Germán Busch - Knowledge

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had painstakingly created. At noon, Busch issued his Manifesto to the Nation which read: "I conceived the reorganization of the parties as an ideal . I recognized the need for free democracy I upheld the convenience of broad freedom of the press. But, I have seen that debauchery has been imposed a subversive and demagogic fermentation has taken place that poisons the national environment. Faced with this picture, From today on I begin an energetic and disciplined government, convinced that this is the only way that will allow the invigoration of the Republic, internally and internationally". The assembly was suspended, the upcoming elections cancelled, and the 1938 Constitution, while still in effect, would be henceforth enforced through executive decree. In the following months, Busch issued some of the most important decrees and laws of his administration, including the nationalization of various railways and industries as well as the

889:. The government hoped to use the discovery of the site as a legal defense for its claim to sovereignty over the Chaco Boreal. The first expedition began on 25 March and ended sometime after 23 May, the date in which Busch recorded his last journal entry reporting on the delivery of a cart full of provisions for the emaciated soldiers. The next entry in Busch's journal skips to 16 August, in the midst of a second expedition led this time by Lieutenant Colonel Ángel Ayoroa. In September, the government in La Paz deemed the discovery of ceramic masonry and hydraulic excavations to be sufficient evidence that there had been a San Ignacio de Zamucos and recalled the Ayoroa expedition. Later archaeology showed that the insufficient materials in the Chaco used to build the mission meant that there never were ruins to discover. Nevertheless, the expeditions led Busch to be decorated as a Grand Officer of the 1816:, stated that "Busch's suicide was so opportune for the large miners that even today it makes us presume a strategic assassination". Nevertheless, contemporary historians such as Brockmann state that the narrative of suicide is the most maintainable. According to Brockmann, "The thorough on-site police investigation, which proves the suicide, is lightly dismissed. In Bolivia, where it is impossible to keep a secret, it would not be feasible to build and maintain such an elaborate lie for almost eight decades". Brockmann also points to the fact that between 1938 and 1939 Busch had attempted to commit suicide at least six times "So when you add up the police records, the testimony of the witnesses you realize that there is a significant tendency for him to commit suicide". 1704:

Carmona and that he wanted to review and sign them. Then, Goitia made him notice that the hour was late and that it would be more convenient for him to go to rest. The president replied, 'Three million Bolivian citizens weigh on my shoulders, I must ensure their well-being and the progress of the country, but in this work misunderstanding, lack of cooperation and the underhanded action of my enemies hinder my work.' At that moment, Goitia noticed that Busch was suffering from one of his nervous breakdowns and saw that he took a pistol from his pants pocket. Then, Goitia took him by the hand and in a fight to prevent him from using it against himself, in which Carmona also participated, the first shot came out of a window".

796:, of which he was a fan. After he graduated and was assigned to a unit in another town, the two continued to exchange letters and Busch would commonly visit her in La Paz when he had the opportunity. After a few years, Busch returned to La Paz in early 1928 to ask Carmona's family for her hand in marriage. To do this, Busch gained special military authorization to be married. This was because military regulations of the time prohibited marriages for officers below the rank of captain. For a second lieutenant to be married was unprecedented and required considerable persuasion and the special permission of General José C. Quirós, the Chief of the General Staff. Germán and Matilde were married on 18 February 1928. 678: 1040:

was rejected by the military leadership which proposed Lieutenant Colonel Luis Añez as an alternative. On 5 October, the first contingent of demobilized troops along with the high command of the armed forces arrived in La Paz. After a few weeks, the military leadership returned to the Chaco to direct troop demobilization and repatriate prisoners of war, leaving Busch as the interim chief of the General Staff based in La Paz. He subsequently formed an army garrison made up of a brigade of three regiments from the Chaco cavalry corps. In essence, this position gave Busch the ability to control all military actions within the nation's administrative center.

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the Paraguayan army. Nevertheless, for having entered Boquerón with reinforcements and for having broken the siege to withdraw with the bulk of his troop, Busch was promoted to the rank of captain. About the Bolivian retreat, Busch recounted in his journal: "We began our retreat We passed through a hail of bullets. The massacre continues. The number of deaths increases dangerously We finally managed to pass the entire area where the enemy was and we reached the Command. We all asked for bread and water. We were no longer the enthusiastic and strong boys who left Oruro. We were only their specters. We all wanted to leave".

755:. During his stay at the Military College, Busch attempted to end his own life on two occasions. The first occurred during a semester in which the cadet failed two or three subjects, leading him to attempt suicide with his rifle, which, as conveyed by Avila, "was with great difficulty prevented by his classmates". The second event came during one student's party, when Busch nearly came to blows with another cadet named Guillermo Estrada. While being separated from one another, Busch managed to unsheathe his revolver, pointing it not at Estrada but at his own temple, before being stopped from shooting by other party guests. 1087:. President Tejada Sorzano was viewed by both the civilian populace and the military, including Busch, as one of the old political elites who had irresponsibly led them to war without adequately equipping them to win it. Given this, it was not a shock when the government's orders for the military to intervene against the strikers went unheard. By that point, Waldó Álvarez, the leader of the Federation of Workers of Labor (FOT), had met with both Busch and Toro and secured from them a commitment that the army would not take action against the protesters. The peak of the crisis came in May 1936 when the largest 533: 1142:. The ex-president was a masterful politician, keeping his party in a delicate balance between the old establishment of the liberal era and the new socialism of the post-war era by maintaining the leadership of the pre-war generations while appealing to the post-war one through the adoption of socialist language. His PRS had been both one of the three large traditional parties allied with Tejada Sorzano's government and, when the viability of that administration seemed lost, had flipped sides and joined the United Socialists in their opposition to it. 1991: 1708:

returned to her bedroom. Carmona reported that he and Goitia attempted to take the gun from Busch but that "it was impossible". Ten minutes later, at 5:30 a.m., Carmona recounts that "With a soft tone told us to stop, we thought he had calmed down, but suddenly he pushed us, raised his arm and took the shot. His head fell on the right side on the desk and the gun fell to the ground. I held his head. I picked up the gun and put it on the desk". Carmona explained that this last detail was the reason his fingerprints appeared on the gun.

1076: 1676: 1631:. Companies that had their operating capital abroad were required to transfer them to the Central Bank within 120 days with any active or passive resistance to the decree being considered an act of treason and judged and punished as such. While the measure was not meant to challenge private ownership of the mines, it for the first time provided the government with an effective way of acquiring some of the earnings of Bolivia's powerful tin industry and asserted the right of the State to intervene in the country's economy. 846: 1193:

gesture to convince the public that the army was completely free to respond to the referendum. Toro was certain that he would then take command again when the garrisons affirmed their trust in him and had asked him to continue as leader of the nation. In reality, Busch had concealed the fact that most of the military chiefs had already lined up against Toro. Then, in an empty gesture, Busch offered Peñaranda the presidency of the junta which was refused as expected, clearing the path for Busch to succeed Toro.

1497: 1874:, the German minister in Bolivia, to request "moral and material support" for the establishment of "order and authority in the state through the transition to a totalitarian state form". To do this, Busch asked for German advisors in almost every field of government administration. While Wendler expressed interest, the final reply by the German government on 22 April cordially denied Busch's request, stating that it wished to avoid "conspicuous measures, such as the sending of a staff of advisors". 445: 1283: 738:, for which his brother-in-law Samuel Ávila Alvarado obtained for him the necessary certificates of good conduct. In order to travel to La Paz, Busch participated in a swimming competition in the town of Loma Suárez, winning first place and using the monetary prize to secure passage on a steam boat for himself and his three friends: Ceferino Rioja Aponte, Ernesto Wende Camargo and Sergio Ribera. The group navigated the river to Todos Santos, where they continued by mule through 626:. However, his political inexperience and accustomation to rigid military structure weakened his ability to lead the disparate factions of the left-wing movements and led him to ultimately suspend the legislature and declare dictatorial rule in 1939. During this time, he issued a profusion of executive decrees including a new labor and school code and the mining currency law, the latter of which proved to be the most popular of his policies though it gained him the ire of the 1453: 1788:. According to Lieutenant Eufracio Bruno, who would later testify at the trial, he asked Carmona "Why do public opinion point to you as the author of Busch's death?" and that in a drunken state, Carmona replied "Yes, I killed him, now what do you want?" Bruno also assured that on the birthday of officer Julio Garnica, Carmona confirmed "this arm killed Colonel Busch for eighteen thousand dollars". The judicial process was ultimately inconclusive and was cut short by the 981:. On 15 July, the "Lanza" Regiment fought a rearguard action and covered the retreat of the 4th Division which faced encirclement by Paraguayan forces. The Bolivians under Busch worked to open a road to the north, in the direction of Alihuatá, the only place where the enemy had not yet entered. During the three days that the rapid opening of the escape route lasted, heavy fighting took place to prevent Paraguayan forces from cutting it off and preventing the escape. 1825: 780: 970: 1833: 1763: 1893: 727: 857:, whose insurrectionist officers maintained aerial dominance over La Paz, but was ordered to stand down by Toro. On 28 June, the military uprising succeeded in overthrowing the government and Busch retired to his home, complaining to Matilde that "Everything I did was useless. Everything is now lost due to General Kundt's lack of character". As punishment for his support of the deposed government, Busch was assigned by the provisional 1689: 1367: 1061:(LEC), which quickly became a powerful political and military organization. However, while Busch was a firm believer in the need for social change, he lacked a political mind and was incapable of formulating a political ideology of his own. Recognizing this, Busch and the young officers around him eventually settled on the more politically proficient, if less revolutionary, Colonel David Toro to lead their movement. 76: 6052: 1493:, removing himself both from domestic Bolivian politics as well as the country itself. Gosálvez's replacement, Vicente Leytón, brought an end to Busch's attempt to form a national Socialist Party when he refused to join it. While Busch announced he would endorse his own list of candidates, the collapse of the united front did not bode well for the left-wing's chances in the upcoming May legislative elections. 942: 6035: 431: 2024: 1747:

and void due to Busch's assumption of dictatorial rule in April. Following the president's death, the more conservative and pro-oligarchic elements of the Bolivian elite were quick to reassert themselves. In a radio address to the nation, Quintanilla declared himself provisional president, charged with calling new elections and returning the political field to the traditional status quo pre-Toro.

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travelled to the regiment's headquarters in Miraflores, guarded by either fourteen or seventeen soldiers, and freed the arrested officers. At 4:00 a.m. the next day, Busch and a group of eighteen soldiers retook the Military College, which had been left to be defended by two veteran officers and eighteen of the youngest cadets, the youngest among them being just twelve-years-old.

