2200:
2149:
2117:
767:
2181:
1888:
1131:
2254:
2133:
960:
2238:
1318:
616:
107:
93:
124:
2216:
372:
1517:("against our will"), citizens of re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine drafted into the Wehrmacht, became casualties. Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 (60,000 by aerial bombing, 60,000 in the resistance, and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces). Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1.9 million. Of this, around 240,000 died in captivity. An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war, 100,000 racial deportees, 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers.
1780:. They had to close their shutters or windows and turn off any light, to prevent Allied aircraft using city lights for navigation. The experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe suddenly become strange and threatening. Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw the huge swastika flags draped over the HĂ´tel de Ville and flying on top of the Eiffel Tower. The British historian
2731:
2341:
2087:. Out of a Jewish population in France in 1940 of 350,000, this means that somewhat less than a quarter died. While horrific, the mortality rate was lower than in other occupied countries (e.g. 75 percent in the Netherlands) and, because the majority of the Jews were recent immigrants to France (mostly exiles from Germany), more Jews lived in France at the end of the occupation than did approximately 10 years earlier when Hitler formally came to power.
1789:
unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a Dada prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all their lives.
1677:
1828:, which was difficult to acquire. People could write only to their family members, and this was only permissible using a pre-filled card where the sender checked off the appropriate words (e.g. 'in good health', 'wounded', 'dead', 'prisoner'). The occupied zone was on German time, which was one hour ahead of the unoccupied zone. Other policies implemented in the occupied zone but not in the free zone were a
2094:
887:. The French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights, and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end. The French government will immediately direct all officials and administrators of the occupied territory to comply with the regulations of, and to collaborate fully with, the German military authorities.
401:
354:
336:
2148:
878:
remained under the authority of
Marshal PĂ©tain's Vichy regime. French sovereignty was to be exercised over the whole of French territory, including the occupied zone, Alsace and Moselle, but the third article of the armistice stipulated that French authorities in the occupied zone would have to obey
1788:
Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the
Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the Champs Élysées or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just
1793:
Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940: "And so the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted". At the same time France was also marked by disappearances as buildings were
754:
remained sovereign as an independent state, though under heavy German influence due to the restrictions of the
Armistice (including a heavy tribute) and economic dependency on Germany. It constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres, approximately 45 percent of France, and included
123:
2199:
2116:
4937:
3410:
1759:, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market, which meant that much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and
1617:
The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in the occupied zone (with 14.2m in the unoccupied zone). This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war, nor the 60,000 French workers in
Germany or the departments of Alsace-Lorraine.
2020:("Obligatory work service, STO"), consisted of the requisition and transfer of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany against their will, for the German war effort. In addition to work camps for factories, agriculture, and railroads,
1101:
to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's
Germany, in contrast to "collaborators", people who merely cooperated out of self-interest. Examples of these are PPF leader
1506:
French had died (40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of
Operation Overlord). Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939–40. Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the
4930:
3403:
2180:
4923:
3396:
1608:
of shows and plays, publishing and press, cinematographic works, and public advertising and speeches. The directors, chosen for their skills in civil matters, wore military dress and were subject to military regulation.
1816:
and railway bridges, in 1944, also took a heavy toll on civilian lives. For example, the 26 May 1944 bombing hit railway targets in and around five cities in south-eastern France, causing over 2,500 civilian deaths.
2032:. Beginning in 1942, many refused to be drafted to factories and farms in Germany by the STO, going underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany. For the most part, those "work dodgers" (
1076:
3031:
2237:
2132:
1740:
Hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes, people ate unusual vegetables, such as
1691:
on trucks and automobiles burned charcoal or wood pellets as a substitute to gasoline, and wooden soles for shoes were used instead of leather. Soap was rare and made in some households from fats and
2253:
519:; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms, which was believed to be imminent. For instance, France agreed that its
2215:
1529:. There was one Propaganda battalion in each occupied country, headquartered in the main town or capital. This was further subdivided at the regional level. Headquarters for France was at the
1468:, or giving collateral or material aid to Resistance members. Others assisted in the escape of downed US or British airmen who eventually found their way back to Britain, often through Spain.
874:
France was roughly divided into an occupied northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone, according to the armistice convention "in order to protect the interests of the German Reich". The
6953:
1729:, and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly managed, leading to malnourishment,
2045:
There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries; in France, the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former
Ministry of Aviation building in Paris.
7263:
1558:("propaganda squadron") was a service charged by the German authorities with the propaganda and control of the French press and of publishing during the Occupation of France. Sections (
726:
423:
2333:, it was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation, and it grew from 500,000 men in the summer of 1944 to more than 1.3 million by
7278:
6733:
1472:
1362:
2547:
Schöttler, Peter (2003). "'Eine Art "Generalplan West": Die
Stuckart-Denkschrift vom 14. Juni 1940 und die Planungen für eine neue deutsch-französische Grenze im Zweiten Weltkrieg".
5643:
4755:
4116:
2566:
2501:
659:
163:
1499:, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. German anti-partisan operations claimed around 13,000-16,000 French victims, including 4,000 to 5,000 innocent civilians.
574:
dictatorship, where the actual sovereignty of the French government was seriously limited. Nazi rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by
Germany and Italy during
6101:
5946:
4574:
4419:
1999:. The use and abuse of Paris in the visitations of German forces during the Second World War led to a backlash; the intensive prostitution during the occupation made way for the
1718:. French farm production fell in half because of lack of fuel, fertilizer and workers; even so the Germans seized half the meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the
1869:, where the teaching elite was liquidated. Teachers were not imprisoned and the programs were not modified overall. In the private Catholic sector, many school directors hid
2844:
995:, its security police. It also had at its disposal the support of the French authorities and police forces, who had to cooperate per the conditions set in the armistice, to
538:
that had dissolved in defeat. Though nominally extending its sovereignty over the whole country, it was in practice limited in exercising its authority to the free zone. As
6020:
4764:
4493:
950:
1748:. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of
782:
766:
1887:
3362:
1130:
922:
7268:
4697:
1462:
Although the majority of the French population did not take part in active resistance, many resisted passively through acts such as listening to the banned BBC's
1072:
31:
3370:
106:
7059:
6625:
5687:
4160:
3233:
1767:
were also frequent practices during this period. These activities were strictly forbidden, however, and thus carried out at the risk of confiscation and fines.
394:
959:
1797:
With nearly 75,000 inhabitants killed and 550,000 tons of bombs dropped, France was, after
Germany, the second most severely bomb-devastated country on the
1317:
7288:
1292:
1146:, German units were rotated to France to rest and refit. The number of troops increased when the threat of Allied invasion began looming large, with the
92:
7303:
6398:
5710:
4183:
3059:
6187:
5722:
4956:
4660:
4195:
3429:
2171:
615:
6224:
5931:
5855:
5555:
4404:
4328:
4028:
1770:
During the day, numerous regulations, censorship and propaganda made the occupation increasingly unbearable. At night, inhabitants had to abide a
1665:
520:
1626:
The life of the French during the German occupation was marked, from the beginning, by endemic shortages. They are explained by several factors:
1044:
participated with the Gestapo in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres, such as the
7298:
6773:
6758:
5926:
5800:
5630:
4399:
4273:
4103:
2310:
1648:, particularly amongst children, the elderly, and the more vulnerable sections of French society such as the working urban class of the cities.
607:. It formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944, though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by the end of summer 1944.
