German Shepherd - Knowledge (XXG)

1110: 1070: 4787: 674: 428:. Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben. Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring. This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed. Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog. 558: 5408: 1336: 1328: 1227: 69: 1094: 1036:, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females. An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work. 1319:, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint. A North American study analysing more than 1,000,000 hip and 250,000 elbow scans in dogs over the age of two found the German Shepherd Dog to have a rate of hip and elbow dysplasia to be 18.9% and 17.8% respectively. The German Shepherd had the 8th highest rate of hip dysplasia and 6th highest rate of elbow dysplasia. Another North American study found 10.26% of German Shepherd Dogs surveyed at teaching hospitals to have hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% overall. 686: 730: 638: 858: 595:. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the 1405: 887: 499: 5396: 1082: 662: 1131: 941: 350: 650: 1185: 914: 5420: 796: 389:, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working. He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog. 992:. They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These 1043:

are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers. The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United

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would affect the breed's popularity and legality. The name Alsatian remained for five decades, until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds. The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as

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German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective

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During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds. Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators. In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was

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German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as

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The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German

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The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of

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acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed. Hitler kept

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and 12.7 years for purebreds; a 2022 UK study using veterinary records found a life expectancy of 10.16 years compared to 11.23 overall and 11.82 for crossbreeds; in Italy a 2024 study found a life expectancy of 10 years, the same as the overall but less than the 11 year average for crossbreeds; a

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Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment. Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most

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In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein. Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and

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was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany. The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote; some members believed dogs should be bred

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Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo;

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was produced in 1975, which was loosely based on the actual dog's story, setting the events more than a decade after the real Kántor died. It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history, making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since. The

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recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell. The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.

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varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.

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While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales, once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th.

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are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events. Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia,

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detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions. At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a

490:. The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929. Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised. 807:'s original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly. He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability. 830:

The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement." The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems.

818:, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed. Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. 614:

and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club. The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a.

972:) is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the 1196:

accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000. The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors

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popularised the breed further. The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s.

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popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US. It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries. It was the third-most registered breed by the

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is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females. German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to

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With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary. At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.

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of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.

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with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types.

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disorder in the German Shepherd dog for a long time. The condition causes growth retardation. The puppy coat is retained into adulthood and guard hairs fail to fully develop outside of the distal extremities. Eventually full

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Multiple studies have found the life expectancy of the German Shepherd to be lower than that of the overall life expectancy found in the study: a 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.3 years, compared to 12 years for

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2005 study in Sweden based on insurance data found 51% of German Shepherd dogs died by the age of 10, lower than the overall rate of 10 year survival at 35%. A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 10.08 years.

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solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance. While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.

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Steffen, F.; Hunold, K.; Scharf, G.; Roos, M.; Flückiger, M. (2007). "A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis".

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Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (15 June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs".

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Voorbij, Annemarie M. W. Y.; van Steenbeek, Frank G.; Vos-Loohuis, Manon; Martens, Ellen E. C. P.; Hanson-Nilsson, Jeanette M.; van Oost, Bernard A.; Kooistra, Hans S.; Leegwater, Peter A. (23 November 2011).

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During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism. German Shepherds were coveted as

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As Max von Stephanitz stated, 'A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question.' Max pounded the issue that the German Shepherd was a working breed first and

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No. 92 (July 1955) Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in 'Ace, the Bat-Hound!' In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace.

4282:"A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK" 1069: 1362:

have been shown to be carriers of the mutation, explaining the spread and prevalence of the disorder. This condition has been observed in breeds that were crossed with German Shepherd dogs such as the

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duty, and they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards. German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft or as

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Bailey, Chad M.; Hinchcliff, Katharine M.; Moore, Zachary; Pu, Lee L.Q. (November 2020). "Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature".

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When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog. But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and

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The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed.

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is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.

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found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in the United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment.

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Untreated dogs usually live between 3-5 years. Dogs that undergo treatment can live healthily for several years but are still unlikely to have a normal life expectancy.

1141: 827:, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal". 1044:

Kingdom trains some German Shepherds, while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.

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Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from

4448:"Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings" 2810: 512:, by von Stephanitz, translating to "German Shepherd Dog". At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as 5186: 3854: 973: 673: 338: 251: 6171: 1315:(CHD) is the abnormal formation of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, 4206: 3392: 5352: 1274:

gene. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.

3684: 2110: 2093: 1730:(21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949), 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the London Blitz 1594: 4148:"Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death" 393:

was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately. After purchasing the dog he changed his name to

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and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black,

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Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed's life. One such common ailment is

771: 557: 2522: 1851:(died 2000), 14 January 2003 for service in April 1998 in apprehending a gunman and in crowd control during protection of refugees in the 2707: 407:'s establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous, a position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the 1331:

Two Karelian Bear Dogs at 10 months of age, left is an unaffected littermate and on the right is a bitch affected by pituitary dwarfism

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McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).

3114: 2017:– April 2009), Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States 5810: 5302: 5246: 5214: 5174: 5150: 5131: 5112: 5073: 5005: 3059: 2532: 2141: 2120: 1282: 1251: 1250:

found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used. The

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The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue,

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which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is

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Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped, after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a

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at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover. Preparing for

685: 5312: 2730: 1335: 1327: 896: 4654:"A Contracted DNA Repeat in LHX3 Intron 5 Is Associated with Aberrant Splicing and Pituitary Dwarfism in German Shepherd Dogs" 3640: 3602: 2762: 2651: 637: 5026: 4937: 4255:

Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.).

