German attack on Vimy Ridge

1922:

counter-attack would have to wait, allowing the Germans more time to consolidate. The large amount of German artillery near the ridge and sapping forward from their new positions, led Allenby to suspect that the Vimy Ridge attack was a preliminary for an attack on Arras. With the Germans involved in offensive operations in Russia and at Verdun, Haig thought that a bigger attack was unlikely. (The 6th Army had a plan for a more ambitious attack but this needed another 12 divisions and 40 batteries of heavy artillery, which were not available.) Wilson thought that the British could leave things as they were, on the assumption that the Germans would be content to consolidate their gains. If the Germans intended to attack again, he wanted to conduct a similar operation against the Germans, to re-capture the top of the ridge and the German positions down the reverse slope as far as their mine entrances.

1623:(a trench with a dead-end) with sixteen British troops inside behind a barricade; the British surrendered once they had been discovered. The Germans had great difficulty consolidating their new positions, in the dark, under artillery-fire and counter-attack; in the 8th Company area, the troops formed a human chain to pass hand-grenades forward. As dawn broke, the new positions had been dug down to head height but linking the new diggings to the lips of craters was done with great difficulty, because the explosions had thrown a great deal of earth onto the crater edges and British troops were throwing grenades into the craters. Communication trenches were too shallow; soldiers had to crawl along them once the sun was up and many were hit by bullets. The captured trenches had much British equipment in them which was used by the Germans to repulse counter-attacks. 1149:

battles of Artois in 1914 and 1915, hostilities had continued and on 8 February, the Germans captured 0.5 mi (0.80 km) of trench south of Central Avenue (Ave). On 21 February, the first day of the Battle of Verdun, Reserve Infantry Regiment 162 of the |17th Reserve Division captured Hill 120 (Giessler Heights, called The Pimple or Hill 145 by the British) the only ridge-top position still held by the French from the offensives of 1915. The German positions on the ridge gave excellent observation over the positions inherited by the British and made finding artillery emplacements most difficult. The maze of derelict and active trenches and artillery positions on and behind the ridge turned out to be an advantage, because the German artillery lacked the ammunition to bombard every position; many empty ones were hit and then repaired as a deception.

1237:

in the Souchez sector, with the other battalions holding the Loretto Spur defences. During the reshuffle of 19/20 May, the northern defences were taken over by the 23rd Division and the 140th Brigade took over Berthonval from the 74th Brigade, 25th Division and the 141st Brigade took over Carency from the 142nd Brigade, which went into divisional reserve and the 7th Brigade, 25th Division in P sector came temporarily under the command of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division. The intention to use the French front line as the principal defence had been thwarted by the German miners and detached posts established instead of a trench line were under constant German observation. Troops moved forward after dark and held the posts from

1495:(British left) attacked towards Momber Crater. In the smoke and dust the German infantry got half-way across no man's land before the British could see them, moving in skirmish lines, the men 3 yd (2.7 m) apart. Behind the foremost line, the British could see men carrying barbed wire, wood and machine-guns. The Germans were able to walk into the sector of the 140th Brigade, where the survivors of the bombardment were stunned and their weapons smashed or buried. The 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional artillery was short of ammunition and unable to help as communications had been cut. Many men of the 1/7th and 1/8th London were caught in their shelters and captured, except for a few who fought hand to hand. 1215:. From south to north the communication trenches to the British front line on the ridge were Grange Ave and Lassalle Ave–Royal Ave in P sector. In the Berthonval sector, access was by Central Ave–Cannon Street, Wortley Ave–International Ave, Landwehr Ave and in the Carency sector, the communication trenches were Ersatz Ave–Ersatz Alley, Uhlan and Coburg alleys. Neither side controlled the crest and to the south of the Berthonval sector, the British intended to treat the front line as the main line of resistance to protect Zouave Valley, which rose southwards from the valley of the Souchez river, about 800 yd (730 m) back from the front line. German gunners continually bombarded the 1030:, long trenches were dug to divert water from the front trenches; in January 1916, about 4,900 ft (1,500 m) of duckboards were laid by Reserve Infantry Regiment 76 alone. Conditions were so bad in the front line that soldiers fraternised to alleviate the conditions; on 25 January, the German companies in the line were transferred to end the fraternising. Conditions became so bad that infantry units were set to work to maintain the troops in the front line. The rains and French mortar fire destroyed German field fortifications almost as fast as they were built. To gain more defensive depth and to mislead the French about German offensive preparations at Verdun, the 1172:

Valley. There were few communication trenches to the front line and they were waterlogged and filthy with corpses. Where barbed wire had been put out, it was poor and in bad condition; the French positions were good enough for jumping-off lines for another attack but not for defence. The British resumed hostilities, only to find that their trench parapets were not bulletproof and both sides came into the open to dig better defences under a tacit truce. The British then found that the superiority of German observation was such, that turning the area into a "windy corner" of the Western Front had backfired; the construction of better defences was much harder than expected.

1931: 1944:

German guns were in action, the areas under the most severe bombardment, areas of greatest activity, if gas had been released and the direction it moved. Aircraft were considered better for artillery ranging, being able to operate in conditions which were impossible for the balloon. During the day, air observers saw far more gun flashes than the crew of the observation balloon but could see none after dark. A balloon observer could spot flashes at night and sometimes name the battery, given the observer's knowledge of the area. The advantage of telephone communication with the balloon observer over Morse wireless from aeroplanes was judged considerable.

1503: 230: 1632: 1337:(RFC) had been possible on only ten days. Aircraft observers saw several new light railways, a supply dump and at one place new assembly trenches were observed. The last reconnaissance before the German attack was flown on 17 May; the crew flew over the German trenches from 2,500 to 4,000 ft (760 to 1,220 m) but found that it was too dark to see into them. British military intelligence took the view that the Germans lacked the infantry and artillery necessary for an attack and the transfer of divisions from the First, Second and Third armies to reinforce the Fourth Army continued. 1499:

bombardment has been least effective. Some British troops erected barricades in parts of the trench and then fought until all were killed. Liaison between German units was difficult and later a fighting patrol was sent to gain touch with Footguard Regiment 5 (FR 5). On the right flank, RIR 86 had advanced so far that the 4th Company RJB 9 had to attack again to come into line and bogged down in the British reserve positions. Small British counter-attacks were repulsed during the night but the main effort went into consolidating the new positions and linking them to the old front line.

59: 151: 1013: 1158: 1579: 1256:

between Ecurie and Souchez, was judged politically impossible, after the great sacrifices made by the French in 1915. A retirement would also show the Germans that no spring offensive was intended, contrary to Haig's desire that one should be made to appear imminent by mining and trench raiding on the ridge. The British inherited a substantial French mining effort but found that German mining was more advanced. The war underground was taken over by the

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command. Troops of the 99th and 6th brigades edged forward and dug a new line 300 yd (270 m) up the slope from Zouave Valley. Mining in the Berthonval sector was not renewed and instead, German mine entrances were bombarded constantly by guns and trench mortars; tunnels were dug on the east slope of Zouave Valley as shelter for infantry in support and the situation did not change until the Canadian attack on 9 April 1917.

1661:

guns and fighter aircraft, patrolling all day, drove off German aircraft attempting to reach the area; a tactical reconnaissance was flown during the late afternoon. The air was too hazy for balloon observation; the balloon was sent up at noon but there was still too much haze. The day was relatively quiet and British officers went forward to establish where the front line was, amidst the shell-holes and mine craters.