443:
183:
2093:
6526:
5677:
5667:
5545:
4150:
4140:
4018:
3305:
3284:
3095:
2618:
2531:
2068:. 13,152 Jews residing in the Paris region were victims of a mass arrest by pro-Nazi French authorities on 16 and 17 July 1942, known as the
864:
5765:
4238:
2472:
hero, was also condemned to death (14 August 1945), but his sentence was commuted to life three days later. Thousands of collaborators were
7157:
5875:
4348:
3116:
3068:
1936:
were also among the sought-after venues. A wide array of German units were rotated to France to rest and refit; the Germans used the motto
1630:
One of the conditions of the armistice was to pay the costs of the 300,000-strong occupying German army, which amounted to 20 million
1296:
2573:
5535:
4008:
2673:
929:(Supreme Command for Naval Services in the Greater Paris Area) who in turn answered to a senior commander for all of France known as the
6880:
6643:
6299:
6289:
5987:
5810:
5425:
4460:
4283:
3898:
6728:
4690:
3322:
2756:
2314:
1370:
1142:. 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German-zone in France in December 1941. When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the
3001:
937:, the "Admiral Frankreich" naval command was broken apart into smaller offices which answered directly to the operational command of
6700:
6685:
5682:
4155:
3343:
3264:
3217:
1980:
1278:
789:
border, and a 50-kilometre (31 mi) demilitarised zone along the same. It was expanded to all territory on the left bank of the
6148:
5540:
4621:
4013:
1026:
5565:
4038:
2447:, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal PĂ©tain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the
1640:
was consequently established as 1 RM to 20 FF. This allowed German requisitions and purchases to be made into a form of organised
6968:
6809:
6763:
5951:
5865:
4979:
4858:
4424:
4338:
3452:
3256:
1230:
938:
5956:
5870:
4429:
4343:
5840:
5570:
5550:
5162:
4863:
4313:
4043:
4023:
3635:
247:
5921:
5795:
4394:
4268:
1906:
1733:, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer
7273:
6988:
6563:
6025:
5850:
5127:
4498:
4323:
3600:
2016:
1730:
1669:
561:
While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the military administration in the occupied zone was a
5575:
4048:
6911:
6553:
6531:
6472:
6467:
5961:
5906:
5522:
5410:
5221:
4837:
4683:
4434:
4379:
3995:
3883:
3694:
3248:
2478:
2318:
2206:
2053:
1342:
1209:
1061:
5530:
4003:
7239:
6978:
6457:
6294:
6071:
6066:
6056:
5966:
5775:
5770:
5745:
5648:
5638:
5560:
4832:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4439:
4248:
4243:
4218:
4121:
4111:
4033:
2389:
2025:
1949:
1798:
1480:
1476:
1475:, counting between 100,000 and up to 400,000 combatants, were actively fighting the occupation forces. Supported by the
1143:
1049:
377:
139:
1848:
7096:
6816:
6690:
6680:
6428:
6269:
6217:
6030:
5941:
5241:
4503:
4414:
3714:
2424:
2373:
1901:
1215:
1957:
2325:
and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army (
1661:
The extreme shortage of petrol and diesel fuel. France had no indigenous oil production and all imports had stopped.
592:
on 8 November 1942. The Vichy government remained in existence, even though its authority was now severely reduced.
7007:
6928:
6695:
6605:
6584:
6284:
6274:
6264:
6040:
6035:
5901:
5760:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5364:
5274:
4513:
4508:
4374:
4233:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3747:
2083:, slightly below 77,500 of the Jews residing in France died during the war, overwhelmingly after being deported to
1994:
1412:
6061:
5880:
5785:
4915:
4534:
4353:
4258:
3388:
7187:
6943:
6858:
6831:
6748:
6675:
6543:
6388:
5672:
4145:
2995:
Les bombardements alliés sur la France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Stratégies, bilans matériels et humains
1202:
1053:
756:
496:
275:
1390:
in early 1943 and, by 1944, large remote areas were out of the German military's control and free zones for the
973:
In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters, the military administration cooperated closely with the
6768:
6738:
6343:
5755:
5092:
5077:
4228:
3565:
3550:
3018:
2749:
Konventioneller Krieg oder NS-Weltanschauungskrieg? Kriegführung und Partisanenbekämpfung in Frankreich 1943/44
821:
806:
2069:
1651:
The disorganisation of transport, except for the railway system which relied on French domestic coal supplies.
1456:
6076:
4549:
2309:, ensuring continuity with the defunct Third Republic. It set about raising new troops to participate in the
759:
between the free zone and the occupied zone was a de facto border, necessitating special authorisation and a
7024:
6853:
6799:
6753:
6442:
5911:
5860:
5805:
5780:
5488:
5349:
5339:
5304:
4384:
4333:
4278:
4253:
3961:
3822:
3812:
3777:
3335:
2606:
2401:
2049:
1862:
1794:
renamed, books banned, art was stolen to be taken to Germany and as time went on, people started to vanish.
1503:
793:
river after its invasion together with Germany of Vichy France on 11 November 1942, except for areas around
112:
38:
4675:
1386:. The resistance intensified after it became clear the tide of war had shifted after the Reich's defeat at
7129:
7091:
7049:
7034:
6826:
6648:
6548:
6210:
5511:
5493:
5344:
5112:
4711:
3984:
3966:
3817:
3585:
2057:
1448:
1444:
1350:
1322:
1243:
1237:
1045:
1034:
875:
817:
235:
5692:
5329:
4788:
4165:
3802:
2456:
7283:
7054:
7044:
6836:
6660:
6568:
6503:
5715:
5334:
5324:
5254:
5226:
4188:
3807:
3797:
3727:
3699:
2496:
2420:
2037:
1882:
1452:
1392:
1288:
535:
455:
341:
5314:
5309:
3787:
3782:
1929:
1440:
2651:
Giorgio Rochat, (trad. Anne Pilloud), La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales,
7293:
7079:
6620:
6558:
6447:
6338:
6184:
6143:
6106:
5971:
5616:
5299:
5269:
5249:
5231:
5178:
5152:
5147:
5067:
4657:
4616:
4579:
4444:
4089:
3772:
3742:
3722:
3704:
3651:
3625:
3620:
3540:
3087:
2822:"Statistiques récentes [La population de la France d'après le recensement du 1er avril 1941]"
2444:
2349:
2293:
in the summer of 1944. Most of France was liberated by September 1944. Some of the heavily fortified
2278:
1572:
1387:
1346:
1094:
1030:
624:
596:
6163:
5815:
4775:
4636:
4288:
3164:
Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.
1357:
to remain passive against the German occupiers, began to mount actions against them. De Gaulle sent
879:
the military administration and that Germany would exercise rights of an occupying power within it:
169:
7162:
7119:
7039:
6993:
6870:
6863:
6843:
6804:
6716:
6508:
6477:
6452:
6418:
6320:
6315:
5916:
5443:
5354:
5259:
5182:
5047:
5032:
5022:
4389:
3916:
3827:
3732:
3655:
3520:
3505:
3495:
2440:
2405:
2385:
2365:
2361:
1745:
1530:
1420:
1221:
996:
884:
868:
860:
635:
589:
1361:
back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to coordinate
7074:
7019:
6973:
6821:
6787:
6371:
6003:
5600:
5483:
5435:
5319:
5264:
5188:
5072:
5012:
4476:
4073:
3956:
3908:
3792:
3737:
3661:
3545:
3485:
3310:
2796:
2282:
2084:
2029:
1802:
1688:
1436:
990:
825:
697:
681:
655:
6158:
5448:
4631:
3921:
3196:
2340:
1854:
1424:
856:
3378:
2870:
2821:
1581:(France Propaganda Department), which developed Nazi propaganda and censorship services called
7220:
7202:
7197:
7182:
7167:
7106:
7069:
6983:
6916:
6906:
6894:
6875:
6743:
6670:
6493:
6393:
6279:
6259:
6236:
6111:
5137:
5062:
5017:
4842:
4816:
4584:
3610:
3535:
3490:
3339:
3327:
3318:
3301:
3280:
3260:
3213:
3192:
3112:
3091:
3064:
2752:
2670:
2614:
2527:
2491:
2473:
2416:
2412:
2381:
2288:
1764:
1631:
1586:
1432:
1408:
1401:
1334:
1312:
1194:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1107:
1067:
Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and/or against
979:
848:
685:
673:
604:
600:
7134:
7086:
6958:
6933:
6596:
6435:
6423:
6179:
5057:
5027:
4652:
3530:
3500:
3348:
Shtasel, Rebecca. "Workers’ resilience in occupied France: workers in Le Havre, 1941–1942."
2637:
did not figure in the terms of the armistice, but was coined as a translation of the German
2469:
2397:
2298:
2222:
2006:
in 1946, which closed the bordellos and reduced raunchy stage shows to mere dancing events.
1972:
1858:
1813:
1397:
1086:
954:
677:
516:
211:
193:
3163:
1865:. However, there was no resumption in ideology as in other occupied countries, for example
737:) consisted of the rest of northern and western France, including the two forbidden zones.
474:("north zone") in November 1942, when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as
17:
7229:
7192:
7177:
7172:
7114:
7029:
6589:
6330:
5845:
5835:
5463:
5453:
5082:
4971:
4881:
4318:
4308:
3936:
3926:
3555:
3444:
3128:
3083:
3005:
2998:
2677:
2227:
2080:
1866:
1001:
730:
720:
708:
643:
631:
620:
585:
435:
427:
207:
203:
98:
73:
59:
6575:
1599:
1873:
children (thus saving their life) and provided education for them until the Liberation.
