845:
447:
1394:
194:
77:
2242:
2050:
2266:
460:
1978:
2254:
1380:
1366:
36:
1168:
944:
did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume the payment of debt that
Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of
920:
owed by
Germany were stated in gold reserves in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper currency. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion
1158:
Gold marks are a popular choice for Latin
Currency Union coin collectors. The 20 mark is the most seen and offers a variety of different types that were mass-produced and therefore can be purchased at a low premium above each coin's melt value. However, some designs are extremely elusive given that
1002:, the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally
1143:
Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2,790 mark = 1 kilogram of gold (a mark was therefore about 0.3584 g of gold; a troy ounce of gold was worth 86.78 ℳ︁). Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5-mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878.
1006:
were minted, in which cases the obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the
1179:, as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as
976:
958:
294:
921:
marks cited in the London
Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about
1252:
The
History of Currency, 1252-1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and
117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
993:
Coins of denominations between 1 pfennig and 1 mark were issued in standard designs for the whole empire, whilst those above 1 mark were issued by the individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the
127:
1074:
to a standard of 5 grams silver per mark. Production of 2 and 5 mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1-mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 mark coins were minted until 1918, and
518:
1926:
756:, the new currency was launched in 1873 in the form of gold 10-mark and 20-mark coins as well as limited legal-tender silver marks and copper pfennigs. The
724:
the
Austrian gulden, but decimally divided into 100 pfennig instead of the existing 120 pfennig. Combined with a gold-silver ratio of 15.5, the new mark of
2368:
1065:
1116:
These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the gold mark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark
137:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2363:
1780:
145:
89:
1159:
they were struck in very low mintages. The rarest type features Adolph
Friedrich V with just 1,160 pieces issued by the Berlin Mint.
2338:
1919:
1433:
891:
579:
1315:
215:
2358:
49:
551:
1470:
1443:
600:
The introduction of the German mark in 1873 was the culmination of decades-long efforts to unify the various currencies used by the
255:
237:
63:
1912:
2348:
1411:
1342:
2343:
1943:
1847:
1750:
1421:
158:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2167:
208:
202:
2373:
844:
753:
2378:
1135:
The 5-mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older thalers (and other such crown-sized coins).
764:
led to the same being adopted in the rest of Europe and North
America, as well as the change in standard in the
219:
1320:
1272:
911:
511:
153:
174:
2315:
1877:
917:
665:
334:
167:
122:
55:
1988:
2200:
1998:
464:
2142:
1012:
890:(paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I during
2018:
2055:
946:
895:
765:
601:
783:
currency, it remained unlimited legal tender for 3 gold marks until it was demonetized in 1908. The
2353:
1966:
1530:
1246:
894:. For comparison, from 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well with the
784:
682:
648:
629:= 16.704 g fine silver. A larger currency convention in 1857 replaced the Prussian thaler with the
626:
595:
591:
1993:
1743:
1713:
1667:
1611:
1565:
1399:
1297:
1289:
1003:
689:
547:, the German Empire removed the gold backing in August 1914, and gold coins ceased to circulate.
975:
957:
2175:
2152:
2137:
2132:
2080:
1512:
1439:
1417:
1250:
1180:
903:
885:
559:
149:
1122:
s issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after the switch-over to the
692:
in 1871 as well as monetary conventions from 1865 to 1870 expressing a desire to move to the
2127:
2090:
1862:
1857:
1807:
1281:
2259:
2220:
2065:
1971:
1935:
1764:
1704:
1008:
933:
780:
609:
555:
503:
321:
282:
1011:
began. Well-preserved examples of such low-mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The
2291:
2253:
2230:
2215:
2195:
2085:
2070:
2043:
1951:
1827:
1817:
1602:
1548:
1371:
1175:
Banknotes were issued by the
Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the
907:
856:
2332:
2185:
2033:
1961:
1812:
1802:
1736:
1593:
1479:
1460:
1301:
1123:
873:
838:
812:
776:
761:
757:
693:
630:
540:
532:
524:
452:
2241:
2210:
2180:
2157:
2049:
2023:
1867:
1852:
1728:
1695:
1649:
1556:
1438:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications.
