108:
158:
150:
142:
120:
1266:
At a time of national crisis, some sections of Jewish communities feared being pushed to the margins amidst a wave of patriotic fervour. German Jews, whose response to the July crisis had spanned a gamut of emotions, managed to project an image of unified war enthusiasm once the conflict was in full
193:
of 1916 disgusted many German Jewish soldiers, being aimed at falsely proving that Jews were trying to avoid military service. For many German Jews, the war held the hope of being treated equal to non-Jewish
Germans for the first time. Many Jews also held strong patriotic feelings for Germany and the
170:
in 1914, the situation drastically changed for German Jews in the military. At the start of the war, 12,000 German Jews volunteered for the German Army. Of the 100,000 Jews who served with the German military, 70,000 fought at the front line, 12,000 were killed in action, and 3,000 were promoted to
107:
165:
Some Jews did fear marginalisation as the German public enthusiastically geared up for the Great War, but once the war began such attitudes dissipated and the general reaction of
Germany's Jews was to greet the war with enthusiasm. With the outbreak of
260:, received no special treatment after this, being deported to concentration camps and murdered like other Jewish German citizens. The Nazis attempted to eradicate all evidence of Jewish soldiers fighting for Germany in World War I.
217:
dedicated to military chaplaincy in the German Army, something that had not existed before in the German Empire. In August 1914, eighty-one German rabbis volunteered to serve as Field Rabbis, and the first seven, among them
98:
were more liberal. Between 1880 and 1910, up to 30,000 German Jews served in the
Prussian Army, but none were promoted to the rank of officer. However, among the 1,500 Jews who converted to Christianity, 300 were promoted.
90:(1870–71). After the establishment of the Empire in 1871, Jews in the Prussian Army did not receive the anticipated equal rights; they were barred from government positions and officer ranks, while other German states like
256:
in 1938, the federation stopped its activities and advised its members, almost 40,000, to emigrate from
Germany. The veterans who remained in Germany, also initially released after arrests during the
309:. While few German Jews joined the West German Army after the Second World War, descendants of people who suffered through the Nazi persecution having been exempt from national service, by 2014 the
222:, entered service the following month. On the Eastern Front, with the approval of the German High Command, the rabbis also served the local Jewish population, not just the German Jewish soldiers.
1937:
157:
672:
Awarded the Iron Cross at Fort
Souville, was later killed in action with the 3. Jäger-Regimentsnear at Carny Czeremos in the Carpathian Mountains. Founding member of the
1074:
231:
78:
became the highest ranking German Jew in the
Prussian Army in the 19th century, reaching the rank of Major. Jews continued to serve in the Prussian Army during the
1007:
Served in
Imperiel german Airforce and was a World War II Luftwaffe general (According to Jewish religious Law considered to be Jewish as his mother was Jewish)
1116:
1214:
246:
to power in 1933, Jewish veterans were initially protected against dismissal from government jobs after an intervention on their behalf by German
President
1351:
203:
242:
was formed in 1919 with the aim of helping veterans as well as promoting the sacrifice of the German Jewish community during the conflict. After the
1462:
1065:(English: Sweet and honourable), describing the experiences of two Jewish soldiers in World War I, one fighting for Germany, the other for France.
1893:
1857:
1259:
766:
238:
1652:
1316:
1150:
365:
1678:
1822:
1636:
1505:
771:
370:
149:
1432:
1871:
654:
1521:
1947:
1440:
1800:
1737:
1614:
145:
Fritz
Beckhardt in his Siemens-Schuckert D.III fighter of Jasta 26; the reversed swastika insignia was a good luck symbol.
1286:
908:
673:
632:
551:
532:
269:
392:
195:
24:
743:
277:
111:
Tombstone of Zalmen Berger (d. 1915), a Jewish soldier who fell while serving in the German army during World War I,
1108:
1012:
46:, the German Jews who served in the German Army have found recognition and renewed interest in German publications.
