:
It is estimated that there are over 100 million
Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population. There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland,
1832:
Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or
751:
east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern
Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known
1575:
elements identified
Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority. After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible". East Germany and West Germany both
1093:
In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism. German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established. During this time, the German
807:
to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire
Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of
1568:
The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the
Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century,
535:
associated with later
Germanic peoples began approaching the Rhine areas. The resulting demographic situation was apparently an assimilation of Celts and migrating Germanic peoples, in territories which threatened the Alpine regions and the Romans. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to
486:
river. He specifically noted the potential future threat which could come from the related people east of the river. Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the largest part of medieval
930:
personally inherited control of the kingdoms of
Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained
2529:, p. 313 "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."
727:â continued to wield considerable power independently of the king. German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.
1880:, p. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
827:
Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts. In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the
350:
In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans. In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used as a way to refer to members of the Germanic peoples during the time of the Roman empire.
1192:
in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".
892:
509:, were fragmented into a large number of peoples who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another. He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the
568:, also known as the German eastward settlement. The left map shows the situation in roughly 895 AD; the right map shows it about 1400 AD. Germanic peoples (left map) and Germans (right map) are shown in light red.
799:, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of
756:. Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry. From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the
624:, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "
1868:, p. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
1368:
The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult. The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity. The
1319:, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany, and is still spoken by many Germans, often as a second language.
1852:, p. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (
4255:
134:. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into
82:
3421:
3404:
3628:
59:
961:(1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant
2046:
1944:
1809:
298:
Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Arts and sciences are an integral part of
887:
1565:
is derived from this word. In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.
1169:. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans
552:
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture, but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
4422:
4265:
4120:
1170:
272:
4627:
979:
After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century. The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being
96:
536:
speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE. These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the
1257:
343:, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times. Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term
3680:
872:
1173:
from Eastern Europe. Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity, which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.
219:
and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very specific way which included
628:", corresponding to the old ethnic designations. By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader
4913:
4153:
1819:
5094:
1353:
1238: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale).
2752:
1377:
saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers
1139:
926:. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs own personal power increased outside of the core German lands.
4387:
3798:
3120:
2782:
495:
in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history. The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in
347:
may also be applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity.
4694:
4036:
3592:
980:
684:
4357:
4541:
4524:
4041:
3642:
3601:
4432:
4397:
2092:
2006:
1914:
931:
connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the
4342:
2671:
2623:
1781:
1157:
and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian
307:
4622:
957:, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the
757:
5162:
4881:
4785:
3763:
3311:
3169:
3072:
3028:
2040:
1938:
1083:
2084:
1856:) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
2089:
1980:
881:
271:. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were
903:
239:, who were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of
4747:
4347:
2019:
1738:
743:. From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the
1094:
population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the
4730:
4546:
4230:
4006:
2952:
2912:
2872:
2823:
2712:
695:. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important old German cities including
492:
319:
240:
3126:
3078:
2988:
2958:
2918:
2878:
2829:
2788:
2677:
2629:
1787:
2718:
5024:
4800:
4662:
4566:
4465:
3831:
3612:
3251:
927:
302:, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including
987:
in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a
5044:
4772:
4642:
4146:
2645:
474:
The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and politician
4839:
4752:
4204:
1115:
4011:
896:
4762:
4674:
4652:
4571:
4556:
4372:
4352:
4194:
3788:
3469:
3112:
2704:
1649:
1378:
1278:
1131:
1067:
676:
5014:
4199:
4067:
3711:
3660:
3268:
2904:
2002:
1976:
1577:
1003:. Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism. The
3607:
1584:(nation sharing a common culture). The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.
138:. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the
4991:
4953:
4790:
4561:
2934:
809:
75:
2944:
1019:, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the
5127:
5001:
4981:
4958:
4938:
4898:
4861:
4810:
4684:
4647:
4417:
4139:
3912:
3474:
3012:
2024:
1922:
1773:
1642:
1609:
1430:
1414:
1386:
1266:
1039:
992:
912:
303:
31:
560:
5167:
4928:
4903:
4866:
4725:
4657:
4486:
4377:
4367:
3532:
3367:
3354:
2854:
1637:
1418:
1390:
1274:
788:
256:
157:
104:
3844:
1468:, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.
760:, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as
5089:
4908:
4893:
4856:
4062:
3900:
3542:
3537:
3517:
3162:
1971:
1813:
1627:
1422:
1302:
966:
813:
796:
247:
background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans in the
189:
3924:
3888:
3486:
942:
contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk
3861:
2744:
4871:
4815:
4699:
4637:
4632:
4602:
4534:
4512:
4460:
4362:
3946:
3878:
3866:
3655:
3349:
2864:
1426:
1370:
1226:: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population.
1189:
1145:
What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles", continuing traditions of authoritarian and
1135:
1071:
1055:
1031:
1012:
973:
954:
849:
284:
142:
in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of
4084:
1265:
is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity. German is a
1244: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.
1201:
5054:
4948:
4923:
4918:
4795:
4740:
4679:
4585:
4316:
4250:
4031:
3905:
3871:
3746:
3557:
3522:
2815:
1075:
1063:
1027:
958:
923:
800:
744:
688:
683:. Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of
581:
995:
articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the
5120:
5113:
4968:
4933:
4820:
4805:
4735:
4713:
4689:
4617:
4551:
4481:
4392:
4311:
4280:
4189:
4166:
4057:
4026:
4016:
3810:
3773:
3731:
3547:
3491:
3426:
3377:
3344:
3332:
3327:
3299:
3263:
3042:
3034:
2403:
2394:
Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance".
