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assured the German people that the Soviet Union would be crushed well before the onset of winter, but that, in fact, did not happen, and there was little in the way of good news. The timing of the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor enabled Hitler to angle his planned speech to the Reichstag in a more positive fashion, squeezing as much propaganda value out of it as possible. Hitler, in fact, put off the speech – and the declaration of war – for several days, trying to arrive at the proper psychological moment to make the announcement. Still, the propaganda motive was hardly sufficient to justify declaring war on the US, especially considering that doing so would create an otherwise "unnatural alliance" between two disparate and heretofore antagonistic polities, the United States and the Soviet Union.
42:
299:
331:, postponing the declaration for 24 hours to give himself time to prepare. A further meeting with Goebbels on 10 December finalised the planning, although Hitler had yet to work on his speech. The time selected was 3:00 pm, as it was a convenient time for German radio listeners and the broadcast could be received in Tokyo at 10:00 pm and in Washington DC at 8:00 am. Ribbentrop telephoned the German ambassador in Rome, asking him to contact Mussolini and ensure that Italy's declaration of war be coordinated with that of Germany. Meanwhile, there was considerable diplomatic activity to ensure that the amendments to the Tripartite Pact requested by the Japanese government be concluded; the Germans requested that the Japanese ambassador,
714:, Roosevelt had pledged that America would be the "arsenal of democracy" to forestall Axis domination in Europe. German attacks on American shipping – which came after a period in which U-boats were ordered to avoid doing so whenever possible – began well before the German declaration of war meant that American naval ships inevitably became involved in conflicts with German ones. Ribbentrop expressed the opinion that great powers do not wait to have war declared on them, and it may have seemed to Hitler – ignorant as he was of strains in the Anglo-American relationship – that the United States, as a near-belligerent, might formally declare war on Germany in any case.
651:, who was told about the decision to widen the war when he returned from a month's leave, was astounded by Hitler's "cluelessness" about the military potential of the United States, and saw it as an example of Hitler's "dilettante approach and his limited knowledge of foreign countries". Nor had Hitler ordered the preparations necessary for such a decision or taken into account any logistical considerations. He may have seen a strategic advantage in the U.S. presumably being primarily engaged in responding to the Pearl Harbor attack, while German U-boats were unleashed on American shipping in the Atlantic, thereby severing the life-line of supplies to the UK, but he had not given Admiral
751:, led to the assumption that war between them was inevitable. As such, the decision was made to use the attack as a rationale for an official declaration of war in order to drive Britain out of the conflict by widening submarine operations and directly attacking U.S. commercial shipping. While Hitler's declaration of war against the United States eventually led to his downfall, initially it seemed successful in its objective of more effectively cutting Britain's supply lines, as the U.S. military's lack of tactics, equipment, and procedures for fighting U-boats caused 1942 to be the most devastating year of the war for shipping losses; the war declaration enabled the
743:
threat in the
Pacific. Hitler had, in fact, committed Germany to fight the United States while in the midst of a war of extermination against the Soviet Union, and without having first defeated Britain, instead of taking the option of putting off a conflict with the U.S. for as long as possible, forcing it to concentrate on the war in the Pacific against Japan, and making it much more difficult for it to become involved in the European war. At least to some extent he had held in his hands the power to control the timing of the intervention of the United States, and instead, by declaring war against America, he freed Roosevelt and Churchill to act as they saw fit.