3228: 2946: 2438: 1695:(1939–1953), 28 January 1949 for war service in North Africa and England and post-war assistance in an escape from communist 1633:(1941 – 29 April 1945), Hitler's pet on which he tested the cyanide capsules he later consumed to commit suicide, killing her 244: 5407: 3220: 2180: 1226: 5386: 3662: 3186: 2548: 1790: 1747: 4389:"Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in German shepherd dogs" 2856: 30: 6020: 1852: 1818: 1782: 1733: 1519:(January 1, 1895 – after 1899), considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds 766: 537:

of the era. The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog", after the French region of

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Ellie and Jones (Shepherd mixes), 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to

5763: 5521: 5516: 3938: 1806: 1644: 4866:"Kántor: a leghíresebb magyar rendőrkutya története (Kántor: the history of the most famous Hungarian police dog)" 1343: 1063:" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history. 6166: 5905: 5531: 5511: 5445: 2409: 1912: 1887:

Anya, 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008

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Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O’Neill, Dan G. (28 April 2022).

3577: 3573: 1988: 1778: 1657: 1374:. Pituitary dwarfism in other dog breeds (excluding those with German Shepherd ancestry) is extremely rare. 1371: 1267: 519: 456: 303: 3245: 6090: 4626:

Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (8 December 2014).

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Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the

852: 787:, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)). 775:, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a 661: 627: 232: 3043:

While the dog should be approachable and friendly, he does not make immediate friendships with strangers.

1477: 6181: 5915: 5795: 5756: 1891: 1751: 1721:, 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the 1664: 1660: 1390: 1302: 993: 823: 718: 649: 534: 533:, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity, due to the 239: 721:, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds. 709:

ranked the breed in second place. Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as

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Ondreka, N.; Amort, K.H.; Stock, K.F.; Tellhelm, B.; Klumpp, S.W.; Kramer, M.; Schmidt, M.J. (2013).

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The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of our Canine Companions

1759:, 2 March 1945 for locating air-raid casualties in thick smoke in a burning building in civil service 1312: 1247: 1211: 1153: 5270: 1736:, April 1945 for locating casualties in thick smoke in burning buildings in civil service in England 729: 6176: 6070: 5835: 5815: 5805: 5656: 5607: 4812: 4749: 1911:

Gage (died 13 July 2010), 22 August 2013 (posthumously) for service as a police dog in a suburb of

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occurs. The degree of growth retardation and other clinical symptoms varies between affected dogs.

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Investigations into the genealogy in 1978 found the mutation evolved in 1940 or earlier. Multiple

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in the 1950s and early 1960s, later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television

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in the 1950s and early 1960s. After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by

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Hand, M.; Thatcher, C.; Remillard, R.; Roudebush, P. (2000). "Small animal clinical nutrition".

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A common breed club's goal for German Shepherd body conformity, criticised by the UK Kennel Club

6115: 6105: 6085: 6000: 5965: 5935: 5850: 5800: 5706: 5298: 5242: 5210: 5191: 5170: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5044: 5022: 5001: 4761: 4701: 4683: 4631: 4599: 4591: 4555: 4537: 4469: 4428: 4316: 4260: 4229: 4187: 4169: 4128: 4120: 4068: 4050: 4023:"Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom" 4003: 3985: 3920: 3787: 3783: 3723: 3612: 3581: 3224: 3088: 3055: 2942: 2804: 2594: 2590: 2528: 2434: 2388: 2363: 2338: 2288: 2137: 2116: 1842: 1573: 1434: 1363: 1029: 886: 618:

Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have

468: 322: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6040: 6005: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5920: 5830: 5640: 4691: 4673: 4583: 4545: 4527: 4508:"Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds" 4459: 4418: 4408: 4306: 4296: 4221: 4177: 4159: 4110: 4100: 4058: 4042: 3993: 3977: 3912: 3080: 2280: 1940: 1451: 1040: 965: 702: 498: 452: 3345: 3290: 1032:. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of 6130: 5970: 5960: 5686: 5676: 5395: 3861: 3125: 2993:"German Shepherd Dog and Puppy Training Tips from the German Shepherd Dog Club of America" 2831: 2097: 2042: 1945: 1870: 1834: 1823: 1672: 1640: 1551: 1539: 1456: 1441:, initially in 1955, through 1964. From 1964 onwards, his appearances have been sporadic. 1239: 1215: 1193: 1020: 957: 949: 815: 619: 545: 530: 364: 330: 5910: 1004:. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs. 448: 413:

claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone.

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Ajax, 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an

6160: 5990: 5930: 5885: 5855: 5840: 5737: 5625: 5488: 5362: 5163: 3100: 2928: 2486:"The police dog situation: Ban on police dogs in Queens urged by magistrate Conway". 1739: 1618: 1611: 1585: 1445: 1289:. It is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease. 1001: 706: 480: 334: 5322: 4838: 4328: 4241: 4105: 4088: 3214: 2932: 2740: 1140:

deal primarily with the United Kingdom and the United States and do not represent a

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Dogwise: The Natural way to Train your Dog (1992), John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd.