957:, had to dig down before they could dig horizontally, a disadvantage made worse by a shortage of manpower and mining equipment. An attack was planned by the Germans to capture the British positions, from which mine galleries were being dug under the German defences. Success would gain more defensive depth and forestall mine attacks on the German positions before the British could organise their defences on the ridge. 1381:. Loringhoven found that the sector was by no means quiet, with a constant drain of casualties from mine blasts and night attacks. At the end of April, Loringhoven decided that a more permanent reply to the British was necessary and began to think of forcing the British back to the positions that the Germans had held before the Third Battle of Artois and occupying the British mine galleries. When the 1311:) and the 2/3rd London Field Company RE, with casualties of four killed and 18 wounded; the craters were named Momber, Love and Kennedy. On 15 May, the British blew another five mines between White Hart Ave and Angel Ave in the Berthonval sector under German trenches in an area they had captured in a previous attack. The new craters were swiftly occupied by six parties of the 11th Battalion, 1395:, a suburb of Lens, to Vimy, carefully hidden between houses and in buildings. British positions were photographed by reconnaissance aircrews and aircraft reinforcements and anti-aircraft guns, some on lorries, were used to deter British reconnaissance aircraft. Telephone silence was enforced and a stream of trucks delivered ammunition, un-noticed by the British. 237: 1446: 1686:(GHQ). The GHQ staff reiterated that Haig wanted a line established where it could be maintained and was willing to supply what guns, ammunition and troops were necessary. Wilson was keen to attack before the Germans could finish consolidating the captured ground and the army commanders agreed and the attack due that night was to go ahead. At 1295:, with five French tunnelling companies (gradually reduced to two). For the infantry of both sides, the feeling of sitting on a volcano was nerve racking. When either side sprung a mine, their troops would rush forwards and try to consolidate the near lip as their opponents smothered the area with artillery and machine-gun fire. 1895:(9–12 April 1917). Rupprecht was pleased about the large bag of prisoners (229) who were questioned by German interrogators and gave away much information on the orders of battle of the 47th (1/2nd London) and the 25th divisions, artillery-observation officer working methods, details about machine-guns and field fortifications. 1110:, to improve the Bavarian positions on Hill 145. The plan was to sap forward until the front line was 87–109 yd (80–100 m) from the French lines and then attack after a bombardment and a mine explosion on each flank. The preparations were obvious and the French replied with small-arms fire and artillery bombardments. 1882:

German reaction. Should the Germans continue operations on the ridge, the existing British positions would be at risk and there could be a delay in the return of the artillery. Although the Germans had gained observation over the British lines, they had not become untenable and Haig decided that the diversionary

1917:

on 22 May to find some of the objectives. Orders were given to stop consolidation during the day, to deny the British any clues as to the position of the new line. British guns extensively bombarded the German approaches and at noon, some German shells fell on the new front line. The German infantry

1912:

a complete success. Reserve Infantry Regiment 86 reported that there had been little British resistance but the other battalions noted hand-to-hand fighting and enfilade fire from the flanks. Consolidation of the captured ground had begun at once but some German companies had been unable to identify

1668:

on 23 May, after the moon was up, by the 99th Brigade, 2nd Division, the 142nd Brigade, 47th (1/2nd London) Division and the 7th Brigade of the 25th Division. Haig intervened later that day to insist that no hasty attack be made and the counter-attack was postponed until dusk on 24 May. On the night

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touch had been gained with RJB 9 on the left and the 5th Company on the right. Several troops tried to rush the British third line but were caught in crossfire and killed. An officer jumped into a trench and cut all the wires he could find but engineers advancing with the infantry failed to find any

1531:

on the right flank and the 1/20th London made defensive flanks along communication trenches and prevented their positions from being rolled up. All of the heads of the British mine galleries except for one in Royal Ave were captured; the Germans began to consolidate and the German guns kept up their

1526:

embankment in Zouave Valley and the 1/3rd. 1/4th and 2/3rd London Field companies RE were rushed up to occupy the trenches on the west slope of the valley. The German attack to the south against the positions of the 7th and 141st Brigades was less successful but the outpost line, part of the support

1323:

After a British mine attack on 15 May, a German destructive bombardment on the ridge defences was accompanied by artillery registration (adjustments of aim by trial and error, directed by an observer in the air or on the ground) on the British communication trenches. In the five weeks before 21 May,

1255:

When Haig discovered the real state of the French defences on the ridge, he ordered Allenby to hold the front line with outposts and strongpoints further back on the best defensive line that could be found. A retirement for 3,000–4,000 yd (1.7–2.3 mi; 2.7–3.7 km), to a defensible line

1673:

more artillery batteries were brought into action to fire on the new German positions and links to the rear. The 140th Brigade was withdrawn and replaced by the 99th Brigade and battalions of the 141st Brigade were relieved by part of the 142nd Brigade. The Germans kept up an intense bombardment of

1593:

on 22 May by the 47th (1/2nd London) Division reserves but only some under-strength companies of the 1/15th London, 140th Brigade and the 1/18th London of the 141st Brigade took part. The Germans had already consolidated and the attack was repulsed. On the right flank the 8th Loyal North Lancashire

1319:

from the 74th Brigade, 25th Division and named the Crosbie Craters. Working parties dug in on the forward edge of the craters, assisted by the 105th Field Company RE and the divisional pioneer battalion, at a cost of 107 casualties. The Germans detonated a mine some distance behind the German front

1236:

10–13 mi (16–21 km) behind the front line. When the 47th (1/2nd London) Division moved its right flank to the south, the army boundary was shifted from Ersatz Ave to Central Ave. Two battalions of its 142nd Brigade held the Carency sector and a battalion of the 140th Brigade held the line

1660:

joined in; 10 Squadron aircraft later reporting that German artillery-fire was increasing, at which another aircraft carrying wireless was sent, which was the maximum number of aircraft that could be employed along the German attack front. All of the artillery-observation crews found active German

1422:

Battalion 9 of the 18th Reserve Division and North with Infantry Regiment 163 (less one battalion) from the 17th Reserve Division accompanied by Machine Gun Troop 71 and Pioneer Company 268, all three sector regiments being reinforced by machine-gun and engineer units; two infantry regiments were

1332:

although the British miners gradually gained an advantage over their German counterparts. The infantry thought that the Germans were going to attack but air reconnaissance found no signs of preparations. In the weeks before the German attack, the weather was so bad that reconnaissance flights over

1171:

field guns, rather than continuous trench lines. In places, the British found that the front was only a line of sandbags on the earth. The ground was a quagmire and the front trenches could only be reached at night, after labouring through deep mud but by May the ground had dried, except in Zouave

1967:

After 24 May, fighting on the ridge diminished and the Germans did not take over the former British support line. At a conference in the morning, Wilson ordered that the 47th (1/2nd London) Division be relieved by the 2nd Division the following night, ready for an attack on 3 June, with Walker in

1952:

In 1932, Edmonds recorded 1,344 German casualties; 615 men in the attack and 729 during British counter-attacks. British casualties in the 47th (1/2nd London) Division from 22 to 24 May were 1,571, 2nd Division casualties were 267 and the 7th Brigade (25th Division) had 637 casualties, a total of

1943:

On 27 May, a report comparing the effectiveness of the kite balloon with aircraft, found that balloon observation was better for reports of the situation in general, including that of artillery-fire. During night and day, the balloon observer could tell the British artillery group commander where

1921:

Edmonds wrote that the German attack showed that with plenty of artillery and observation over British positions, the Germans could capture a small part of the British defences. A British counter-attack would need a similar mass of artillery and if the guns had to be transferred from elsewhere, a