1687:
1542:
1382:
1343:
1008:
996:
939:
853:
720:
712:
645:
541:
532:
463:
398:
299:
193:
154:
150:
115:
44:
3692:
2984:
525:
3004:
5074:
5049:
4996:
4943:
4757:
4529:
4321:
3805:
3741:
3721:
3716:
3665:
3650:
3597:
3569:
3552:
3496:
3436:
3431:
3337:
3116:
3098:
3068:
3024:
2948:
2908:
2868:
2819:
2805:
2778:
2708:
2694:
2667:
2649:
2619:
2601:
2036:
1934:
1853:
1777:
1763:
1699:
1552:
1394:
1270:
1047:
804:
707:, all west of the Rhine. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom â
680:
577:
549:
459:
290:
185:
131:
487:
Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by
207:, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming
5136:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5059:
4886:
4851:
4825:
4497:
4301:
4270:
4225:
4220:
4021:
4001:
3979:
3883:
3793:
3778:
3768:
3751:
3706:
3698:
3670:
3574:
3527:
3512:
3446:
3414:
3387:
3382:
3292:
3155:
3102:
3016:
2605:
2079:
2028:
2010:
1926:
1487:
1286:
1232: German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population.
1150:
988:
916:
829:
708:
672:
656:
589:
528:
445:
441:
437:
412:
323:
181:
173:
127:
2032:
1930:
1348:
592:
who had lived under heavy Roman influence between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. This included
164:
in 1871, and a substantial additional number of Germans were in the multiethnic kingdom of
91:, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the
5039:
5034:
5029:
4976:
4402:
3839:
3736:
3726:
3687:
3359:
3273:
3256:
3229:
3064:
2597:
1614:
1506:
1446:
1438:
1328:
1298:
1262:
1251:
1206:
1127:
1119:
1095:
1079:
1059:
1020:
1016:
1004:
857:
724:
716:
633:
537:
497:
364:
165:
92:
63:
1034:, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an
2611:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1050:, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated
844:
636:
in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he consolidated power over the
5141:
5019:
5006:
4669:
4427:
3479:
3464:
3441:
3397:
3363:
3304:
3201:
3094:
2014:
1675:
1663:
1601:
1465:
1450:
1442:
1406:
1398:
1306:
1290:
1107:
1103:
833:
765:
748:
664:
572:
548:, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period. The earlier
545:
408:
378:
264:
208:
197:
135:
3009:
As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000
1966:
5156:
4382:
3934:
3817:
3409:
3392:
3371:
3217:
3046:
2974:
2894:
2075:
1620:
1546:
1530:
1510:
1410:
1361:
1310:
1282:
1134:, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the
1087:
1046:
customs union to increase its power among the German states. Under the leadership of
943:
932:
792:
769:
617:
475:
374:
260:
244:
234:
224:
161:
143:
1730:
1042:(1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the
922:
The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the
4767:
4442:
4437:
4412:
4407:
4306:
4260:
3783:
3285:
3054:
2768:
2653:
1632:
1434:
1374:
1181:
1177:
1158:
1154:
1123:
1098:. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of
1035:
1000:
668:
660:
625:
424:
280:
276:
268:
252:
216:
212:
177:
119:
100:
946:
pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the
588:
German ethnicity began to emerge in medieval times among the descendants of those
3106:
3058:
2978:
2938:
2898:
2858:
2809:
2772:
2698:
2657:
2609:
1767:
1038:
of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the
620:. These peoples had come under the dominance of the western Franks starting with
4777:
4491:
4326:
4275:
4113:
3561:
1571:
1495:
1457:
1146:
1099:
947:
908:
753:
692:
629:
565:
514:
467:
382:
204:
139:
482:
in the 1st century BC. Gaul included parts of what is now Germany, west of the
17:
4986:
4607:
3917:
3854:
3278:
1591:
1569:
German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.
1502:
1316:
1294:
1221:
1111:
1043:
659:(843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of
649:
403:
2700:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
4597:
4245:
3675:
3208:
2615:
1561:
1514:
1491:
1166:
877:
772:, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of
740:
731:
613:
605:
359:
295:("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity.
248:
220:
169:
111:
48:
39:
3038:
1309:, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the
935:
went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany.
808:
Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the
761:
675:, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son
1513:. Another third does not profess any religion. Christian holidays such as
991:
among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as
520:
At the time of Caesar's invasion, much of Central Europe was inhabited by
339:
330:
3939:
3929:
2663:
1471:
1185:
984:
817:
736:
641:
621:
609:
597:
488:
449:
335:
228:
3020:
2407:
972:
In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the
4296:
4240:
4162:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3961:
3951:
1559:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym
1402:
1334:
Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.
1051:
962:
865:
861:
795:
stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under
784:
780:
773:
700:
655:
In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the
510:
502:
386:
369:
355:
123:
88:
4077:
4072:
3849:
3756:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1357:
787:
developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The
696:
679:, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the
637:
601:
593:
2736:
Germanen aus Sicht der ArchÀologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema
1011:(1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the
454:
211:
in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed,
4131:
4235:
3893:
1347:
1200:
902:
886:
871:
843:
821:
704:
571:
559:
521:
483:
453:
416:
402:
38:
1026:
Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.
969:. Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism.
30:
This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see
4089:
3956:
3147:
1461:
1162:
479:
420:
310:
among countries of the world in the number of total recipients.