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An adult Karelian Bear Dog bitch with pituitary dwarfism displaying severe alopecia

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part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010.

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stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than

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The East-European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former

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German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the

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Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024).

3084: 2188: 1777:– 2006), 5 March 2002 on behalf of all search and rescue dogs that served at the 1542:(7 September 1921 – after October 1928), featured in Hollywood films of 1923–1927 803:

The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from

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Holder, A. L.; Price, J. A.; Adams, J. P.; Volk, H. A.; Catchpole, B. (2014).

3916: 1923: 1897: 1701: 1606: 1008: 976:

as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national

776: 710: 603: 326: 183: 4687: 4595: 4541: 4173: 4164: 4124: 4054: 3989: 2292: 2284: 438:", being close to the wolf, and became very fashionable during the Nazi era. 6015: 5845: 5825: 5666: 5597: 5313:"FCI Standard No 166 Translated by German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia" 4259:(Sixth ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. p. 131. 2864: 1984: 1957: 1927: 1901: 1689:

Awards in the original 1943–1949 series for service in the Second World War

1648: 1604:, sometimes identified as Rando, police dog later featured in the 1989 film 1567: 1497: 1243: 1025: 1012: 714: 526: 472: 421: 417: 291: 5748: 4705: 4603: 4559: 4473: 4432: 4320: 4301: 4233: 4191: 4132: 4072: 4007: 3924: 3569:

Independent Vision: Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye

3092: 1934:

that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped

4723: 3811: 2337:. Foreword by Klaus P. Fischer. New York, NY & London, UK: Continuum. 1419:

became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by

1242:

which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause

6080: 6075: 5980: 5701: 5696: 5671: 5357: 4207:"Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" 2970: 2266:"Breeding racism: The imperial battlefields of the 'German' shepherd dog" 1530:(1 October 1917 – 24 June 1929), featured in Hollywood films of 1921–1927 1501: 1352: 1286: 780: 561: 4115: 3942: 1920:

Other military, police, search-and-rescue, and institutional guard dogs

1742:, 27 March 1945 for rescuing a drowning soldier in November 1944 in the 1616:

Rex, protagonist of the Austrian-Italian comedy-drama television series

795: 5617: 5589: 5462: 3744:"Armas de Versace, rubíes y diamantes: el lujo de los narcos mexicanos" 2020: 1971: 1967: 1951: 1881: 1462: 1266:

The German Shepherd Dog is one of the breeds more commonly affected by

1259: 1052: 577: 114: 4146:

Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, å; Olson, P (30 September 2005).

3508:"How to choose the perfect dog to fit your lifestyle, family and home" 1415:

German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media. In 1921

5995: 5870: 5541: 5503: 4205:

Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015).

3855:"Top Twenty Breeds in Registration Order for the Years 2015 and 2016" 2155:

Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds

2100:(in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed July 2020. 1979: 1935: 1630: 1577: 1430: 1378: 1056: 538: 444: 3030: 1254:

found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.

475:'s suicide. German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at 4965:"Finn receives PDSA Gold Medal at PDSA's first ever music festival" 4506:

Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017).

3958:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death" 3523: 3521: 1554:, grandson of Strongheart, featured in Hollywood films of 1934–1938 463:

to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result.

5470: 2007: 1403: 1382: 1334: 1326: 1225: 1183: 939: 912: 885: 856: 794: 728: 556: 497: 363: 348: 314: 3253: 6025: 5237:

Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner

1810: 1386: 1271: 317:. It has since been used in many other types of work, including 5752: 5434: 2568:. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed January 2022. 2469:"German shepherds owned by bootleggers: Kill dog in dry raid". 2335:

Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, scapegoats, and the holocaust

2004:, suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films 341:

had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.

5207:

The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics

1124: 525:

The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the

467:, a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the 5264:

German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with

4089:"Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy" 1500:

mount of Kántor's body is on display at the Police Museum in

1817:

for explosives and insurgent detection until injured by an

1346:, also known as pituitary dwarfism has been known to be an 5190:. Revised by Schwabacher, Joseph. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. 3941:. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2009. Archived from 2504:"Ban on Police Dogs in Queens Urged by Magistrate Conway" 1880:

bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of

838:

and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.

2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 1845:

in 1949–1952 (the only surviving dog of a four-dog team)

1833:), 6 February 2007 for anti-insurgency service with the 1277:

German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of

705:. In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, 3490: 3488: 3277: 3275: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2112:

Neonatologie beim Hund: Von der Geburt bis zum Absetzen

1385:

genes are responsible for the defect a mutation in the

1149: 34: 5086:

Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds

4576:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

3905:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

1805:– 20 January 2018), 5 April 2016 for service with the 1560:, featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938–1946 1048:

Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials.

193:

Tan with black saddle, sable, solid black or bi-colour

5384: 5161:

Strickland, Winifred Gibson; Moses, James A. (1998).