1769:

when the moon rose, it was only to go ahead if it was vital to take pressure off the 142nd Brigade; if the objective could not be reached, the brigade was to dig in where it was. The decision of the officer who cancelled the 1st Royal Berkshire attack was endorsed, since an attack would have been

1778:

found only a few rail and troop movements. German aircraft flew again on 24 May and concentrated on the IV Corps front but were attacked as they appeared and driven off. The British reconnaissance reports were interpreted as evidence that the German attack had been intended to achieve only local

1469:

each battery of four guns firing at the rate of 200 shells per hour, against which, the British artillery reply was disorganised. As German shells fell on the British support and reserve lines and approaches, the guns still firing on the front line lifted the range by 150 m (160 yd) at

1881:

Haig thought that IV Corps had bungled and that a counter-attack big enough to ensure success would need another 40 British heavy artillery batteries. The offensive on the Somme was imminent and although Haig thought that the guns could be returned to the Somme in time, this would depend on the

1588:

The 47th (1/2nd London) Division HQ had ordered the 142nd Brigade up to a reserve position 3 mi (4.8 km) behind the front line and Wilson ordered the 99th Brigade, 2nd Division forward in lorries and buses to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division HQ. Plans were made for a counter-attack at

1494:

a mine exploded close to Royal Ave and the German attack began. The German left flank (British right flank) advanced on Royal Ave, short of which was Broadmarsh Crater, to the north-west of a new crater, which had been captured by the British on the night of 18/19 May and the German right flank

1148:

in the south, east of Arras, west of Vimy, east of Souchez, west of Lens and east of Loos to the north. The southern portion of the line up to Arras had been quiet since the battles of manoeuvre in September 1914 and an informal truce had developed. Further north, in the area of the three great

1498:

On the front of Reserve Jäger Battalion 9 (RJB 9) the 1st and 4th companies advanced to encounter determined resistance from the British infantry in the front trench, which was quickly overcome. The fight for the British reserve trench was much harder, particularly in sections where the German

1913:

their objectives because of the state of the ground and had advanced too far. The troops too far forward had been caught in their own barrage and it took much of the night to bring the troops back to their objectives. Some companies were still out of position when dawn broke and it took until

1221:(Zouave embankment) in Zouave Valley, which could cut off British contact with the front line. The British could see the Douai Plain behind Vimy Ridge from Loretto Ridge to the north-west but the pit villages dotted around the Lens coalfield made plenty of hides for the German artillery. 1025:

Vimy Ridge extends from the Scarpe river valley east of Arras northwards for 9 mi (14 km) to the valley of the Souchez river. During the winter of 1915–1916, the German and French troops on the ridge spent much time trying to drain and repair trenches. In the area of the German

1615:

batteries from the First Army was sent to IV Corps and the corps moved two field brigades of the 2nd Division from reserve to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division. Ammunition for the guns was limited, much of what was available was faulty and the new units were unfamiliar with the ridge.

1563:

Crater, near Broadmarsh Crater. A British machine-gun crew fired from the south and hit several German machine-gunners, preventing the Germans from occupying the crater until the gun was silenced. Another German platoon was shot down by a British machine-gun on the far side of the

1735:

lost 100 men and after a platoon advanced and lost half its men, the attack was cancelled on local initiative. Communication with the rear was cut but a wireless stayed operational for long enough to inform the 99th Brigade and a liaison officer was sent to the 22nd Battalion,

1744:

reaching the German front line, despite German machine-gun fire sweeping across no man's land. Officers went forward to lead the company back but found only dead and wounded. The attack by the battalions on the flanks of the 99th Brigade went ahead and the 3rd Battalion

1241:

but hardly any more wire had been put out and the posts had no dugouts. The support line towards the bottom of the slope was supposed to be the main line of resistance but wet weather and German bombardments destroyed during the day what had been built in the night.

1984:

German regimental accounts emphasise the effect on morale of the continuous uncertainty caused by British mining and the prospect of entombment. In another account, the inability of the Germans to reply in kind, due to a lack of resources, also depressed

1700:. The main attack was to be made by the 99th Brigade and the 226th Field Company RE from Central Ave to Landwehr Ave, supported on the right by the 7th Brigade south of Central Ave and on the left by the 242nd Brigade from Landwehr Ave to Uhlan Ave. At 1459:

firing gas shell at the support and reserve positions behind the British front line for ten minutes and then all guns began to sweep from the British front line to the rear and back again, ready to bombard simultaneously the British front line at

1464:

German observers in balloons and aircraft were watching for British artillery-fire to direct counter-battery fire on them, the balloon observers spotting 60 batteries and the aircrew another 23 batteries. The German artillery continued until

1423:

held in reserve. Eighty artillery batteries, including the guns of IX Reserve Corps, IV Corps and the Guard Reserve Corps, plus six batteries of heavy howitzers and nine mortar batteries, along with six heavy, nine medium and eight light

952:

The mine warfare waged by the French was continued by the British, exploiting the advantage of being on the dip slope and only having to dig horizontally into the ridge to undermine German positions. The Germans, on the steeper

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on 3 May, the British sprung four mines a little to the north of Ersatz Ave, which formed three big craters. The crater lips, from which the British had excellent observation, were occupied by troops from the 1/21st Battalion,

1749:

of the 7th Brigade captured the objective. On the left flank, the 1/24th London and 1/21st London bombed their way into the old support line and front line, were driven out, recaptured them and were pushed back a second time.

1886:

north of the Somme, was more important. On 17 May, Haig ordered the First Army to cancel its attack; IV Corps was to plan instead for a much bigger effort. The plans produced by IV Corps laid the basis for the scheme for the

1770:

destroyed but in the early hours of the morning, the 99th Brigade managed to advance into line with the flanking brigades. To keep Lens and German road traffic under observation, 18 Squadron made a night reconnaissance from

1681:

before conditions got worse, a reconnaissance on the First Army front found suspicious rail movements at Lens. In the afternoon, another conference was held, this time including Monro, Allenby, Wilson and two officers from

960:

The Germans attacked on 21 May and were able to consolidate their objectives before the British could conduct counter-attacks powerful enough to recapture the ground. In the attack and its aftermath the Germans suffered

1431:

batteries were to participate. Sufficient ammunition was provided for the artillery to fire at a rate of 200 shells per hour; counter-battery reconnaissance aircrews managed to locate 83 British artillery emplacements.

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line to site an observation post but did not counter-attack. The Germans bombarded the craters every night and used trench mortars, systematically to obliterate the British defensive positions on the ridge.

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10 Kite Balloon Section RFC, sent up its balloon, which stayed up all night. The balloon observers were able to see the German bombardment and keep headquarters informed as the bombardment intensified at

1391:(Mine Sections) and Bavarian pioneer units which had stayed behind. Loringhoven used his influence at OHL to mass eighty artillery batteries for the operation on the 4 mi (6.4 km) of front from 298: 4388: 4572: 1385:

relieved the 1st Bavarian Division opposite the British 25th Division in early May, British mine attacks were increasing in frequency and the German divisional pioneer companies were supplemented by

1211:, which extended its right flank .75 mi (1.21 km) southwards to P sector. The positions were high along the western slope of Vimy Ridge and down the north-facing slope between Souchez and 5020: 250: 4470: 4107: 1570:

Crater but the German infantry managed to advance between the two craters and close the gaps that had appeared in the German line as the Germans and British fought with hand-grenades. By

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British Summer Time) on 21 May. The front was divided into three sectors, South with Foot Guard Regiment 5 (4th Guard Division), Centre with Reserve Infantry Regiment 86 and Reserve

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Munro was informed just after midnight on 24 May, who told Wilson that a piecemeal attack would make things worse. Wilson ordered that if the 99th Brigade had not attacked by

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Zouave Valley, which made the reliefs more difficult and was apparently prompted by a British deserter, who told the Germans that a counter-attack would begin late on 22 May.