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and returned to Germany while Raquel Becerra moved with her children to her home town of Trinidad where Busch spent the majority of his childhood. He attended the 6 August National School from which he was expelled at the age of 16 due to a physical quarrel with the principal, Agustín Rivero, as a result of a love affair between himself and another classmate.

1127:(championed by Busch) which allied the military government with labor and leftist movements for a little over a year. However, as time went on, Busch and the young officers around him began to grow restless with the political manoeuvrings of the left-wing coalition. In particular, they took issue with the constant conflict between the moderate socialists of 1712:

seeing the body conveyed to the family that "There is no remedy". Nonetheless, Veintemillas was convinced by the physical threats of Carmona and the pleading of Matilde to take the body to the general hospital to be operated on. On the morning of 23 August, Busch underwent a difficult operation. After nine hours of agony, he died at 2:45 p.m.

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power, the fragmented groups of the left remained in constant flux. The new assembly was the first to be formed since the overthrow of Tejada Sorzano, and the fact that most members of the traditional parties had withdrawn meant that very few experienced politicians were present in Congress. Parties joined and separated in attempts to form viable

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the country". This was recognized by Busch who upon issuing the decree declared: "I know that this step is extremely serious for my government and that many dangers lie in wait for me. But it does not matter, I am fighting for the Bolivian people and if I fall I will have fallen with a great flag: the economic freedom of Bolivia".

2010: 996:, and Germán Busch, who was brought in as Chief of Staff of the 1st Army Corps. Busch, a man of action, initially refused the position but was persuaded to join the Bolivian high command by Toro who secured for him a promotion to the rank of major on 30 December 1933. Busch used his new command to advocate for more 1707:

The first shot was fired at 5:20 a.m. Reportedly, Matilde was awoken by it but did not immediately go down because she was wearing nightwear. Instead, she asked the butler Francisco Medina, "What happened?" to which he replied, "The colonel fired," at which point she decided not to intervene and

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On 18 August 1939, the dentist José Rosa Quiroga had removed his front tooth, affecting him aesthetically. Since then, Busch had not been in the Palacio Quemado, instead handling administrative acts from his small home in Miraflores which he shared with his brother-in-law Colonel Eliodoro Carmona and

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In the last weeks of Busch's life, pressure from the press against his government became more severe. The attacks against his leadership included claims "that he was young and inexperienced to govern" and "that he had neither culture nor knowledge". Busch's political woes were compounded by personal

1185:, the Toro regime soon earned the discontent of the indigenous population and the army. Busch himself felt unsatisfied with Toro's seemingly unending pragmatism and political compromises which to him appeared to be leading nowhere. At a meeting in La Paz on 10 July, the Legion of Veterans voted Busch 1161:

The ease in which Busch carried out the coup, which Toro was forced to accept, showed the influence Busch carried over the regime. As Busch entrenched his control over the military through his position as Chief of the General Staff, Toro slowly became more dependent on him. A clear indication of this

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was soon established with Busch being named provisional president. The same afternoon following the bloodless coup, Busch and Álvarez began negotiations with all of the trade unions' demands being met. Busch served as provisional president until David Toro returned from surveying troop disarmament in

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whom he entrusted with calling a National Convention which would alter the Constitution and permit him to seek an unprecedented second term. The plan to extend his term had the reverse effect and by 25 June what had started as student protests had escalated into an uprising at the Military College of

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Busch graduated from the Military College on 4 January 1927 with the rank of second lieutenant and was assigned to the Campero Infantry Regiment. His disinterest in commanding heavy machine guns and his propensity towards quarrelling with other officers led him to be reassigned six weeks later to the

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describes his political leadership as "incapable of coherent, concentrated direction", he also states that Busch's administration allowed for more reformist ideas to gain a voice on the national stage for the very first time, marking "the end of national consensus and the beginning of uncompromising

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Carmona had not only killed Germán, but had also killed another person before". Robert Brockmann pushed against these claims, saying, "did Pablo know, thousands of miles away, that the Carmona had murdered Germán? How did he know?" and that "The alluded role of the butler Medina is tenuous at best".

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published the year after Busch's death, Luis Toro Ramallo reported that in those days conjectures about the death of the president circulated throughout the city and that "riots and revolutions were announced". On the other hand, they "murmured" and spoke aloud against the "coup leader" Quintanilla.

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At the hospital, there were few attendants save for his own family and that of Vice President Baldivieso. Before Busch had even died, but seeing that he was unlikely to recover, General Carlos Quintanilla staged a military occupation of the Palacio Quemado, deeming the constitutional succession null

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On 7 June 1939, Busch promulgated one of the most important decrees of his administration. The law ordered the delivery of 100% of all foreign exchange earned by tin exports to the Central Bank, which would return the amount of foreign currency required for their duly verified needs and a maximum of

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In the midst of the compounding issues plaguing the government came the immigration affair. The scandal had its roots in June 1938, when the Busch government announced open immigration into Bolivia in a sudden reversal of previous government policy. On 9 June, Minister of Agriculture and Immigration

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Following the coup, in January 1935, Busch was awarded the Grand Cross of Military Merit and in July he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In June of that year, a few weeks after the armistice with Paraguay, President Tejada Sorzano offered him a cabinet position in the Ministry of Defense but this

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over the disputed Chaco Boreal ultimately resulted in the outbreak of war between the two states on 9 September 1932. Busch's participation in the San Ignacio de Zamucos expeditions had freed him from his semi-exile in Roboré and he had been transferred to the 6th Cavalry Regiment in Cochabamba. The

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In this context, Busch received word from his wife that her brother and brother-in-law, Eliodoro Carmona and Ricardo Goitia, among other officers, had been imprisoned by rebelling soldiers of the Pérez Regiment. On the morning of the 25th and without the authorization of Kundt, the second lieutenant

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While Busch excelled in physical exercise and training, he was challenged by the structural aspects of military life, especially as regards discipline and concentrated study. Fellow cadet Alfonso Arana Gandarias described Busch as a "temperamental and violent man went from a sentimental state to an

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Historian Robert Brockmann maintains that this testament is incorrect, not as a result of malice on the part of Pablo Busch, but due to the fact it was written in extremis as Busch Wiesener was at the point of death, having been shot with arrow. Brockmann points to the claim by Busch's mother Raquel

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In order to reinforce the version of Busch's suicide, the Quintanilla government issued a statement on 24 August which "leaves on record with full evidence that the death of the president is due to an absolutely voluntary act by determination made under the weight of his deep patriotic anguish". On

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Faced with the immigration scandal, unhappy with the results produced by his few reforms, and with little support from the fractured left, Busch, tired of navigating the complexities of parliamentary politics, declared totalitarian rule on 24 April 1939, thus nullifying the very political system he

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The president's circle of political allies became much smaller in March 1939. That month, Vice President Baldivieso abdicated his leaderships positions over the moderate socialists, urging them to move further leftward. Not long after, on the 18th, Gosálvez resigned from his position as minister of

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to the right-wing Federico Gutiérrez Granier. Gutiérrez Granier had been Minister of Finance during the government of Tejada Sorzano which Busch himself had overthrown. Nevertheless, Busch allowed the minister the freedom to undo many Toro-era policies including the closing down of state-subsidized

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while the alliance between the military and the civilian left-wing was brought to an end with the armed forces henceforth governing the country on their own. In a manifesto issued to the nation, Busch stated that, "The parties of the left, united by pacts which seemed solidly defined, did not delay

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from their entrenched positions in Yujra resulted in failure. By the night of the 21st to the 22nd, Lieutenants Germán Busch and Arturo Montes, with 15 6th Cavalry soldiers, withdrew through Boquerón-Yujra. The battle eventually ended in a loss for the Bolivians and the retaking of Fort Boquerón by

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Regardless of the disagreement over the location, both accounts agree on Busch's year of birth as 1903, as first documented by Brockmann. Prior historiography had placed the date of birth as 23 March 1904, a full year after the fact. A few weeks after Busch's birth, Pablo Busch abandoned the family

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At 9:00 p.m. on 22 August, Busch and his wife returned to their home after a final visit to the dentist Rosa Quiroga and began Carmona's birthday celebration. While Busch appeared happy during the dinner, Matilde later reported that "it was a feigned joy". On 24 August, the morning edition of

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was swift. According to Foreign Minister Eduardo Díez de Medina, "The consortium of the large mine owners who saw in the attitude of the president a threat to the predominance of privileged groups, unleashed a violent opposition to his measures. Busch received anonymous threats from all points of

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The following day, Busch met secretly with Toro and General Enrique Peñaranda and he informed the president that his government no longer enjoyed the confidence of the army. Busch then asked that Toro send a letter of resignation as President of the Republic to the military garrisons as a symbolic

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The Military College was located close to the Liceo Venezuela, an all-girls school. Due to the proximity between the two, relationships and courtships between the cadets and schoolgirls were common. Here in 1926, Busch met Matilde Carmona Rodó, the daughter of a formerly wealthy mining family from

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on 23 August 1939, bringing an end to the era of military socialism in Bolivia. An enigmatic character who came from outside the political realm, he was wrapped in legend and controversy, even about his birthplace. His sudden and unexpected death in office is still disputed as either suicide or an

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the telegram informing him of the death of Busch, he threw it angrily stating that "This is the work of the Carmona". Herlan Vaca Díez, Busch's nephew, claims that his uncle Gustavo Busch, Germán's brother, spoke with the butler who attended the party during which Busch died. "He always said that

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published the statement of events as recounted by Major Goitia: "everything took place in an atmosphere of family cordiality until three in the morning, when the people in attendance had left. It was then that recalled having left numerous documents on his desk that had to be dispatched and told

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Bogged down for most of his presidency in the procedural aspects of enacting a new political framework (the Assembly, the new Constitution) Busch was not able to pass many meaningful reforms, despite his stated aim of "deepening" the military socialism of Toro. Despite continually rising in their

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with the winner taking the presidency. The accusation and the challenge were deeply offensive to Peñaranda who, livid, subsequently retired from his post as commander-in-chief of the army and stormed out of the government palace. Busch, in turn, did little to stop Peñaranda's successor, the newly

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Historian Rolando Roda Busch, the grandson of Germán's youngest brother Carlos, affirmed that Busch was born in San Javier, Santa Cruz, highlighting two historical documents to evidence his claim. The first of these is Busch's baptism certificate issued on 25 August 1903 in San Javier. The second

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At that point, Carmona's wife and daughter, Elisa and Yolanda, accompanied by Goitia's wife Lya, left the house to seek the surgeon Guillermo Debbe who lived a block away. When Debbe arrived, Busch's body was laid out in the hall until the arrival of a second doctor, Félix Veintemillas, who upon

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It would not take long for the young officer corps, which had risen in the ranks at an incredibly fast pace during the conflict, to force the old guard of the military to make way for new leadership. The young officers, sympathetic to the left-wing movements being formed inside the country, soon

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The creation of Pando also coincided with the civic anniversary of the Santa Cruz Department. While some contemporary historians have theorized that this may have been due to Busch's possible friendship or family ties with landowners and businessmen from Santa Cruz who had strong interests and

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where his meager second lieutenant's salary, coupled with the birth of his first son Juan Germán on 28 December 1928 and that of his second son Orlando just eleven months later, left the family in economic hardship for some time, relying on the generosity of his friend Ángel Jordán to get by.