1548:(born 1924), featured in Hollywood films of 1924–1928 5257:"Extended Breed Standard of The German Shepherd Dog" 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4033:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6415. 2710:. United Schutzhund Clubs of America. Archived from 2566:

FCI breeds nomenclature: Deutscher Schäferhund (166)

2453:"Being the fashionable dog: Not mad, only natural", 1711:– October 1955), 29 March 1947 for service with the 1491:. A five-part thriller series for television titled 988:

German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as

298:

of medium to large size. The breed was developed by

5730: 5649: 5616: 5588: 5565: 5502: 5469: 3968:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. 1055:, was dissected and his body put on display at the 250: 238: 226: 221: 205: 197: 189: 179: 167: 154: 142: 129: 124: 110: 78: 61: 5290: 5234: 5162: 5064:. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 3368:"GSD Breed Council – Haemophilia 'A' Testing" 3338:"German Shepherd Dogs – Judges Training Programme" 2763:"Breed Standard for the White German Shepherd Dog" 701:German Shepherds were bred specifically for their 4630:. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders. pp. 44–49. 4518:(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918. 3718:Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). 3246:"GSD vs. WGSD – It's not a black or white issue!" 3151:"Council Reports of Dog Attacks in NSW 2011/2012" 2627:"German Shepherd – The Ultimate Service Dog" 1966:(1994–2006), earthquake search and rescue dog of 1592:Won Ton Ton, protagonist of the 1976 comedy film 779:, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a 2410:"Hitler's nurse breaks 60 years of silence" 3527: 2767:White German Shepherd Dog Club of America, Inc. 1461:was a famous and very successful police dog in 895:hips. It has been recognised since 1990 by the 5348:—The original registrar of the German Shepherd 5088:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. 3158:New South Wales Department of Local Government 3122:New South Wales Department of Local Government 2915: 2136:, second edition. London: Dorling Kindersley. 1987:(died December 1972), served in battle in the 1583:Joe, protagonist in the NBC television series 1214:in 2020, and seventh-most registered breed by 5764: 5446: 5000:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. 3639:. Guide Dogs of America. 2013. Archived from 2433:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 123. 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 1647:(born 17 January 2018), pets of US President 1138:The examples and perspective in this section 821:The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, 8: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3665:. Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2013 3604:The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health 3283:"German Shepherd Dogs – The Soundness Issue" 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 1622:of 1994–2015, and remakes in other countries 1281:, a common inherited bleeding disorder, and 834:The Kennel Club also recommends testing for 513: 507: 433: 408: 402: 5187:The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture 3780:Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog 2809:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2786:"15 Of The Fastest Dog Breeds In The World" 2652:"Change of Name – German Shepherd Dog" 2587:Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog 2555:. History of Agriculture. 20 November 2017. 1682:recipients (for military and civil defence 1389:gene is responsible for the condition. The 18: 5771: 5757: 5749: 5453: 5439: 5431: 4347:Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 3399:. Breed Information Centre. Archived from 3313:"KC confirms position on German Shepherds" 2000:, performing and unofficial police dog in 1230:Portrait of a ten year old German Shepherd 1156:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 218: 121: 67: 58: 4754:DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle 4695: 4677: 4549: 4531: 4463: 4422: 4412: 4310: 4300: 4181: 4163: 4114: 4104: 4062: 3997: 3250:White German Shepherd Dog Club of America 2510:. 7 January 1925 – via NYTimes.com. 1411:, one of the earliest canine stars (1921) 1172:Learn how and when to remove this message 4371: 3494: 1595:Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5391: 4752:; Dolan, Hannah, eds. (2010). "1950s". 3445: 3433: 3421: 3187:"Dog Bites: Information and Statistics" 3023:"Breed Standard — German Shepherd" 2725: 2723: 2721: 2305: 2076: 2035: 1513:The dog on which the breed was founded 1393:offers a genetic test for this defect. 1270:, which is caused by a mutation in the 1065: 633: 20: 4736: 3889: 3810:. American Kennel Club. Archived from 2802: 2317: 6051:Old German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche) 5346:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V. 4720:"List of films with German Shepherds" 4382: 4380: 3835:"The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2020" 3637:An International Guiding Eyes Program 3457: 2857:"Rasse-Lexikon Deutscher Schäferhund" 2387:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 952. 2362:. Viking-Penguin Books. p. 357. 2328: 2326: 2115:(in German). Hannover: Schlütersche. 2091:Deutscher Schäferhund (Langstockhaar) 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2053: 1884:in 2009 under dangerous circumstances 1713:13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion 1285:(EPI), a degenerative disease of the 974:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 447:, who was among several dogs in the ' 443:several more of the breed, including 339:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 252:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 7: 6056:Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai 4970:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4943:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4916:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4889:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4257:BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing 2897:from the original on 6 November 2016 2832:"German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard" 2613: 2429:Jacobs, Benjamin (18 January 2001). 