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British army, corps and divisional boundaries were changed in early 1916, when divisions from the First Army, Second Army and Third Army were withdrawn to reinforce the

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A battalion of Reserve Infantry Regiment 229 built fake encampments and made several approach marches to simulate reinforcements to French reconnaissance aircraft.

969:

A British plan to recapture the front positions and take the German side of the ridge was cancelled because of the demand for men and equipment for the forthcoming

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fired green flares to get the artillery to increase the range but this gave away the line, which the British then subjected to massed heavy artillery-fire.

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Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zehnter Band,Die Operationen des Jahres 1916: bis zum Wechsel in der Obersten Heeresleitung

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The vacated French defences on the ridge were considered by the British to be very poor, the French having relied on the firepower of their quick firing

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bombardment for another eight hours. Small British parties attempted to make hasty counter-attacks but until the German bombardment slackened around

925:. The Germans intended to prevent mines being blown under German positions by capturing the British front line and mine gallery entrances. After the 3094: 4119: 3828: 3730: 1740:

on left flank and runners went forward immediately. B Company and its section of the 226th Field Company did not receive a message and attacked at

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the French bombardment reached the intensity of drumfire (shells exploding in such quick succession that the reports merged into a rumble) and at

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French infantry made grenade attacks against Reserve Infantry Regiment 230 of the 50th Reserve Division, which managed to repulse the attacks. At

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and orders for the operation were issued on 9 May. The attack was to begin in the middle of the month but postponements delayed the attack until

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the attack was to re-capture the former support line and if possible the old front line, dig in and dig a new support line half-way back to the

4894: 4752: 1225: 1200: 4666: 4600: 4437: 4316: 3989: 3008: 2864: 2752: 2733: 2706: 2687: 2665:]. Erinnerungsblätter deutscher Regimenter., Truppenteile des ehemaligen preussischen Kontingents, Bd. 184. Hamburg: Leuchtfeuer Press. 2635:

The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations Volume Ten, The Operations of the Year 1916 until the Change in the Supreme Army Command

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on 24 May, which saw no illuminated transport but whose crew reported much German gunfire around Souchez and Givenchy. Another flight from

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and track the barrage as it crept forward in front of the German infantry. When the German barrage lifted off the British front line at

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took priority over another attack on the ridge. British planning continued and became the basis for the much larger attack by the

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British headquarters remained ignorant of the situation on the ridge; the commander of the 141st Brigade, Brigadier-General

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British troops captured later said that they thought that the Germans would not take prisoners, making surrender pointless.

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About an hour later the British trenches had been occupied and a mine gallery was discovered by German troops off a blind

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On the front of FR 5 the reinforced II Battalion was to make a narrow-front attack straight down Hill 145 and just before

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The 25th Division in France and Flanders by Lieut.-Col. M. Kincaid-Smith. 2nd edition (British Library online)

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Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

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At a conference, Wilson decided that the 47th (1/2nd London) Division should control a counter-attack at

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German barrages began on the 99th Brigade front, between two battalions on the lower east slope of the

2766:. The Pan/Ballantine Illustrated History of the First World War (Book No. 6). London: Pan/Ballantine. 4974: 4889: 3543: 3518: 3493: 2850: 1903: 1892: 1608: 1312: 1162:

Modern map showing Souchez and Givenchy en Gohelle, north of Vimy Ridge (commune FR insee code 62371)

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on 22 May but found little activity on the German side. The 18 Squadron patrol was increased and

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and on the communication trenches. The jumping-off trenches were destroyed, the 1st Battalion,

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The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

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Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War

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As the greater part of the attack was to be conducted by Infantry Regiment 163, it was named

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On 23 May the weather was still too hazy but artillery-observation aircraft took off at

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a German bombardment began on the British assembly area and increased in intensity at

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the Germans were forced to retire. To the north, the 1st Bavarian Division undertook

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but the British heavy guns could make little reply due to a shortage of ammunition.

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IV Corps had the 23rd Division and 47th (1/2nd London) Division in the line and the

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The survivors from the British front line retreated to the reserve line along the

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recaptured the lost portion of the 7th Brigade area. Artillery reinforcements of

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IV on 28 January, against the French 390th and 97th Infantry Regiments of the

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of the type flown by 18 Squadron (Masterton, New Zealand, 25 April 2009 01)

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the battalion was squeezed into every patch of cover up Hill 145 from the

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British time, used henceforth); a minute later the infantry attack began.

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60-pounder guns similar to those at Vimy (photographed at Arras, 1917)

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had held positions on the western slope of Vimy Ridge and the German

92: 2747:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Harrison & Sons. 1753:

Officers from the 99th Brigade HQ got forward and the 1st Battalion

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Geschichte des Schleswig-Holsteinschen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 163

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Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai

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blew mines and captured several French trenches near Thélus. The

1051:(Operation Rupprecht), several carefully prepared local attacks. 2609: 399: 84: 2846: 403: 280: 2842: 2652:– via Die digitale Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek. 266:. The ridge runs south-east from Givenchy-en-Gohelle to Farbus 2346: 2344: 2012: 2010: 937:

occupied positions on the steeper eastern slope. During the

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History of the Schleswig Holstein Infantry Regiment No. 163

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line and Broadmarsh Crater were lost. The 10th Battalion,

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The German artillery began the preparatory bombardment at

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the troops attacked and a mine exploded, creating the

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Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge

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Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge

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Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

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Actions in the spring of 1916, including Vimy Ridge