574:
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enemies
Germany was fighting, but Hitler dismissed this concern as not being essential to the outcome of the war, and, almost entirely without consultation, declared war against the United States. Hitler sought to preempt what he believed was an imminent declaration of war by Roosevelt, even though Roosevelt had not planned to declare war on Germany. In general, the Nazi hierarchy held low regard for the military resolve of the U.S. under Roosevelt, a stance that is widely considered a major error in their strategic thinking. In their eyes the United States was a corrupt, decadent, Jewish-dominated nation weakened by its large populations of
847:
November to the Danish and
Croatian Foreign Ministers "If one day the German nation is no longer sufficiently strong or sufficiently ready to sacrifice to stake its own blood for its existence, then let it perish and be annihilated by some other stronger power ... In that case I shall shed no tears for the German nation." Haffner comments "Was the declaration of war on America the first hint that Hitler had inwardly changed gear? Had he decided that if he could not go down in history as the greatest conqueror he would at least be the architect of the greatest catastrophe?" (p.120)
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believed that the United States was effectively acting as a belligerent in the conflict, given actions such as Lend-Lease of supplies to
Britain to sustain their war effort in the face of German aggression, President Roosevelt's public statements, the deployment of American soldiers and Marines to Iceland, and U.S. Navy escorts of convoys across the Atlantic, which sometimes came into contact with U-boats; these acts, as well as America's previous intervention in
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Furthermore, throughout his life, Hitler had always gambled and won on the "long shot", betting everything on a single roll of the dice. Doing so had served him well up to this point, but his lack of information about the US and his ideological preconceptions about it made this particular choice a very poor one, unlikely to come up in Hitler's favor. From the historical perspective, however, his choice looks like a desperate act.
762:, who feared the possibility of two parallel but disconnected wars – the UK and Soviet Union versus Germany in Europe, and the US and the British Empire versus Japan in the Far East and the Pacific. With Nazi Germany's declaration against the United States in effect, American assistance for Britain in both theaters of war as a full ally was assured. It also simplified matters for the American government, as
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Puttkamer, blind to the realization that this power could be projected across the
Atlantic, he gained renewed confidence in a victorious outcome to the war. His generals suffered from the same land-locked hallucination: his entire headquarters staff gave themselves up to "an ecstasy of rejoicing"; the few who saw further "became even lonelier". Naval officers saw no more clearly than the generals.
110:
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only in luxury and living the "good life" while dancing, drinking and enjoying "negrofied" music. Such a country, in Hitler's mind, would never be willing to make the economic and human sacrifices necessary to threaten
National Socialist Germany – and thus set the stage for a dangerously inaccurate view of the very nation that Hitler had stated in his unpublished
1821:
350:" broadcasts in which he said the American people should "Remember always that Germany and Italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the United States at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with Britain or Russia". Churchill spoke in the
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One advantage which the declaration of war against the U.S. provided for Hitler was as a propaganda diversion for the German public, to distract them from the state of the war against the Soviet Union, in which
Germany had suffered severe setbacks and an unexpectedly prolonged engagement. Hitler had
770:
When Pearl Harbor happened, we were desperate. ... We were all in agony. The mood of the
American people was obvious – they were determined that the Japanese had to be punished. We could have been forced to concentrate all our efforts on the Pacific, unable from then on to give
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From the perspective of the
American administration, the United States was obliged to assist a fellow democracy in her struggle against Fascist aggression in Europe, which necessitated material and financial support, short of war, to both the British Empire and the Soviet Union. This provoked heated
658:
Hitler's lack of knowledge about the US and its industrial and demographic capacity for mounting a war on two fronts also entered into his decision. As early as mid-March 1941 – nine months before the Japanese attack – President Roosevelt was acutely aware of Hitler's
318:
American public opinion swung heavily against Germany after Pearl Harbor, which was believed to be inspired by or organized by Germany. A 10 December Gallup poll (after Pearl Harbor but before the German declaration of war) found that 90% of Americans answered "Yes" to the question "Should President
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It was also the case that from the German point of view, the United States was practically a belligerent already. Roosevelt had come as close to entering the war as a neutral power could possibly come, and perhaps had crossed over the line as well. For over a year, the U.S. had been providing large
606:
in June 1941. Indeed, Hitler had confided to the Japanese ambassador "ne should strike – as hard as possible – and not waste time declaring war." The prospect of a worldwide war also underscored Hitler's tendency towards grandiose thinking, and reinforced his feeling
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on the morning of 11 December, saying that "Not only the British Empire now but the United States are fighting for life; Russia is fighting for life, and China is fighting for life. Behind these four great combatant communities are ranged all the free spirit and hopes of all the conquered countries
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Hillgruber (1981), p.95. Quote: "Hitler's declaration of war on the United States ... was not an objective foreign policy move. ... Rather, it was a gesture designed to conceal the fact that he could no longer control the direction of the war ... His admission ... on January 3,
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Regardless of Hitler's reasons for the declaration, the decision is generally seen as an enormous strategic blunder on his part, as it allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Allies without much public opposition, while still facing the Japanese
393:
publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have
197:
of Germany, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. The course of relations between Germany and the United States had deteriorated since the beginning of World War II, inevitably so given the increasing cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom.