2259: 2257: 2248: 2236: 1669:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1663:while he was in office, which bit a 1656:, police dog later kept as a pet of 1075:German night-watchman with dog, 1950 397:and von Stephanitz founded the 3213:Brazil-Adelman, Mary Belle (2000). 2861:Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen 2682:"Can the German Shepherd Be Saved?" 1873:recipients (for non-military dogs) 1764:After revival of the medal in 2000 1639:(11 November 2008 – 19 June 2021), 1508:Notable individual German Shepherds 5318:Australian National Kennel Council 5266:Australian National Kennel Council 3344:. 16 February 2010. Archived from 3073:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2736:Australian National Kennel Council 2708:"USA German Shepherd Dog Standard" 2431:The Dentist of Auschwitz: A memoir 2295:– via AnimalsAndSociety.org. 2187:. 30 December 2007. Archived from 783:, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a 755:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 502:Sable bitch (left) and dog (right) 49: 6172:Dog breeds originating in Germany 5811:Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog 5321:. 20 August 2013 . Archived from 5124:Training Your German Shepherd Dog 5107:. San Diego: Simon and Schuster. 3808:"AKC Dog Registration Statistics" 3685:"Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping" 3473:. American Rare Breed Association 3289:. 8 February 2010. Archived from 2658:. 19 October 2010. Archived from 2521:Kaleski, Robert (29 March 2011). 1283:exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 1252:Orthopedic Foundation for Animals 376:To combat these differences, the 356:, the founder of the breed (with 5418: 5406: 5394: 5269:. 26 March 2012 . Archived from 4289:Canine Genetics and Epidemiology 3216:The German Shepherd Dog Handbook 2769:, September 1997, archived from 1839:Malayan National Liberation Army 1524:In film, television and fiction 1129: 1108: 1092: 1080: 1068: 684: 672: 660: 648: 636: 410:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 404:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 399:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 4864:László, Enikő (8 August 2020). 4788:"Ace the Bat-Hound appearances" 4628:Canine and Feline Endocrinology 4106:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155 3541:"It's a dog's life in the Army" 2739:. 23 March 1991. Archived from 1218:in the United Kingdom in 2016. 897:American Rare Breed Association 602:German Shepherds have a double 304:traditional German herding dogs 4093:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2784:Staff, HK9 (31 January 2021). 2264:Skabelund, Aaron (June 2008). 2109:Axel Wehrend (editor) (2014). 1099:Rescue dog at the site of the 996:(MWD) are usually trained for 948:The White Swiss Shepherd Dog ( 286:, also known in Britain as an 1: 4152:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 3833:Reisen, Jan (16 March 2021). 3633:"Breeds and Matching Process" 3528:Strickland & Moses (1998) 3448:, pp. 14, 140 & 222. 2524:Australian Barkers and Biters 2011: 1827: 1809:of 2006–2012 in two tours in 1799: 1771: 1705: 1643:(born 1 September 2021), and 1566:, fictional superhero in the 1051:One Mexican German Shepherd, 962:Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund 529:; however, at the end of the 174:22–32 kg (49–71 lb) 162:30–40 kg (66–88 lb) 149:55–60 cm (22–24 in) 137:60–65 cm (24–26 in) 5184:von Stephanitz, Max (1994). 4679:10.1371/journal.pone.0027940 4533:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918 4414:10.1371/journal.pone.0096618 4387:Fels, L.; Distl, O. (2014). 3393:"German Shepherd Dog Health" 3115:"Reported Dog Attack Survey" 3085:10.1097/PRS.0000000000007253 2408:Harding, Luke (2 May 2005). 2055:[ˈdɔʏtʃɐˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt] 1791:New York City, United States 1748:Battle of Walcheren Causeway 1344:Congenital hyposomatotropism 1115:Military dog during training 1101:collapsed World Trade Center 752:A 2020 literature review in 733:A human infant with two dogs 566:Museum of Veterinary Anatomy 309:It was originally bred as a 51:German breed of shepherd dog 6021:Miniature American Shepherd 5205:Willis, Malcolm B. (1976). 5126:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. 5043:. New York: DK Publishing. 5041:The Encyclopedia of the Dog 3221:Barron's Educational Series 2967:White Paws: German Shepherd 2863:(in German). Archived from 2134:The Complete Dog Breed Book 1853:Royal Army Veterinary Corps 1246:. A study conducted by the 1152:, discuss the issue on the 767:National Geographic Channel 626:, liver, silver, blue, and 333:. It is commonly kept as a 6200: 5522:German Shorthaired Pointer 5517:German Roughhaired Pointer 5021:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 4998:Companion Animal Nutrition 4465:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.015 4226:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008 4047:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 3982:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w 3939:"Hip Dysplasia Statistics" 3566:Ascarelli, Miriam (2010). 2132:Kim Dennis-Bryan (2020 ). 1807:United States Marine Corps 1627:Pets of political figures 933: 906: 850: 745: 459:, Hitler ordered Dr. 5906:Carea Castellano Manchego 5786: 5532:German Wirehaired Pointer 5512:German Longhaired Pointer 5165:The German Shepherd Today 5141:Stevens, Katrina (2002). 5103:Pickeral, Tamsin (2014). 5058:Kern, Francis G. (1990). 4996:Ackerman, Nicola (2008). 