1373:, was on sick leave, then took over command of the 949:, on either flank, took over the French positions. 45:Part of Local operations December 1915 – June 1916 2782: 2575: 3819:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2789:. Vol. I. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1080:III on 26 January. French mortar fire began at 33: 2858: 2785:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918 415: 292: 8: 1954: 1907: 1726: 1720: 1695: 1565: 1558: 1548: 1521: 1424: 1417: 1404: 1386: 1362: 1356: 1216: 1103: 1097: 1075: 1069: 1055: 1046: 1035: 929:(25 September – 4 November 1915) the French 911: 63:A.Y. Jackson: Vimy Ridge from Souchez Valley 35: 1953:2,475. In 1936, the official historians of 308:Local operations, December 1915 – June 1916 5011:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 4692: 4401: 4306: 4246: 3355: 3163: 2957: 2865: 2851: 2843: 422: 408: 400: 299: 285: 277: 30: 1315:and a detachment from the 9th Battalion, 5016:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4108:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 2745:The 25th Division in France and Flanders 1358:Stellvertretender Generlaquartiermeister 18:German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 4485:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2699:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917 2538: 2526: 2502: 2478: 2466: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2350: 2335: 2323: 2294: 2259: 2232: 2217: 2205: 2178: 2166: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2006: 1977: 2514: 2275: 2263: 2247: 2091: 2079: 4438:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 3774:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 2490: 2403: 2311: 2190: 7: 4842:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2724:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010). 1515:, 1915. (Bundesarchiv Bild 104-0145) 4771:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 3565:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1553:Crater. After the bombardment from 3504:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1644:Artillery-observation aircraft of 1361:(Deputy Quartermaster-General) of 236: 25: 1324:the 25th Division (Major-General 1203:) of the Third Army and from the 1179:on the Somme. On Vimy Ridge, the 3867:Second Battle of the Piave River 3489:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1906:, wrote that the Germans judged 1902:(1932), the official historian, 1898:In the first 1916 volume of the 1884:Attack on the Gommecourt Salient 1060:I began on 23 January, when the 975:Attack on the Gommecourt Salient 235: 228: 164: 149: 57: 4938:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4138:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 2804:– via Archive Foundation. 2599:– via Archive Foundation. 4761:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 4620:Deportations from East Prussia 4417:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 2627:Häften, Hans von, ed. (1936). 1909:Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein 1757:(KRRC) took over from the 1st 1406:Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein 1293:New Zealand Tunnelling Company 913:Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein 37:Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein 1: 4672:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2701:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 34:German attack on Vimy Ridge ( 4827:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4126:Estonian War of Independence 3794:Southern Palestine offensive 1637:Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 1353:Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven 1209:47th (1/2nd London) Division 1187:sectors were transferred to 4996:World War I sites in France 4781:USA against Austria-Hungary 4180:Turkish War of Independence 4132:Latvian War of Independence 3857:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3448:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2743:Kincaid-Smith, M. (2001) . 1872: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1814: 921:on 21 May 1916, during the 907:German attack on Vimy Ridge 892:Western Front tactics, 1917 5042: 4864:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4412:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 3872:Second Battle of the Marne 3759:Second battle of the Aisne 3628:Second Battle of Champagne 3469:German invasion of Belgium 2762:Macksey, Kenneth (1973) . 1648:RFC went aloft soon after 1351:On 15 April 1916, General 1344: 1195:) of the First Army, from 1117: 997: 4970: 4645:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4174:Irish War of Independence 3917:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3902:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3514:First Battle of the Marne 2880: 1124:The relief of the French 439: 314: 223: 208: 195: 178: 141: 67: 56: 44: 4797:Constantinople Agreement 4090:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 3953:Co-belligerent conflicts 3922:Second Romanian campaign 3892:Third Transjordan attack 3603:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3509:Battle of Grand Couronné 2821:20 December 2019 at the 2678:Rogers, D., ed. (2010). 2555:Edmonds, J. E. (1993) . 2481:, pp. 224, 222–223. 1938:kite balloon with basket 1900:History of the Great War 1755:King's Royal Rifle Corps 1733:royal Berkshire Regiment 1377:temporarily for General 1032:I Bavarian Reserve Corps 1020:, September–October 1915 4860:Modus vivendi of Acroma 4812:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4120:Greater Poland Uprising 4020:National Protection War 3897:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3847:German spring offensive 3842:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3618:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 3593:Second Battle of Artois 3474:Battle of the Frontiers 1747:Worcestershire Regiment 1450:Vimy Ridge and vicinity 1291:mining company and the 1285:Tunnelling Companies RE 1169:Canon de 75 modèle 1897 1004:Second Battle of Artois 780:German spring offensive 4885:Paris Peace Conference 4873:Ukraine–Central Powers 4667:Massacres of Albanians 4635:Late Ottoman genocides 4442:Bulgarian occupations 4150:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4114:Hungarian–Romanian War 3932:Naval Victory Bulletin 3927:Armistice with Germany 3877:Hundred Days Offensive 3804:Battle of La Malmaison 3754:Second battle of Arras 3721:Battle of Transylvania 3575:Second Battle of Ypres 3443:Sarajevo assassination 3332:South African Republic 2833:Vimy Ridge photo essay 2574:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 1955: 1940: 1908: 1727: 1721: 1696: 1641: 1585: 1566: 1559: 1549: 1522: 1517: 1452: 1425: 1418: 1405: 1387: 1363: 1357: 1317:Loyal North Lancashire 1217: 1164: 1104: 1098: 1076: 1070: 1056: 1047: 1038:General der Infanterie 1036: 1022: 1018:Third Battle of Artois 1008:Third Battle of Artois 1000:First Battle of Artois 927:Third Battle of Artois 912: 179:Commanders and leaders 36: 4895:Treaty of St. Germain 4868:Russia–Central Powers 4822:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4650:Pontic Greek genocide 4625:Destruction of Kalisz 4601:Eastern Mediterranean 4162:Polish–Lithuanian War 3944:Armistice of Belgrade 3907:Armistice of Salonica 3837:Operation Faustschlag 3784:Third Battle of Oituz 3706:Baranovichi offensive 3674:Lake Naroch offensive 3648:Battle of Robat Karim 3623:Vistula–Bug offensive 3598:Battles of the Isonzo 3529:First Battle of Ypres 2130:, sketch 13, 210–211. 