1385:
1035:
941:
937:
899:
869:
834:
830:
749:
477:
876:
with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = 358 mg). The term
535:, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the
293:
2115:
2008:
1983:
1893:
1267:
1167:
997:
849:
769:
544:
491:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
17:
2281:
2235:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2075:
2038:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1361:
1285:
1176:
608:
unified in 1838 the Prussian and South German currencies at a fixed rate of 1
605:
483:
2276:
2271:
2013:
2003:
1956:
1872:
1552:
1977:
833:
courant or currency was converted at 1 mark = 1.2 Imperial marks, and the
2265:
2247:
2147:
2060:
1759:
1071:
852:
299:
2299:
2190:
2028:
1797:
1658:
1540:
1293:
536:
398:
378:
362:
156:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1052:
1025:
1904:
752:(equivalent to 4.05 billion gold marks) secured from France at the
1544:
1166:
974:
956:
843:
1132:
in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3-mark coins.
539:(₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the
2205:
1042:
815:
was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 Thaler gold =
114:
1908:
1732:
1015:
was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period.
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70:
29:
882:
was created later to retrospectively distinguish it from the
936:
in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned.
929:. Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers.
906:
of the time when the gold mark was in use, however, was the
902:) fine gold; it was therefore worth 4.198 gold marks. The
1084:
mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919.
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to this template: there are already 932 articles in the
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was converted at 1 mark banco = 1.5 Imperial marks.
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Unification to this system proceeded further due to
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1942:
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1109:3 mark, 16.6667 g (15 g silver), from 1908 onwards
1088:20 pfennig, 1.1111 g (1 g silver), only until 1878
543:from 1871 to 1914, but like most nations during
1270:(September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations".
1041:10 pfennig (cupro-nickel: 1873–1916, iron and
152:accompanying your translation by providing an
101:Click for important translation instructions.
88:expand this article with text translated from
1920:
1744:
1409:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
8:
1127:
1126:. This ended with the demonetization of the
1117:
1070:Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900
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883:
877:
863:
274:
268:
1316:"Germany to Settle WWI Debt After 92 Years"
1151:10 mark, 3.9825 g (3.5842 g gold)
1100:mark or 50 pfennig, 2.7778 g (2.5 g silver)
563:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1927:
1913:
1905:
1783:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
1751:
1737:
1729:
1154:20 mark, 7.965 g (7.1685 g gold)
1148:5 mark, 1.9912 g (1.7921 g gold)
862:From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark and
738:g fine silver was therefore equivalent to
1241:
1239:
1066:List of silver coins of the German Empire
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1453:
550:After the fall of the Empire due to the
201:This article includes a list of general
1781:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
1226:
914:(£1) being valued at 20.43 gold marks.
558:'s mark, derisively referred to as the
554:of 1918, the mark was succeeded by the
1416:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
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131:
1691:
1645:
1589:
1526:
1508:
1501:
1456:
1434:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
892:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
580:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
510:
7:
1048:20 pfennig (cupro-nickel, 1887–1892)
811:or 1.71 gold marks. The gold-based
1028:: 1873–1916, aluminium: 1916–1918)
207:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2369:1914 disestablishments in Germany
872:. Before 1914, the mark was on a
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:German currency from 1871 to 1914
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2240:
2048:
1976:
1392:
1378:
1364:
898:containing 1.50463 grams (23.22
458:
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292:
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75:
34:
1412:Standard Catalog of World Coins
1112:5 mark, 27.7778 g (25 g silver)
1106:2 mark, 11.1111 g (10 g silver)
797:Vereinsthaler was converted to
647:g fine silver, equivalent to 1
164:{{Translated|ru|Золотая марка}}
53:or discuss these issues on the
2364:1871 establishments in Germany
1848:German South West African Mark
754:end of the Franco-Prussian War
162:You may also add the template
1:
1191:In Unicode, the Mark sign is
1103:1 mark, 5.5555 g (5 g silver)
1038:: 1873–1915, iron: 1915–1922)
1031:2 pfennig (copper: 1873–1916)
714:Vereinsthaler, also equal to
696:. For this system a new unit
412:5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 Mark
2339:Economy of the German Empire
748:g fine gold. With 5 billion
1343:"Rare Gold German 20 Marks"
1171:100 Mark banknote from 1908
420:1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 Pfennig
175:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
134:will aid in categorization.