4843:Police Museum of Budapest 4588:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818 3917:10.2460/javma.231.10.1529 2549:"Alsatian Dogs Bill 1934" 2537:– via Google Books. 2360:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 2046: 1913:Christchurch, New Zealand 1787:11 September 2001 attacks 1580:in DC Comics 1955–present 1423:. Both have stars on the 1298:Musculoskeletal disorders 1087:Swedish police dogs, 2007 1039:Currently, Labradors and 691:Long-haired black-and-tan 643:Saddle black-and-tan coat 409: 403: 266: 255: 243: 231: 217: 208: 200: 192: 182: 120: 66: 6146:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 5780:Herding and droving dogs 5289:Hart, Ernest H. (1985). 5018:Planet Dog: A Doglopedia 4938:"PDSA Gold Medal – Dogs" 4165:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 3693:Guide Dogs for the Blind 3436:, pp. 14 & 140. 2790:Highland Canine Training 2285:10.1163/156853008X357676 1785:in the aftermath of the 1671:in 1933 while living at 1598:, a spoof of Rin Tin Tin 1444:A German Shepherd named 1377:Unlike humans where the 944:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 936:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 930:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 515:Altdeutsche Schäferhunde 477:Nazi concentration camps 102:Altdeutsche Schäferhunde 31:latest accepted revision 6066:Polish Lowland Sheepdog 6036:New Zealand Heading Dog 5881:Cane Lupino del Gigante 5580:Old German herding dogs 5494:Westphalian Dachsbracke 5479:Bavarian Mountain Hound 5297:. New Jersey: T. F. H. 5293:The German Shepherd Dog 5143:The German Shepherd Dog 5084:Hancock, David (2014). 5015:Choron, Sandra (2005). 4099:. Elsevier BV: 106155. 3722:. Alpine Publications. 3601:Case, Linda P. (2013). 3578:Purdue University Press 3574:West Lafayette, Indiana 3424:, pp. 14 & 28. 3027:New Zealand Kennel Club 2891:Vonziü German Shepherds 2358:Beevor, Antony (2002). 2058:("German Shepherd Dog") 1989:United States Air Force 1779:World Trade Center site 1750:, an engagement of the 1658:United States president 1576:, fictional partner of 1372:Czechoslovakian Wolfdog 1268:degenerative myelopathy 970:Pastore Svizzero Bianco 520:old German herding dogs 337:, and according to the 6091:Sardinian Shepherd Dog 5145:. Willow Creek Press. 4452:The Veterinary Journal 4302:10.1186/2052-6687-1-10 4214:The Veterinary Journal 3695:. 2011. Archived from 3545:The New Zealand Herald 3160:. 2013. Archived from 3124:. 1999. Archived from 2181:"History of the breed" 1906:Hertfordshire, England 1861:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1489:Kántor in the Big City 1425:Hollywood Walk of Fame 1412: 1340: 1332: 1279:Von Willebrand disease 1231: 1189: 969: 961: 953: 945: 918: 891: 862: 861:East-European Shepherd 853:East-European Shepherd 847:East-European Shepherd 800: 734: 719:search and rescue dogs 573: 514: 508: 503: 434: 369: 368:Illustration from 1909 361: 5916:Catahoula Leopard Dog 5896:Cão da Serra de Aires 5796:Australian Cattle Dog 5353:"German Shepherd Dog" 5169:. Howell Book House. 4489:Mark Morris Institute 3609:John Wiley & Sons 3372:Gsdbreedcouncil.co.uk 2916:von Stephanitz (1994) 2731:"FCI Standard No 166" 2383:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 2051:German pronunciation: 2047:Deutscher Schäferhund 1752:Battle of the Scheldt 1665:United States senator 1661:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1570:universe 1952–present 1407: 1391:University of Utrecht 1338: 1330: 1303:Cauda equina syndrome 1229: 1188:A nine-week-old puppy 1187: 994:military working dogs 943: 916: 889: 860: 824:Pedigree Dogs Exposed 798: 746:Further information: 742:Aggression and biting 732: 560: 535:anti-German sentiment 509:Deutscher Schäferhund 501: 367: 352: 319:disability assistance 240:The Royal Kennel Club 222:Kennel club standards 97:Deutscher Schäferhund 6061:Pembroke Welsh Corgi 6046:Old English Sheepdog 6031:Nenets Herding Laika 5901:Cardigan Welsh Corgi 5866:Bouvier des Flandres 5861:Bouvier des Ardennes 5461:Dogs originating in 4726:on 16 February 2015. 3840:American Kennel Club 3778:Palika, Liz (2008). 2836:American Kennel Club 2585:Palika, Liz (2008). 2185:German Shepherds.com 2096:26 June 2020 at the 1313:Canine hip dysplasia 1248:University of Zurich 1212:American Kennel Club 1150:improve this section 1017:explosives detection 984:Use as a working dog 772:Dangerous Encounters 655:Black mask and sable 506:The breed was named 6071:Portuguese Sheepdog 5836:Bergamasco Shepherd 5816:Basque Shepherd Dog 5806:Australian Shepherd 5657:American Eskimo Dog 5608:Miniature Schnauzer 5552:Small Münsterländer 5537:Large Münsterländer 5325:on 15 February 2014 5276:on 21 February 2014 5233:Cree, John (1977). 4884:"PDSA Dickin Medal" 4670:2011PLoSO...627940V 4524:2017PLoSO..1272918O 4405:2014PLoSO...996618F 4374:, pp. 135–139. 4039:2022NatSR..12.6415T 3974:2024NatSR..14..531M 3871:on 10 December 2019 3201:National Geographic 2743:on 15 February 2014 2385:Hitler: A biography 2333:Sax, Boria (2000). 2273:Society and Animals 1908:, on 5 October 2016 1517:Horand von Grafrath 1478:Kántor Investigates 1348:autosomal recessive 954:Berger Blanc Suisse 748:Dog bite prevention 541:bordering Germany. 435:germanische Urhunde 395:Horand von Grafrath 358:Horand von Grafrath 87:German Shepherd Dog 21:Page version status 6011:Magellan sheep dog 5986:Icelandic Sheepdog 5722:Standard Schnauzer 5636:Miniature Pinscher 5372:on 23 January 2018 5122:Rice, Dan (1999). 4758:Dorling Kindersley 4027:Scientific Reports 3962:Scientific Reports 3403:on 7 November 2017 3348:on 19 October 2011 3256:on 10 January 2014 2662:on 27 October 2010 2527:. Read Books Ltd. 2508:The New York Times 2489:The New York Times 2472:The New York Times 2456:The New York Times 1564:Rex the Wonder Dog 1558:Ace the Wonder Dog 1439:Batman comic books 1413: 1400:In popular culture 1368:Saarloos Wolfhound 1341: 1333: 1323:Pituitary dwarfism 1232: 1190: 946: 924:United Kennel Club 919: 892: 863: 805:Max von Stephanitz 801: 785:Labrador Retriever 735: 574: 504: 387:Max von Stephanitz 370: 362: 354:Max von Stephanitz 300:Max von Stephanitz 27: 6154: 6153: 6116:Spanish Water Dog 6106:Shetland Sheepdog 6086:Pyrenean Sheepdog 6001:Lancashire Heeler 5966:Garafian Shepherd 5961:Galician Palleiro 5936:Croatian Sheepdog 5851:Bohemian Shepherd 5801:Australian Kelpie 5746: 5745: 5209:. K and R Books. 