1963:Subsequent operations 1933: 1692:hurricane bombardment 1634: 1581: 1505: 1448: 1365:Oberste Heeresleitung 1239:9:00 p.m. – 9:00 a.m. 1160: 1099:Unternehmen Rupprecht 1084:on 27 January and at 1077:Unternehmen Rupprecht 1074:II on 24 January and 1071:Unternehmen Rupprecht 1066:50th Reserve Division 1062:2nd Bavarian Division 1057:Unternehmen Rupprecht 1048:Unternehmen Rupprecht 1028:17th Reserve Division 1015: 967:2,475 British losses. 209:Casualties and losses 4890:Treaty of Versailles 4606:Mount Lebanon famine 4521:in the United States 4489:Russian occupations 4203:Turkish–Armenian War 4144:Polish–Ukrainian War 4084:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4031:Central Asian Revolt 3814:Armistice of Focșani 3544:Battle of Sarikamish 3494:Battle of Tannenberg 2890:Military engagements 2764:Vimy Ridge 1914–1918 2697:Sheldon, J. (2008). 2682:. Solihull: Helion. 2262:, pp. 225–226; 1893:Battle of Vimy Ridge 1684:General Headquarters 1609:BL 9.2-inch howitzer 1507:Example of a German 1313:Lancashire Fusiliers 1199:(Lieutenant-General 1191:(Lieutenant-General 1140:(Lieutenant-General 983:Battle of Vimy Ridge 887:French Army mutinies 882:1914 Christmas truce 652:Hohenzollern Redoubt 382:Hooge in World War I 332:Hohenzollern Redoubt 251:class=notpageimage| 185:Erich von Falkenhayn 114:50.37333°N 2.81139°E 4957:They shall not pass 4880:Treaty of Bucharest 4837:Treaty of Bucharest 4776:USA against Germany 4753:Declarations of war 4457:German occupations 4370:British casualties 4229:Soviet–Georgian War 4156:Egyptian Revolution 4096:Armeno-Georgian War 3960:Somaliland campaign 3912:Armistice of Mudros 3789:Battle of Caporetto 3779:Battle of Mărășești 3749:Zimmermann telegram 3744:February Revolution 3689:Battle of the Somme 3613:Bug-Narew Offensive 3588:Battle of Gallipoli 3580:Sinking of the RMS 3372:Scramble for Africa 3366:Franco-Prussian War 3022:Sinai and Palestine 2838:The Crosbie Craters 2781:Wyrall, E. (1921). 2657:Ritter, H. (1926). 2604:Miles, W. (1991) . 2442:, pp. 222–223. 2418:, pp. 221–222. 2406:, pp. 193–194. 2394:, pp. 220–221. 2353:, pp. 153–155. 2220:, pp. 224–225. 2181:, pp. 213–214. 2154:, pp. 215–216. 2118:, pp. 214–215. 2106:, pp. 211–212. 2067:, pp. 135–137. 2043:, pp. 134–135. 2019:, pp. 210–211. 1800: 1341:German preparations 1213:Givenchy-en-Gohelle 985:(9–12 April 1917). 971:Battle of the Somme 876:Associated articles 593:Hartmannswillerkopf 453:Invasion of Belgium 369:Associated articles 110: / 4917:Treaty of Lausanne 4832:Paris Economy Pact 4766:UK against Germany 4696:Entry into the war 4662:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4381:Ottoman casualties 4191:Franco-Turkish War 4071:Post-War conflicts 4055:Russian Revolution 4037:Invasion of Darfur 4002:Kelantan rebellion 3990:Kurdish rebellions 3966:Mexican Revolution 3799:October Revolution 3764:Kerensky offensive 3739:Capture of Baghdad 3716:Monastir offensive 3701:Brusilov offensive 3539:Battle of Kolubara 3378:Russo-Japanese War 1941: 1793:British casualties 1792: 1642: 1586: 1560:Schleswig-Holstein 1518: 1453: 1383:4th Guard Division 1335:Royal Flying Corps 1251:British operations 1232:) in reserve near 1165: 1043:Karl von Fasbender 1023: 201:4 regiments (part) 89:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 5001:Conflicts in 1916 4983: 4982: 4966: 4965: 4950:The Golden Virgin 4944:Mutilated victory 4925: 4924: 4905:Treaty of Trianon 4900:Treaty of Neuilly 4807:Damascus Protocol 4680: 4679: 4640:Armenian genocide 4597:Allied blockades 4569:Belgian refugees 4352: 4351: 4262:Strategic bombing 4238: 4237: 4223:Franco-Syrian War 4197:Greco-Turkish War 4185:Anglo-Turkish War 4168:Polish–Soviet War 4102:German Revolution 4078:Russian Civil War 4061:Finnish Civil War 3887:Battle of Megiddo 3862:Battle of Goychay 3809:Battle of Cambrai 3769:Battle of Mărăști 3684:Battle of Jutland 3664:Erzurum offensive 3519:Siege of Przemyśl 3499:Siege of Tsingtao 3484:Battle of Galicia 3414:Second Balkan War 3402:Italo-Turkish War 3359:Pre-War conflicts 3345: 3344: 3235:Portuguese Empire 3151: 3150: 3113:German New Guinea 3095:Asian and Pacific 2754:978-1-84342-123-8 2735:978-1-55458-259-4 2708:978-1-84415-680-1 2689:978-1-906033-76-7 2619:978-0-89839-162-6 2589:978-1-84342-413-0 2566:978-0-89839-185-5 2094:, pp. 93–97. 1879: 1878: 1799: 1796:(19 December 1915 1776:2:40 to 4:40 a.m. 1772:1:30 to 2:30 a.m. 1722:Talus des Zouaves 1697:Talus des Zouaves 1690:after a one-hour 1613:BL 60-pounder gun 1555:5:30 to 9:45 p.m. 1529:Cheshire Regiment 1523:Talus des Zouaves 1333:the ridge by the 1330:1,270 casualties, 900: 899: 726:Nivelle offensive 500:Trouée de Charmes 397: 396: 275: 274: 255:Vimy Ridge, in a 204:4 brigades (part) 137: 136: 119:50.37333; 2.81139 16:(Redirected from 5033: 4910:Treaty of Sèvres 4802:Treaty of London 4693: 4471:Northeast France 4402: 4374:Parliamentarians 4307: 4269:Chemical weapons 4247: 4008:Senussi campaign 3978:Muscat rebellion 3972:Maritz rebellion 3940: 3882:Vardar offensive 3711:Battle of Romani 3679:Battle of Asiago 3669:Battle of Verdun 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1525: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1430: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1390: 1375:IX Reserve Corps 1371:Ernst von Zieten 1368: 1360: 1331: 1301: 1240: 1220: 1218:Talus de Zouaves 1120:Battle of Verdun 1109: 1106:Chasseurs Alpins 1101: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1059: 1050: 1041: 994:Winter 1915–1916 968: 964: 963:1,344 casualties 939:Battle of Verdun 915: 839:St Quentin Canal 434: 424: 417: 410: 401: 309: 301: 294: 287: 278: 239: 238: 232: 219:includes 300 POW 217:22–24 May: 2,475 214:22–25 May: 1,344 174: 170: 168: 167: 159: 155: 153: 152: 125: 124: 122: 121: 120: 115: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 69: 68: 61: 39: 31: 21: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5026:May 1916 events 4986: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4962: 4921: 4853: 4846: 4817:Treaty of Darin 4785: 4747: 4703:Austria-Hungary 4689: 4676: 4657:Rape of Belgium 4584: 4556: 4504: 4498:Western Armenia 4493:Eastern Galicia 4426: 4400: 4364: 4363:Civilian impact 4362: 4348: 4305: 4234: 4066: 3996:Ovambo Uprising 3948: 3934: 3823: 3725: 3652: 3570:Battle of Łomża 3553: 3549:Christmas truce 3524:Race to the Sea 3457: 3419: 3341: 3312:Austria-Hungary 3288: 3223:Empire of Japan 3160: 3158: 3147: 3131:U-boat campaign 3117: 3089: 3051: 3003: 2949: 2930:Popular culture 2876: 2871: 2823:Wayback Machine 2812: 2799: 2797: 2780: 2774: 2761: 2755: 2742: 2736: 2723: 2720: 2718:Further reading 2715: 2709: 2696: 2690: 2677: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2626: 2620: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2573: 2567: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541:, pp. 223. 