1676:
662:, which was also responsible for civilian affairs in the 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide
7152:
7147:
7139:
6963:
6921:
6498:
5885:
5820:
5661:
5657:
5458:
5279:
4809:
4797:
4358:
4293:
4134:
4130:
3931:
3752:
3270:
2065:
2002:
1988:
1809:
1687:, or makeshift substitutes, took the place of many products that were in short supply;
1568:
1513:
1416:
1159:
1119:
1111:
1103:
844:
760:
669:
664:
651:
156:
30:"Occupation of France" and "Occupied France" redirect here. For other occupations, see
7257:
7234:
7064:
6848:
6536:
5825:
5142:
5132:
5102:
5087:
5042:
4803:
4298:
3615:
3605:
3575:
3560:
3515:
3293:
3274:
3149:
2468:, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–44. Marshal Pétain, "Chief of the French State" and
2404:-size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured
2393:
2345:
2294:
2260:
2159:
2123:
2103:
2021:
1870:
1715:
1464:
1428:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1171:
1090:
1010:
892:
883:
In the occupied region of France, the German Reich exercises all of the rights of an
841:
639:
3210:
The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty
2610:
2600:
6948:
6653:
6610:
6410:
6381:
5790:
5157:
5002:
4947:
4897:
4781:
4263:
3630:
3475:
3420:
2696:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2190:
2186:
2139:
2107:
2100:
2061:
1984:
1945:
1925:
1892:
1838:
1756:
1692:
1645:
1637:
1189:
1183:
1006:
901:
774:
These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed
751:
571:
555:
451:
447:
359:
261:
3315:
Collaboration in France: Politics and Culture during the Nazi Occupation 1940-1944
3036:
2795:
Military Intelligence Service (29 July 1943). "14. German Army Propaganda Units".
1162:
he denied them lawful combatant status, and ordered them to be handed over to the
1832:
from 10 p.m to 5 a.m, a ban on American films, the suppression of displaying the
1525:
Military propaganda for European countries under occupation was headquartered in
1431:. Large maquis where significant military operations were conducted included the
1345:
beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French. After the
6615:
6518:
6363:
6096:
5117:
5052:
4715:
4569:
3590:
3525:
2377:
2302:
1842:, and the banning of Vichy paramilitary organizations and the Veterans' Legion.
1833:
1711:
1508:
1496:
1473:
numerous factions of nationalists, anarchists, communists, socialists and others
1358:
1338:
1283:
1255:
1147:
1021:
852:
778:("south zone"), and also placed under military administration in November 1942.
689:
647:
1226:
was sunk while trying to reach French Atlantic harbors after its commissioning.
863:. As it was done at the same place and in the same railroad carriage where the
542:
was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of
7124:
6353:
6138:
5936:
5122:
5107:
5007:
4903:
4611:
4409:
3595:
3580:
3480:
2919:
Mouré, "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940-1944)" pp 262-282,
2744:
2353:
2330:
1953:
1664:
Labour shortages, particularly in the countryside, due to the large number of
1605:
1492:
1484:
1341:
government in exile in London had little immediate effect, and few joined its
1068:
1057:
934:
746:
692:
were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German
578:
502:
478:
289:
146:
1737:
a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases.
1575:) to monitor publications, shows, and radio broadcasts. They then set up the
1495:, they systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German
1177:
Some notable units and formations stationed in France during the occupation:
1005:, "Night and Fog". It also had the help of notable French collaborators like
6462:
5204:
5037:
4997:
3677:
3510:
3470:
3384:
An Unwelcome Visitor is a webpage relating Hitler's triumphal tour of Paris.
2906:
Kenneth Mouré, "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940-1944)",
2244:
2155:
2073:
1961:
1781:
1776:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1354:
1075:. Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted the cadre of the
837:
798:
741:
510:
27:
Interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II
1725:
Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by
1714:
production, which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the
1483:
that air-dropped weapons and supplies, as well as infiltrating agents like
1722:. Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items.
1571:, the occupation authorities first relied on the German embassy in Paris (
812:
The Italian occupation zone was also occupied by Germany and added to the
6153:
5097:
4626:
3570:
2428:
2322:
2264:
1861:. Propaganda was present in education to train the young people with the
1741:
1734:
1655:
1636:
per day. The artificial exchange rate of the German currency against the
1540:
1326:
1259:
790:
565:
549:
2567:""La ligne de démarcation", Collection " Mémoire et Citoyenneté ", No.7"
2126:
not admitted here". Sign outside a restaurant in Paris, rue de Choiseul.
6376:
6244:
4882:
Battambang and Sisophon (Cambodia) * Luang Prabang and Champasak (Laos)
2334:
2205:
Execution chamber inspected by a Parisian policeman and members of the
2167:
1700:
1641:
1526:
1383:
1271:
974:
693:
3063:, Dr David Picard, Professor Mike Robinson, Ashgate Publishing, 2012,
2650:
6665:
6233:
5585:
4707:
4058:
3253:"Morts d'inanition": Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation
2436:
2357:
1976:
1965:
1933:
1829:
1771:
1760:
1696:
1684:
1382:
Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the
1247:
1139:
1015:
965:
859:
respectively, signed it on 22 June 1940 at the Rethondes clearing in
3383:
2400:
almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above
2056:
were in use in France during the occupation, the largest of them at
1596:
was led by a commander and employed some thirty people. There were
828:
and local Italian troops that became co-belligerents of the Allies.
495:
Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the
2847:
Morts d'inanition: Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation
2060:. In the occupied zone, as of 1942, Jews were required to wear the
5750:
4223:
2432:
2339:
1899:
One month after the occupation, the bi-monthly soldiers' magazine
1886:
1675:
1544:
1488:
1316:
1174:
and suppressing the resistance became heavier and heavier duties.
1129:
958:
765:
614:
543:
539:
2984:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 pages 171, 18 & 187-189.
454:
to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western
6938:
6348:
6202:
5830:
4303:
3298:
Marianne in Chains: In Search of the German Occupation 1940–1945
3152:
Case Study: The VĂ©lodrome d'Hiver Round-up: July 16 and 17, 1942
2306:
1928:
among the must-see locations in Paris. Famous clubs such as the
1749:
794:
786:
652:
subjecting their male population to German military conscription
6206:
4919:
4679:
3392:
3032:"Le Guide du soldat allemand Ă Paris, ou comment occuper Fritz"
951:
Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy § France
2732:"The Civilian Experience in German Occupied France, 1940-1944"
1944:
to the city for their troops. Various famous artists, such as
1801:. Allied bombings were particularly intense before and during
1369:
into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the
755:
approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force. The
2014:
During the German occupation, a forced labour policy, called
1960:, a famous bordello on the Rue Lauriston, which was near the
1964:
headquarters and was often frequented by German troops. The
740:
The southern part of France, except for the western half of
595:
The German military administration in France ended with the
2661:. Mis en ligne le 6 juin 2008, consulté le 24 octobre 2008.
1895:
in June 1940, shortly after the German occupation of Paris.
1824:
between the north zone and the south zone also required an
1774:
and it was forbidden to go out during the night without an
1029:. The two main collaborationist political parties were the
1013:, along with collaborationists French auxiliaries like the
999:, anti-fascists and other dissidents, and vanish them into
985:
2064:
and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage of the
1138:
The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in
1114:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among
2476:
by local Resistance forces in so-called "savage purges" (
642:
and returned to France after the First World War. It was
3208:
Talbot, C. Imlay; Duffy Toft, Monica (24 January 2007).
2028:
and other military facilities targeted by the Allies in
1968:
in Paris was not upheld as strictly as in other cities.
1487:
who provided tactical advice and specialist skills like
1154:
against German troops brought Hitler to condemn them as
1150:
marking its real beginning. The actions of Canadian and
668:
along the Atlantic coast. Another "forbidden zone" were
2895:
The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food
1812:
aiming at the systematic destruction of French railway
1680:
Rationing tickets for the French population, July 1944.
925:
were coordinated through a central office known as the
3276:
France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise
2502:
Collaborationism in France during the Second World War
2337:, making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe.
1987:, gained notoriety among both French and German fans.
1654:
The cutting off of international trade and the Allied
1193:
operated from airfields in northern France during the
927:
Höheres Kommando der Marinedienststellen in Groß-Paris
660:
military administration in Belgium and Northern France
164:
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
3060:
Emotion in Motion: Tourism, Affect and Transformation
2801:(Technical report). War Department. p. 22–24. 30
1134:
Turkestani soldiers in northern France, October 1943.
2526:(1st ed.). London: Allen Lane. pp. 105–6.
1920:, and became a success. Further guides, such as the
1853:("Marshall, here we are!"). The portrait of Marshal
7105:
7006:
6893:
6786:
6715:
6636:
6517:
6486:
6409:
6362:
6329:
6308:
6252:
6243:
6172:
6131:
6124:
6089:
6049:
6013:
6000:
5980:
5894:
5738:
5731:
5703:
5629:
5609:
5593:
5584:
5521:
5510:
5476:
5434:
5418:
5409:
5363:
5292:
5240:
5214:
5201:
5171:
4990:
4968:
4955:
4890:
4874:
4851:
4825:
4722:
4645:
4604:
4597:
4562:
4522:
4486:
4473:
4453:
4367:
4211:
4204:
4176:
4102:
4082:
4066:
4057:
3994:
3983:
3949:
3907:
3891:
3882:
3836:
3765:
3713:
3687:
3674:
3644:
3463:
3441:
3428:
2932:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 pages 157-159.
