1164:), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn,
31:
1147:) The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (p. 105); "All five stems were represented by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (
222:
752:, respectively. After attaining the Kingship in 911, the Conradines had to yield the crown to the Saxon Liudolfings. After a failed rebellion, the Conradines were deposed and the Duchy made into a land of the crown. The region fragmented into a conglomerate of noble territories and ecclesiastical principalities as early as 939 and was never restored as a political entity or administrative division. Neither did Franconia retain its cultural or linguistic identity; the Franconian dialects are now arrayed along the
657:
207:. The term's applicability, and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany, consequently have a long history of controversy. The overly literal or etymologizing English translation "stem duchy" was coined in the early 20th century. While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation "tribal", use of the term "stem duchies" has become conventional.
706:, did not establish a separate kingdom but claimed the whole, before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority. Henry may even have promulgated a law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united. Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission, but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry's son
1201:
in conventional use for modern German dialects. A Thuringian dialect is not indicated as there is no documentary evidence for a separate
Thuringian variant of Old High German (Thuringia is subsumed under Old Frankish in the map). The division of Old High German into Alemannic and Bavarian is also
486:
The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis, although some
592:, or "more recent tribal duchies", although the term "stem duchies" is common in English. The duchies are often called "younger" (newer, more recent, etc.) in order to distinguish them from the older duchies which were vassal-states of the
982:
family. Bavaria remained under the control of the
Wittelsbach family until the First World War, although it was repeatedly divided into sub-duchies among branches of the family during the 13th to 15th centuries, re-united under
697:
to be their king. According to
Tellenbach's thesis, the dukes created the duchies during Conrad's reign. No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom. Even after the death of Conrad in 918, when the election of
735:
family, close to the royal court, obtained ducal hegemony in
Franconia but never managed to unify the region. Franconia did not encompass the entire tribal territory of the Franks, which became known as
257:) developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography. This concept of German "stems" relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic
966:, rose to the position of Dukes. They were succeeded by a branch of the Liudolfing dynasty and eventually the Welfs, whose struggle with the Hohenstaufen Kings resulted in Bavaria being stripped of
600:
denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of
Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire:
103:
1108:"Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jĂĽngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert
188:(reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the
164:
declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called "younger stem duchies" in contrast to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were
612:. Yet, their political institutional, and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed. I have, moreover, refuted the basic difference between the so-called
904:
family, which had long been employed in the administration of Saxony, rose to the position of Dukes and even Kings after 919. In the 11th century, the Duchy was ruled by the
857:-based Hunfridings first rose to the position of Dukes but soon lost the rule in their struggle with the Liudolfing kings. After various families, the Duchy passed to the
861:
family in 1079. Their rise to the
Kingship made Swabia a royal base, but their fall in the 13th century left Swabia in complete disarray, with remains falling to the
845:
had been nominally associated with the
Frankish kingdom since the end of the 5th century, but it became a duchy under direct Frankish control only in 746. The names
791:
in 843, and organized as a Duchy in 903. It kept changing position between the
Eastern and the Western Kingdom until 939, when it was firmly incorporated into the
1404:
1389:
640:
was formed out of
Bavaria, Alemannia, and Saxony together with eastern parts of the Frankish territory. The kingdom was divided in 864–865 among the sons of
1004:
The complicated political history of the Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishment of most early medieval duchies.
277:. The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague, and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute. The terms
1252:
Urban-Taschenbuch, Stuttgart 1985, p. 37. Hans-Werner Goetz: "Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als
Forschungsproblem". In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
1136:
648:, which allowed local magnates to revive the duchies as autonomous entities and rule their tribes under the supreme authority of the King.
1048:
did not become a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908, and the modern state of
1005:
604:
I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French",
193:
203:
as used in German historiography dates to the mid-19th century, and from the beginning was closely related to the question of
1364:
921:
408:, is much less definite and subject to considerable variation; groups that have been listed under this heading include the
464:
1182:
620:, since I consider the duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution. . .