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1950: 1939: 1928: 1914: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1759:Royal Berkshire 1741: 1738:Royal Fusiliers 1716: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1687: 1678: 1670: 1665: 1649: 1640: 1629: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1571: 1554: 1533: 1516: 1509:210 mm howitzer 1491: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1349: 1343: 1329: 1326:Beauchamp Doran 1305:London Regiment 1299: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1228:(Major-General 1201:Sir Julian Byng 1163: 1155: 1128:by the British 1122: 1116: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1021: 1010: 996: 991: 966: 962: 923:First World War 903: 902: 901: 896: 873: 677:Vimy Ridge 1916 554:Race to the Sea 522:1st St. Quentin 444: 435: 430: 428: 398: 393: 366: 347:Gas: Wulverghem 310: 307: 305: 271: 270: 269: 268: 267: 253: 247: 246: 245: 244: 240: 218: 165: 163: 162: 150: 148: 147: 118: 116: 112: 109: 104: 101: 99: 97: 96: 95: 62: 51:First World War 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:1916 in France 5003: 4998: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4852:Peace treaties 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4738:United Kingdom 4735: 4730: 4728:Ottoman Empire 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4632: 4630:Sack of Dinant 4627: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4578:United Kingdom 4575: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4538: 4532:POW locations 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4332:United Kingdom 4329: 4327:Ottoman Empire 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4304: 4303: 4301:Trench warfare 4298: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4017: 4014:Volta-Bani War 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3852:Zeebrugge Raid 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3643:Battle of Loos 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3534:Black Sea raid 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3436:Historiography 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3390:Bosnian Crisis 3387: 3384:Tangier Crisis 3381: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3317:Ottoman Empire 3314: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3294:Central Powers 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3277:British Empire 3272:United Kingdom 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3250:Russian Empire 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3168:Entente Powers 3161: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3136:North Atlantic 3127: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3047:Central Arabia 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3009:Middle Eastern 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2910:Historiography 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2811: 2810:External links 2808: 2807: 2806: 2778: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2694: 2688: 2675: 2654: 2624: 2618: 2601: 2588: 2571: 2565: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2531: 2529:, p. 222. 2519: 2517:, p. 272. 2507: 2505:, p. 224. 2495: 2493:, p. 194. 2483: 2471: 2469:, p. 226. 2456: 2454:, p. 158. 2444: 2432: 2430:, p. 243. 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2382:, p. 220. 2372: 2370:, p. 219. 2355: 2340: 2338:, p. 218. 2328: 2326:, p. 217. 2316: 2314:, p. 193. 2299: 2297:, p. 153. 2280: 2268: 2266:, p. 116. 2252: 2237: 2235:, p. 225. 2222: 2210: 2208:, p. 214. 2195: 2183: 2171: 2169:, p. 213. 2156: 2144: 2142:, p. 211. 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2069: 2057: 2055:, p. 135. 2045: 2033: 2031:, p. 134. 2021: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1946: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1891:attack at the 1889:Canadian Corps 1877: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1582: 1506: 1474:(German time, 1449: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1400: 1397: 1342: 1339: 1309:Charles Barter 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1230:William Walker 1161: 1154: 1151: 1142:Edmund Allenby 1115: 1112: 1016: 995: 992: 990: 987: 979:Canadian Corps 898: 897: 895: 894: 889: 884: 872: 871: 869:Lys and Escaut 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 771: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 723: 716: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 616: 615: 605: 600: 598:Neuve Chapelle 595: 590: 579: 578: 573: 571:Winter actions 568: 567: 566: 561: 551: 546: 541: 536: 534:Grand Couronné 531: 526: 525: 524: 519: 514: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 450: 440: 437: 436: 429: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 395: 394: 392: 391: 390: 389: 384: 379: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 315: 312: 311: 306: 304: 303: 296: 289: 281: 273: 272: 254: 249: 248: 242: 241: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 187: 181: 180: 176: 175: 172:United Kingdom 160: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 133:German victory 131: 127: 126: 83: 81: 77: 76: 75:21–22 May 1916 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 42: 41: 29: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5038: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4743:United States 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4345: 4344:United States 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294:Convoy system 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289:Naval warfare 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4049:Kaocen revolt 4047: 4044: 4043:Easter Rising 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3608:Great Retreat 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3479:Battle of Cer 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3396:Agadir Crisis 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3284:United States 3282: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201:French Empire 3199: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3144: 3143:Mediterranean 3141: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3123:Naval warfare 3120: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2999:Italian Front 2997: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2987:Eastern Front 2985: 2983: 2982:Western Front 2980: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2940:Puppet states 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2773:0-330-23839-6 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2278:, p. 47. 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2250:, p. 46. 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082:, p. 44. 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956:Der Weltkrieg 1947: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1905: 1904:James Edmonds 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1698: 1693: 1685: 1675: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1561: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1530: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1479: 1447: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1388:Bergmannszüge 1384: 1380: 1379:Max von Boehn 1376: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:23rd Division 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:25th Division 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:Charles Monro 1131: 1127: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 958: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Western Front 916: 914: 908: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 844:Meuse-Argonne 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 787: 783: 782: 781: 778: 777: 776: 775: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:Passchendaele 756: 754: 751: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 709: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 642: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 620:2nd Champagne 618: 614: 611: 610: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:1st Champagne 586: 585: 584: 583: 577: 574: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507:Great Retreat 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 473: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 443: 438: 433: 432:Western Front 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 405: 402: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Ypres Salient 375: 374: 373: 372: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 318: 313: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 283: 282: 279: 265: 262: 261:Pas-de-Calais 258: 252: 231: 222: 216: 213: 212: 207: 203: 200: 199: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 177: 173: 161: 158: 146: 145: 140: 132: 129: 128: 123: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 60: 55: 52: 48: 47:Western Front 43: 38: 32: 27: 19: 4955: 4948: 4936: 4543: / 4475: 4310:Conscription 4274:Cryptography 4211:Iraqi Revolt 3638:Siege of Kut 3581: 3159:participants 3108:German Samoa 3042:South Arabia 2798:. Retrieved 2784: 2763: 2744: 2725: 2698: 2679: 2662: 2658: 2646:. Retrieved 2634: 2629: 2605: 2593:. Retrieved 2577: 2556: 2539:Edmonds 1993 2534: 2527:Edmonds 1993 2522: 2510: 2503:Edmonds 1993 2498: 2486: 2479:Edmonds 1993 2474: 2467:Edmonds 1993 2452:Sheldon 2008 2447: 2440:Edmonds 1993 2435: 2428:Edmonds 1993 2423: 2416:Edmonds 1993 2411: 2399: 2392:Edmonds 1993 2387: 2380:Edmonds 1993 2375: 2368:Edmonds 1993 2351:Sheldon 2008 2336:Edmonds 1993 2331: 2324:Edmonds 1993 2319: 2295:Sheldon 2008 2271: 2260:Edmonds 1993 2255: 2233:Edmonds 1993 2218:Edmonds 1993 2213: 2206:Edmonds 1993 2193:, p. 7. 