5197:978-99932-80-05-7 5095:978-1-84797-808-0 5050:978-0-7566-6004-8 4911:"PDSA Gold Medal" 4819:. 17 October 2017 4767:978-0-7566-6742-9 4637:978-1-4557-4456-5 4582:(12): 1818–1824. 4266:978-1-910-44339-2 3911:(10): 1529–1533. 3793:978-0-470-19231-3 3729:978-1-57779-106-5 3618:978-1-118-70120-1 3587:978-1-55753-563-4 3189:. 26 January 2008 2973:on 29 August 2008 2963:"About the Breed" 2867:on 25 August 2009 2688:. 28 October 2011 2600:978-0-470-19231-3 2394:978-0-393-06757-6 2369:978-0-670-03041-5 2344:978-0-8264-1289-8 2239:, pp. 11–21. 1843:Malayan Emergency 1680:PDSA Dickin Medal 1574:Ace the Bat-Hound 1435:Ace the Bat-Hound 1364:Karelian Bear dog 1182: 1181: 1174: 1041:Golden Retrievers 1030:visually impaired 1009:cadaver searching 1002:anti-tank weapons 765:According to the 469:Reich Chancellery 323:search-and-rescue 280: 279: 262: 261: 213: 212: 93:Alsatian Wolf Dog 6189: 6167:German shepherds 6126:Swedish Vallhund 6121:Swedish Lapphund 6041:Norwegian Buhund 6006:Lapponian Herder 5956:Finnish Lapphund 5951:Faroese Sheepdog 5946:English Shepherd 5921:Catalan Sheepdog 5831:Belgian Shepherd 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5365:. Archived from 5334: 5332: 5330: 5308: 5296: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5261: 5252: 5240: 5220: 5201: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5079: 5061:German Shepherds 5054: 5032: 5011: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4722:. Archived from 4716: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4681: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4608: 4607: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4535: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4416: 4384: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4353:on 24 March 2014 4349:. Archived from 4339: 4333: 4332: 4314: 4304: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4211: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4185: 4167: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4118: 4108: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3945:on 10 June 2009. 3935: 3929: 3928: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3864:. Archived from 3859: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3750:. 8 January 2010 3740: 3734: 3733: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3699:on 14 April 2014 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530:, p. 17–28. 3525: 3516: 3515: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3471:"Group 1 Breeds" 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3252:. Archived from 3241: 3235: 3234: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3167:on 19 March 2018 3166: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3130: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3079:(5): 1166–1176. 3068: 3062: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969:. Archived from 2959: 2953: 2952: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2714:on 10 June 2008. 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2582: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2193: 2192: 2177: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2130: 2124: 2107: 2101: 2088: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2016: 2013: 1950:, police dog in 1949: 1894:in November 2010 1832: 1829: 1804: 1801: 1776: 1773: 1710: 1707: 1704:, a.k.a. Brian ( 1486: 1475: 1460: 1437:appeared in the 1177: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1112: 1096: 1084: 1072: 769:television show 688: 676: 664: 652: 640: 594: 593: 589: 586: 517: 511: 453:Battle of Berlin 437: 412: 411: 406: 405: 275: 269: 219: 209:10 years or more 198:Litter size 122: 81: 71: 59: 39:5 September 2024 6199: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6131:Tibetan Terrier 5976:German Shepherd 5971:Gaucho sheepdog 5931:Collie (Smooth) 5782: 5777: 5747: 5742: 5726: 5687:Giant Schnauzer 5677:German Pinscher 5645: 5612: 5584: 5575:German Shepherd 5561: 5498: 5465: 5459: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5351: 5342: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5305: 5288: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5232: 5228: 5226:Further reading 5223: 5217: 5204: 5198: 5183: 5177: 5160: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5083: 5076: 5057: 5051: 5035: 5029: 5014: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4872:(in Hungarian). 4863: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4768: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4611: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3862:The Kennel Club 3857: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3777: 3776: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3748:Eleconomista.es 3742: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3514:. 8 March 2020. 3506: 3505: 3501: 3495:Pickeral (2014) 3493: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3397:The Kennel Club 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3342:The Kennel Club 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3287:The Kennel Club 3281: 3280: 3273: 3259: 3257: 3244:Harder, Aimee. 3243: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3034: 3033:on 20 July 2008 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3003:on 3 March 2018 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941:. p. 134. 2927: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2818: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2656:The Kennel Club 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2196: 2191:on 1 June 2008. 