433:
984:
409:
1399:
886:
866:
1016:
within modern Germany. Some of the other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire; thus, the
661:
878:
339:
by the late 8th century. Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies; the former Merovingian
1359:
882:
703:
608:, and the East-Frankish, "German", stem-duchies. . . Certainly, their names had already appeared during the
456:
221:
30:
1384:
1148:
1124:
800:
452:
204:
1394:
1013:
988:
874:
531:
644:, largely along the lines of the tribes. Royal power quickly disintegrated after 899 under the rule of
572:) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were
1330:
1017:
979:
941:
862:
523:
173:
1316:
Herwig Wolfram, "The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non-royal Rulership",
917:
694:
348:
145:
1228:
1203:
1066:
1045:
1029:
1012:
is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy, eventually emerging as the
1008:
in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The
992:
963:
761:
725:
693:, in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom. The dukes gathered and elected
633:
629:
511:
503:
425:
340:
336:
169:
161:
141:
72:
1036:, on the other hand, disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of
1071:
945:
870:
827:). Lower Lorraine remained a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until 1190, when it passed to the
824:
820:
816:
796:
753:
749:
527:
1103:
1169:
1009:
967:
953:
901:
828:
741:
715:
699:
641:
625:
609:
588:, placed under Frankish administration in 746. In German historiography they are called the
577:
547:
507:
353:
165:
153:
90:
351:. The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period (
1061:
1033:
1021:
975:
937:
894:
836:
757:
690:
666:
656:
645:
559:
515:
499:
476:
398:
389:
359:
344:
258:
226:
181:
177:
149:
107:
81:
45:
1202:
conventional, as clear dialectal features dividing the two branches emerge only in the
1194:
1076:
991:, and following the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire it became independent as a
933:
913:
788:
765:
707:
597:
451:"nations, peoples", emerged in the early 19th century in the context of the project of
394:
262:
185:
63:
54:
1378:
909:
383:
250:
1160:"Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (
1253:
1220:
1190:
959:
858:
792:
637:
565:
436:, roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries.
421:
371:
290:
230:
189:
401:
law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into the 13th century.
1186:
808:
773:
745:
682:
593:
581:
417:
377:
274:
238:
1305:
Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium
196:
finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies.
1198:
812:
732:
573:
519:
365:
17:
1346:
That he claimed the whole, and not just Bavaria, has been doubted by Geary,
1242:
Karl der GroĂźe oder Charlemagne? Acht Antworten deutscher Geschichtsforscher
1049:
1041:
853:
were used more or less interchangeably during the high medieval period. The
842:
784:
737:
714:
worked to preserve the duchies as offices of the crown, but by the reign of
711:
670:
585:
543:
539:
475:). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the
332:
234:
152:
in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the
129:
929:
916:
in 1180 resulted in the dismantling of the stem duchy, splitting off the
328:
316:
133:
1132:
1123:, 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950"
905:
854:
804:
799:(which in turn fragmented further into the counties and duchies of the
779:
As a central component of the Frankish kingdom and with an essentially
674:
429:
413:
312:
157:
1185:
at this time was in its final phase, and would generate the so-called
441:
116:
1037:
1025:
971:
780:
678:
324:
320:
242:
125:
121:
1128:
498:
The division remains in current use in the former classification of
447:
269:), which were in existence in the 10th century, and "recent stems" (
156:. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the
27:
Constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany during the 10th century
655:
220:
137:
29:
1307:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 44.
925:
483:"The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...".
265:. A distinction was sometimes made between the "ancient stems" (
877:. The core territory of Swabia continued its existence as the
873:
families, the latter soon after facing the secession of the
273:), which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of
823:(parts of which developed into the French territory called
289:
variously used in modern German historiography reflect the
1189:
of Franconian dialectal division and the division into
978:(1180). The reduced territorial duchy was given to the
487:
historians have revived the terminology of "peoples" (
1329:
This thesis was popularised for English scholars by
1260:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, 229–253 (p. 238).
1100:
The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology
1271:Deutschland – Frankreich: die Geburt zweier Völker
1250:Stamm, Gefolgschaft, Lehenswesen, Grundherrschaft.