4135:
3151:
1555:. These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term
168:. During this time, a large number of Germans emigrated to the
2360:
2358:
2206:
2204:
2202:
4256:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
2980:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
2345:
2343:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
1529:
community, which was decimated in the Holocaust. Remembering
540:, which was a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2292:
2290:
860:
in yellow, and other member states in grey. Large parts of
2377:
2375:
2373:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
1486:) is an important part of German culture, particularly in
1070:. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the
999:
movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single
287:. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as
149:
In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1015:. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic
524:, and it had long been strongly influenced by the celtic
2743:
Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) .
2106:
identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.
2498:
2496:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
544:, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that
1810:
Bundesministerium der Justiz und fĂŒr Verbraucherschutz
824:
were no longer subject to effective imperial control.
531:. In contrast, since at least the 2nd century BC, the
2551:
2549:
2547:
1647:
1551:
A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the
938:
The introduction of printing by the German inventor
381:
in English, which is now a national language of the
4967:
4838:
4712:
4584:
4511:
4474:
4453:
4335:
4289:
4213:
4182:
4173:
4104:
4050:
3972:
3830:
3641:
3621:
3585:
3505:
3457:
3320:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3185:
377:, for the related dialects of what is still called
1919:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
1725:
1723:
1721:
2745:"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"
1161:. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million
1082:. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies
462:in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with the
200:also included a substantial German population.
2181:
1521:are celebrated by many Germans. The number of
1364:is an essential part of modern German culture.
1030:, German revolutionaries set up the temporary
188:, and they established sizable communities in
4147:
3815:
3163:
1815:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1501:A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are
1153:all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born
130:in the 10th century, forming the core of the
8:
4111:
3283:
3215:
3199:
3192:
2487:
1258:Geographical distribution of German speakers
1102:, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and
953:Religious schism was a leading cause of the
288:
232:
4266:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC â AD 16)
4121:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
1845:
1843:
1841:
868:did not belong to the German Confederation.
99:, implemented in 1949 following the end of
4844:
4718:
4590:
4517:
4179:
4154:
4140:
4132:
3241:
3234:
3170:
3156:
3148:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
275:from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990,
1078:, annexing the German speaking region of
505:. At this time, the Germanic peoples, or
478:, who gave an account of his conquest of
255:in which the Nazi regime was defeated by
2804:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005).
2777:(2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2659:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
2526:
2444:
2381:
2364:
2229:
2210:
1900:
1865:
1533:is an important part of German culture.
616:- all of whom spoke related dialects of
114:began with the separation of a distinct
3701:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3695:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2514:
2420:
2349:
2313:
2281:
2250:
2145:
1717:
1654:
1354:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2169:
2157:
1947:from the original on 24 September 2021
1494:. An important German festival is the
1118:which led to the establishment of the
2832:from the original on 28 November 2015
2502:
2475:
2456:
2432:
2334:
2296:
2269:
2124:
1983:from the original on 30 November 2020
1877:
1849:
1758:
1756:
1741:from the original on 13 November 2020
1624:, ZDF's documentary television series
648:. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
74:
7:
2680:from the original on 10 January 2017
2632:from the original on 14 October 2017
2579:
2567:
2555:
2538:
2193:
2033:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
1931:10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001
1822:from the original on 7 November 2020
1790:from the original on 4 February 2021
1525:is growing. There is also a notable
816:. Step by step, Italy, Switzerland,
87:) are the natives or inhabitants of
2755:from the original on 17 August 2021
1464:. Germans consume a high amount of
501:by the 1st century Roman historian
3081:from the original on 5 August 2020
2791:from the original on 23 April 2023
2721:from the original on 21 March 2015
2095:from the original on 31 March 2019
180:. Large numbers also emigrated to
25:
2991:from the original on 3 March 2021
2749:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1731:"German Definition & Meaning"
730:A warrior nobility dominated the
423:rivers, a region which the early
3129:from the original on 27 May 2021
3108:The Barbarians of Ancient Europe
2961:from the original on 27 May 2021
2921:from the original on 27 May 2021
2881:from the original on 27 May 2021
2811:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
2049:from the original on 9 June 2021
1972:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1594:
1066:, subsequently establishing the
882:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
427:attempted to conquer and control
407:A map depicting the short-lived
4358:German revolutions of 1848â1849
4327:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2396:The Hungarian Historical Review
2020:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
764:. During the 13th century, the
4343:Early modern period, 1500â1800
4231:List of early Germanic peoples
2085:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
1456:Popular German dishes include
546:first Germanic consonant shift
493:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
320:List of terms used for Germans
1:
4466:History of Germany since 1990
2090:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
1509:, while one third adheres to
110:The history of Germans as an
1769:Oxford Dictionary of English
1269:language closely related to
1171:had to flee or were expelled
176:, especially to present-day
3602:Alsatians and Lotharingians
1184:became focal points of the
907:People standing on top the
5184:
4373:North German Confederation
4353:Confederation of the Rhine
3113:Cambridge University Press
2705:Greenwood Publishing Group
2182:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
2080:"Germany: Ancient History"
2003:Drinkwater, John Frederick
1833:descendant of such person.
1540:
1379:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1341:
1326:
1255:
1249:
1132:Republic of German-Austria
1086:the formation of a united
1068:North German Confederation
435:
396:
317:
29:
5107:
4847:
4721:
4593:
4520:
2905:Columbia University Press
1977:Columbia University Press
1578:constitutional patriotism
1114:, were overthrown in the
5163:Ethnic groups in Germany
4525:Administrative divisions
2488:Waldman & Mason 2005
965:, under the rule of the
915:in 1989 in front of the
810:House of Valois-Burgundy
644:, thus establishing the
306:where Germany is ranked
103:, defines a German as a
3622:Multinational dimension
3013:Leuven University Press
2855:Craig, Gordon Alexander
2693:Minahan, James (2000).