2186: 2179:Edmonds 1993 2174: 2167:Edmonds 1993 2152:Edmonds 1993 2147: 2140:Edmonds 1993 2135: 2128:Edmonds 1993 2123: 2116:Edmonds 1993 2111: 2104:Edmonds 1993 2099: 2087: 2065:Sheldon 2008 2060: 2053:Sheldon 2008 2048: 2041:Sheldon 2008 2036: 2029:Sheldon 2008 2024: 2017:Edmonds 1993 1990: 1980: 1966: 1951: 1942: 1920: 1897: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1798:– June 1916) 1779:objectives. 1752: 1715:Just before 1714: 1676: 1663: 1643: 1618: 1587: 1542: 1519: 1497: 1480: 1454: 1402: 1350: 1322: 1297: 1254: 1226:2nd Division 1223: 1193:Henry Wilson 1174: 1166: 1123: 1053: 1045:) conducted 1024: 959: 951: 910: 906: 904: 875: 874: 834:Saint-Mihiel 802:Belleau Wood 785: 773: 772: 763:La Malmaison 719: 707: 706: 676: 672:Kink Salient 640: 639: 635:Gas: Wieltje 581: 580: 441: 368: 367: 356: 352:Kink Salient 342:Gas: Hulluch 322:Gas: Wieltje 316: 190:Douglas Haig 142:Belligerents 26: 4573:Netherlands 4550:Switzerland 4431:Occupations 4422:Spanish flu 4199:(1919–1922) 4193:(1918–1921) 4187:(1918–1923) 4176:(1919–1921) 4170:(1919–1921) 4164:(1919–1920) 4140:(1918–1920) 4134:(1918–1920) 4128:(1918–1920) 4110:(1918–1920) 4092:(1918–1920) 4086:(1917–1921) 4080:(1917–1921) 4027:(1916-1918) 4025:Arab Revolt 4016:(1915–1917) 4010:(1915–1917) 3998:(1914-1917) 3992:(1914–1917) 3986:(1914–1921) 3980:(1913–1920) 3968:(1910–1920) 3962:(1900–1920) 3935: [ 3453:July Crisis 3374:(1880–1914) 3037:Mesopotamia 2915:Home fronts 2874:World War I 2800:1 September 2515:Häften 1936 2276:Rogers 2010 2264:Ritter 1926 2248:Rogers 2010 2092:Ritter 1926 2080:Rogers 2010 1658:10 Squadron 1654:25 Squadron 1646:18 Squadron 1427:Minenwerfer 1328:) suffered 1177:Fourth Army 955:scarp slope 854:2nd Cambrai 692:Boar's Head 682:Mont Sorrel 117: / 4990:Categories 4790:Agreements 4590:War crimes 4466:Luxembourg 4359:Casualties 3230:Montenegro 3065:South West 2945:Technology 2935:Propaganda 2925:Opposition 2548:References 2491:Jones 2002 2404:Jones 2002 2312:Jones 2002 2191:Miles 1991 1948:Casualties 1926:RFC report 1742:8:25 p.m., 1702:11:30 a.m. 1679:3:30 a.m.; 1572:10:15 p.m. 1534:10:00 p.m. 1483:4:43 p.m., 1467:9:45 p.m., 1457:5:30 p.m., 1414:(7:45 p.m. 1345:See also: 1197:XVII Corps 1181:Berthonval 1153:Vimy Ridge 1138:Third Army 1130:First Army 1126:Tenth Army 1118:See also: 1114:Tenth Army 1090:11:00 a.m. 1086:5:40 a.m., 1068:conducted 998:See also: 989:Background 947:Third Army 943:First Army 931:Tenth Army 667:Wulverghem 630:3rd Artois 608:2nd Artois 576:1st Artois 357:Vimy Ridge 264:department 243:Vimy Ridge 105:02°48′41″E 102:50°22′24″N 85:Vimy Ridge 4687:Diplomacy 4394:Olympians 4317:Australia 4284:Logistics 4217:Vlora War 4146:(1918–19) 4122:(1918–19) 4116:(1918–19) 4104:(1918–19) 4051:(1916–17) 4033:(1916–17) 3984:Zaian War 3974:(1914–15) 3694:first day 3582:Lusitania 3410:(1912–13) 3404:(1911–12) 3392:(1908–09) 3386:(1905–06) 3368:(1870–71) 3157:Principal 3017:Gallipoli 2920:Memorials 2905:Geography 2895:Aftermath 2795:800898772 2671:220827071 2648:28 August 2643:257238048 2595:23 August 2002:Footnotes 1915:7:00 p.m. 1783:Aftermath 1767:1:00 a.m. 1763:1:30 a.m. 1725:, on the 1717:8:00 p.m. 1710:6:00 p.m. 1706:2:00 p.m. 1688:8:25 p.m. 1671:22/23 May 1666:1:30 a.m. 1650:4:00 a.m. 1627:22–24 May 1591:2:00 a.m. 1567:Transfeld 1550:Transfeld 1492:7:45 p.m. 1488:9:00 p.m. 1476:7:45 p.m. 1472:9:45 p.m. 1462:6:00 p.m. 1411:9:45 p.m. 1300:4:45 a.m. 1132:(General 1094:1:10 p.m. 1082:3:00 a.m. 849:5th Ypres 829:2nd Somme 807:2nd Marne 797:3rd Aisne 746:The Hills 741:2nd Aisne 702:Fromelles 697:1st Somme 647:The Bluff 613:Hébuterne 603:2nd Ypres 564:1st Ypres 544:1st Aisne 539:1st Marne 512:Le Cateau 490:Charleroi 475:Frontiers 362:Mt Sorrel 327:The Bluff 4975:Category 4562:Refugees 4528:Italians 4517:Germans 4477:Ober Ost 4257:Aviation 3351:Timeline 3322:Bulgaria 3103:Tsingtao 3080:Togoland 3027:Caucasus 2962:European 2954:Theatres 2819:Archived 1828:February 1812:December 1788:Analysis 1611:and two 1189:IV Corps 965:against 935:6th Army 859:Courtrai 814:Soissons 753:Messines 720:Alberich 529:Maubeuge 485:Ardennes 480:Lorraine 448:Moresnet 196:Strength 80:Location 4713:Germany 4613:Germany 4541:Germany 4461:Belgium 4446:Albania 4405:Disease 4385:Sports 4337:Ireland 4250:Warfare 4243:Aspects 3431:Origins 3424:Prelude 3327:Senussi 3307:Germany 3302:Leaders 3240:Romania 3181:Belgium 3176:Leaders 3075:Kamerun 3057:African 2992:Romania 2970:Balkans 2885:Outline 1985:morale. 1874:125,141 1863:37,121 1855:22,418 1847:19,886 1839:17,814 1831:12,182 1820:January 1603:⁄ 1513:Argonne 1511:in the 1246:Prelude 1207:to the 1185:Carency 1146:Ransart 981:at the 824:Ailette 792:The Lys 786:Michael 768:Cambrai 662:Hulluch 657:St Eloi 549:Antwerp 337:St Eloi 317:Actions 259:in the 257:commune 157:Germany 4733:Russia 4708:France 4536:Canada 4451:Serbia 4322:Canada 4279:Horses 4231:(1921) 4225:(1920) 4219:(1920) 4213:(1920) 4205:(1920) 4158:(1919) 4152:(1919) 4098:(1918) 4063:(1918) 4057:(1917) 4045:(1916) 4039:(1916) 4004:(1915) 3416:(1913) 3398:(1911) 3380:(1905) 3337:Darfur 3262:Serbia 3245:Russia 3208:Greece 3196:France 3186:Brazil 3032:Persia 2975:Serbia 2793: 2770: 2751: 2732: 2705: 2686: 2669: 2641: 2616: 2586: 2563: 1936:Caquot 1823:9,974 1815:5,675 1807:Total 1804:Month 1545:H-Hour 1441:21 May 1436:Attack 1393:Liévin 1355:, the 1287:, the 1234:Brouay 1136:) and 1006:, and 973:. The 864:Sambre 819:Amiens 687:Verdun 517:Étreux 463:Dinant 169: 154: 130:Result 93:France 4930:Other 4723:Japan 4718:Italy 4545:camps 4389:Rugby 3939:] 3218:Japan 3213:Italy 3191:China 3085:North 2661:[ 2633:[ 1972:Notes 1869:Total 1844:April 1836:March 1728:Talus 1419:Jäger 1282:255th 1278:184th 1274:182nd 1270:181st 1266:176th 1262:175th 1258:172nd 731:Arras 714:Ancre 468:Namur 458:Liège 4510:POWs 3829:1918 3731:1917 3657:1916 3558:1915 3462:1914 3267:Siam 3070:East 2802:2017 2791:OCLC 2768:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2730:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2684:ISBN 2667:OCLC 2650:2017 2639:OCLC 2614:ISBN 2610:HMSO 2597:2017 2584:ISBN 2561:ISBN 1860:June 1708:and 1656:and 1399:Plan 1183:and 945:and 905:The 774:1918 736:Vimy 708:1917 641:1916 625:Loos 582:1915 559:Yser 495:Mons 442:1914 72:Date 1852:May 1669:of 1621:sap 1481:At 1298:At 4992:: 3937:It 2612:. 2459:^ 2358:^ 2343:^ 2302:^ 2283:^ 2240:^ 2225:^ 2198:^ 2159:^ 2072:^ 2009:^ 1280:, 1276:, 1272:, 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1002:, 91:, 87:, 49:, 4361:/ 2866:e 2859:t 2852:v 2776:. 2757:. 2738:. 2711:. 2692:. 2673:. 2622:. 2569:. 1605:2 1601:1 1598:+ 1596:1 1034:( 909:( 423:e 416:t 409:v 300:e 293:t 286:v 40:) 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

German attack on Vimy Ridge

Index