948:after the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire.
1258:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
1225:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
1131:in its archaic sense of "stock, race, ancestry" (
987:in 1503. In 1623, it was raised to the status of
718:the dukes had made them functionally hereditary.
343:was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former
1283:
1281:
1279:
568:were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms (
530:being regarded as a separate language). In the
924:, leaving a core Duchy of Saxony on the river
740:, and which was split into three parts in the
467:in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation (
1246:Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter
1244:. Berlin 1935, S. 94–105. Hans Kurt Schulze:
307:Traditional German historiography counts six
8:
1217:Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem
1166:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
940:in 1296, the latter raised to the status of
1299:
1297:
962:family, responsible for the defense of the
932:. This remainder was eventually split into
783:tribal identity, Lotharingia was split off
481:Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen
1135:: "a race or generation of progenitors";
944:in 1356, which became independent as the
689:After the death of the last Carolingian,
624:After the division of the Kingdom in the
538:) remains current for the populations of
347:had been conquered into Francia already
335:. All of these were incorporated in the
1094:
1092:
1088:
756:known as the "Rhenish fan", split into
664:(919–1125) with the later stem duchies:
636:(880), the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or
120:, meaning "tribe", in reference to the
1219:. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
912:dominated the duchy. The fall of Duke
534:, the division into "Bavarian stems" (
1405:Subdivisions of the Holy Roman Empire
1390:10th century in the Holy Roman Empire
1240:Carl Erdmann: "Der Name Deutsch" In:
1024:, gives rise to the modern state of
744:of 843, the other two parts becoming
144:at the time of the extinction of the
7:
1020:, while not directly continuing the
795:. In 959 the Duchy was divided into
1227:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004,
885:in 1495, which in turn became the
25:
304:of the medieval source material.
768:branches and their sub-dialects.
253:from a number of German tribes (
1365:The American Historical Review
580:, which had been conquered by
404:The list of "recent stems" or
1:
1335:The Origins of Modern Germany
815:) only to be reunited by the
1256:, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.):
1223:, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.):
1106:, citing Hans-Werner Guetz,
889:within 19th-century Germany.
721:The five stem duchies were:
465:Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann
255:Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme
1337:, 2nd ed. (New York: 1947).
1183:High German consonant shift
1121:Mediaeval Europe (814–1300)
922:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
160:in the 8th century. As the
1421:
985:Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria
881:, raised to the status of
618:jĂĽngeres StammesfĂĽrstentum
606:principautés territoriales
590:jĂĽngere StammesherzogtĂĽmer
557:
229:(Alemannic and Bavarian),
1273:. 2nd ed. 1995, pp. 243ff
1052:was established in 1920.
702:was disputed, his rival,
614:älteres Stammesfürstentum
311:or "ancient stems", viz.
1289:Kingdoms and Communities
1127:; Emerton uses English
662:Eastern Frankish Kingdom
491:) rather than "tribes" (
445:, "tribes", rather than
1368:, 28, 3 (1923), p. 454.
1360:James Westfall Thompson
1348:Phantoms of Remembrance
1098:See Donald C. Jackman,
704:Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria
457:Karl Friedrich Eichhorn
34:The Holy Roman Empire,
1362:, "German Feudalism",
1269:so Carlrichard BrĂĽhl,
887:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
686:
622:
249:The derivation of the
246:
174:Lotharingia (Lorraine)
111:
94:
1014:Free State of Bavaria
879:County of WĂĽrttemberg
875:Old Swiss Confederacy
681:in light orange, and
659:
602:
558:Further information:
532:Free State of Bavaria
224:
33:
1331:Geoffrey Barraclough
1018:Electorate of Saxony
1006:Frederick Barbarossa
748:and the core of the
596:monarchs. Historian
205:national unification
194:Frederick Barbarossa
136:) was a constituent
1215:Hans-Werner Goetz:
1137:Oxford Dictionaries
928:, enfeoffed to the
918:Duchy of Westphalia
477:Weimar constitution
459:in 1808 still used
317:Swabians (Alemanni)
146:Carolingian dynasty
1320:, 2 (1971), p. 41.