2025:Oxford University Press
1923:Oxford University Press
1774:Oxford University Press
1643:Demographics of Germany
1610:Ethnic groups in Europe
1431:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1415:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1387:Johann Gottfried Herder
1323:Geographic distribution
1140:Treaty of Saint-Germain
993:Johann Gottfried Herder
415:, situated between the
215:became the dictator of
97:constitution of Germany
4786:Science and technology
4487:History of Brandenburg
4378:Unification of Germany
4368:Frankfurt Constitution
4112:
3816:
3543:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3284:
3216:
3200:
3193:
2734:Steuer, Heiko (2021).
1812:(ed.). "Article 116".
1638:Persecution of Germans
1580:), or the notion of a
1419:Caspar David Friedrich
1365:
1247:
948:Protestant Reformation
919:
900:
884:
869:
585:
569:
471:
428:
289:
233:
172:, particularly to the
160:most Germans into its
67:
51:
4423:Flight and expulsions
3099:"The Ancient Germans"
2013:; Spawforth, Antony;
1776:. 2010. p. 733.
1628:Anti-German sentiment
1553:early medieval period
1541:Further information:
1423:Johann Sebastian Bach
1351:
1256:Further information:
1204:
1176:The German states of
1165:were murdered in the
1122:. The Germans of the
967:House of Hohenzollern
906:
890:
875:
847:
814:House of Valois-Anjou
768:began conquering the
575:
563:
457:
406:
318:Further information:
304:Nobel prize laureates
203:Following the end of
42:
5095:World Heritage Sites
4773:German states by GDP
4363:German Confederation
4042:United Arab Emirates
3350:Transylvanian Saxons
3115:. pp. 211â232.
3065:Blackwell Publishing
2865:New American Library
2818:. pp. 330â335.
2751:. pp. 363â876.
2707:. pp. 287â294.
2666:. pp. 171â177.
2618:. pp. 313â316.
1913:Hoad, T. F. (2003).
1505:. About a third are
1427:Ludwig van Beethoven
1421:, and the composers
1371:Age of Enlightenment
1149:ideologies, and the
1136:Treaty of Versailles
1072:Second French Empire
1056:Second Schleswig War
1040:Punctation of OlmĂŒtz
1032:Frankfurt Parliament
1013:German Confederation
850:German Confederation
363:is derived from the
334:is derived from the
4731:Automobile industry
4317:Carolingian dynasty
4251:History of the Huns
3629:Central and Eastern
3533:Italy (South Tyrol)
3021:10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0
2985:Thames & Hudson
2977:(1991). "Germans".
2816:Infobase Publishing
2490:, pp. 334â335.
2478:, pp. 176â177.
2435:, pp. 171â172.
2367:, pp. 314â315.
2352:, pp. 291â292.
2316:, pp. 290â291.
2299:, pp. 173â174.
2253:, pp. 289â290.
2213:, pp. 313â314.
2172:, p. 89, 1310.
2148:, pp. 288â289.
1391:Friedrich Hölderlin
1116:November Revolution
1076:Franco-Prussian War
1064:Austro-Prussian War
959:Peace of Westphalia
924:early modern period
880:in a mass grave at
745:Saxon Eastern March
632:, who expanded the
582:Peace of Westphalia
564:Maps depicting the
153:began to grow. The
4801:Telecommunications
4482:History of Prussia
4398:Revolution of 1918
4393:War guilt question
4312:Carolingian Empire
4281:Sack of Rome (410)
4190:History of Germany
3774:Pennsylvania Dutch
2987:. pp. 84â87.
1543:German nationalism
1409:, the philosopher
1383:Friedrich Schiller
1366:
1344:Culture of Germany
1248:
1009:Congress of Vienna
997:German nationalist
989:national awakening
940:Johannes Gutenberg
920:
901:
885:
870:
864:and some parts of
848:Boundaries of the
747:in the north, the
739:to "liberate" the
646:Carolingian Empire
586:
570:
542:Pre-Roman Iron Age
533:Germanic languages
472:
464:Kingdom of Germany
429:
399:History of Germany
155:Kingdom of Prussia
151:German nationalism
116:Kingdom of Germany
52:
5150:
5149:
5103:
5102:
4834:
4833:
4748:Chemical Triangle
4708:
4707:
4695:Political parties
4643:Foreign relations
4580:
4579:
4507:
4506:
4418:Allied occupation
4322:Holy Roman Empire
4129:
4128:
4100:
4099:
3637:
3636:
3437:Russian Mennonite
3122:978-0-521-19404-4
3103:Bonfante, Larissa
3060:The Early Germans
2940:A German Identity
2784:978-1-4051-3756-0
2774:The Early Germans
2570:, pp. 33â34.