2179: 2178: 2165: 2152: 2148: 2131: 2127: 2108: 2104: 2098:Wayback Machine 2089: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2014: 1976:1999 earthquake 1943: 1871:PDSA Gold Medal 1835:Royal Air Force 1830: 1802: 1774: 1708: 1673:the White House 1540:Thunder the Dog 1510: 1480: 1469: 1454: 1402: 1325: 1295: 1240:elbow dysplasia 1224: 1216:The Kennel Club 1178: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1147: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1104: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 986: 938: 932: 911: 905: 890:Shiloh Shepherd 884: 882:Shiloh Shepherd 876: 855: 849: 844: 816:The Kennel Club 813: 793: 750: 744: 727: 699: 692: 689: 680: 677: 668: 665: 656: 653: 644: 641: 591: 587: 584: 582: 555: 546:wolf-dog hybrid 531:First World War 496: 347: 284:German Shepherd 271: 267: 175: 163: 150: 138: 106: 79: 74: 62:German Shepherd 57: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6141:White Shepherd 6138: 6136:Welsh Sheepdog 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Dutch Shepherd 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Collie (Rough) 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891:Cane Toccatore 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:Bearded Collie 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Kromfohrländer 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5631:Biewer Terrier 5628: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:German Spaniel 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5383: 5382: 5349: 5341: 5340:External links 5338: 5336: 5335: 5309: 5303: 5286: 5253: 5247: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5202: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5158: 5151: 5138: 5132: 5119: 5113: 5105:Dogs unleashed 5100: 5094: 5081: 5074: 5055: 5049: 5033: 5027: 5012: 5006: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4956: 4929: 4902: 4875: 4856: 4845:(in Hungarian) 4830: 4813:"TV dog stars" 4804: 4779: 4766: 4760:. p. 77. 4741: 4729: 4711: 4664:(11): e27940. 4643: 4636: 4609: 4565: 4498: 4479: 4438: 4376: 4364: 4334: 4272: 4265: 4247: 4197: 4158:(3): 121–136. 4138: 4078: 4013: 3948: 3930: 3894: 3882: 3846: 3825: 3814:on 11 May 2012 3799: 3792: 3786:. p. 25. 3761: 3735: 3728: 3720:Stockdog Savvy 3710: 3676: 3654: 3643:on 8 July 2010 3624: 3617: 3593: 3586: 3558: 3547:. 22 July 2008 3532: 3517: 3499: 3484: 3462: 3460:, p. 387. 3450: 3446:Hancock (2014) 3438: 3434:Hancock (2014) 3426: 3422:Hancock (2014) 3414: 3384: 3359: 3329: 3304: 3271: 3236: 3229: 3205: 3178: 3142: 3131:on 21 May 2009 3106: 3063: 3047: 3014: 2984: 2954: 2947: 2929:Coren, Stanley 2920: 2908: 2878: 2848: 2816: 2776: 2754: 2717: 2699: 2673: 2643: 2631:German Culture 2618: 2606: 2599: 2593:. p. 22. 2570: 2558: 2540: 2533: 2513: 2495: 2492:. 7 July 1924. 2478: 2461: 2446: 2439: 2421: 2400: 2393: 2375: 2368: 2350: 2343: 2322: 2310: 2306:Stevens (2002) 2298: 2253: 2241: 2194: 2163: 2159:FCI Newsletter 2146: 2125: 2102: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2005: 1995: 1982: 1961: 1955: 1938: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1895: 1892:diabetic shock 1888: 1885: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1846: 1821: 1793: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1716: 1699: 1697:Czechoslovakia 1677: 1676: 1675: 1651: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1614: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1571: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1509: 1506: 1401: 1398: 1324: 1321: 1307:osteoarthritis 1294: 1291: 1223: 1220: 1180: 1179: 1144:of the subject 1142:worldwide view 1137: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1034:Dorothy Eustis 985: 982: 934:Main article: 931: 928: 917:White Shepherd 909:White Shepherd 907:Main article: 904: 903:White Shepherd 901: 883: 880: 875: 872: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 843: 840: 812: 809: 792: 789: 743: 740: 726: 723: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 683: 681: 678: 671: 669: 666: 659: 657: 654: 647: 645: 642: 635: 554: 551: 495: 492: 378:Phylax Society 346: 343: 313:, for herding 302:using various 290:, is a German 278: 277: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206:Life span 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 173: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 134: 131: 127: 126: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 99: 94: 91: 88: 84: 82: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 55: 50: 48: 28: 22: 19: 17: 16: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6195: 6194: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:King Shepherd 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Cane di Oropa 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:Border Collie 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841:Berger Picard 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5738:Bullenbeisser 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Affenpinscher 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:Hanover Hound 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5368: 5364: 5363:Animal Planet 5360: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5304:0-86622-031-3 5300: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5248:0-7207-0993-8 5244: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5216:0-903264-15-3 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5176:0-87605-154-9 5172: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5152:1-57223-512-8 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5133:0-7641-0852-2 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5114:9781626862739 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:0-86622-865-9 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5007:9780750688987 5003: 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