1303:Patrick J. Geary,
1204:Middle High German
1067:Kingdom of Germany
1046:duchy of Thuringia
1044:. The Merovingian
964:March of Carinthia
762:Central Franconian
687:
634:Treaty of Ribemont
630:Treaty of Meerssen
542:(Bavaria proper),
463:"German nations".
453:German unification
341:duchy of Thuringia
337:Carolingian Empire
275:eastward expansion
247:
225:Linguistic map of
182:Swabia (Alemannia)
162:Carolingian Empire
142:Kingdom of Germany
95:
73:Duchy of Franconia
1119:Ephraim Emerton,
1072:Peerage of France
1028:. The duchies of
946:Kingdom of Saxony
908:. After 1137 the
821:Upper Lotharingia
817:Dukes of Burgundy
797:Lower Lotharingia
754:dialect continuum
750:kingdom of France
652:Holy Roman Empire
536:bayerische Stämme
528:Frisian languages
479:of 1919, reading
473:in seinen Stämmen
471:) in its tribes (
16:(Redirected from
1412:
1400:German feudalism
1369:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1238:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1133:Webster's (1828)
1125:pp. 89–114
1117:
1111:
1096:
1010:duchy of Bavaria
829:Dukes of Brabant
742:Treaty of Verdun
700:Henry the Fowler
642:Louis the German
626:Treaty of Verdun
393:). Franconian,
354:Lex Baiuvariorum
201:Stammesherzogtum
112:Stammesherzogtum
106:
91:Duchy of Bavaria
88:
79:
70:
61:
52:
43:
21:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1239:
1235:
1214:
1210:
1180:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1118:
1114:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1062:Imperial circle
1058:
1022:duchy of Saxony
1002:
938:Saxe-Wittenberg
793:Eastern Kingdom
758:High Franconian
691:Louis the Child
665:
654:
646:Louis the Child
562:
560:Frankish Empire
556:
500:German dialects
461:Deutsche Völker
390:Lex Thuringorum
360:Lex Alamannorum
345:Frisian Kingdom
259:Germanic tribes
241:at the time of
227:Old High German
217:
211:German tribes (
186:Salian emperors
154:Ottonian Empire
150:Louis the Child
102:
93:
86:
84:
82:Duchy of Swabia
77:
75:
68:
66:
59:
57:
50:
48:
46:Duchy of Saxony
41:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1339:
1322:
1309:
1293:
1275:
1262:
1233:
1208:
1195:Central German
1174:
1153:
1112:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:Prince-elector
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
956:
950:
949:
934:Saxe-Lauenburg
914:Henry the Lion
898:
891:
890:
840:
833:
832:
789:Middle Francia
777:
770:
769:
766:Low Franconian
729:
708:Otto the Great
653:
650:
598:Herwig Wolfram
555:
552:
434:East Prussians
263:late antiquity
245:, 10th century
216:
209:
85:
76:
67:
64:Upper Lorraine
58:
55:Lower Lorraine
49:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:German tribes
1383:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:, pp. 290–91.