2011:Hornblower, Simon
1854:Volksgemeinschaft
1395:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1279:Saterland Frisian
1246:
1048:Otto von Bismarck
955:Thirty Years' War
805:House of Habsburg
758:Kingdom of Poland
681:Holy Roman Empire
671:. Beginning with
578:Holy Roman Empire
550:Nordic Bronze Age
513:in the east, and
460:Holy Roman Empire
328:The English term
291:Erinnerungskultur
267:, and the former
209:ethnic minorities
132:Holy Roman Empire
76:[ËdÉÊtÊÉ]
49:German Parliament
27:People of Germany
16:(Redirected from
5175:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5080:Prussian virtues
4845:
4753:Economic history
4719:
4613:
4591:
4542:Cities and towns
4518:
4498:Baden Revolution
4302:Treaty of Verdun
4271:Marcomannic Wars
4226:Migration Period
4221:Germanic peoples
4205:Military history
4180:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4133:
4117:
4068:Papua New Guinea
3906:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
3872:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
3821:
3699:Los Lagos Region
3681:British Columbia
3289:
3242:
3235:
3221:
3205:
3196:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3138:
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2730:
2728:
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2689:
2687:
2685:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2598:Haarmann, Harald
2583:
2577:
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2559:
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2402:(3/4): 397â414.
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2128:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1836:
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1829:
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1727:
1698:
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1686:
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1684:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1488:Southern Germany
1413:, the architect
1243:
1237:
1231:
1214:
1210:
1151:Great Depression
917:Brandenburg Gate
830:Hanseatic League
766:Teutonic Knights
673:Henry the Fowler
657:Treaty of Verdun
590:Germanic peoples
556:Medieval history
529:material culture
470:, marked in blue
446:Germanic peoples
442:Limes Germanicus
438:Germania Antiqua
413:Germania Antiqua
324:Names of Germany
294:
238:
231:, and so-called
128:Ottonian dynasty
86:
85:
84:
78:
73:
62:
21:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5099:
4963:
4914:Life expectancy
4830:
4704:
4675:Law enforcement
4611:
4576:
4503:
4470:
4449:
4433:Divided Germany
4403:Weimar Republic
4331:
4297:Frankish Empire
4285:
4209:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4130:
4125:
4096:
4046:
3968:
3826:
3693:Los RĂos Region
3633:
3617:
3581:
3506:Southern Europe
3501:
3475:North Schleswig
3458:Northern Europe
3453:
3316:
3257:Sudeten Germans
3224:
3181:
3176:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3095:Wells, Peter S.
3093:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3053:
3031:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2853:
2849:
2847:Further reading
2844:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2646:Moser, Johannes
2644:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
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2537:
2533:
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2513:
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2501:
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2482:
2474:
2463:
2455:
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2427:
2419:
2415:
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2295:
2288:
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2276:
2268:
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2236:
2228:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2131:
2123:
2112:
2098:
2096:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2027:. p. 613.
2015:Eidinow, Esther
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1839:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1735:Merriam-Webster
1729:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1615:German diaspora
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1549:
1539:
1507:Roman Catholics
1447:Richard Strauss
1439:Johannes Brahms
1346:
1340:
1331:
1329:German diaspora
1325:
1299:Standard German
1273:(in particular
1260:
1254:
1252:German language
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1207:German language
1199:
1130:proclaimed the
1120:Weimar Republic
1104:Ottoman Empires
1096:German diaspora
1080:Alsace-Lorraine
1058:and soon after
1021:German Question
1017:Austrian Empire
1007:ended with the
1005:Napoleonic Wars
876:Victims of the
842:
779:Further south,
634:Frankish empire
558:
538:Jastorf culture
452:
434:
432:Ancient history
401:
395:
365:Old High German
326:
316:
166:Austria-Hungary
124:Frankish Empire
93:German language
81:
80:
79:
71:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:German (people)
15:
12:
11:
5:
5181:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5165:
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5027:
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5017:
5012:
5011:Cultural icons
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
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4901:
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4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4874:
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4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Stock exchange
4788:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4728:
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4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4428:Denazification
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
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4345:
4339:
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4333:
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4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4200:Historiography
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4136:
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4123:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4085:German Samoans
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
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4009:
4004:
3999:
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3992:
3987:
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3808:
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3801:
3796:
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3638:
3635:
3634:
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3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:United Kingdom
3610:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3586:Western Europe
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3535:
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3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:Potato Germans
3477:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:North Caucasus
3412:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3321:Eastern Europe
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3252:Czech Republic
3248:
3246:
3245:Central Europe
3239:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3202:Reichsdeutsche
3197:
3194:Bundesdeutsche
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3144:External links
3142:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3091:
3073:
3051:
3029:
3001:
2975:Mallory, J. P.
2971:
2953:
2943:(2 ed.).
2931:
2913:
2895:Elias, Norbert
2891:
2873:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2824:
2801:
2783:
2765:
2740:
2731:
2713:
2690:
2673:978-1598843026
2672:
2642:
2625:978-1317464006
2624:
2606:Danver, Steven
2593:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2517:, p. 174.
2507:
2505:, p. 176.
2492:
2480:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2423:, p. 288.
2413:
2386:
2384:, p. 316.
2369:
2354:
2339:
2337:, p. 174.
2318:
2301:
2286:
2284:, p. 290.
2274:
2272:, p. 173.
2255:
2234:
2232:, p. 314.
2215:
2198:
2186:
2184:, p. 636.
2174:
2162:
2150:
2129:
2127:, p. 172.
2110:
2076:Heather, Peter
2060:
2041:
2023:(4 ed.).
1994:
1958:
1939:
1905:
1903:, p. 313.
1882:
1870:
1858:
1837:
1801:
1783:978-0199571123
1782:
1752:
1716:
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1713:
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1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:Germany portal
1589:
1586:
1538:
1535:
1451:Richard Wagner
1443:Franz Schubert
1417:, the painter
1407:Brothers Grimm
1399:Heinrich Heine
1360:; remembering
1339:
1336:
1324:
1321:
1307:Central German
1250:Main article:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1108:Central Powers
983:altogether by
841:
840:Modern history
838:
834:Swabian League
789:Austrian March
749:Polabian Slavs
665:Middle Francia
557:
554:
517:in the north.