2657:, sur le site du Service historique de la DĂ©fense,
2439:(21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured the
2079:Overall, according to a detailed count drawn under
1604:(special directors) in charge of particular areas:
299:
286:
271:
257:
241:
229:
217:
199:
189:
178:
46:
3363:Cliotexte: sources on collaboration and resistance
3174:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.),
1052:, and other German concentration camps, including
770:German control post on the Demarcation Line, 1941.
2751:, MĂĽnchen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007,
2454:Collaborators were put on trial in legal purges (
2427:, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the
1891:German soldiers talking with French women by the
1857:adorned the walls of classrooms, thus creating a
1089:in 1974, and after him, other historians such as
1407:The most important anti-partisan action was the
891:The military administration was responsible for
7264:German occupation of France during World War II
2716:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite Ă Vichy".
2301:until the German capitulation in May 1945. The
1952:, started their careers during the occupation.
7279:Military history of France during World War II
2971:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 170.
2958:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 158.
2945:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 159.
1415:. Other notable atrocities committed were the
1073:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
554:, and therefore it was more commonly known as
6218:
4931:
4691:
3404:
3234:Provisional Government of the French Republic
3109:Django – The Life and Music of a Gipsy Legend
867:when Germany surrendered, it is known as the
395:Provisional Government of the French Republic
8:
6594:
6573:
6433:
6001:
5202:
4977:
4969:
4474:
3675:
3450:
3442:
2699:, sur le site de l'Université de Perpignan,
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2524:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation
1992:
1597:
1576:
1559:
1552:
1534:
1374:
576:
547:
528:
508:
500:
486:
484:("free zone") was also occupied and renamed
476:
468:
460:
167:
154:
144:
130:
65:
51:
2869:Marie Helen Mercier and J. Louise Despert.
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
1710:The Germans seized about 80 percent of the
1644:and resulted in endemic food shortages and
1037:(RNP), each with 20,000 to 30,000 members.
563:
7012:
6899:
6792:
6721:
6249:
6225:
6211:
6203:
6128:
6010:
5735:
5590:
5518:
5431:
5415:
5360:
5237:
5211:
4987:
4965:
4938:
4924:
4916:
4698:
4684:
4676:
4601:
4483:
4208:
4063:
3991:
3904:
3888:
3833:
3710:
3684:
3460:
3438:
3411:
3397:
3389:
2993:Centre d'études d'histoire de la défense,
2982:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2969:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2956:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2943:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2930:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2910:, June 2010, Vol. 24 Issue 2, pp. 272-273
2718:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?
466:was established in June 1940, and renamed
122:
43:
2392:on 22 November 1944, thus fulfilling the
1451:. Major round-up operations included the
1077:33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
142:(yellow) occupation zones of France, the
3111:. p.344, Oxford University Press, 2006,
2368:as a symbol of peace and reconciliation.
2281:was the result of the Allied operations
1940:("everyone once in Paris") and provided
895:in occupied France. It was divided into
855:and of the French government of Marshal
523:until the cessation of all hostilities.
2514:
2089:
1666:French prisoners of war held in Germany
1658:, restricting imports into the country.
840:following the defeats of May and June,
3371:Cliotexte: daily life under occupation
3150:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence:
3017:See French language Knowledge article
2692:
2690:
2231:was responsible for military traffic..
1564:, "squadron") in each important town.
1170:. As the war went on, garrisoning the
836:After Germany and France agreed on an
763:from the German authorities to cross.
521:soldiers would remain prisoners of war
7269:French home front during World War II
2843:The American Historical Association.
2711:
2709:
2295:French Atlantic coast submarine bases
744:along the Atlantic coast, became the
719:
298:
285:
270:
266:
240:
228:
224:
216:
132:
7:
2771:The Oxford Companion to World War II
2671:« L’occupation italienne »
2380:forces that had participated in the
1752:products permitted better survival.
1533:in Paris, with propaganda sections (
905:), in decreasing hierarchical order
865:armistice ending the First World War
3313:& Patrick Marsh (eds) (1989).
2871:"Effects of War on French children"
1916:) was first published by the Paris
1201:stayed there to defend against the
818:Italy's surrender in September 1943
785:consisted of small areas along the
584:on 11 November 1942 in response to
2460:), and a number were executed for
2172:German brothels in occupied France
1979:", performed by Reinhardt and the
1371:National Council of the Resistance
984:, the intelligence service of the
696:and annexation in the coming Nazi
440:Administration militaire en France
67:Administration militaire en France
25:
7289:World War II occupied territories
5373:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
4730:Military Administration in France
3846:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
3332:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
3232:by de Gaulle, then leader of the
2602:France: the dark years, 1940-1944
1991:was even invited to play for the
1981:Quintet of the Hot Club of France
1845:Schoolchildren were made to sing
1695:. Coffee was replaced by toasted
1376:Conseil National de la RĂ©sistance
1353:, hitherto under orders from the
1329:, by German soldiers in July 1944
1279:157th Mountain (Reserve) Division
1254:in French Atlantic ports such as
1246:, between 60 and over 100 German
419:Military Administration in France
48:Military Administration in France
7304:1944 disestablishments in France
5861:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
4334:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
3257:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
3212:. Routledge, 2007. p. 227.
3030:Hetch, Emmanuel (October 2013).
2327:Armée française de la Libération
2305:declared the establishment of a
2252:
2236:
2214:
2198:
2179:
2147:
2138:French Jewish women wearing the
2131:
2115:
2092:
1902:Der Deutsche Wegleiter fĂĽr Paris
1411:. The most infamous one was the
1400:that provided ideal terrain for
1205:until it had to retreat in 1944.
801:, which were added to Germany's
399:
370:
352:
334:
105:
91:
5841:Norway (Administrative Council)
4314:Norway (Administrative Council)
2162:that has been converted into a
1755:Some people benefited from the
1578:Propaganda-Abteilung Frankreich
1321:Roundup of French civilians in
1166:when captured and liable to be
963:Parade of the collaborationist
676:and roughly about half each of
432:Militärverwaltung in Frankreich
382:Italian military administration
53:Militärverwaltung in Frankreich
6564:Government of National Defense
3019:fr:bombardement du 26 mai 1944
2388:on 25 August 1944, went on to
2017:Service du Travail Obligatoire
1670:Service du travail obligatoire
1471:By the eve of the liberation,
1293:716th Static Infantry Division
955:Collaborationism § France
923:German naval affairs in France
184:German military administration
1:
7299:1940 establishments in France
6473:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
6468:War of the Spanish Succession
5866:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
4339:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
3249:Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen
3178:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993
3090:London : Deutsch, 1989,
2997:, Conference of 6 June 2007,
2798:Tactical and Technical Trends
2319:French Forces of the Interior
2243:German soldiers and captured
1863:ideas of the new Vichy regime
1799:Western Front of World War II
1343:French Forces of the Interior
670:areas in north-eastern France
619:German soldiers march by the
32:Military occupation of France
5639:Army Group Rear Area Command
4946:Administrative divisions in
4752:Belgium and Northern France
4112:Army Group Rear Area Command
3419:Administrative divisions in
2703:, accessed 29 November 2008.
2684:. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
2303:Free French exile government
1950:Les Compagnons de la chanson
1502:At the end of the war, some
1481:Office of Strategic Services
1477:Special Operations Executive
1347:invasion of the Soviet Union
444:interim occupation authority
248:Carl-Heinrich von StĂĽlpnagel
6021:Belgium and Northern France
5644:Belgium and Northern France
4494:Belgium and Northern France
4117:Belgium and Northern France
3379:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940
3176:La France des années noires
3131:. Imperial War Museum. 2011
2767:Dear and Foot 2005, p. 321.
2653:Revue historique des armées
2504:, book by Bertram M. Gordon
2435:(19 November 1944) and the
2425:French 1st Armored Division
2419:on 15 August 1944, was the
2374:French 2nd Armored Division
2344:A plaque commemorating the
2307:provisional French Republic
2154:German soldiers entering a
1849:Maréchal, nous voilà !