2395:
2359:Modern obsolete currencies
1722:0.81 Mark = 1 French Franc
1063:
589:
531:) was the currency of the
109:Machine translation, like
1286:10.1017/s0008938900018707
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431:, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 Mark
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275:
90:the corresponding article
1273:Central European History
700:was proposed equal to a
666:Austro-Hungarian florins
2168:Obsolete and historical
1878:South West African mark
1539:southern Germany incl.
918:World War I reparations
855:from 1904, designed by
222:more precise citations.
173:For more guidance, see
2349:Currencies of Cameroon
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465:German colonial empire
2344:Currencies of Germany
1431:Pick, Albert (1994).
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1013:Principality of Lippe
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960:
934:Nazi seizure of power
847:
760:'s conversion to the
146:copyright attribution
1247:Shaw, William Arthur
947:German reunification
766:Latin Monetary Union
602:German Confederation
2309:Generic placeholder
1531:South German Gulden
1503:Currency of Germany
1004:commemorative coins
989:, 1, 5 and 20 mark)
971:, 1, 5 and 20 mark)
829:or 3.32 marks. The
785:South German gulden
683:South German gulden
649:North German thaler
627:South German gulden
596:South German gulden
592:North German thaler
582:from 1918 to 1923.
552:November Revolution
512:[ˈɡɔltmaʁk]
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1714:German unification
1668:German unification
1612:German unification
1566:German unification
1506:1871 – 1914
1480:German unification
1400:Numismatics portal
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1838:German Reichsmark
1833:German Papiermark
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1436:: General Issues
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47:Please help
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1944:Circulating
1823:German mark
1774:Circulating
1549:Württemberg
1414:: 1801–1991
1034:5 pfennig (
1024:1 pfennig (
998:Reichsadler
910:, with the
896:gold dollar
850:Art Nouveau
770:bimetallism
750:gold francs
545:World War I
500:German mark
269:German mark
220:introducing
2354:Gold coins
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1894:Merk Scots
1768:or similar
1760:Currencies
1423:0873411501
1358:References
1328:2016-02-16
1253:Well-being
1181:Papiermark
1177:Reichsbank
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927:£1 billion
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606:Zollverein
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484:Reichsbank
203:references
92:in Russian
50:improve it
1873:Saar mark
1702:Location:
1656:Location:
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1600:Location:
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1467:Location:
1302:144072556
1256:. Putnam.
1163:Banknotes
912:sovereign
578:) due to
529:ℳ︁
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302:from 1914
168:talk page
120:Consider
56:talk page
1321:ABC News
1249:(1896).
1212:₰
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1072:fineness
879:Goldmark
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471:Issuance
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1798:AM-Mark
1791:Defunct
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389:Symbol
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205:, but
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1298:S2CID
1290:JSTOR
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1555:and
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564:lit.
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498:The
316:Mark
308:Unit
276:Mark
142:must
140:You
2231:Pts
2211:ℒ𝓈
2186:₢$
2181:Դր.
1282:doi
925:or
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2111:Rs
2091:රු
2086:रू
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2019:₲
2014:F
2009:ƒ
2004:€
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1994:֏
1989:₫
1972:¢
1967:₡
1962:₵
1957:฿
1952:؋
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