1845:
1775:
1716:
1529:
1377:
804:
453:
1061:, formerly the ambassador of Israel to Germany, published a novel based on letters from Jewish soldiers titled
175:
was awarded to 18,000 German Jews during the war, of which 1,000 received the first class award. Jewish-born
1580:
284:. A book consisting of letters sent home by Jewish soldiers during the war was published by the West German
276:
and a Hebrew inscription. The names of the 12,000 Jewish war dead had been published under the direction of
71:
1942:
701:
1470:
915:
870:
43:
886:
706:
510:
415:
778:
209:
Immediately with the outbreak of the war, the
Federation of German Jews requested the introduction of
1017:
920:
821:
610:
584:
79:
727:
498:
268:
In 1968 the Jewish authorities in Germany decided to mark the 3,000 known Jewish war graves of the
247:
180:
87:
83:
1038:
321:
Notable German Jewish military personnel of World War I, sorted by surname in alphabetical order:
941:
95:
64:
1183:
1889:
1885:
1853:
1818:
1745:
1632:
1501:
1493:
1255:
650:
539:
502:
184:
1849:
171:
officer ranks, but they could only become officers of the reserve, not the regular army. The
1686:
957:
851:
693:
639:
891:
738:
German World War I veteran of 1. Garde-Feldartillerie-Regiment and Professor of Roman Law.
515:
420:
42:
to suppress the Jewish contribution and even to blame them for Germany's defeat, using the
1226:
996:
748:
653:
scholar, his diary of his life in Nazi Germany is an important historic source, author of
399:
377:
243:
976:
783:
661:
189:
126:
1407:
826:
615:
589:
483:
199:
176:
1550:
1931:
1834:
1802:
Eisernes Kreuz und Davidstern – Die Geschichte Jüdischer Soldaten in Deutschen Armeen
1616:
Eisernes Kreuz und Davidstern – Die Geschichte Jüdischer Soldaten in Deutschen Armeen
1385:
681:
273:
252:
161:
Jewish war veterans entering synagogue for service to honor the war dead; Munich 1935
134:
67:
60:
1767:
1708:
573:
558:
441:
1807:
Iron cross and Star of David: The history of Jewish soldiers in the German Armies
1621:
Iron Cross and Star of David: The history of Jewish soldiers in the German Armies
1249:
1918:
1294:
1158:
991:
in the German Army, volunteered and served at the Eastern Front for three years
167:
153:
Poster in memory of 12,000 German Jewish Soldiers who died in World War I (1920)
112:
28:
1058:
577:
476:
461:
286:
172:
141:
130:
32:
1841:
761:
388:
349:
305:, a federation of Jewish soldiers in the German Army, similar to the former
219:
75:
119:
1324:
862:
813:
569:
494:
472:
59:
German Jews serving in the military predates the formation of the second
39:
1909:
1836:
The German-Jewish Soldiers of the First World War in History and Memory
91:
202:
would bring the liberation of their fellow Eastern European Jews from
1881:
1877:
1814:
1628:
843:
250:, but this changed in 1935 after his death. After the events of the
1030:
988:
968:
933:
904:
839:
796:
719:
628:
602:
528:
433:
360:
214:
156:
148:
140:
123:
118:
106:
1588:
576:'s superior officer in 1918 who nominated the latter for the
1873:
Jewish Integration in the German Army in the First World War
1319:[12,000 Jewish soldiers died for Emperor Wilhelm].
313:
had around 250 German Jewish soldiers in its ranks again.
1465:[The Jew with the Swastika. My German Family.].
1500:(in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 126–127.
842:
in the German Army, opened a Jewish school in occupied
550:
Served in German Air Force in World War I; murdered in
952:
German physicist, astronomer, and World War I veteran
1910:
Jewish Servicemen Killed in Action in the German Army
1463:"Der Jude mit dem Hakenkreuz. Meine deutsche Familie"
1498:
Deutsche Juristen im amerikanischen Exil (1933–1950)
1317:"12.000 jüdische Soldaten fielen für Kaiser Wilhelm"
1659:(in German). Lebendiges Museum Online. 25 June 2015
1378:"The German-Jewish Soldiers of the First World War"
293:In 2006, on the eve of the 68th anniversary of the
1864:Leo Löwenstein Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten.