1252:stationed in submarine pens
1242:1943: At the height of the
634:had been annexed after the
18:German Occupation of France
7320:
6954:French subdivisions by GDP
6701:2022 presidential election
6686:2017 presidential election
5523:Civil Administration Areas
5128:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
3996:Civil Administration Areas
3601:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
3080:Paris under the occupation
2411:The spearhead of the Free
2376:, tip of the spear of the
2189:strolling in front of the
2072:, and were transported to
2048:Many Jews were victims of
1995:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1880:
1413:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
1310:
948:
869:Second Compiègne armistice
849:General Charles Huntzinger
36:
29:
7215:
7015:
6902:
6795:
6724:
6458:Second Hundred Years' War
6300:Liberalism and radicalism
5393:North Brabant and Limburg
5388:South Holland and Zeeland
5383:North Holland and Utrecht
5378:Gelderland and Overijssel
3866:North Brabant and Limburg
3861:South Holland and Zeeland
3856:North Holland and Utrecht
3851:Gelderland and Overijssel
3191:, no 273, mai–juin 1979,
3008:retrieved 5 November 2009
2697:La convention d'armistice
1993:
1914:The German Guide to Paris
1203:allied strategic bombings
851:, representatives of the
750:("free zone"), where the
625:Avenue des Champs-Élysées
588:, the Allied landings in
497:Armistice of 22 June 1940
313:
309:
267:
253:
225:
121:
87:
82:
6729:Administrative divisions
5631:Military administrations
5163:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
4104:Military administrations
3636:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
3189:Historiens et GĂ©ographes
2655:, No. 250, 2008, pp77-84
2599:Jackson, Julian (2003).
2423:. Its leading unit, the
2299:stay-behind "fortresses"
2076:where they were killed.
1297:12th SS Panzer Division
832:Administrative structure
37:Not to be confused with
6949:Franc (former currency)
6554:Coup of 2 December 1851
6527:Long nineteenth century
4756:Military Administration
3336:Oxford University Press
3279:. New York: New Press.
3004:2 December 2008 at the
2682:resistance-en-isere.com
2676:13 January 2019 at the
2607:Oxford University Press
2522:Vinen, Richard (2006).
2193:in Paris, 23 June 1940.
2050:the Holocaust in France
1938:"Jeder einmal in Paris"
1567:After their victory in
1231:2nd SS Panzer Division
1027:Legionary Order Service
783:Italian occupation zone
654:.) The departments of
6969:Science and technology
6626:Provisional Government
6595:
6574:
6434:
6002:
5732:Puppet administrations
5536:Carinthia and Carniola
5203:
4978:
4970:
4950:and German occupations
4475:
4205:Puppet administrations
4009:Carinthia and Carniola
3676:
3451:
3443:
3423:and German occupations
2734:. Connecticut College.
2431:(25 August 1944), the
2369:
2106:made mandatory by the
1896:
1791:
1681:
1598:
1577:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1449:maquis de Saint-Marcel
1445:maquis du Mont Mouchet
1396:, so-called after the
1375:
1351:French communist party
1330:
1244:battle of the Atlantic
1238:4th SS Police Regiment
1135:
1046:Drancy internment camp
1035:National Popular Rally
970:
907:Oberfeldkommandanturen
889:
876:French colonial empire
820:, except for Corsica,
771:
734:
712:
656:Nord and Pas-de-Calais
628:
577:
564:
548:
529:
509:
501:
487:
477:
469:
461:
439:
431:
301:• Disestablished
168:
155:
145:
131:
66:
52:
39:French occupation zone
7274:Jewish French history
5183:Reichsfestung Belgrad
3656:Reichsfestung Belgrad
3352:34.2 (2020): 235-252.
3300:. London: Macmillan.
2826:Annales de GĂ©ographie
2497:Paris in World War II
2364:, and after the war,
2343:
2221:German road signs in
2209:after the liberation.
1942:"recreational visits"
1890:
1883:Paris in World War II
1786:
1679:
1453:Round up of Marseille
1320:
1311:Further information:
1307:Anti-partisan actions
1208:1941: Battlecruisers
1133:
962:
881:
769:
717:French pronunciation:
658:were attached to the
618:
536:French Third Republic
346:French Third Republic
200:Common languages
6774:World Heritage Sites
6691:Coronavirus pandemic
6185:Strength Through Joy
6144:Weather Station Kurt
5846:Norway (Quisling II)
5093:Munich–Upper Bavaria
5078:March of Brandenburg
4658:Strength Through Joy
4617:Weather Station Kurt
4319:Norway (Quisling II)
3566:Munich–Upper Bavaria
3551:March of Brandenburg
2635:ligne de démarcation
2311:advance to the Rhine
2279:Liberation of France
1822:ligne de démarcation
1511:forces. Some 40,000
1031:French Popular Party
627:in Paris, June 1940.
597:Liberation of France
526:The "French State" (
6912:Automotive industry
6696:2021 labor protests
6453:Peace of Westphalia
6321:History of Normandy
6316:History of Brittany
6004:Reichskommissariats
5836:Norway (Quisling I)
5766:Chechnya-Ingushetia
5426:Bohemia and Moravia
5411:Partial annexations
5222:Danzig–West Prussia
4852:Japanese occupation
4789:Reichsgau Oberrhein
4477:Reichskommissariats
4309:Norway (Quisling I)
4239:Chechnya-Ingushetia
3899:Bohemia and Moravia
3884:Partial annexations
3695:Danzig–West Prussia
2769:Dear; Foot (2005).
2579:on 24 January 2020.
2441:Sigmaringen enclave
2390:liberate Strasbourg
2366:a capital of Europe
2315:invasion of Germany
2054:concentration camps
2052:. Approximately 49
1924:, counted e.g. the
1810:Transportation Plan
1746:Jerusalem artichoke
1689:wood gas generators
1547:, and other towns.
1421:Le Paradis massacre
1164:SS security service
1116:collaborationnistes
1099:collaborationnistes
1097:have used the term
915:Kreiskommandanturen
824:by the landings of
822:which was liberated
707:The occupied zone (
672:, corresponding to
636:Franco-Prussian war
590:French North Africa
236:Otto von StĂĽlpnagel
138:: German (red) and
6979:Telecommunications
6681:2015 Paris attacks
6544:Revolution of 1848
6372:Visigothic Kingdom
5436:General Government
5113:Schleswig-Holstein
4826:Italian occupation
4765:Reichskommissariat
3909:General Government
3586:Schleswig-Holstein
3311:Gerhard Hirschfeld
3187:François Delpech,
3129:"NAZI PERSECUTION"
2893:E. M. Collingham,
2720:. Paris: Le Seuil.
2474:summarily executed
2417:landed in Provence
2370:
2070:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
2030:Operation Crossbow
1958:L'Étoile de Kléber
1897:
1877:Nightlife in Paris
1803:Operation Overlord
1682:
1457:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
1441:maquis des Glières
1437:maquis du Limousin
1349:in June 1941, the
1331:
1168:summarily executed
1136:
991:Sicherheitspolizei
971:
931:Admiral Frankreich
919:Ortskommandanturen
911:Feldkommandanturen
826:Free French forces
772:
721:[zonɔkype]
629:
218:Military Commander
7249:
7248:
7211:
7210:
7002:
7001:
6889:
6888:
6881:Political parties
6817:Foreign relations
6782:
6781:
6711:
6710:
6494:French Revolution
6448:Thirty Years' War
6429:Absolute monarchy
6394:Kingdom of France
6290:Foreign relations
6270:Political history
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6120:
6119:
6090:Other occupations
6085:
6084:
5996:
5995:
5711:Adriatic Littoral
5704:Operational Zones
5625:
5624:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5472:
5471:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5288:
5287:
5197:
5196:
4913:
4912:
4735:zone occupée/nord
4723:German occupation
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4593:
4592:
4563:Other occupations
4558:
4557:
4469:
4468:
4184:Adriatic Littoral
4177:Operational Zones
4098:
4097:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3945:
3944:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3761:
3760:
3670:
3669:
3328:Julian T. Jackson
3306:978-0-333-78230-9
3286:978-1-56584-439-1
3096:978-0-233-98511-4
3088:Jean-Pierre Azéma
2845:""Book Review of
2639:Demarkationslinie
2620:978-0-19-925457-6
2549:Sozial.Geschichte
2533:978-0-713-99496-4
2479:Ă©puration sauvage
2445:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2413:French First Army
2382:Normandy Campaign
2356:, the capital of
1930:Folies-Belleville
1814:marshalling yards
1703:, and sugar with
1594:Propagandastaffel
1587:regions of France
1583:Propagandastaffel
1573:HĂ´tel Beauharnais
1554:Propagandastaffel
1433:maquis du Vercors
1409:Battle of Vercors
1402:guerrilla warfare
1337:" by de Gaulle's
1335:Appeal of 18 June
1313:French Resistance
1220:. The battleship
1195:Battle of Britain
1156:irregular warfare
1152:British Commandos
1126:Occupation forces
1108:Robert Brasillach
1095:Jean-Pierre Azéma
980:Sicherheitsdienst
605:Provence landings
458:. This so-called
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
387:
386:
243:• 1942–1944
231:• 1940–1942
16:(Redirected from
7311:
7013:
6929:Economic history
6900:
6793:
6722:
6600:
6579:
6478:Seven Years' War
6443:Wars of Religion
6439:
6424:House of Bourbon
6419:Early modern era
6399:Fundamental laws
6275:Military history
6250:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6204:
6129:
6011:
6007:
5736:
5723:Alpine Foothills
5591:
5541:Gebiet Bialystok
5519:
5432:
5416:
5361:
5275:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
5238:
5212:
5208:
5153:Westphalia-South
5148:Westphalia-North
5068:Magdeburg-Anhalt
4988:
4983:
4975:
4966:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4859:French Indochina
4770:
4760:
4747:
4739:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4602:
4484:
4480:
4209:
4196:Alpine Foothills
4064:
4014:Gebiet Bialystok
3992:
3905:
3889:
3834:
3748:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
3711:
3685:
3681:
3626:Westphalia-South
3621:Westphalia-North
3541:Magdeburg-Anhalt
3461:
3456:
3448:
3439:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3375:
3367:
3290:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3205:
3199:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3125:
3119:
3117:978-01951-6752-8
3107:Michael Dregni:
3105:
3099:
3077:
3071:
3069:978-14094-2133-7
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2701:mjp.univ-perp.fr
2694:
2685:
2668:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2572:. Archived from
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2457:épuration légale
2396:made by General
2362:ElsaĂź-Lothringen
2256:
2240:
2218:
2202:
2183:
2151:
2135:
2119:
2096:
2026:V-1 launch sites
1998:
1997:
1973:Django Reinhardt
1943:
1910:
1859:personality cult
1836:and singing the
1603:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1398:maquis shrubland
1378:
1363:the eight major
1087:Stanley Hoffmann
966:Milice Française
861:Compiègne Forest
757:demarcation line
735:Besetztes Gebiet
729:
723:
718:
611:Occupation zones
582:
569:
553:
532:
514:
506:
492:("south zone").