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report was delivered which concluded "possible suicide". "This cannot be affirmed categorically due to the fact that the traces left by a shot at a short distance are not noticeable because the wound has been washed for healing". Later, the final order of the case, issued on 5 October 1939,

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Although Busch was a national hero, his political leanings were unknown to the general population. The left and the right alike assumed he would revert from Toro's military socialism to the traditional political establishment, a sentiment Busch himself did little to clarify through his vague

1614:(Busch Code), had been the realization of early drafts written by the labor leader Waldó Álvarez and finally brought forth long called for social and labor reform. The document provided for government guarantees of job security, accident compensation, paid leave, and collective bargaining. 1439:

has also pointed out that "In 1938 the departmental commemorations did not have the significance and affirmation of regional identity that they have today. I do not believe at all that Busch had any intention of making the date of the creation of Pando coincide with his condition as a

1053:" began to crop up across the country, the military found itself in the midst of its own internal power struggle. While many blamed the loss of the Chaco War on the oligarchic traditional parties, the senior officer corps of the army was also largely discredited for its failed tactics. 1031:

where President Salamanca was residing. The elderly president was arrested with the army chiefs subsequently securing his resignation, thus bringing an end to what was dubbed the "Corralito de Villamontes". Wishing to uphold democratic appearances, the military allowed Vice President

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In 1944, Congressman Edmundo Roca and Captain Julio Ponce de León accused Colonel Eliodoro Carmona as having been the "main perpetrator of Busch's death" and requested "imprisonment while ordinary justice is pronounced again". Thus, the investigation was reopened. On 31 August 1944,

1553:," saw 10,000 European Jews set to migrate to Bolivia within a year. Considering the flood of applications, the desperation of those applying, and the lack of profession and low pay of the diplomatic service, abuses inevitably occurred. A scandal arose when it came to light that the 1472:

Busch's attempt to bring the parties together proved lackluster. The former president of the national convention, Renato Riverín, joined with Busch's close advisor, Gabriel Gosálvez, to bring together Baldivieso's moderate United Socialist Party with more radical groups such as the

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In November 1932, during a series of commando operations behind Paraguayan lines, Busch lead an attack on three or four Paraguayan trucks, killing thirty-seven Paraguayan soldiers and three officers. Among the fallen officers was Lieutenant Hermán Velilla, the son of a prominent

1513:. With Saavedra's death and even before that as his health ailed, the traditional parties broke with his policy of interacting with the fringes of the moderate left. On 22 March 1939, the Liberal Party and both Republican parties set aside their differences and joined in the 1840:

Robert Brockmann describes Busch as "like the Greek (semi) gods or heroes Everything he touched took on enormous impulses, unsuspected ramifications, and caused great changes, whether Busch intended that or not". "Without doubt, he is part of the national mythology". While

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to win in a landslide and giving them full control over the convention. On 27 May 1938, it elected Busch constitutional President of the Republic with Enrique Baldivieso as vice president. Both were inaugurated the following day with terms set to last to 6 August 1942.

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which legally elected him president and promulgated the 1938 Political Constitution, hailed as a "Social Constitution" as it established the State's right to the country's natural wealth, alluded to the social function of property, and recognized the communal lands of

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On 9 September, the 6th Cavalry Regiment arrived in Muñoz. These forces reinforced the defenses of Yucra on the road to Boquerón, repelling various attacks from the Paraguayan regiments "Curupayty" and "Corrales". However, repeated attempts to break the Paraguayan

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The family of Germán Busch's father, Pablo Busch, also support the theory that Busch's death was an assassination by his in-laws in the Carmona family. According to Lila Ávila Busch, Germán's niece, when her grandfather, Pablo Busch, received at his residence in

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tendencies; this was reinforced by the fact that only a week after taking power in 1937, he had requested economic and oil advisors from the German legation. On 9 April 1939, shortly before his declaration of dictatorial rule on the 24th, Busch had spoken with

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ever seen in the country at that time was called. The culmination of these strikes came on 17 May when, following the occupation of various buildings in La Paz the night before, the military under Busch stepped in and demanded Tejada Sorzano's resignation. A

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The purpose of the creation of the department was to give greater political hierarchy to the region as well as to achieve the promotion of demographic and economic growth. It was also meant to put an end "to a dilemma posed at the time by the inhabitants of

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statements of "national regeneration" and the " of public order". As a result, he even had to reject claims that his coup had been financed by Standard Oil, stating that the new government had no intention of returning the company's confiscated property.

1481:. However, the members of this government-backed Socialist Party expressed concerns over the lack of commitment from Busch who was more accustomed to the absolute command structure of the army rather than the more cooperative civilian power politics. 4583:

La polarización socio-discursiva informativa/opinativa/interpretativa de los periódicos El Diario, La Calle y La República en la coyuntura fundacional del Ministerio de Trabajo que dio lugar a la promulgación del primer Código Laboral en Bolivia

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Busch also allowed the more conservative senior officer corps of the military to reassert itself during his regime. In January 1938, Busch accused General Peñaranda of plotting a coup. Rather than dismiss him, Busch challenged the general to a

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to relieve Peñaranda of his duties. On that day, sectors of the military loyal to Peñaranda, which included Colonel David Toro, Oscar Moscoso, and Germán Busch, decided to resist the order and constructed a plot to rebel against the president.

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At the same time, Busch has been described as, first and foremost, an illiberal, disillusioned with almost 40 years of corrupt liberal governments. Busch and the era of military socialism in Bolivia came at a time before the emergence of

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along with a large amount of war material. For his actions, he was granted command of the "Lanza" 6th Cavalry Regiment. In that month, the regiment participated in three successful offensives, one of which achieved the capture of Fort

1330:, a coalition which Busch endorsed in the upcoming legislative elections. Faced with this new movement led by Busch, the traditional parties (save for the PRS which joined the FUS) withdrew from the election, allowing the so-called 792:. The couple were already familiar with one another. Carmona, because Busch's physical appearance and reputation had made him popular among the schoolgirls and Busch, because Carmona was the publisher of the student newspaper 3175: 838:

the Army. Faced with the crisis, Kundt, who as head of the General Staff was for all practical purposes the last remaining executive authority, elected to remain inactive in the face of the state of government failure.

1857:, who ruled Bolivia for 16 days in November 1979, was Busch's nephew. Germán Busch had four children; three sons, Germán, Orlando, and Waldo, and one daughter, Gloria. She was born in 1940, a year after Busch's death. 3682: 1383:, bringing a conclusive end to the Chaco War. The treaty granted roughly 75% of the Chaco Boreal to Paraguay with the conditions established by the Busch administration, mainly in relation to Bolivia's access to the 701:

Becerra, with sworn testimonies collected by historians Rógers Becerra and Arnaldo Lijerón. According to this testimony, Busch was born on the farm "La Pampita" in El Carmen, Beni while the family was navigating the

1313:

Though Busch accepted support of the traditional parties and allowed Finance Minister Gutiérrez Granier to negotiate with them, he also adopted Toro's plan for union representation in government when he allowed the

912:

news of hostilities was met favorably by Busch who wrote in his journal: "I slept well. The voices spread that we are going to Boquerón, and I think that finally I am going to know what we asked so much for: War!".

3644: 713:

and then to San Javier, where he was baptized. Engineer and historian Rodolfo Pinto Parada calculated that this route accounts for the time discrepancy between Busch's birth in March and his baptism in August.

1166:

against Toro which shook his government. The president rejected the resignation amidst an outcry of the military officers, further showing Toro in no unclear terms that they were loyal to Busch and not him.

1342:, one of the most important in Bolivian history due to its social character. The new Constitution formalized labor rights and provided them with state protection, allowed for more government involvement in 654:. Due to the family's frequent travels, their children were born in different regions of the country, leaving Busch's exact place of birth to become a source of historical dispute. Some historians point to 4456: 1423:, who longed to be the capital of a nascent Department". However, during the convention, the territory's delegation joined in an "Eastern Bloc" of representatives from Santa Cruz and Beni and decided that 1048:

Bolivia's ultimate loss against Paraguay in June 1935 plunged the country into a period of turmoil as the old political order lost a majority of its support. While political movements calling themselves

1026:

Troops were extracted directly from the front lines a mere twelve kilometeres away. Under the command of Busch himself, soldiers armed with rifles and machines guns surrounded and pointed cannons at the

1018:

had reached their breaking point. On 26 November, Salamanca dismissed Peñaranda in favor of General José Leonardo Lanza. The following day, Salamanca personally arrived at the military headquarters in

1668:

their respective wives, Matilde Carmona and Elisa Tornee, and their children. On the 21st, the family of Major Ricardo Goitia, married to Lía Carmona, Matilde and Eliodoro's sister, had arrived from

1257:

of young left-wing officers from their positions of power in the military ranks. This was only stopped under pressure from leftist legislators who feared the loss of their allies in the military.

1634:

The decree was the most popular of Busch's administration, with public enthusiasm rivalling even Toro's nationalization of Standard Oil. On the other hand, it made Busch the public enemy of the

1776:

concluded that "President Busch has ended his existence through the violent procedure of suicide at his work desk in his private home, using a Colt 32 revolver". This ruling generated debate.

1260:

On the other hand, politically the Busch regime adopted many of the more radical elements of Toro's administration, appointing the leader of the United Socialist Party Enrique Baldivieso as

3887: 2066:

While Baldivieso remained active in government after 24 April 1939, no "vice dictator" position ever existed and Busch's self-coup effectively annulled the vice president's term in office.

1949:. Puerto Busch, for many decades, was a port project in oblivion, which regained its prominence as a strategic commercial and export zone after the defeat of Bolivia before Chile in the 1569:

for a visa. Though many of the persons involved were dismissed, Busch and his government were faced with charges of gross moral violations and government misconduct by the press.