1833:
1289:[Jewish soldiers in the First World War].
35:was awarded to 18,000 German Jews during the war.
1153:[Jewish soldiers in the German Armies].
1075:German Jewish military personnel of World War II
232:German Jewish military personnel of World War II
16:Overview of Jewish soldiers of the German Empire
1938:German Jewish military personnel of World War I
1492:Stiefel, Ernst C.; Mecklenburg, Frank (1991).
1251:A Deadly Legacy: German Jews and the Great War
1653:"er Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten (RjF)"
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
8:
1924:Federation of German Jewish soldiers website
1912:List of the German Jewish war dead based on
692:German World War I veteran and president of
31:, of whom 12,000 were killed in action. The
1681:[Highly decorated, then deported].
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
129:during World War I, with the ribbon of the
38:While strong attempts were made during the
1575:
1573:
1571:
1435:[The shepherd of the persecuted].
1408:"Introduction to Die Judischen Gefallenen"
1354:[I'm available as a field rabbi].
1352:"Ich stehe als Feldrabbiner zur Verfügung"
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
391:, Fighter ace in World War I, awarded the
1608:
1606:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1254:. Yale University Press. pp. 25–26.
1186:[Federation of Jewish soldiers].
1581:"World War I German Jewish Fighter Aces"
816:, had his war diaries published in 1964
696:on four occasions between 1913 and 1951
323:
317:List of German Jewish military personnel
1287:"Jüdische Soldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg"
1151:"Jüdische Soldaten in deutschen Armeen"
1117:Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge
1085:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1178:
1176:
1047:Youngest volunteer of the German Army
410:German lawyer and World War I veteran
1215:"Jüdische Soldaten in der Bundeswehr"
676:(Paleontological Society of Germany)
363:in the German Army, president of the
7:
1740:[Who was Dr. Aron Tänzer?].
1190:(in German). Bund jüdischer Soldaten
366:Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden
280:in a book published in 1932, titled
63:in 1871, Jews having served in the
1358:(in German). Paul Lazarus Stiftung
1111:[German Jewish soldiers].
767:Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten
307:Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten
239:Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten
14:
1188:bundjuedischersoldaten-online.com
1184:"Bund jüdischer Soldaten website"
772:Theresienstadt concentration camp
371:Theresienstadt concentration camp
272:with special markers bearing the
1679:"Hochdekoriert, dann deportiert"
907:in the German Army, murdered at
674:de:Paläontologische Gesellschaft
631:in the German Army, murdered at
531:in the German Army, murdered at
226:Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
21:German Jewish military personnel
865:, Fighter pilot in World War I
179:became the first member of the
1441:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1:
881:Fighter pilot in World War I
1217:[Jewish soldiers in the
1109:"Deutsche jüdische Soldaten"
909:Auschwitz concentration camp
633:Auschwitz concentration camp
552:Auschwitz concentration camp
533:Auschwitz concentration camp
325:
270:Western Front of World War I
74:, the "Wars of Liberation".
1469:(in German). Archived from
655:LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii
393:House Order of Hohenzollern
1964:
1846:Liverpool University Press
1738:"Wer war Dr. Aron Tänzer?"
1433:"Der Hirte der Verfolgten"
229:
1683:deutschlandradiokultur.de
326:
213:(English: Field Rabbis),
1914:Die Jüdischen Gefallenen
1799:Berger, Michael (2006).
1768:"David Alexander Winter"
1613:Berger, Michael (2006).