1290:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:House of Welf
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:(present-day
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
658:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Mecklenburger
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
384:Lex Frisionum
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:German people
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
214:
210:
208:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
105:
100:
92:
83:
74:
65:
56:
47:
37:
32:
19:
18:German tribes
1395:East Francia
1363:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1288:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1254:Heiko Steuer
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1221:Heiko Steuer
1216:
1211:
1191:Upper German
1177:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1003:
897:(until 1296)
859:Hohenstaufen
850:
846:
839:(until 1268)
720:
688:
638:East Francia
623:
617:
613:
605:
603:
589:
569:
566:East Francia
563:
554:East Francia
535:
497:
492:
488:
485:
480:
472:
468:
460:
446:
440:
438:
422:Upper Saxons
405:
403:
388:
382:
376:
372:Lex Ripuaria
370:
364:
358:
352:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
291:Middle Latin
286:
282:
278:
270:
266:
254:
248:
231:Old Frankish
218:
212:
200:
198:
190:Hohenstaufen
115:
98:
96:
35:
1229:pp. 229–253
1187:Rhenish fan
980:Wittelsbach
960:Luitpolding
867:WĂĽrttemberg
863:Wittelsbach
809:Netherlands
801:Netherlands
787:as part of
776:(until 959)
774:Lotharingia
746:Lotharingia
728:(until 939)
683:Lotharingia
669:in yellow,
632:(870), and
594:Merovingian
582:Charlemagne
524:Friso-Saxon
522:(including
439:The use of
426:Pomeranians
378:Lex Saxonum
333:Thuringians
239:Old Frisian
1379:Categories
1287:Reynolds,
1248:. Band 1:
1199:Low German
1083:References
989:Electorate
942:Electorate
902:Liudolfing
813:Luxembourg
677:in green,
610:Migrations
512:Thuringian
504:Franconian
366:Lex Salica
148:(death of
99:stem duchy
1231:(p. 247).
1050:Thuringia
1042:Franconia
1030:Franconia
930:Ascanians
847:Alemannia
843:Alamannia
785:Austrasia
738:Austrasia
733:Conradine
726:Franconia
712:Ottonians
673:in blue,
671:Franconia
586:Alamannia
544:Franconia
540:Altbayern
520:Low Saxon
508:Alemannic
430:Silesians
414:Lausitzer
406:Neustämme
313:Bavarians
309:Altstämme
271:Neustämme
267:Altstämme
235:Old Saxon
199:The term
170:Franconia
130:Bavarians
104:‹See Tfd›
1350:, p. 44.
1168:, 1982,
1145:literary
1102:, 1990,
1056:See also
970:(1156),
920:and the
906:Billungs
871:Habsburg
825:Lorraine
781:Frankish
716:Henry IV
695:Conrad I
516:Bavarian
329:Frisians
134:Swabians
1206:period.
1141:archaic
1110:, 1977.
993:Kingdom
968:Austria
954:Bavaria
855:Thurgau
805:Belgium
710:. The
685:in pink
675:Bavaria
628:(843),
578:Bavaria
564:Within
526:, with
399:Swabian
302:populus
166:Bavaria
140:of the
114:, from
1318:Viator
1149:p. 175
1038:Swabia
1034:Swabia
1026:Saxony
1000:Legacy
972:Styria
895:Saxony
869:, and
851:Swabia
837:Swabia
819:) and
811:, and
807:, the
679:Swabia
667:Saxony
584:, and
574:Saxony
548:Swabia
493:Stämme
489:Völker
448:Völker
442:Stämme
432:, and
410:Märker
349:in 734
325:Saxons
321:Franks
283:Nation
243:Otto I
213:Stämme
192:, and
184:. The
178:Saxony
158:Empire
126:Saxons
122:Franks
108:German
89:
87:
80:
78:
71:
69:
62:
60:
53:
51:
44:
42:
1162:Stamm
1104:p. 87
976:Tyrol
883:Duchy
570:regna
502:into
395:Saxon
298:natio
279:Stamm
138:duchy
117:Stamm
38:1000
36:circa
1197:and
1181:The
1170:p. 4
1139:: "(
1129:stem
1040:and
1032:and
974:and
958:The
936:and
926:Elbe
900:The
849:and
764:and
731:The
660:The
616:and
576:and
546:and
518:and
495:).
469:Volk
397:and
387:and
369:and
331:and
294:gens
287:Volk
237:and
180:and
132:and
1143:or
455:.
416:,
323:,
300:or
285:or
261:of
1381::
1333:,
1296:^
1278:^
1193:,
1091:^
865:,
760:,
550:.
514:,
510:,
506:,
428:,
424:,
420:,
412:,
381:,
375:,
363:,
357:,
327:,
319:,
315:,
296:,
281:,
233:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
128:,
124:,
110::
97:A
1172:.
1151:)
995:.
831:.
215:)
101:(
20:)
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