1290:

President Toro had called for a National Convention in 1937 to be held the next year. Following his resignation in March 1938, Busch and the new government junta called for the

1538:

in the Chaco before Paraguay did, it nevertheless made Bolivia the only country in the world at the time which permitted unlimited Jewish migration and went against the strong

1950: 1236: 1411:

in the region. The land which would become Pando had up until then been known as the National Territory of Northwest Colonies, which depended administratively on the

5000: 578:. He attended the Military College of the Army and served with distinction in the Chaco War. For his actions, he rose to prominence among the high command of the 1865:

Because historically the Bolivian army contained some German advisors and German-trained soldiers, Busch (of part-German ancestry himself) was suspected to have

1158:

in breaking them" and that the army had thus decided to rule without them and would instead receive their base of support from the veteran and labor movements.

404: 1990: 1469:

but truly national parties could not arise without firm leadership which could rally support and organization, something Busch demonstrated an inability to do.

1315: 1509:

Busch's troubles continued with the reformation of the traditional parties in the wake of the death of Bautista Saavedra on 1 May 1939, while still exiled in

1014:

The course of the Chaco War did not bode well for Bolivia. By November 1934, conflicts between President Salamanca and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces

6261: 4311: 1083:

Elsewhere in Bolivia, labor unions had brought the country into crisis through debilitating strikes demanding higher wages and benefits in the face of rapid

2037: 1110: 1093: 603: 107: 6251: 6246: 2123:), collectively controlled all the most important mines in the country, granting them a high degree of economic and political influence over state affairs. 6241: 6231: 4271: 2172: 1204:

presidency at the age of 34, the fifth youngest president in Bolivian history and the youngest to have been born after the country gained independence.

1101:

on 20 May. Toro was subsequently inaugurated on 22 May with Busch joining the government leadership as one of the heads of the newly established junta.

1000:, tactical withdrawals, and surprise offensives as opposed to prolonged defenses and mass attacks which he viewed as a waste of soldiers and equipment. 3557: 822:, the Chief of the General Staff, had assigned Busch as his personal adjutant. Kundt and Busch's relationship, however, soon soured. In an account to 1980:

which featured Busch on its 10 peso note. However, due to inflation which resulted in the effective devaluation of 95%, the peso was replaced by the

6271: 5107: 6281: 6256: 3897: 1412: 1145:

The PRS-PSU coalition quickly fractured as Baldivieso's socialists did not trust the "rightists" of the PRS while Saavedra, in turn, decried the "

5164: 1231:

which Busch formed upon taking office indicated a difficulty in the new regime's ability to pinpoint a clear ideology. He showed a tendency for

633:

By the end of 1939, pressure from resurgent conservative parties, a corruption scandal, and a deepening personal depression led Busch to commit

5502: 5059: 5216: 5046: 5645: 4852: 4725: 4689: 4517: 4496: 4475: 3079: 1474: 646:

Germán Busch was born on 23 March 1903. He was the fifth of six children born to Pablo Busch Wiesener, a physician and German immigrant from

4005: 2475: 6236: 4930: 1135: 5697: 5684: 1196:

Toro's resignation was never transmitted. On 15 July he was transported under false pretences by the military to an airport and exiled to

677: 734:

On account of his will and physical ability, it was determined by his family that Busch would attend the Military College of the Army in

5619: 5203: 4993: 1415:. The ministry had promoted the election of six representatives (2 Senators, 4 Deputies) from the territory to the National Convention. 4596: 4218: 2214: 1291: 4651: 4161: 833:. Seeking to extend himself in power while maintaining a pretense of legality, Siles Reyes resigned in late May 1930 in favor of his 4080: 3325: 1886: 1534:

announced the end of special restrictions on Jewish migration. While the motive of this likely had to due with the desire to settle

1339: 1277: 618: 767:

with whom he built a good relationship, leading Toro to request the second lieutenant's transfer to the Ingavi Cavalry Regiment in

655: 571: 270: 4936: 3558:"Totalitarian Rule Decreed In Bolivia By President, 35 | Busch Assumes Dictatorial Powers, Doing Away With Congress and Basic Law" 6266: 1131: 890: 536: 1921:. In the Bolivia of the 1930s, the boundaries between the many ideas of socialism (from national socialism to left socialism to 5827: 5567: 5554: 5177: 4467:

El general y sus presidentes: vida y tiempos de Hans Kundt, Ernst Röhm y siete presidentes en la historia de Bolivia, 1911–1939

1642:

barons, who denounced the new law and enlisted the support of the conservative Concordance to oppose it. The reaction from the

663: 532: 278: 5580: 5281: 5138: 3354: 3087: 2740: 2306: 1070: 1009: 595: 587: 6276: 6055: 5957: 4986: 2262: 1954: 1661: 5979: 5918: 5840: 5749: 5268: 5255: 4432:

Busch, "el mártir de sus ideales": su infancia, su juventud, sus hazañas de la guerra chaqueña, las últimas horas de su vida

4337: 4036: 2111:). In Bolivia, this is an expression designating the mining oligarchy, whose corporations, owned by the three "tin barons" ( 1189:(Supreme Leader) of the organization, a decision which deliberately rejected Toro as the leader of the veterans' movement. 659: 274: 3857: 6065: 6009: 5892: 5723: 5541: 5242: 5081: 1656:

issues including the death of his mother, whose funeral saw low attendance, and a dental ailment which forced him to take

1355: 1302:. The convention was the opportunity for new postwar political forces to assert themselves against the traditional prewar 992:

as the new commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Peñaranda's General Staff was composed of David Toro, Ángel Rodríguez,

826:, Busch related that his time as an aide to Kundt made him feel "reduced in his powers, lagging behind in his hierarchy". 697:

and seven witnesses, in which document he places the names of all his children, with their corresponding places of birth.

623: 555:

from 1937 to 1939. Prior to his presidency, he served as the Chief of the General Staff and was the Supreme Leader of the

5983: 1517:

electoral alliance. They came forth demanding an end to military involvement in politics and embraced the support of the

742:

to La Paz, arriving in December 1921. On 16 January 1922, at the age of 18, he entered the Military College of the Army.

5953: 5914: 5801: 5671: 5229: 1847: 917: 506: 5879: 5736: 5476: 5450: 5424: 5151: 4926: 1427:

would be the capital instead of Riberalta, with that city remaining a part of Beni. In 1945, the capital was moved to

1261: 6138: 5658: 5498: 5463: 5420: 5294: 5212: 5190: 5094: 4190: 1968:

to Germán Busch is located in the Bolivian capital of La Paz and other statues exist in Pando, Beni, and Santa Cruz.

1937:

of the department of Santa Cruz which was created by Law No. 672 of 30 November 1984 during the second government of

1033: 934: 834: 591: 511: 185: 3293: 5814: 5606: 5528: 5307: 2042: 1885:, confirmed by his sponsorship of Jewish emigration from Europe and his condemnation of the racist and regionalist 1222: 1200:. As a result of the coup, Germán Busch succeeded Toro as the next head of the junta on 13 July 1937, assuming the 1176: 813: 607: 5437: 5398: 5372: 4394: 1877:

While Busch sympathized with elements of Nazi ideology, he never agreed with its fundamental principles regarding

705:, on their way to San Javier. From there, the family would have continued navigating the river until they reached 5905: 5853: 5719: 5593: 5489: 5411: 5359: 5346: 5320: 5160: 5103: 5077: 5055: 2080: 560: 117: 5710: 5385: 2112: 1452: 1075: 613:

A war hero, drawn in by the reformist social movements of the time, Busch spearheaded the development of Toro's

5944: 5931: 5866: 5788: 5632: 4717: 3762: 1755:

At the time, the common assumption amongst Bolivians was that Busch had been assassinated at the behest of the

1675: 1303: 926: 5888: 5762: 5732: 5693: 5667: 5641: 5615: 5446: 5199: 5037: 4109: 3721: 2120: 2076: 1934: 1623:

5% for the payment of dividends to their shareholders. The rest would be given to them at the exchange of 141

1478: 845: 710: 35: 5333: 6121: 6034: 5970: 5090: 4223: 1595: 1554: 1307: 1299: 1163: 702: 579: 238: 3593: 2428: 1379:

On 21 July 1938, the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Boundaries between Bolivia and Paraguay was signed in

6226: 5996: 5775: 1496: 1400: 1323: 878: 5116: 1660:

to calm the pain. Historian Pablo Michel also posits that Busch may have been suffering from undiagnosed

5515: 5472: 5125: 1514: 1124: 969: 858: 818:

In 1929, Busch returned with his family to La Paz. Through the personal recommendation of Toro, General

5875: 5654: 1938: 444: 1282: 1079:

The conspirators that planned and executed the fall of President José Luis Tejada Sorzano in May 1936.

551:(23 March 1903 – 23 August 1939) was a Bolivian military officer and statesman who served as the 36th 6221: 6216: 6178: 6147: 6022: 5823: 5576: 5563: 5550: 5459: 5394: 5368: 5173: 5134: 5009: 4410:

Memorias del primer ministro obrero: historia del movimiento sindical y político boliviano, 1916-1952

4195: 4010: 3726: 3598: 2219: 1878: 1726: 1404: 1295: 1015: 989: 958: 830: 829:

Busch's entrance into the General Staff came at the tail end of the constitutional term of President

552: 91: 4809: 693:

document is the will and testament of Pablo Busch, written "with his own hand" in the presence of a

5836: 5745: 5355: 5264: 4958: 4541: 4527: 4363: 1809: 1457: 1265: 1240:

food stores and the elimination of various consumer goods subsidies and economic support programs.

1232: 993: 985: 954: 873:

In March 1931, Busch, promoted to the rank of lieutenant in January, was commissioned by President

760: 751:

angry one". Such feelings eventually manifested themselves in Busch's lifelong inclination towards

5028: 4781:

La encrucijada: estudio histórico, político, sociológico y militar de la Guerra del Chaco: apuntes

1531: 6188: 6106: 5537: 4682: 3767: 3562: 3274: 3266: 1981: 1698: 1624: 1562: 1466: 1424: 1327: 1250: 1228: 1128: 1058: 962: 614: 556: 466: 203: 153: 128: 6005: 5706: 5680: 5238: 1828:

Busch's four children: Germán, Orlando, Waldo, and Gloria who was born the year after his death.

1824: 667: 282: 5797: 5628: 5433: 5277: 5251: 5225: 5068: 4848: 4766: 4721: 4685: 4663: 4656:

Fuentes, Revista de la Biblioteca y Archivo Histórico de la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional

4618: 4513: 4492: 4471: 3567: 3258: 3075: 2438: 2116: 2084: 1789: 1546: 1319: 1139: 997: 946: 823: 779: 651: 575: 31: 1119:

Busch had been the protégé of Colonel David Toro during their time together in the Chaco War.