1412:germanjewishsoldiers.com
1356:paul-lazarus-stiftung.de
282:Die Jüdischen Gefallenen
1919:Bund jüdischer Soldaten
1776:Jüdisches Museum Berlin
1717:Jüdisches Museum Berlin
1530:Jüdisches Museum Berlin
303:Bund jüdischer Soldaten
204:pogroms and persecution
72:German Campaign of 1813
1551:"Otto Frank Biography"
1013:David Alexander Winter
497:, First member of the
162:
154:
146:
138:
116:
1948:Jewish German history
452:Member of the German
160:
152:
144:
122:
110:
44:stab-in-the-back myth
19:An estimated 100,000
1870:Fine, David (2012).
1473:on September 8, 2014
80:Second Schleswig War
1832:Grady, Tim (2011).
1772:objekte.jmberlin.de
1713:objekte.jmberlin.de
1526:objekte.jmberlin.de
1522:"Emanuel Carlebach"
1033:in the German Army
971:in the German Army
936:in the German Army
871:Friedrich Rüdenberg
799:in the German Army
722:in the German Army
662:de:Richard Lachmann
605:in the German Army
505:, killed in action
456:, killed in action
436:in the German Army
248:Paul von Hindenburg
187:. The anti-semitic
88:Franco-Prussian War
84:Austro-Prussian War
1709:"Jacob Sonderling"
1591:on 20 January 2015
1585:jewishaviators.com
1248:Tim Grady (2017).
1223:deutschlandfunk.de
942:Karl Schwarzschild
770:, survivor of the
501:to be awarded the
369:, survivor of the
297:, soldiers of the
264:After World War II
183:to be awarded the
163:
155:
147:
139:
117:
96:Kingdom of Bavaria
1895:978-3-11-026796-9
1886:Walter de Gruyter
1859:978-1-84631-660-9
1748:. 3 November 2012
1494:"Rudolf Callmann"
1443:. 5 November 2007
1261:978-0-300-19204-9
1161:. 18 January 2008
1063:Süß und ehrenvoll
1051:
1050:
887:Martin Salomonski
764:, founder of the
651:Romance Languages
540:Berthold Guthmann
511:Hirsch Gradenwitz
416:Emanuel Carlebach
244:rise of the Nazis
86:(1866), and the
1955:
1923:
1899:
1866:
1839:
1828:
1817:: Trafo-Verlag.
1812:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1687:Deutschlandradio
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:: Trafo-Verlag.
1626:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1587:. Archived from
1577:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1489:
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1459:
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1423:
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1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1382:historytoday.com
1374:
1368:
1367:
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1348:
1337:
1336:
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1332:
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1307:
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1283:
1270:
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1245:
1239:
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1234:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1105:
1021:
958:Jacob Sonderling
924:
895:
852:Willi Rosenstein
830:
787:
779:David Mannheimer
752:
710:
694:FC Bayern Munich
640:Victor Klemperer
619:
593:
519:
424:
324:
194:belief that the
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1896:
1869:
1860:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1798:
1795:
1793:Further reading
1790:
1780:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1707:
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1702:
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1660:
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1650:
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1639:
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1262:
1247:
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1242:
1232:
1230:
1229:. 12 April 2014
1227:Deutschlandfunk
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1119:
1107:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1056:
1015:
997:Helmuth Wilberg
918:
889:
846:during the war
824:
822:Leopold Rosenak
781:
746:
704:
613:
611:Siegfried Klein
587:
585:Bruno Italiener
513:
418:
400:Rudolf Callmann
378:Fritz Beckhardt
319:
266:
234:
228:
196:war in the East
105:
57:
55:Pre-World War I
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1905:
1904:External links
1902:
1901:
1900:
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1789:
1788:
1759:
1746:Südwest Presse
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1689:. 24 June 2009
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1297:. 29 June 2014
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503:Pour le Mérite
492:
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484:Wilhelm Frankl
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278:Leo Löwenstein
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200:Russian Empire
185:Pour le Mérite
177:Wilhelm Frankl
104:
101:
56:
53:
51:
48:
23:served in the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1960:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Lists of Jews
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
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1824:3-89626-476-1
1820:
1816:
1813:(in German).
1808:
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1792:
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1774:(in German).