433:
430:
409:Roman province
394:
391:
315:
312:
300:German culture
265:United Kingdom
198:Russian Empire
136:Eastern Europe
105:German citizen
47:, seat of the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5180:
5169:
5168:German people
5166:
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4983:
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4957:
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4954:Social issues
4952:
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4925:
4922:
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4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
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4897:
4895:
4892:
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4885:
4883:
4882:Ethnic groups
4880:
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4464:
4462:
4461:Reunification
4459:
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4456:
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4383:German Empire
4381:
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4364:
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3935:Dar es Salaam
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3820:
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3818:Colonia Tovar
3814:
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3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
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3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:United States
3767:
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3508:
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3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Baltic states
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
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3335:
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3331:
3329:
3326:
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3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3218:Volksdeutsche
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:German people
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3143:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3074:9781405117142
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:Todd, Malcolm
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:9789462701786
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:Phoenix Press
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:James, Harold
2932:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2880:
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2870:
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2851:
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2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:Todd, Malcolm
2766:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:. de Gruyter.
2737:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:Cole, Jeffrey
2651:
2647:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:, p. 34.
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2558:, p. 33.
2557:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:, p. 32.
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:Haarmann 2015
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:Haarmann 2015
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:Haarmann 2015
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:Haarmann 2015
2361:
2359:
2355:
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2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Haarmann 2015
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Haarmann 2015
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:, p. 11.
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:, p. 32.
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
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2107:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2042:9780191735257
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1940:9780192830982
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:Haarmann 2015
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
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1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:Haarmann 2015
1862:
1859:
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1846:
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1821:
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1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:Die Deutschen
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:Pan-Germanism
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1531:the Holocaust
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:Protestantism
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Immanuel Kant
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1362:the Holocaust
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:Volga Germans
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Luxembourgish
1280:
1276:
1275:North Frisian
1272:
1268:
1267:West Germanic
1264:
1259:
1253:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Dual Monarchy
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:German Empire
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
974:Enlightenment
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
944:Martin Luther
941:
936:
934:
933:low countries
929:
925:
918:
914:
910:
905:
898:
894:
889:
883:
879:
874:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Middle Danube
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
770:Old Prussians
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:West Germanic
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
579:
574:
567:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
476:Julius Caesar
469:
465:
461:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Low Countries
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
357:
352:
348:
346:
342:
341:
337:
333:
332:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
293:
292:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:United States
259:, led by the
258:
257:allied powers
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
236:
235:Volksdeutsche
230:
226:
225:Luxembourgers
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:United States
171:
167:
163:
162:German Empire
159:
156:
152:
147:
145:
144:Protestantism
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
83:
77:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5128:Bibliography
5002:Coat of arms
4982:Architecture
4959:Trade unions
4939:Prostitution
4899:Homelessness
4876:
4862:Demographics
4811:Trade unions
4778:
4768:German model
4741:Central bank
4685:Conservatism
4648:Human rights
4633:Court system
4628:Constitution
4608:
4454:Contemporary
4443:West Germany