1057:

coalesced around the now Lieutenant Colonel Germán Busch who on 13 September 1935 formed the

5901: 5485: 5342: 5316: 5290: 5186: 5147: 4630: 4608: 4592: 3250: 3071:

Germán Busch, El Centauro del Chaco: la legendaria vida y obscura muerte del héroe boliviano

2104: 2088: 2015: 1922: 1842: 1832: 1762: 1396: 978: 886: 874: 849:

Obverse and reverse of the Order of the Condor of the Andes awarded to Germán Busch in 1931.

583: 516: 1892: 1149:" in the government. These complex machinations frustrated Busch who on 21 June executed a 726: 5810: 5602: 5303: 4944: 4904: 4820: 4572:

Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles: el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado

3411: 2433: 1854: 1688: 1610:(Labor Code) passed by decree of 24 May 1939. The Labor Code, which came to be dubbed the 1582: 1550: 882: 671: 384: 286: 51: 4276: 4085: 3892: 2267: 1435:

investments in Beni and the territory which became Pando, historian and former president

1354:

matters, and provided for social justice by recognizing the legal existence of Bolivia's

1310:, and Socialist Republican parties who, in turn, attempted to reestablish the old order. 933:, a feat which garnered Busch great infamy amongst the enemy. On 11 March 1933, his unit 5849: 5589: 4863: 2029: 1958: 1946: 1628: 1384: 1366: 1153:

within the junta without the prior knowledge of President Toro. Saavedra was exiled to

1088: 4758: 3213: 1577: 75: 6210: 5940: 5862: 5784: 5407: 5381: 4581: 3278: 1977: 1871: 1784:

reported that these accusations were made due to the "statements" made by Carmona in

1162:

came when Busch attempted to resign from the General Staff on 3 March 1937. It was a

694: 448: 4678:

Political Handbook of the World: Parliaments, Parties and Press As of January 1 1940

1692:

Germán Busch's office desk. (To the right) The revolver Busch used to shoot himself.

941: 5329: 3385: 1942: 1918: 1910: 1882: 1380: 1347: 1343: 1182: 610:

which forced Toro's resignation, elevating himself to the presidency of the junta.

42: 1298:

which was to be held from 23 May to 30 October, and be charged with rewriting the

730:

Busch (standing, second from left) as a cadet at the Military College of the Army.

4922: 4893: 4882: 4871: 4842: 4831: 4789: 4779: 4747: 4736: 4711: 4700: 4676: 4570: 4556: 4545: 4531: 4507: 4486: 4465: 4450: 4430: 4419: 4408: 3988: 3971: 3069: 5992: 5966: 5927: 5771: 5758: 4867: 4566: 1436: 1019: 930: 706: 6171: 6161: 5511: 4759:"Rejuvenecer (y salvar) la nación: el socialismo militar boliviano revisitado" 4312:"Impulsan Puerto Busch para fortalecer la exportación por el Océano Atlántico" 2480: 2005: 1098: 950: 819: 800: 764: 739: 647: 599: 141: 4770: 4667: 4622: 4613: 3571: 3262: 2442: 877:

to lead a military contingent of thirty men tasked with locating the site of

6018: 3298: 1664:

which from 1936 to 1968 led to the suicides of over 400 Chaco War veterans.

1657: 1518: 1420: 1150: 1146: 1115: 1084: 1050: 902: 564: 501: 17: 6076: 4884:

Masamaclay: historia política, diplomática y militar de la Guerra del Chaco

1606:

Perhaps the most important and long lasting reforms of this period was the

862: 789: 1984:

effective 1 January 1987. Busch does not appear on contemporary currency.

1792:

in 1946. Carmona nonetheless suffered two lynching attempts as a result.

1720: 4749:

Busch ha muerto. Quien vive ahora?: otra página de la historia de Bolivia

4652:"Tte. Gral. Germán Busch Becerra la estripe Beniana del héroe legendario" 4166: 4114: 4041: 3973:

Busch ha muerto. Quien vive ahora?: otra página de la historia de Bolivia

3330: 1965: 1785: 1730:

reports on the death of Germán Busch, 24 August 1939. The morning papers

1510: 1490: 1408: 908: 771:, which he commanded. This allowed Toro to develop Busch as his protégé. 4978: 4953:: Imprinta El Trabajo. 1938 – via Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. 4452:

The United States, Germany, and the Bolivian Revolutionaries (1941–1946)

3807:"76 años después de su suicidio: Al camba Germán Busch le dolió Bolivia" 1485:

government in order to dedicate himself fully to his diplomatic work in

4794:(in Italian). Vol. 4–6. Bologna: Società Editrice Il Mulino. 1973. 4635:"Germán Busch and the Era of "Military Socialism" in Bolivia" 3355:"Hechos más salientes del gobierno del Tte. Gral. Germán Busch Becerra" 3270: 3238: 1914: 1901: 1772: 1351: 854: 752: 650:, and Raquel Becerra Villavicencio, a Bolivian of Italian descent from 634: 430: 314: 46: 4713:

The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador

3990:

Historia secreta del Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario: 1952-1956

4950: 4597:"David Toro and the Establishment of "Military Socialism" in Bolivia" 1897: 1866: 1669: 1539: 1428: 1028: 973:

David Toro persuaded Busch to join Enrique Peñaranda's General Staff.

768: 735: 303: 3806: 3254: 1444:

or his alleged interests with the Santa Cruz elites of the moment".

1181:

Despite enacting popular legislation such as the nationalization of

984:

In later 1933, following the loss of 9,000 Bolivian soldiers in the

4634: 4272:"Busch y la efímera existencia del partido orientalista en Bolivia" 606:

of which Busch was a member. On 13 July 1937, Busch orchestrated a

4909:(in Spanish). La Paz: Partido Socialista Obrero de Bolivia (PSOB). 1891: 1823: 1802: 1761: 1674: 1576: 1566: 1565:

which was charging Jewish emigres between ten and twenty thousand

1558: 1495: 1451: 1365: 1254: 1197: 1154: 1074: 940: 844: 778: 676: 4895:

Diario de guerra de Germán Busch Becerra y la epopeya de Boquerón

4822:

Rectificación al curso histórico de la revolución de mayo de 1936

3976:(in Spanish). Impreso en los talleres de la Editorial Nascimento. 1925:), while present, had not yet clearly distinguished themselves. 1889:

which he claimed constituted "an attack against national unity".

1535: 1521:, announcing numerous candidates for the legislative elections. 1486: 1245: 1036:

to assume the presidency and oversee the conclusion of the war.

853:

Busch then turned his sights on the Military Aviation School in

6080: 4982: 4396:

Páginas de sangre: episodios trágicos de la historia de Bolivia

3888:"Conmoción y duda: ¿fue la muerte de Germán Busch un suicidio?" 3412:"Creación del Departamento de Pando (24 de septiembre de 1938)" 3214:"Bolivia: Constitución política de 1938, 30 de octubre de 1938" 4509:

Una guerra desconocida: la campaña del Chaco Boreal, 1932–1935

4006:"Germán Busch, un centauro solitario en la historia boliviana" 3239:"Bolivia-Paraguay: Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Boundaries" 2307:"Robert Brockmann: Busch era como los dioses o héroes griegos" 1933:

Various locales in Bolivia were named after him including the

1639: 4506:

Casabianca, Ange-François; Boselli Cantero, Cristina (2000).

3326:"Puerto Busch, el resultado de una visión para el desarrollo" 1766:

A mass gathering of attendants to the burial of Germán Busch.

783:

Wedding photograph of Germán Busch and Matilde Carmona, 1928.

4457:

Center for Latin American Studies – University of Pittsburgh

4162:"Javiereños esperan la visita de familiares de Germán Busch" 4081:"Busch, retrato del ser humano completo más allá del héroe" 2091:) were all born before Bolivia gained independence in 1825. 1318:(CSTB) and the Legion of Veterans to join the moderate and 799:

After his marriage, Busch was assigned to the outskirts of

666:, while others to El Carmen de Iténez, a settlement in the 3858:"¿Suicidio o asesinato? Las últimas horas de GERMÁN BUSCH" 1957:. The port is an alternative to a sovereign outlet to the 1561:

had required that all visas had to be cleared through the

582:, participating in the military-led ousters of presidents 4741:(in Spanish). Cochabamba: Editorial Los Amigos del Libro. 2625: 2215:"Dos, nuevos, disparos sobre la historia de Germán Busch" 4558:

Historia de Bolivia: Toro, Busch, Quintanilla, 1935–1940

1846:

class conflict in Bolivia would ultimately lead to the

1338:

On 30 October, the convention successfully produced the

4488:

Dos disparos al amanecer: vida y muerte de Germán Busch

4440:

Bailey, Helen Miller; Nasatir, Abraham Phineas (1968).

1976:

Bolivian currency reform of 1 January 1963 adopted the

4037:"Descendientes de Busch, contra el libro de Brockmann" 1500:

Busch at the funeral of Bautista Saavedra in May 1939.

172: 4847:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3088:"Germán Busch y el reto a duelo al general Peñaranda" 1913:

and the violent separation of National Socialism and

1370:

Portrait of Busch as president by Luis Walpher, 1954.

1286:

Busch with delegates to the 1938 National Convention.

4550:(in Spanish). La Paz: Libreria Editorial "Juventud". 4536:(in Spanish). La Paz: Librería Editorial "Juventud". 4424:(in Spanish). La Paz: Librería Editorial "Juventud". 1672:

to celebrate Eliodoro's birthday the following day.