1773:
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1638:3-89626-476-1
1634:
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1627:(in German).
1622:
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1609:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1586:
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1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1555:biography.com
1552:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1528:(in German).
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1507:3-16-145688-2
1503:
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1442:
1439:(in German).
1438:
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1428:
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1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1388:. 6 June 2013
1387:
1386:History Today
1383:
1379:
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1589:the original
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1113:volksbund.de
1112:
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1039:Josef Zippes
1031:Feldrabbiner
989:Feldrabbiner
977:Aaron Tänzer
969:Feldrabbiner
934:Feldrabbiner
905:Feldrabbiner
840:Feldrabbiner
797:Feldrabbiner
765:
720:Feldrabbiner
702:Paul Lazarus
629:Feldrabbiner
603:Feldrabbiner
574:Adolf Hitler
559:Hugo Gutmann
529:Feldrabbiner
499:flying corps
475:, Father of
442:Ludwig Frank
434:Feldrabbiner
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181:flying corps
164:
127:Aaron Tänzer
124:Feldrabbiner
82:(1864), the
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1922:(in German)
1781:26 February
1752:26 February
1722:26 February
1693:25 February
1663:26 February
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1535:26 February
1477:25 February
1447:26 February
1417:25 February
1392:26 February
1362:26 February
1331:25 February
1301:25 February
1295:Der Spiegel
1233:26 February
1194:25 February
1165:25 February
1159:Der Spiegel
1122:25 February
1016: [
919: [
916:Hugo Schiff
890: [
825: [
805:Julius Marx
782: [
747: [
705: [
614: [
588: [
514: [
419: [
301:formed the
168:World War I
103:World War I
29:World War I
25:German Army
1932:Categories
1848:. p.
1467:google.com
1291:spiegel.de
1219:Bundeswehr
1155:spiegel.de
1081:References
1059:Avi Primor
1054:In fiction
987:Chaplain,
728:Ernst Levy
578:Iron Cross
477:Anne Frank
462:Otto Frank
311:Bundeswehr
299:Bundeswehr
287:Bundeswehr
230:See also:
173:Iron Cross
131:Iron Cross
33:Iron Cross
1842:Liverpool
762:Hauptmann
454:Reichstag
350:Leo Baeck
290:in 1961.
220:Leo Baeck
115:, Poland.
76:Meno Burg
1595:21 March
1325:Die Welt
1069:See also
863:Leutnant
814:Leutnant
570:Leutnant
495:Leutnant
473:Leutnant
113:Jarosław
94:and the
65:Prussian
50:Overview
40:Nazi era
1437:faz.net
1321:welt.de
1221:].
92:Hamburg
70:in the
27:during
1892:
1882:Boston
1880:&
1878:Berlin
1856:
1821:
1815:Berlin
1809:]
1742:swp.de
1657:dhm.de
1635:
1629:Berlin
1623:]
1504:
1267:swing.
1258:
215:rabbis
137:, 1917
133:and a
1811:(PDF)
1805:[
1625:(PDF)
1619:[
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844:Kowno
829:]
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343:Notes
1890:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1783:2016
1754:2016
1724:2016
1695:2016
1665:2016
1633:ISBN
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1333:2016
1303:2016
1256:ISBN
1235:2016
1196:2016
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1124:2016
1027:1953
1024:1878
1004:1941
1001:1880
984:1937
981:1871
965:1964
962:1878
949:1916
946:1873
930:1986
927:1892
901:1944
898:1881
878:1977
875:1892
859:1949
856:1892
836:1923
833:1868
793:1919
790:1863
758:1956
755:1879
735:1968
732:1881
716:1951
713:1888
689:1961
686:1884
669:1916
666:1885
647:1960
644:1881
625:1944
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599:1956
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566:1962
563:1880
547:1944
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525:1943
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491:1917
488:1893
469:1980
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449:1914
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430:1927
427:1874
407:1976
404:1892
385:1962
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357:1956
354:1873
338:Died
333:Born
328:Name
236:The
68:Army
1934::
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