490:
482:
472:
464:
426:
403:
402:
391:
390:
374:
373:
356:
355:
338:
337:
331:
330:
315:
314:
295:11 November 1942
278:
276:Second Compiègne
182:Territory under
173:
160:
150:
136:
126:
109:
95:
77:
69:
63:
55:
44:
21:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7245:
7244:
7225:
7207:
7188:Public holidays
7101:
7060:Life expectancy
6998:
6885:
6778:
6707:
6676:Great Recession
6649:Fourth Republic
6644:1900 to present
6632:
6549:Second Republic
6513:
6482:
6405:
6358:
6325:
6304:
6239:
6231:
6201:
6192:
6188:holiday resorts
6168:
6116:
6081:
6045:
5992:
5976:
5890:
5727:
5699:
5621:
5605:
5580:
5513:
5498:
5468:
5430:
5397:
5359:
5284:
5236:
5193:
5167:
5048:Halle-Merseburg
5033:Electoral Hesse
5023:Eastern Hanover
4960:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4914:
4909:
4886:
4875:Thai occupation
4870:
4847:
4833:Mainland France
4821:
4810:settlement zone
4776:Alsace-Lorraine
4768:
4758:
4745:
4737:
4718:
4704:
4674:
4665:
4661:holiday resorts
4641:
4589:
4554:
4518:
4465:
4449:
4363:
4200:
4172:
4094:
4078:
4053:
3986:
3971:
3941:
3903:
3870:
3832:
3757:
3709:
3666:
3640:
3521:Halle-Merseburg
3506:Electoral Hesse
3496:Eastern Hanover
3433:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3287:
3271:Philippe Burrin
3269:
3251:, (ed) (2005).
3245:
3243:Further reading
3240:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3106:
3102:
3084:Gilles Perrault
3078:
3074:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3006:Wayback Machine
2999:Defense.gouv.fr
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2832:(286): 155–156.
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2695:
2688:
2678:Wayback Machine
2669:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2488:
2386:liberated Paris
2323:military cadres
2275:
2268:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2228:Feldgendarmerie
2219:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2184:
2175:
2164:Soldatenbordell
2152:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2097:
2081:Serge Klarsfeld
2012:
1941:
1904:
1885:
1879:
1855:Philippe PĂ©tain
1624:
1615:
1585:in the various
1523:
1425:Maillé massacre
1315:
1309:
1128:
1002:Nacht und Nebel
957:
947:
939:Navy Group West
885:occupying power
857:Philippe PĂ©tain
842:Colonel General
834:
725:
716:
638:in 1871 by the
632:Alsace-Lorraine
621:Arc de Triomphe
613:
586:Operation Torch
534:) replaced the
515:leading to the
507:success of the
446:established by
422:
400:
381:
371:
363:
353:
345:
335:
302:
292:
279:
274:
244:
232:
210:
206:
174:
170:Alsace-Lorraine
117:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
96:
78:
71:
64:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7255:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7144:Cultural icons
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6964:Stock exchange
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6764:National parks
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6739:Climate change
6736:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6661:Fifth Republic
6658:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6569:Third Republic
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6504:First Republic
6501:
6499:Napoleonic era
6496:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Greek colonies
6341:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5886:Zuyev Republic
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Czechoslovakia
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5516:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Main Franconia
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Cologne–Aachen
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4985:
4963:
4957:Administrative
4953:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4843:French Tunisia
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4817:French Tunisia
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4798:Zone interdite
4794:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4706:Occupation of
4705:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4359:Zuyev Republic
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:Czechoslovakia
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Main Franconia
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Cologne–Aachen
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3436:
3430:Administrative
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3358:
3357:External links
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:French History
3346:
3325:
3323:978-0854962372
3308:
3291:
3285:
3267:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3218:
3200:
3180:
3167:
3156:
3142:
3120:
3100:
3072:
3051:
3022:
3010:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2912:
2908:French History
2899:
2886:
2861:
2835:
2820:g, J. (1942).
2812:
2776:
2773:. p. 321.
2760:
2757:978-3486579925
2737:
2723:
2705:
2686:
2663:
2659:rha.revues.org
2643:
2626:
2619:
2582:
2558:
2539:
2532:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2492:HĂ´tel Terminus
2487:
2484:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2223:occupied Paris
2220:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2091:
2011:
2008:
2003:Marthe Richard
1989:Jean Reinhardt
1878:
1875:
1742:Swedish turnip
1674:
1673:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1531:Hotel Majestic
1522:
1519:
1491:operation and
1417:Tulle massacre
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1240:
1227:
1206:
1160:Commando Order
1127:
1124:
1120:anti-communism
1104:Jacques Doriot
1071:, such as the
1048:, en route to
1033:(PPF) and the
946:
943:
897:Kommandanturen
845:Wilhelm Keitel
833:
830:
761:laissez-passer
665:zone interdite
612:
609:
517:Fall of France
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
397:
388:
385:
384:
375:
367:
366:
357:
349:
348:
339:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:25 August 1944
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
258:Historical era
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
242:
239:
238:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
180:
176:
175:
166:, and annexed
157:zone interdite
127:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
50:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7316:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7252:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:Birth control
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6800:Constitutions
6798:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:Années folles
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:Second Empire
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:July Monarchy
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:Ancien RĂ©gime
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Russia (KONR)
5945:
5943:
5942:Russia (ODNR)
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5662:zone réservée
5659:
5658:Atlantic Wall
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5484:Burgundy (SS)
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Upper Silesia
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Lower Silesia
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:Atlantic Wall
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Russia (KONR)
4418:
4416:
4415:Russia (ODNR)
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:zone réservée
4132:
4131:Atlantic Wall
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Burgundy (SS)
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Upper Silesia
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Lower Silesia
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:0-19-820706-9
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:Robert Gildea
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:2-7535-0136-X
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3219:9781134210886
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:(in German).
2550:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:, among them
2463:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:Oath of Kufra
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:the cathedral
2347:
2346:Oath of Kufra
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:). Thanks to
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Star of David
2102:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:was used for
2023:
2022:forced labour
2019:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:Crossing the
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:black markets
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:French people
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:SonderfĂĽhrers
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:Radio Londres
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Ascq massacre
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Saint-Nazaire
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Atlantic Wall
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:eastern front
1141:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Robert Paxton
1088:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:Maurice Papon
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:round up Jews
994:
992:
987:
983:
981:
976:
968:
967:
961:
956:
952:
945:Collaboration
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:civil affairs
888:
886:
880:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
768:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
748:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
722:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Franche-Comté
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:German Empire
637:
633:
626:
622:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
581:
580:
573:
570:
568:
567:
559:
557:
552:
551:
545:
541:
537:
533:
531:
530:État français
524:
522:
518:
513:
512:
505:
504:
498:
493:
491:
489:
483:
481:
480:
473:
471:
465:
463:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
383:
380:
376:
369:
368:
365:
362:
358:
351:
350:
347:
344:
340:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
291:
281:
277:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
237:
234:
220:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
172:
171:
165:
161:
159:
158:
151:
149:
148:
141:
137:
135:
134:
125:
120:
114:
108:
100:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7284:Vichy France
7251:
7130:Coat of arms
7120:Architecture
7092:Social class
7050:Homelessness
7035:Demographics
6989:Trade unions
6922:Central bank
6864:criminal law
6827:Human rights
6810:presidential
6654:Algerian War
6637:Contemporary
6611:Vichy France
6606:World War II
6576:Belle Époque
6509:First Empire
6411:Early Modern
6382:West Francia
6149:Schatzgräber
5653:
5571:West Prussia
5551:Lower Styria
5489:Holland (SS)
5260:Upper Danube
5255:Lower Danube
5058:Hesse-Nassau
5028:East Prussia
4998:Baden-Alsace
4961:Nazi Germany
4959:divisions of
4948:Nazi Germany
4902:
4898:Vichy France
4806:coastal zone
4796:
4787:
4782:Gau Westmark
4780:
4763:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4712:its colonies
4622:Schatzgräber
4126:
4044:West Prussia
4024:Lower Styria
3962:Holland (SS)
3733:Upper Danube
3728:Lower Danube
3531:Hesse-Nassau
3501:East Prussia
3471:Baden-Alsace
3434:Nazi Germany
3432:divisions of
3421:Nazi Germany
3349:
3331:
3317:. Berg Pub,
3314:
3297:
3275:
3252:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3123:
3108:
3103:
3079:
3075:
3058:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3035:
3025:
3013:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2846:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2797:
2770:
2763:
2748:
2740:
2726:
2717:
2700:
2681:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2601:
2574:the original
2561:
2555:(3): 83–131.