1413:

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Colonization

763:. During this time, Busch was introduced to Captain 4533:

El dictador suicida: 40 años de historia de Bolivia

4435:(in Spanish). Imp. artística, sucs. de A. H. Otero. 2741:"El "Corralito" de Villamontes. Caida de Salamanca" 1123:Toro presided over a reformist experiment known as 527: 494: 484: 472: 462: 454: 439: 424: 419: 411: 399: 391: 380: 370: 347: 320: 310: 293: 253: 248: 232: 220: 201: 191: 179: 147: 135: 115: 89: 66: 4442:Latin America: the development of its civilization 3687:Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia 3649:Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia 3180:Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia 4763:T'inkazos. Revista Boliviana de Ciencias Sociales 3886:Gonzales Oruño, Grecia América (8 October 2019). 3386:"¿POR QUÉ CREARON PANDO EN EL DÍA DE SANTA CRUZ?" 2173:"Suicidio del presidente German Busch en Bolivia" 1395:By decree on 24 September, Busch established the 4316:Administración de Servicios Portuarios - Bolivia 2724: 988:, President Salamanca dismissed Kundt and named 570:Busch was born in either El Carmen de Iténez or 80:Official photograph with the Presidential Medal. 4270:Gonzales Oruño, Grecia América (27 July 2019). 3463: 3002: 55: and the second or maternal family name is 4937:"Bulletin of the Pan American Union v.72 1938" 4844:The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932–1935 4814:(in Spanish). La Paz: Imp. General War Office. 3200: 3162: 2924: 2888: 4994: 4421:Germán Busch: vanguardia del destino nacional 4413:(in Spanish). Imprenta y librería Renovación. 3592:Gonzales Oruño, Grecia América (9 May 2021). 2936: 2197: 1945:is a river port that is on the international 1316:Trade Union Confederation of Bolivian Workers 8: 4784:(in Spanish). Cochabamba: Editorial Canelas. 3993:(in Spanish). Librería Editorial "Juventud". 1941:. Located in the province of the same name, 4338:"Monumento a Germán Busch (Cobija - Pando)" 630:, the country's powerful mining oligarchy. 598:. The latter propelled his mentor, Colonel 6089: 6077: 6061: 5017: 5001: 4987: 4979: 4587:(Thesis). Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. 2476:"Revolución de 1930 y la Guerra del Chaco" 74: 63: 4833:Busch: mártir de la emancipación nacional 4825:(in Spanish). La Paz: Imprenta Electrica. 4705:(in Spanish). Cochabamba: Grafica "J.V.". 4612: 4547:El presidente colgado: historia boliviana 4298: 4110:"Germán Busch, un hombre detrás del mito" 4004:Lora Callejas, Marco (3 September 2017). 3243:The American Journal of International Law 2864: 2837: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2712: 2676: 2652: 2640: 2613: 2589: 2577: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2502: 2462: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 4876:(in Spanish). La Paz: Editorial Gisbert. 4575:(in Spanish). La Paz: Editorial Gisbert. 4063: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3834: 3150: 2171:Vilaboy, Sergio Guerra (15 April 2020). 2155: 1831: 1719: 1687: 1281: 1235:by assigning the important portfolio of 1114: 968: 907:Escalating tensions between Bolivia and 725: 563:founded by him after his service in the 337: 4639:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4580:Gonzales Oruño, Grecia América (2018). 4491:(in Spanish). La Paz: Plural Editores. 4470:(in Spanish). La Paz: Plural Editores. 4257: 4245: 4074: 4072: 3965: 3963: 3918: 3856:Pinto Cascan, Darwin (27 August 2018). 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3830: 3828: 3788: 3786: 3720:Pinto Parabá, Miguel (28 August 2019). 3683:"Decreto Supremo de 7 de junio de 1939" 3669: 3619: 3324:Salinas, Juan Carlos (6 January 2019). 3138: 3043: 3026: 2900: 2876: 2765: 2700: 2688: 2664: 2601: 2565: 2514: 2343: 2331: 2289: 2263:"Germán Busch: dónde nació, cómo murió" 2241: 2143: 2136: 2059: 2038:Government Junta of Bolivia (1936–1938) 1986: 1542:and pro-German sympathies of the army. 1111:Government Junta of Bolivia (1936–1938) 4923:Newspaper clippings about Germán Busch 4191:"Busch en la profundidad de la patria" 4031: 4029: 3881: 3879: 3540: 3538: 3525: 3523: 3498: 3496: 3447: 3445: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3319: 3317: 3122: 3120: 2986: 2984: 2636: 2634: 2561: 2559: 1836:Busch with his extended in-law family. 1742:corroborated the narrative of suicide. 861:regime to the remote military post of 681:Germán's father Pablo Busch Wiesener, 216:10 July 1937 – 23 August 1939 104:13 July 1937 – 23 August 1939 4402:(in Spanish). Tall. Gráf. Bolivianos. 4148: 4136: 3707: 3631: 3544: 3529: 3502: 3487: 3475: 3451: 3436: 3126: 3111: 3055: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3014: 2990: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2948: 2912: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2825: 2813: 2735: 2733: 2626:Casabianca & Boselli Cantero 2000 2300: 2298: 2166: 2164: 1362:Constitutional presidency (1938–1939) 7: 4906:La emancipación económica de Bolivia 4702:Triángulo letal: Paz, Banzer, Lechín 4364:"BOLIVIA - BANCO CENTRAL DE BOLIVIA" 3792: 3748: 3514: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2208: 2206: 2075:The first four youngest presidents ( 6262:Military College of the Army alumni 4601:Hispanic American Historical Review 3761:Espinoza, Jorge (26 October 2017). 3645:"Decreto Ley de 24 de mayo de 1939" 3294:"Bolivia y Paraguay, en paz al fin" 1403:, naming it after former President 1358:and providing for their education. 1268:as Secretary-General of the Junta. 6252:Heads of state who died by suicide 6247:Bolivian people of Italian descent 4959:"Death of Germán Busch, La Nación" 4836:(in Spanish). La Paz: Aeronáutica. 4738:Llallagua: historia de una montaña 1638:, Bolivia's powerful oligarchy of 945:Chaco War combatants. (From left) 869:San Ignacio de Zamucos expeditions 169:17 May 1936 – 22 May 1936 25: 6242:Bolivian people of German descent 6232:20th-century Bolivian politicians 4946:Political Constitution of Bolivia 4881:Querejazu Calvo, Roberto (1965). 4808:Boullón Barreto, Gustavo (1936). 4735:Querejazu Calvo, Roberto (1977). 3292:Smink, Veronica (28 April 2009). 1790:fall of the Villarroel government 1278:1938 Bolivian National Convention 6060: 6051: 6050: 6033: 4555:Díaz Machicao, Porfirio (1954). 4108:Herrera, Ricardo (8 July 2017). 3805:Michel, Pablo (23 August 2015). 2213:Ortega, Erick (2 October 2019). 2022: 2008: 1989: 1955:International Court at The Hague 891:Order of the Condor of the Andes 537:Order of the Condor of the Andes 531: 443: 429: 403: 6272:Politicians who died by suicide 4699:Molina Céspedes, Tomás (2007). 4418:Antezana Ergueta, Luis (1990). 3987:Ergueta, Luis Antezana (1992). 3722:"80 años de la muerte de Busch" 3392:(in Spanish). 24 September 2020 1996:Busch on the 1963 ten peso bill 333: 6282:Suicides by firearm in Bolivia 6257:Leaders who took power by coup 2747:(in Spanish). 18 November 2014 1253:, from orchestrating a public 977:Busch saw action again at the 1: 5047:José María Pérez de Urdininea 4892:Toro, Jaime Céspedes (2000). 4344:(in Spanish). 27 October 2016 4318:(in Spanish). 22 October 2020 3594:"Busch, Dictador Antiliberal" 3390:Sol de Pando | Diario Digital 3068:Callejas, Marco Lora (2018). 1752:Busch is dead, who lives now? 1679:Busch's Miraflores residence. 1586: 1375:Treaty of Peace with Paraguay 965:, Ángel Rodríguez, and Busch. 682: 4903:Tristan Marof, Seud (1940). 4811:Bolivia República socialista 4716:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4455:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: 3896:(in Spanish). Archived from 2117:Moritz "Mauricio" Hochschild 1896:Monument to Germán Busch in 1848:Bolivian National Revolution 1105:Busch in the Toro government 746:Military College of the Army 488:"Lanza" 6th Cavalry Regiment 395:Military College of the Army 110:: 13 July 1937 – 28 May 1938 45:, the first or paternal 6237:Bolivian military personnel 4927:20th Century Press Archives 4746:Ramallo, Luis Toro (1940). 4681:. New York City, New York: 4675:Mallory, Walter H. (1940). 3970:Ramallo, Luis Toro (1940). 3176:"Ley de 27 de mayo de 1938" 2541:, ch. 5.1, para. 10, 12, 15 2484:(in Spanish). 9 August 2013 1475:Independent Socialist Party 1264:and the moderate socialist 549:Víctor Germán Busch Becerra 258:Víctor Germán Busch Becerra 6298: 4710:Pike, Fredrick B. (1977). 4561:(in Spanish). A. Tejerina. 4485:Brockmann, Robert (2017). 4464:Brockmann, Robert (2007). 4219:"Nazi Intrigue in Bolivia" 1340:1938 Bolivian Constitution 1275: 1220: 1174: 1136:Socialist Republican Party 1108: 1068: 1007: 900: 811: 40: 29: 6185: 6176: 6168: 6158: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6113: 6103: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6046: 6031: 5954:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 5915:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 5720:Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas 5020: 5016: 4887:(in Spanish). E. Burillo. 4841:Farcau, Bruce W. (1996). 4830:Carmona, Matilde (1986). 4757:Stefanoni, Pablo (2015). 4650:Lijerón, Arnaldo (2011). 4170:(in Spanish). 4 June 2018 3689:(in Spanish). 7 June 1939 3651:(in Spanish). 24 May 1939 3418:(in Spanish). 19 May 2015 3182:(in Spanish). 27 May 1938 2580:, ch. 6.1, para. 1–3, 8–9 2198:Bailey & Nasatir 1968 1549:, known as the "Bolivian 1505:Reactionary consolidation 1456:Busch with his confidant 1177:1937 Bolivian coup d'état 1071:1936 Bolivian coup d'état 1010:1934 Bolivian coup d'état 814:1930 Bolivian coup d'état 602:, to the presidency of a 542: 476:Campero Infantry Regiment 244: 209: 162: 97: 85: 73: 27:36th President of Bolivia 6093:Party political offices 6082:Offices and distinctions 5980:Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé 5499:José Luis Tejada Sorzano 4778:Urioste, Ovidio (1949). 4718:Harvard University Press 4614:10.1215/00182168-45.1.25 4393:Alcázar, Moisés (1963). 2370:, ch. 4, para. 11, 13–14 1272:1938 National Convention 1034:José Luis Tejada Sorzano 709:, continuing by cart to 660:Ñuflo de Chávez Province 642:Early life and education 619:1938 National Convention 617:ideology, convening the 592:José Luis Tejada Sorzano 512:First Battle of Alihuatá 311:Cause of death 186:José Luis Tejada Sorzano 6267:People of the Chaco War 4965:(in Spanish). p. 8 4898:(in Spanish). Fundemos. 4868:Mesa Gisbert, Carlos D. 4567:Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa 4407:Álvarez, Waldo (1986). 