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174:, or roughly a legal sponsor of the newly chartered town. For instance, Magdeburg became the sponsor of towns using Magdeburg Rights, and its lay judges could rule in ambiguous legal cases in towns using such rights. Certain city rights became known under different names, although they originally came from the same source; the name of some city variants designates the
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settlements, while others were constructed anew by colonists. Many towns were formed in conjunction with the settlement of nearby rural communities, but the towns' urban rights were jealously guarded. Initially German town law was applied only to ethnic
Germans, but gradually in most localities all town-dwellers were regarded as citizens, regardless of ethnic origin.
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beginning in the early 13th century. Because many areas were considered underpopulated or underdeveloped, local rulers offered urban privileges to peasants from German lands to induce them to immigrate eastward. Some towns which received a German town law charter were based on pre-existing
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Many towns granted German city rights had already existed for some time, but the granting of town law codified the legal status of the settlement. Many
European localities date their foundation to their reception of a town charter, even though they had existed as a settlement beforehand.
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were chartered with the Środa town law used in much of Poland, although this was done through the duplication of Polish administrative methods instead of German colonization. In the 16th century
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granting them autonomy from local secular or religious rulers. Such privileges often included the right to self-governance, economic autonomy, criminal courts, and
489:. The purpose of creating the Środa law was to conform the so-called German law to the interests of Polish authority. Major cities chartered with Środa law were
83:. The German town law (based on the Magdeburg rights) was used in the founding of many German cities, towns, and villages beginning in the 13th century.
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by legal experts. Ultimately, the older towns' laws, along with local autonomy and jurisdiction, gave way to landed territorial rulers. With the
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The granting of German city rights modelled after an established town to a new town regarded the original model as a
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During the course of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the town laws of many places were modified with aspects of
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of 1 January 1900 were single articles concerning family and inheritance laws. The cities of
Hamburg, Bremen, and
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182:. As territorial borders changed through the passage of time, changes to German city rights were inevitable.
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The Środa/Neumarkt law is a local Polish variant of the
Magdeburg rights, modelled after the town rights of
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began establishing towns throughout northern Europe as early as the 10th century, they often received
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they became famous from, not necessarily that that specific style of rights originated from the
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law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in
Germany, but also in
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spread rapidly among the maritime settlements along the southern shore of the
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402:. South German law, broadly referring to the codes of Nuremberg and
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505:, numerous towns were chartered with Środa town law throughout the
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granted or reaffirmed
Magdeburg rights to various towns along the
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358:) in Poland, used extensively in central and southern Poland, and
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Map showing the spread of German town laws throughout
Westphalia
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Historical Atlas of
Central Europe: Revised and Expanded Edition
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and was the source of several variants, including
Neumarkt law (
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Timeline of medieval German charter cities grouped by type.
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390:, such as Old Prague and Cheb law, were introduced into
537:, received South German town law in the 14th century.
713:. Georg Westermann Verlag Braunschweig. Berlin. 1963.
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Late-Mediaeval European form of municipal governance
430:communities in Bohemia, Moravia, the mountains of
273:German town law was frequently applied during the
700:. University of Washington Press. Seattle. 2002.
627:World History in Documents: A Comparative Reader
560:, Magdeburg law continued to be used in western
426:. Jihlava law was a variant used frequently by
691:Atlas zur Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung
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724:History of city rights in Schleswig-Holstein
693:. Velhagen & Klasing. Bielefeld. 1958.
386:Litoměřice law and codes based on that of
319:, used for some towns in the lands of the
215:by the territorial princes; the remaining
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279:of Central and Eastern Europe by German
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540:In the 15th century, many towns in the
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315:. It formed the basis of Riga law in
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711:Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte
509:in the 14th century, especially in
501:. Resulting from the reign of King
574:List of towns with German town law
481:, granted in 1235 by Polish ruler
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629:. New York University Press, 1998
454:, Spiš, and Székesfehérvár laws.
374:in Eastern Pomerania, and in the
249:are currently administered under
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679:. Penguin Books. London, 1997.
554:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
418:, and was introduced into the
203:of 1803, almost all of the 51
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200:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
364:State of the Teutonic Order
362:(Chełmno law), used in the
98:from February 11, 1355
79:who modified it during the
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755:Urban planning in Germany
394:during the reign of King
299:and was used in northern
49:German municipal concerns
542:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
422:during the rule of King
346:was popular around the
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696:Magocsi, Paul Robert.
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558:Partitions of Poland
446:, Goslar, Lüneburg,
370:and along the lower
217:imperial free cities
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765:German communities
552:acquired from the
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458:Środa/Neumarkt law
420:Kingdom of Hungary
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599:Cities portal
564:until the 1830s.
507:Kingdom of Poland
483:Henry the Bearded
305:Western Pomerania
253:, or laws of the
235:became sovereign
209:Holy Roman Empire
90:Town charter for
16:(Redirected from
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207:cities of the
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159:), and either
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556:. After the
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475:Środa Śląska
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735:(in German)
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237:city-states
121:Westphalian
81:Middle Ages
744:Categories
608:References
535:Nösnerland
531:Burzenland
297:Baltic Sea
293:Lübeck law
288:Lübeck law
213:mediatised
205:reichsfrei
149:Lübeck law
579:Burgrecht
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388:Nuremberg
309:Pomerelia
281:colonists
269:Expansion
221:Frankfurt
195:Roman law
161:Nuremberg
153:Magdeburg
123:towns of
69:Magdeburg
37:‹See Tfd›
770:Kulm law
568:See also
519:Volhynia
416:Slovenia
360:Kulm law
333:Courland
129:Dortmund
550:Dnieper
546:Muscovy
527:Altland
515:Galicia
511:Masovia
495:Legnica
485:of the
444:Görlitz
424:Béla IV
412:Austria
408:Bavaria
400:Moravia
392:Bohemia
372:Vistula
368:Prussia
329:Estonia
325:Livonia
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229:Hamburg
141:Cologne
137:Münster
117:militia
109:Germans
103:History
73:Central
704:
683:
662:4 June
533:, and
517:, and
491:Kalisz
434:, and
428:mining
414:, and
404:Vienna
331:, and
313:Warmia
247:Berlin
233:Lübeck
231:, and
225:Bremen
165:Vienna
145:Lübeck
135:, and
133:Minden
67:. The
65:Otto I
41:German
499:Radom
211:were
125:Soest
47:) or
702:ISBN
681:ISBN
664:2024
635:2014
497:and
452:Nysa
350:and
317:Riga
311:and
94:and
75:and
30:The
477:in
366:in
323:in
257:of
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163:or
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