2552:
2548:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2477:
2466:Pierre Laval
2462:high treason
2455:
2453:
2449:Hohenzollern
2410:
2371:
2326:
2317:, using the
2289:
2283:
2276:
2247:, July 1944.
2226:
2191:Eiffel Tower
2187:Adolf Hitler
2163:
2140:yellow badge
2108:Vichy regime
2078:
2062:yellow badge
2047:
2044:
2038:
2034:réfractaires
2033:
2015:
2013:
2000:
1985:Salle Pleyel
1970:
1956:lived above
1946:Yves Montand
1937:
1926:Moulin Rouge
1922:Guide aryien
1921:
1918:Kommandantur
1917:
1913:
1900:
1898:
1893:Moulin Rouge
1846:
1844:
1839:Marseillaise
1837:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1808:The Allies'
1807:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1757:black market
1754:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1693:caustic soda
1683:
1646:malnutrition
1638:French franc
1632:
1625:
1616:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1566:
1551:
1549:
1524:
1512:
1501:
1497:supply lines
1470:
1463:
1461:
1406:
1391:
1381:
1364:
1332:
1299:Hitlerjugend
1298:
1282:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1199:Luftflotte 3
1198:
1190:Luftflotte 3
1188:
1184:Luftflotte 2
1182:
1176:
1137:
1115:
1098:
1085:
1081:(1st French)
1078:
1066:
1041:
1039:
1022:Franc-Gardes
1020:
1014:
1007:Paul Touvier
1000:
989:
978:
972:
964:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:Kommandantur
900:
896:
890:
882:
873:
835:
813:
811:
802:
780:
775:
773:
752:Vichy regime
745:
739:
713:zone occupée
706:
702:Neue Ordnung
701:
690:War refugees
663:
630:
594:
575:
562:
560:
556:Vichy France
527:
525:
494:
485:
475:
467:
462:zone occupée
459:
452:World War II
448:Nazi Germany
418:
416:
378:
364:Vichy France
360:
342:
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
282:22 June 1940
262:World War II
153:
143:
133:zone occupée
129:
7294:Axis powers
7240:WikiProject
7055:Immigration
7045:Health care
6907:Agriculture
6859:enforcement
6616:Free France
6585:World War I
6532:Restoration
6519:Late Modern
6389:Middle Ages
6364:Middle Ages
6349:Celtic Gaul
6026:Netherlands
5826:Netherlands
5566:Sudetenland
5514:occupations
5350:Vistulaland
5227:Sudetenland
5179:Prinz-Eugen
5083:Mecklenburg
4716:Axis powers
4499:Netherlands
4299:Netherlands
4039:Sudetenland
3987:occupations
3823:Vistulaland
3700:Sudetenland
3652:Prinz-Eugen
3556:Mecklenburg
3374:(in French)
3366:(in French)
3040:(in French)
2980:Ousby, Ian
2967:Ousby, Ian
2954:Ousby, Ian
2941:Ousby, Ian
2928:Ousby, Ian
2879:15 December
2854:15 December
2415:, that had
2378:Free French
2085:death camps
2066:Paris MĂ©tro
1905: [
1834:French flag
1712:French food
1699:mixed with
1514:malgré-nous
1509:Free French
1359:Jean Moulin
1339:Free France
1284:Panzer Lehr
1256:La Rochelle
1211:Scharnhorst
1148:Dieppe raid
1112:Marcel DĂ©at
1079:Charlemagne
853:Third Reich
807:and Corsica
648:Third Reich
319:Preceded by
7258:Categories
7183:Philosophy
7168:Literature
7080:secularism
6876:Parliament
6671:2005 riots
6621:Liberation
6487:Revolution
6354:Roman Gaul
6339:Prehistory
6295:Journalism
6159:Bassgeiger
6139:New Swabia
6107:San Marino
5932:Montenegro
5856:Montenegro
5678:Luxembourg
5556:Luxembourg
5340:Vandalland
5305:Beskidland
5232:Wartheland
5205:Reichsgaus
5018:DĂĽsseldorf
4904:Zone libre
4632:Bassgeiger
4612:New Swabia
4580:San Marino
4405:Montenegro
4329:Montenegro
4151:Luxembourg
4029:Luxembourg
3813:Vandalland
3778:Beskidland
3705:Wartheland
3678:Reichsgaus
3491:DĂĽsseldorf
3334:. Oxford:
3255:. Rennes:
3044:23 October
2745:Peter Lieb
2609:. p.
2354:Strasbourg
2331:Lend-Lease
2245:communists
2166:(military
2110:in France.
2039:maquisards
2010:Oppression
1954:Edith Piaf
1881:See also:
1765:cigarettes
1668:, and the
1633:Reichsmark
1622:Daily life
1606:censorship
1521:Propaganda
1493:demolition
1485:Nancy Wake
1447:, and the
1427:, and the
1393:maquisards
1388:Stalingrad
1365:RĂ©sistance
1289:XIXth Army
1069:Bolsheviks
1062:Mauthausen
1058:Buchenwald
988:, and the
949:See also:
935:Case Anton
899:(singular
747:zone libre
644:re-annexed
599:after the
579:Case Anton
503:blitzkrieg
499:after the
479:zone libre
290:Case Anton
147:zone libre
7040:Education
6994:Transport
6844:Judiciary
6805:Elections
6759:Mountains
6717:Geography
6463:Louis XIV
6253:Overviews
6180:Nordstern
6164:Edelweiss
6072:Turkestan
6062:Don-Volga
5962:Turkestan
5912:Cossackia
5851:Macedonia
5811:Lithuania
5716:Ljubljana
5601:Bialystok
5586:Districts
5250:Carinthia
5143:Weser-Ems
5133:Thuringia
5103:Pomerania
5088:Moselland
5043:Franconia
4653:Nordstern
4637:Edelweiss
4545:Turkestan
4535:Don-Volga
4435:Turkestan
4385:Cossackia
4324:Macedonia
4284:Lithuania
4189:Ljubljana
4074:Bialystok
4059:Districts
3723:Carinthia
3616:Weser-Ems
3606:Thuringia
3576:Pomerania
3561:Moselland
3516:Franconia
3197:0046-757X
3037:L'Express
2805:28 August
2633:The name
2451:dynasty.
2297:remained
2273:Aftermath
2261:army band
2156:synagogue
2074:Auschwitz
2036:) became
1962:Carlingue
1948:or later
1867:in Poland
1805:in 1944.