4224:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2429:"BOLIVIA: Busch Putsch" 2043:Cabinet of Germán Busch 1887:Eastern Socialist Party 1545:The plan, supported by 1448:Left-wing fragmentation 1300:constitution of Bolivia 1223:Cabinet of Germán Busch 480:Ingavi Cavalry Regiment 239:Bernardino Bilbao Rioja 6105:Supreme Leader of the 5161:José Miguel de Velasco 5104:José Miguel de Velasco 5078:José Miguel de Velasco 5056:José Miguel de Velasco 4819:Busch, Germán (1937). 4512:(in Spanish). Lector. 4449:Blasier, Cole (1973). 4429:Azurduy, Luis (1939). 2081:José Miguel de Velasco 1905: 1837: 1829: 1767: 1743: 1693: 1680: 1590: 1501: 1461: 1371: 1356:indigenous communities 1324:Socialist Single Front 1287: 1132:United Socialist Party 1120: 1080: 974: 966: 935:captured Fort Alihuatá 879:San Ignacio de Zamucos 850: 784: 731: 689: 561:veterans' organization 202:Supreme Leader of the 6277:Presidents of Bolivia 5889:Víctor Paz Estenssoro 5733:Alfredo Ovando Candía 5694:Alfredo Ovando Candía 5668:Víctor Paz Estenssoro 5642:Víctor Paz Estenssoro 5616:Mamerto Urriolagoitía 5473:Carlos Blanco Galindo 5447:Felipe Segundo Guzmán 5421:José Gutiérrez Guerra 5126:Mariano Enrique Calvo 5038:Antonio José de Sucre 5010:Presidents of Bolivia 2725:Antezana Ergueta 1990 2394:, ch. 4, para. 12, 16 2382:, ch. 4, para. 3, 7–9 2121:Carlos Víctor Aramayo 2077:Antonio José de Sucre 1935:Germán Busch Province 1895: 1835: 1827: 1814:The Hanging President 1796:Contemporary analysis 1765: 1723: 1691: 1678: 1651:Death and controversy 1581:Busch sitting in the 1580: 1573:Dictatorship declared 1499: 1489:as Ambassador to the 1479:Víctor Paz Estenssoro 1455: 1407:who had overseen the 1401:department of Bolivia 1369: 1285: 1233:economic conservatism 1208:President (1937–1939) 1164:vote of no confidence 1118: 1078: 972: 944: 901:Further information: 859:Carlos Blanco Galindo 848: 812:Further information: 782: 759:Carabineros Corps in 729: 711:Ascensión de Guarayos 680: 664:Santa Cruz Department 455:Years of service 36:Germán Busch Province 6179:President of Bolivia 6148:President of Bolivia 5824:Lidia Gueiler Tejada 5564:Gualberto Villarroel 5460:Hernando Siles Reyes 5174:Manuel Isidoro Belzu 5091:Andrés de Santa Cruz 4791:Storia contemporanea 3464:Molina Céspedes 2007 3249:(4): 139–141. 1938. 3092:Historias de Bolivia 3003:Querejazu Calvo 1977 2715:, ch. 7, para. 32–33 2679:, ch. 7, para. 20–21 2553:, ch. 6, para. 2, 10 2529:, ch. 5.1, para. 5–9 2505:, ch. 5.1, para. 2–3 2465:, ch. 4, para. 21–22 2406:, ch. 4, para. 18–19 2358:, ch. 3, para. 13–17 1972:Currency and postage 1929:Places and monuments 1332:Generación del Chaco 1296:constituent assembly 1217:Council of Ministers 1129:Enrique Baldivieso's 1094:civil-military junta 835:Council of Ministers 831:Hernando Siles Reyes 624:indigenous Bolivians 553:president of Bolivia 92:President of Bolivia 4963:Cultura Digital UDP 4873:Historia de Bolivia 4189:Brockmann, Robert. 4079:Brockmann, Robert. 3201:Gonzales Oruño 2018 3163:Gonzales Oruño 2018 2925:Gonzales Oruño 2018 2889:Gonzales Oruño 2018 2804:, ch. 10, para. 3–4 2305:Brockmann, Robert. 2261:Brockmann, Robert. 2113:Simón Iturri Patiño 1618:Mining Currency Law 1237:Minister of Finance 1229:ministerial cabinet 490:4th Cavalry Brigade 6189:Carlos Quintanilla 6131:Political offices 6118:Title next held by 6107:Legion of Veterans 6100:Office established 5876:Hernán Siles Zuazo 5655:Hernán Siles Zuazo 5538:Carlos Quintanilla 5213:José María de Achá 5200:José María Linares 4683:Harper & Bros. 3710:, pp. 179–180 3563:The New York Times 3532:, pp. 176–177 3439:, pp. 175–176 3353:Cadena, Patricia. 3165:, pp. 131–132 3129:, pp. 170–171 3114:, pp. 172–173 3046:, pp. 342–343 2937:Díaz Machicao 1954 2927:, pp. 80, 186 2903:, pp. 270–271 2628:, pp. 123–124 1982:Bolivian boliviano 1939:Hernán Siles Zuazo 1923:moderate socialism 1906: 1838: 1830: 1771:28 September, the 1768: 1744: 1694: 1681: 1608:Código del Trabajo 1591: 1540:national socialist 1525:Immigration affair 1502: 1462: 1372: 1328:electoral alliance 1304:Genuine Republican 1288: 1251:Carlos Quintanilla 1249:appointed General 1170: 1125:military socialism 1121: 1081: 1064: 1059:Legion of Veterans 1003: 975: 967: 963:Enrique Baldivieso 851: 807: 785: 732: 690: 615:military socialist 574:and was raised in 557:Legion of Veterans 507:Battle of Boquerón 467:Lieutenant colonel 227:Office established 204:Legion of Veterans 154:Carlos Quintanilla 129:Enrique Baldivieso 6204: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6186:Succeeded by 6159:Succeeded by 6074: 6073: 6042: 6041: 5551:Enrique Peñaranda 5434:Bautista Saavedra 5395:Eliodoro Villazón 5369:José Manuel Pando 5226:Mariano Melgarejo 5069:Pedro Blanco Soto 4854:978-0-275-95218-1 4727:978-0-674-92300-3 4691:978-0-598-76240-5 4631:Klein, Herbert S. 4593:Klein, Herbert S. 4542:Céspedes, Augusto 4528:Céspedes, Augusto 4519:978-99925-51-90-5 4498:978-99954-1-768-0 4477:978-99954-1-115-2 3900:on 7 October 2020 3763:"La rosca minera" 3566:. 25 April 1939. 3081:978-99974-0-177-9 2792:, ch. 8, para. 26 2780:, ch. 10, para. 7 2655:, ch. 7, para. 16 2418:, ch. 4, para. 20 2085:Pedro Blanco Soto 1602:General Labor Law 1547:Moritz Hochschild 1405:José Manuel Pando 1391:Creation of Pando 1140:Bautista Saavedra 1016:Enrique Peñaranda 990:Enrique Peñaranda 959:Enrique Peñaranda 918:siege of Boquerón 824:Carlos Montenegro 546: 545: 478:Carabineros Corps 126:(1937–1938; 1939) 32:Bolivian province 16:(Redirected from 6289: 6194: 6169:Preceded by 6153: 6136:Preceded by 6098:Preceded by 6090: 6078: 6064: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6037: 6017: 6004: 5991: 5978: 5965: 5952: 5939: 5926: 5913: 5902:Jaime Paz Zamora 5900: 5887: 5874: 5861: 5848: 5837:Luis García Meza 5835: 5822: 5809: 5796: 5783: 5770: 5757: 5746:Juan José Torres 5744: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5692: 5679: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5627: 5614: 5601: 5588: 5575: 5562: 5549: 5536: 5523: 5510: 5497: 5486:Daniel Salamanca 5484: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5432: 5419: 5406: 5393: 5380: 5367: 5356:Severo Fernández 5354: 5343:Mariano Baptista 5341: 5328: 5317:Gregorio Pacheco 5315: 5302: 5289: 5276: 5265:Adolfo Ballivián 5263: 5250: 5237: 5224: 5211: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5159: 5148:Eusebio Guilarte 5146: 5133: 5124: 5117:Sebastián Ágreda 5115: 5102: 5089: 5076: 5067: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4954: 4940: 4910: 4899: 4888: 4877: 4858: 4837: 4826: 4815: 4795: 4785: 4774: 4753: 4742: 4731: 4706: 4695: 4671: 4646: 4626: 4616: 4588: 4576: 4562: 4551: 4537: 4523: 4502: 4481: 4460: 4445: 4444:. Prentice-Hall. 4436: 4425: 4414: 4403: 4401: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4076: 4067: 4066:, pp. 13–15 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3085: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2939:, pp. 25–26 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828:, pp. 31–32 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2728: 2727:, pp. 22–23 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2703:, pp. 35–36 2698: 2692: 2691:, pp. 32–33 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2667:, pp. 27–28 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2616:, ch. 7, para. 7 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2592:, ch. 7, para. 4 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517:, pp. 46–47 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2258: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2168: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2124: 2098: 2092: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2016:Biography portal 2013: 2012: 2011: 1993: 1861:Links to Fascism 1850:of April 1952". 1843:Herbert S. Klein 1810:Augusto Céspedes 1684:Apparent suicide 1588: 1460:, 6 August 1938. 1458:Gabriel Gosálvez 1397:Pando Department 1266:Gabriel Gosálvez 1262:Foreign Minister 1171:1937 coup d'état 1065:1936 coup d'état 1004:1934 coup d'état 998:guerrilla action 986:Campo Vía pocket 979:Battle of Gondra 955:Gabriel Gosálvez 875:Daniel Salamanca 808:1930 coup d'état 687: 684: 670:of the northern 584:Daniel Salamanca 535: 517:Battle of Gondra 447: 434: 433: 420:Military service 407: 341: 339: 335: 300: 281:, or El Carmen, 267: 265: 249:Personal details 235: 223: 214: 194: 182: 175: 174: 167: 158: 150: 138: 120: 111: 102: 78: 64: 21: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6182: 6174: 6164: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6140: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6038: 6029: 6028: 6015: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5963: 5950: 5937: 5924: 5911: 5898: 5885: 5872: 5859: 5846: 5833: 5820: 5811:Alberto Natusch 5807: 5794: 5781: 5768: 5755: 5742: 5729: 5716: 5707:René Barrientos 5703: 5690: 5681:René Barrientos 5677: 5664: 5651: 5638: 5625: 5612: 5603:Enrique Hertzog 5599: 5586: 5573: 5560: 5547: 5534: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5482: 5469: 5456: 5443: 5430: 5417: 5404: 5391: 5378: 5365: 5352: 5339: 5326: 5313: 5304:Narciso Campero 5300: 5287: 5274: 5261: 5248: 5239:Agustín Morales 5235: 5222: 5209: 5196: 5183: 5170: 5157: 5144: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5100: 5087: 5074: 5065: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5012: 5007: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4943: 4935: 4918: 4913: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4864:Gisbert, Teresa 4862:Mesa, José de; 4861: 4855: 4840: 4829: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4801:Further reading 4798: 4788: 4777: 4756: 4745: 4734: 4728: 4709: 4698: 4692: 4674: 4649: 4629: 4591: 4579: 4565: 4554: 4540: 4526: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4448: 4439: 4428: 4417: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3854: 3841: 3833: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3811:Oxígeno Digital 3804: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3255:10.2307/2213730 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3218:www.lexivox.org 3212: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2099: 2095: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1974: 1951:Maritime Demand 1931: 1917:as a result of 1863: 1855:Alberto Natusch 1822: 1798: 1718: 1686: 1653: 1620: 1604: 1583:Palacio Quemado 1575: 1527: 1507: 1450: 1393: 1377: 1364: 1352:social security 1322:parties in the 1320:radical leftist 1280: 1274: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1179: 1173: 1113: 1107: 1089:strike movement 1073: 1067: 1046: 1012: 1006: 905: 899: 893:on 26 October. 