4438:East Germany
4413:World War II
4408:Nazi Germany
4348:18th-century
4307:East Francia
4261:Cimbrian War
3913:South Africa
3286:Walddeutsche
3178:
3131:. Retrieved
3107:
3083:. Retrieved
3059:
3008:
2993:. Retrieved
2979:
2963:. Retrieved
2939:
2923:. Retrieved
2899:
2883:. Retrieved
2859:
2834:. Retrieved
2810:
2793:. Retrieved
2773:
2757:. Retrieved
2748:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2699:
2682:. Retrieved
2658:
2634:. Retrieved
2610:
2590:Bibliography
2575:
2563:
2534:
2522:
2515:Minahan 2000
2510:
2483:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2421:Minahan 2000
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2350:Minahan 2000
2314:Minahan 2000
2282:Minahan 2000
2277:
2251:Minahan 2000
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2146:Minahan 2000
2104:
2097:. Retrieved
2083:
2051:. Retrieved
2018:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1873:
1861:
1831:
1824:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1768:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1633:Germanophile
1619:
1582:Kulturnation
1581:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1500:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1455:
1435:Joseph Haydn
1375:Romantic era
1367:
1332:
1315:
1301:is based on
1261:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1182:East Germany
1178:West Germany
1175:
1155:Adolf Hitler
1144:
1126:side of the
1092:
1036:Erfurt Union
1025:
1001:nation state
978:
971:
952:
937:
921:
826:
778:
729:
669:East Francia
661:West Francia
654:
626:Stem duchies
587:
519:
506:
496:
473:
466:, including
425:Roman Empire
368:
358:
353:
349:
344:
338:
329:
327:
297:
281:East Germany
277:West Germany
269:Soviet Union
253:World War II
217:Nazi Germany
213:Adolf Hitler
202:
178:Pennsylvania
158:incorporated
148:
120:eastern part
112:ethnic group
109:
101:World War II
54:
53:
36:
4929:Pornography
4904:Immigration
4867:Drug policy
4779:Mittelstand
4726:Agriculture
4690:Nationalism
4663:Transgender
4547:Earthquakes
4494:, 1583-1588
4492:Cologne War
4388:World War I
4290:Middle Ages
4276:Gothic Wars
4114:Ostsiedlung
4063:New Zealand
4037:Philippines
3879:Ivory Coast
3764:Puerto Rico
3717:El Salvador
3608:Netherlands
3562:Gottscheers
3362:(including
3312:Switzerland
3133:23 December
3085:23 December
3039:j.ctvss3xg0
2995:23 December
2965:23 December
2925:23 December
2900:The Germans
2885:23 December
2860:The Germans
2836:22 December
2170:Steuer 2021
2158:Steuer 2021
2099:21 November
2053:22 December
1951:22 December
1794:22 December
1745:25 November
1688:Switzerland
1496:Oktoberfest
1458:brown bread
1303:High German
1209:in Europe:
1188:, but were
1159:Third Reich
1147:antisemitic
1106:formed the
1100:World War I
909:Berlin Wall
754:Ostsiedlung
693:Lotharingia
630:Charlemagne
566:Ostsiedlung
515:Scandinavia
468:Lotharingia
383:Netherlands
354:The German
205:World War I
190:New Zealand
140:Reformation
5157:Categories
5090:Television
5075:Philosophy
5050:Literature
4909:Irreligion
4894:Healthcare
4857:Corruption
4623:Chancellor
4612:(military)
4609:Bundeswehr
4027:Kyrgyzstan
4017:Kazakhstan
3918:Afrikaners
3712:Costa Rica
3676:Hutterites
3538:Yugoslavia
3518:Azerbaijan
3427:Bessarabia
3186:Historical
3005:Rock, Lena
2954:1842122045
2914:0231105630
2874:0452006228
2825:1438129181
2714:0313309841
2684:25 October
2503:Moser 2011
2476:Moser 2011
2457:Moser 2011
2433:Moser 2011
2335:Moser 2011
2297:Moser 2011
2270:Moser 2011
2125:Moser 2011
1987:5 December
1878:Moser 2011
1850:Moser 2011
1712:References
1700:Luxembourg
1503:Christians
1342:See also:
1327:See also:
1317:Low German
1295:Low German
1222:Sprachraum
1112:Wilhelm II
1084:proclaimed
1044:Zollverein
797:Ottokar II
650:Pope Leo I
580:after the
436:See also:
397:See also:
227:, eastern
126:under the
72:pronounced
5045:Libraries
5025:Festivals
4872:Education
4816:Transport
4781:companies
4700:President
4638:Elections
4603:Bundesrat
4598:Bundestag
4567:Mountains
4535:Districts
4513:Geography
4246:Visigoths
4183:Overviews
4058:Australia
3811:Venezuela
3794:Palatines
3742:Nicaragua
3722:Guatemala
3651:Argentina
3432:Black Sea
3378:Satu Mare
3338:Black Sea
3209:Palatines
3057:(2004a).
3047:241563332
2806:"Germans"
2695:"Germans"
2650:"Germans"
2616:Routledge
2602:"Germans"
2580:Rock 2019
2568:Rock 2019
2556:Rock 2019
2539:Rock 2019
2194:Todd 1999
2007:"Germans"
1967:"Germans"
1515:Christmas
1492:Rhineland
1484:Fastnacht
1474:(German:
1297:. Modern
1190:reunified
1167:Holocaust
981:dissolved
928:Charles V
878:Holocaust
856:in blue,
741:Holy Land
721:Thuringia
713:Franconia
652:in 800.
614:Baiuvarii
606:Thuringii
285:reunified
249:Holocaust
221:Austrians
194:Australia
170:New World
118:from the
60:âčSee Tfdâș
45:Reichstag
5137:Category
5055:Internet
5040:Language
5030:Folklore
4949:Religion
4924:Pensions
4919:Naturism
4796:Taxation
4680:Lobbying
4653:Intersex
4586:Politics
4195:Timeline
4174:General
4167:articles
4105:See also
4032:Pakistan
3940:Zanzibar
3930:Bagamoyo
3925:Tanzania
3845:Cameroon
3779:Nebraska
3747:Paraguay
3707:Colombia
3643:Americas
3575:Bosporus
3558:Slovenia
3523:Bulgaria
3383:Bukovina
3368:Highland
3355:Landlers
3300:Slovakia
3230:Diaspora
3127:Archived
3097:(2011).
3079:Archived
3007:(2019).
2989:Archived
2959:Archived
2937:(2000).
2919:Archived
2897:(1996).
2879:Archived
2857:(1983).
2830:Archived
2795:22 April
2789:Archived
2771:(1999).
2759:22 April
2753:Archived
2725:11 March
2719:Archived
2678:Archived
2664:ABC-CLIO
2648:(2011).
2630:Archived
2600:(2015).
2408:42568610
2093:Archived
2047:Archived
2017:(eds.).
2005:(2012).
1981:Archived
1979:. 2013.
1945:Archived
1915:"German"
1820:Archived
1788:Archived
1764:"German"
1739:Archived
1588:See also
1572:Völkisch
1562:Deutsche
1537:Identity
1490:and the
1480:Fasching
1476:Karneval
1472:Carnival
1405:and the
1373:and the
1197:Language
1186:Cold War
1124:Austrian
985:Napoleon
913:its fall
893:expelled
891:Germans
852:in red,
832:and the
818:Lorraine
801:Rudolf I
737:Crusades
689:Burgundy
642:Frisians
622:Clovis I
610:Alemanni
598:Frisians
498:Germania
489:Arminius
450:Germania
360:Deutsche
336:ethnonym
273:expelled
229:Belgians
68:Deutsche
5114:Outline
5020:Fashion
5007:Cuisine
4969:Culture
4934:Poverty
4877:Germans
4840:Society
4821:Welfare
4806:Tourism
4763:Exports
4736:Banking
4714:Economy
4618:Cabinet
4557:Islands
4552:Geology
4475:Regions
4241:Teutons
4214:Ancient
4176:History
4163:Germany
4051:Oceania
3995:Tianjin
3990:Qingdao
3985:Beijing
3952:Baguida
3901:Senegal
3889:Nigeria
3884:Namibia
3855:Yaoundé
3806:Uruguay
3799:by city
3732:Jamaica
3661:Bolivia
3593:Belgium
3548:Croatia
3528:Georgia
3513:Armenia
3492:Finland
3470:Denmark
3447:Galicia
3422:Ukraine
3388:Dobruja
3345:Romania
3333:Moldova
3328:Belarus
3293:Galicia
3279:OlÄders
3274:Vistula
3264:Hungary
3105:(ed.).