1782:Ian Ousby
1727:rationing
1720:Champagne
1705:saccharin
1613:Civilians
1569:June 1940
1355:Comintern
1323:Le Faouët
1233:Das Reich
1217:Gneisenau
1158:. In his
1106:, writer
1050:Auschwitz
933:. After
838:armistice
799:Marseille
742:Aquitaine
727:‹See Tfd›
698:New Order
682:Champagne
511:Wehrmacht
470:zone nord
442:) was an
424:‹See Tfd›
83:1940–1944
7230:Category
7163:Language
7075:Religion
7020:Abortion
6974:Taxation
6871:Military
6832:Intersex
6822:Politics
6788:Politics
6590:Interwar
6285:Economic
6280:Language
6265:Timeline
6173:Proposed
6154:Holzauge
6057:Caucasia
6050:Proposed
5988:Brittany
5981:Proposed
5972:Wallonia
5957:Slovakia
5907:Bulgaria
5881:Wallonia
5871:Slovakia
5786:Flanders
5668:Slovakia
5617:Brussels
5610:Proposed
5576:Zichenau
5546:Lorraine
5494:Lombardy
5477:Proposed
5365:Westland
5355:Wallonia
5335:Nordmark
5330:Gothland
5320:Flanders
5315:Burgundy
5293:Proposed
5265:Salzburg
5172:Proposed
5158:Westmark
5098:NSDAP/AO
5003:Bayreuth
4980:Altreich
4891:See also
4864:Cambodia
4759:(1940–4)
4746:(1942–4)
4743:zone sud
4738:(1940–4)
4646:Proposed
4627:Holzauge
4530:Caucasia
4523:Proposed
4461:Brittany
4454:Proposed
4445:Wallonia
4430:Slovakia
4380:Bulgaria
4354:Wallonia
4344:Slovakia
4259:Flanders
4141:Slovakia
4090:Brussels
4083:Proposed
4049:Zichenau
4019:Lorraine
3967:Lombardy
3950:Proposed
3838:Westland
3828:Wallonia
3808:Nordmark
3803:Gothland
3793:Flanders
3788:Burgundy
3766:Proposed
3738:Salzburg
3645:Proposed
3631:Westmark
3571:NSDAP/AO
3476:Bayreuth
3453:Altreich
3330:(2001).
3296:(2002).
3273:(1998).
3135:18 April
3002:Archived
2674:Archived
2486:See also
2406:division
2384:and had
2313:and the
2284:Overlord
2265:Bordeaux
1763:against
1735:calories
1656:blockade
1541:Bordeaux
1479:and the
1455:and the
1327:Brittany
1260:Bordeaux
1223:Bismarck
1025:and the
814:zone sud
803:zone sud
776:zone sud
694:settlers
686:Picardie
674:Lorraine
601:Normandy
566:de facto
550:Auvergne
488:zone sud
7221:Outline
7203:Theatre
7198:Symbols
7158:Gardens
7148:Fashion
7140:Cuisine
7107:Culture
7097:Welfare
7070:Poverty
7008:Society
6984:Tourism
6944:Exports
6917:Banking
6895:Economy
6854:history
6749:Islands
6744:Borders
6377:Francia
6331:Ancient
6309:Regions
6260:History
6245:History
6132:Founded
6112:Tunisia
6097:Finland
6067:Muscovy
6041:Ukraine
6036:Ostland
6014:Founded
5967:Ukraine
5937:Romania
5927:Hungary
5902:Belarus
5876:Ukraine
5801:Hungary
5781:Denmark
5771:Croatia
5761:Belarus
5756:Austria
5746:Albania
5739:Founded
5649:Croatia
5594:Founded
5444:Galicia
5419:Founded
5325:Galicia
5310:Brabant
5242:Austria
5215:Founded
5189:Holland
5118:Silesia
5053:Hamburg
4991:Founded
4838:Corsica
4714:by the
4605:Founded
4585:Tunisia
4570:Finland
4540:Muscovy
4514:Ukraine
4509:Ostland
4487:Founded
4440:Ukraine
4410:Romania
4400:Hungary
4375:Belarus
4349:Ukraine
4274:Hungary
4254:Denmark
4244:Croatia
4234:Belarus
4229:Austria
4219:Albania
4212:Founded
4122:Croatia
4067:Founded
3917:Galicia
3892:Founded
3798:Galicia
3783:Brabant
3715:Austria
3688:Founded
3662:Holland
3591:Silesia
3526:Hamburg
3464:Founded
2421:I Corps
2402:company
2398:Leclerc
2335:V-E day
2290:Dragoon
2267:, 1942.
2259:German
2168:brothel
2001:Loi de
1983:in the
1826:Ausweis
1784:wrote:
1777:Ausweis
1701:chicory
1642:plunder
1561:Staffel
1536:Staffel
1527:Potsdam
1504:580,000
1384:Gestapo
1272:Lorient
1248:U-boats
975:Gestapo
969:, 1944.
646:by the
623:on the
450:during
288:•
273:•
212:Occitan
190:Capital
140:Italian
7235:Portal
7135:Cinema
7115:Anthem
7087:Racism
7065:People
6959:Mining
6934:Energy
6769:Rivers
6734:Cities
6666:May 68
6237:topics
6234:France
6102:Monaco
6031:Norway
5952:Serbia
5922:Greece
5917:France
5895:Exiled
5796:Greece
5791:France
5688:Serbia
5683:Poland
5673:Greece
5654:France
5531:Alsace
5512:German
5464:Warsaw
5454:Lublin
5449:KrakĂłw
5345:Venice
5280:Vienna
5270:Styria
5123:Swabia
5108:Saxony
5008:Berlin
4769:(1944)
4708:France
4575:Monaco
4504:Norway
4425:Serbia
4395:Greece
4390:France
4368:Exiled
4269:Greece
4264:France
4161:Serbia
4156:Poland
4146:Greece
4127:France
4004:Alsace
3985:German
3937:Warsaw
3927:Lublin
3922:KrakĂłw
3818:Venice
3753:Vienna
3743:Styria
3596:Swabia
3581:Saxony
3481:Berlin
3342:
3321:
3304:
3283:
3263:
3216:
3195:
3115:
3094:
3067:
2897:(2011)
2755:
2617:
2530:
2470:Verdun
2437:Danube
2358:Alsace
2225:. The
2101:yellow
2058:Drancy
1977:Nuages
1975:song "
1966:curfew
1934:Bobino
1871:Jewish
1830:curfew
1772:curfew
1761:barter
1697:barley
1685:Ersatz
1443:, the
1439:, the
1435:, the
1423:, the
1419:, the
1367:groups
1277:1944:
1270:, and
1229:1942:
1181:1940:
1140:France
1054:Dachau
1042:Milice
1019:, the
1016:Milice
993:(SiPo)
977:, the
953:, and
917:, and
816:after
731:German
709:French
650:(thus
456:France
436:French
428:German
221:
208:French
204:German
179:Status
162:, the
152:, the
113:Emblem
74:French
70:
60:German
56:
7193:Sport
7178:Music
7173:Media
7030:Crime
6754:Lakes
6125:Other
5821:Lokot
5816:Lepel
5806:Italy
5693:Banat
5561:Posen
5459:Radom
5300:Banat
5038:Essen
4598:Other
4294:Lokot
4289:Lepel
4279:Italy
4166:Banat
4034:Posen
3932:Radom
3773:Banat
3511:Essen
2874:(PDF)
2577:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2509:Notes
2433:Rhine
2429:RhĂ´ne
2348:near
2160:Brest
1909:]
1592:Each
1545:Dijon
1539:) in
1489:radio
1333:The "
1268:Brest
1250:were
791:RhĂ´ne
544:Vichy
540:Paris
379:1943:
361:1942:
343:1940:
194:Paris
7153:Flag
6939:Euro
6837:LGBT
6077:Ural
5831:Nias
5751:Asch
4972:Gaus
4710:and
4550:Ural
4304:Nias
4224:Asch
3445:Gaus
3340:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3193:ISSN
3137:2012
3113:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3046:2013
2881:2007
2856:2007
2807:2019
2753:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2372:The
2360:and
2287:and
2277:The
2124:Jews
2099:The
1971:The
1750:milk
1744:and
1214:and
1118:was
1093:and
1060:and
1040:The
1009:and
982:(SD)
847:and
797:and
795:Lyon
787:Alps
781:The
684:and
603:and
572:Nazi
417:The
128:The
99:Flag
7125:Art
6849:Law
2611:247
2482:).
2443:in
2352:of
2321:as
2263:in
2207:FFI
2158:in
1932:or
1379:).
1110:or
921:.
704:).
546:in
7260::
5660:‧
4133:‧
3338:.
3259:.
3086:;
3082:,
3034:.
2849:""
2830:51
2828:.
2824:.
2779:^
2747::
2708:^
2689:^
2680:,
2613:.
2605:.
2585:^
2553:18
2408:.
2174:).
2170:→
2042:.
1907:fr
1707:.
1589:.
1550:A
1543:,
1459:.
1404:.
1325:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1281:,
1266:,
1262:,
1258:,
1236:,
1197:.
1187:,
1122:.
1083:.
1064:.
1056:,
986:SS
941:.
913:,
909:,
871:.
809:.
805:,
733::
724:,
715:,
711::
688:.
680:,
558:.
438::
434:;
430::
6226:e
6219:t
6212:v
5664:)
5656:(
5185:)
5181:(
4984:)
4976:(
4939:e
4932:t
4925:v
4699:e
4692:t
4685:v
4137:)
4129:(
3658:)
3654:(
3457:)
3449:(
3412:e
3405:t
3398:v
3289:.
3222:.
3139:.
3098:.
3048:.
2883:.
2858:.
2809:.
2641:.
2623:.
2536:.
2142:.
2122:"
1912:(
1851:"
1847:"
1672:.
1373:(
1302:.
1274:.
700:(
421:(
76:)
72:(
62:)
58:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