871: 816: 810: 777: 748: 724: 722:Military career 685: 672:Beni Department 668:Iténez Province 644: 638:assassination. 523: 489: 479: 477: 428: 385:Alberto Natusch 375: 366: 343: 331: 327: 326:Matilde Carmona 302: 298: 275:Ñuflo de Chávez 269: 263: 261: 260: 259: 233: 221: 215: 210: 192: 180: 171: 170: 168: 163: 156: 148: 136: 127: 116: 106: 105: 103: 98: 81: 69: 60: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6295: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6209: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6187: 6184: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6144: 6141:Tejada Sorzano 6137: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5961: 5948: 5935: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5870: 5857: 5850:Celso Torrelio 5844: 5831: 5818: 5805: 5798:Wálter Guevara 5792: 5779: 5766: 5753: 5740: 5727: 5714: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5649: 5636: 5629:Hugo Ballivián 5623: 5610: 5597: 5584: 5577:Néstor Guillén 5571: 5558: 5545: 5532: 5519: 5506: 5493: 5480: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5428: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5376: 5363: 5350: 5337: 5324: 5311: 5298: 5285: 5272: 5259: 5246: 5233: 5220: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5142: 5135:José Ballivián 5129: 5120: 5111: 5098: 5085: 5072: 5063: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4975: 4955: 4941: 4933: 4919: 4917: 4916:External links 4914: 4912: 4911: 4900: 4889: 4878: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4827: 4816: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4775: 4765:(37). La Paz. 4754: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4707: 4696: 4690: 4672: 4647: 4627: 4589: 4577: 4563: 4552: 4538: 4524: 4518: 4503: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4446: 4437: 4426: 4415: 4404: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4355: 4329: 4303: 4299:Stefanoni 2015 4291: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4227:. 22 July 1941 4210: 4181: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4100: 4068: 4056: 4025: 3996: 3979: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3875: 3839: 3824: 3797: 3782: 3753: 3741: 3712: 3700: 3674: 3662: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3584: 3549: 3534: 3519: 3507: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3441: 3429: 3403: 3372: 3345: 3313: 3284: 3230: 3205: 3193: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3116: 3104: 3080: 3074:(in Spanish). 3060: 3048: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2980: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2891:, pp. 190 2881: 2869: 2865:Stefanoni 2015 2854: 2842: 2840:, p. 837. 2838:il Mulino 1973 2830: 2818: 2806: 2802:Brockmann 2017 2794: 2790:Brockmann 2017 2782: 2778:Brockmann 2017 2770: 2758: 2729: 2717: 2713:Brockmann 2017 2705: 2693: 2681: 2677:Brockmann 2017 2669: 2657: 2653:Brockmann 2017 2645: 2641:Brockmann 2007 2630: 2618: 2614:Brockmann 2017 2606: 2594: 2590:Brockmann 2017 2582: 2578:Brockmann 2017 2570: 2555: 2551:Brockmann 2017 2543: 2539:Brockmann 2017 2531: 2527:Brockmann 2017 2519: 2507: 2503:Brockmann 2017 2495: 2467: 2463:Brockmann 2017 2455: 2437:. 8 May 1939. 2420: 2416:Brockmann 2017 2408: 2404:Brockmann 2017 2396: 2392:Brockmann 2017 2384: 2380:Brockmann 2017 2372: 2368:Brockmann 2017 2360: 2356:Brockmann 2017 2348: 2336: 2324: 2294: 2282: 2246: 2234: 2202: 2190: 2177:Informe Fracto 2160: 2148: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2093: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2030:Bolivia portal 2019: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1978:peso boliviano 1973: 1970: 1959:Atlantic Ocean 1947:river Paraguay 1930: 1927: 1862: 1859: 1821: 1818: 1812:, in his work 1797: 1794: 1724:The newspaper 1717: 1714: 1697:the newspaper 1685: 1682: 1652: 1649: 1629:pound sterling 1619: 1616: 1603: 1600: 1574: 1571: 1555:consul general 1526: 1523: 1506: 1503: 1449: 1446: 1392: 1389: 1385:Paraguay River 1376: 1373: 1363: 1360: 1276:Main article: 1273: 1270: 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1134:(PSU) and the 1106: 1103: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1045: 1044:Political rise 1042: 1008:Main article: 1005: 1002: 947:Hugo Ballivián 898: 895: 883:Jesuit mission 870: 867: 809: 806: 794:Ideal Femenino 776: 773: 747: 744: 723: 720: 643: 640: 604:military junta 544: 543: 540: 539: 529: 525: 524: 522: 521: 520: 519: 514: 509: 498: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 481: 474: 470: 469: 464: 460: 459: 456: 452: 451: 441: 440:Branch/service 437: 436: 426: 422: 421: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 401: 397: 396: 393: 389: 388: 382: 378: 377: 376:Raquel Becerra 372: 368: 367: 365: 364: 361: 358: 355: 351: 349: 345: 344: 329: 325: 324: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 301:(aged 36) 297:23 August 1939 295: 291: 290: 257: 255: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 224: 218: 217: 207: 206: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 160: 159: 151: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 121: 118:Vice President 113: 112: 95: 94: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 71: 70: 67: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6294: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:1939 suicides 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6116: 6109: 6108: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6067: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5941:Jorge Quiroga 5936: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863:Guido Vildoso 5858: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5785:David Padilla 5780: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5408:Ismael Montes 5403: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5382:Ismael Montes 5377: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5291:Hilarión Daza 5286: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5187:Jorge Córdova 5182: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5029:Simón Bolívar 5024: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4752:(in Spanish). 4751: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4645:(2): 166–184. 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4151:, p. 184 4150: 4145: 4142: 4139:, p. 178 4138: 4133: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064:Céspedes 1971 4060: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3957:, p. 237 3956: 3955:Céspedes 1968 3951: 3948: 3945:, p. 235 3944: 3943:Céspedes 1968 3939: 3936: 3933:, p. 224 3932: 3931:Céspedes 1968 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3837:, p. 222 3836: 3835:Céspedes 1968 3831: 3829: 3825: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3795:, p. 254 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3751:, p. 253 3750: 3745: 3742: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3634:, p. 179 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3547:, p. 177 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3517:, p. 255 3516: 3511: 3508: 3505:, p. 175 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3490:, p. 174 3489: 3484: 3481: 3478:, p. 176 3477: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3454:, p. 173 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3203:, p. 132 3202: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3153:, p. 175 3152: 3151:Céspedes 1968 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3061: 3058:, p. 170 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3029:, p. 254 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3005:, p. 160 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2978:, p. 169 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2816:, p. 167 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2768:, p. 137 2767: 2762: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 218 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2200:, p. 639 2199: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2158:, p. 236 2157: 2156:Céspedes 1968 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089:Jorge Córdova 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2006: 2001: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1961:for Bolivia. 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1872:Ernst Wendler 1868: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1849: 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149:Succeeded by 123: 99: 68:Germán Busch 61: 56: 50: 43:Spanish name 18:German Busch 6222:1939 deaths 6217:1903 births 5993:Evo Morales 5967:Carlos Mesa 5928:Hugo Banzer 5772:Juan Pereda 5759:Hugo Banzer 5590:Tomás Monje 5278:Tomás Frías 5252:Tomás Frías 5071:(1828–1829) 5040:(1825–1828) 4584:(1936–1939) 4368:banknote.ws 3734:25 February 3365:25 February 3223:25 February 3097:25 February 2867:, p. 3 2751:25 February 1716:Controversy 1515:Concordance 1437:Carlos Mesa 1425:Puerto Rico 1020:Villamontes 881:, a former 686: 1930 415:Camba Busch 374:Pablo Busch 222:Preceded by 181:Preceded by 173:Provisional 137:Preceded by 131:(1938–1939) 6211:Categories 6183:1937–1939 6172:David Toro 6162:David Toro 6122:Bernardino 6111:1937–1939 5512:David Toro 4231:9 February 4149:Klein 1967 4137:Klein 1967 4049:31 January 3708:Klein 1967 3632:Klein 1967 3577:24 October 3545:Klein 1967 3530:Klein 1967 3503:Klein 1967 3488:Klein 1967 3476:Klein 1967 3452:Klein 1967 3437:Klein 1967 3127:Klein 1967 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608:soft-coup 565:Chaco War 502:Chaco War 458:1927–1937 400:Signature 392:Education 381:Relatives 371:Parent(s) 306:, Bolivia 289:, Bolivia 212:In office 165:In office 100:In office 90:36th 6056:Category 4969:27 April 4870:(1997). 4633:(1967). 4595:(1965). 4569:(2003). 4544:(1971). 4530:(1968). 4373:12 March 4348:12 March 4196:La Razón 4167:El Deber 4115:El Deber 4042:El Deber 4011:La Razón 3727:La Razón 3599:La Razón 3331:El Deber 2220:La Razón 2101:La Rosca 2002:See also 1966:monument 1853:Colonel 1786:Charagua 1782:La Calle 1732:La Calle 1727:La Razón 1511:Santiago 1491:Holy See 1409:Acre War 1292:election 1202:de facto 931:Asunción 909:Paraguay 775:Marriage 707:Urubichá 652:Trinidad 576:Trinidad 485:Commands 412:Nickname 387:(nephew) 348:Children 41:In this 30:For the 6193:Interim 6152:Interim 4929:of the 4925:in the 4322:14 July 3775:14 July 3338:14 July 3306:14 July 3271:2213730 2488:11 July 2481:Opinión 2105:English 1953:at the 1915:Marxism 1902:Bolivia 1773:autopsy 1736:El País 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