2656:(ed.).
2636:22 June
2608:(ed.).
1676:Austria
1664:Germany
1650:Portals
1557:diutisc
1523:Muslims
1466:alcohol
1403:Novalis
1338:Culture
1287:English
1271:Frisian
1074:in the
1062:in the
1060:Austria
1054:in the
1052:Denmark
1028:In 1848
963:Prussia
911:during
899:in 1948
866:Prussia
862:Austria
858:Austria
854:Prussia
803:of the
791:on the
785:Hungary
781:Bohemia
774:Prussia
752:as the
709:Bavaria
701:Cologne
526:La TĂšne
511:Vistula
507:Germani
503:Tacitus
491:at the
393:History
387:Belgium
370:diutisc
356:endonym
345:Germans
340:Germani
331:Germans
251:led to
122:of the
89:Germany
55:Germans
5142:Portal
4997:Cinema
4977:Anthem
4944:Racism
4758:Energy
4572:Rivers
4530:States
4500:, 1848
4336:Modern
4165:
4078:Rabaul
4073:Kokopo
4007:Israel
3867:Guinea
3850:Douala
3840:Angola
3832:Africa
3757:Pozuzo
3737:Mexico
3671:Canada
3666:Brazil
3656:Belize
3598:France
3570:Turkey
3553:Serbia
3497:Sweden
3487:Norway
3442:Crimea
3405:Russia
3398:Zipser
3372:Walser
3370:, and
3360:Danube
3305:Zipser
3269:Poland
3238:Europe
3119:
3071:
3045:
3037:
3027:
2951:
2911:
2871:
2822:
2781:
2711:
2670:
2622:
2406:
2039:
1937:
1826:3 June
1780:
1527:Jewish
1519:Easter
1358:Berlin
1293:, and
1263:German
1242:
1236:
1230:
1217:German
1215:
1213:
897:Poland
820:, and
762:GdaĆsk
732:feudal
725:Saxony
723:, and
717:Swabia
697:Aachen
691:, and
677:Otto I
638:Saxons
602:Saxons
594:Franks
584:, 1648
448:, and
263:, the
241:Jewish
196:. The
186:Brazil
182:Canada
95:. The
64:German
32:German
5121:Index
5085:Sport
5070:Names
5065:Music
5060:Media
5015:Dance
4887:Women
4852:Crime
4826:Women
4562:Lakes
4236:Goths
4022:Korea
4012:Japan
4002:India
3980:China
3894:Lagos
3862:Ghana
3789:Omaha
3784:Texas
3727:Haiti
3688:Chile
3410:Volga
3393:Regat
3364:Banat
3101:. In
3043:S2CID
3035:JSTOR
2652:. In
2604:. In
2404:JSTOR
2009:. In
1707:Notes
1482:, or
1291:Dutch
895:from
822:Savoy
735:five
705:Trier
685:Italy
522:Celts
484:Rhine
417:Rhine
379:Dutch
367:term
314:Names
308:third
283:were
5035:Flag
4992:Arts
4658:LGBT
4090:Apia
3973:Asia
3962:Lomé
3957:Sebe
3947:Togo
3752:Peru
3135:2020
3117:ISBN
3087:2020
3069:ISBN
3025:ISBN
2997:2020
2967:2020
2949:ISBN
2927:2020
2909:ISBN
2887:2020
2869:ISBN
2838:2020
2820:ISBN
2797:2023
2779:ISBN
2761:2023
2727:2016
2709:ISBN
2686:2015
2668:ISBN
2638:2018
2620:ISBN
2101:2020
2055:2020
2037:ISBN
1989:2020
1953:2020
1935:ISBN
1828:2021
1796:2020
1778:ISBN
1747:2020
1545:and
1517:and
1462:stew
1460:and
1449:and
1305:and
1277:and
1205:The
1180:and
1163:Jews
1138:and
812:and
783:and
703:and
667:and
640:and
612:and
576:The
480:Gaul
458:The
421:Elbe
419:and
385:and
322:and
279:and
245:Roma
192:and
184:and
43:The
4987:Art
4670:Law
3017:doi
2029:doi
1927:doi
1356:in
1281:),
411:of
243:or
146:.
5159::
3366:,
3125:.
3111:.
3077:.
3067:.
3063:.
3041:.
3033:.
3023:.
3015:.
3011:.
2983:.
2957:.
2947:.
2917:.
2907:.
2903:.
2877:.
2867:.
2863:.
2828:.
2814:.
2808:.
2787:.
2747:.
2717:.
2703:.
2697:.
2676:.
2662:.
2628:.
2614:.
2546:^
2495:^
2464:^
2398:.
2372:^
2357:^
2342:^
2321:^
2304:^
2289:^
2258:^
2237:^
2218:^
2201:^
2132:^
2113:^
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