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Another factor was that Hitler's deeply-held racial prejudices made him see the US as a decadent bourgeois democracy filled with people of mixed race, a population heavily under the influence of Jews and "Negroes", with no history of authoritarian discipline to control and direct them, interested
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There was also a motivation linked to Hitler's own psychology. At a time when the Wehrmacht had just been forced by the Red Army and the Russian winter to move to the defense in the invasion of Russia, Hitler may have wanted to show by declaring war that he was still the master of the situation.
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Haffner speculates that the decision may have marked the beginning of Hitler's ultimate position that if the German people did not have sufficient "will" to win the war, then they deserved to go down in absolute ruin. He cites the recent setbacks on the Eastern Front, and Hitler's remarks on 27
597:
While Hitler's alleged reasons for declaring war against the United States were numerous, he was not obliged by treaty to support Japan except if it was directly attacked by a third party, and was inspired to respond promptly because of his enthusiasm for Japan's decisive surprise attack, which
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From the point of view of Hitler and much of the German political and military elite, declaring war against the U.S. in response to the Pearl Harbor attack was a calculated risk in fighting the U.S. before they were prepared to effectively defend themselves. By that time, the German leadership
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policy had also been adopted one year before, in September 1939. While these policies inevitably strained diplomacy between the two nations, American relations with Germany had deteriorated for years, particularly after the withdrawal of the American ambassador to Germany in 1938 following the
306:
According to the terms of their agreements, Germany was obliged to come to the aid of Japan if a third country attacked Japan, but not if Japan attacked a third country. Ribbentrop reminded Hitler of this, and noted that a declaration of war against the United States would add to the number of
832:
As late as 24 February 1945, Hitler spoke of the "vast territory" of the United States in America, "ample to absorb the energies of all their people", as the model which he hoped to emulate for Germany in Europe, "to ensure for her complete economic independence inside a territory of a size
782:
characterizes Hitler's decision to declare war on the US when he was not required to as " typical Hitler forward move, attempting to seize the initiative ... ut it was a move from weakness, not strength. And it was more irrational than any strategic decision taken to that date." In his
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The news came as a surprise to Hitler although he knew of their intention to attack somewhere at some time and had made up his mind to support them if they attacked the United States. Now frivolously disregarding the huge financial and productive power of America and, according to ... von
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667:, and the rapidly progressing efforts of the Americans' industrial capacity before and through 1941 to start providing its armed forces with the ordnance, combat aircraft and ships that would be required to defeat the Axis as a whole, the US was already well on the path to a complete
702:' and race held the key to his image of the United States. To Hitler the United States was a country with a white 'Nordic' racial core, to which he attributed its economic success and standard of living, and in which he saw a model for his vision of German 'living space' in Europe.
611:
I can only be grateful to Providence that it entrusted me with the leadership in this historic struggle which, for the next five hundred or a thousand years, will be described as decisive, not only for the history of Germany, but for the whole of Europe and indeed the whole
527:, with a speech lasting for 88 minutes in which he listed German successes to date. The second part of the speech was devoted to an attack on Roosevelt and "the Anglo-Saxon Jewish-capitalist world", concluding that "In the 2,000 years of German history known to us, our
778:, one of Hitler's biographers, has argued that Hitler's decision was "really no longer an act of his own volition, but a gesture governed by a sudden awareness of his own impotence. That gesture was Hitler's last strategic initiative of any importance." Historian
275:, at the beginning of December that relations between the United States and the Japanese Empire had deteriorated to a point where hostilities were imminent. He was thereafter instructed to ask Germany for a commitment to declare war under the terms of the
793:
said of Hitler's decision "There is to this day no comprehensible rational explanation for what one is tempted to describe as an act of lunacy. ... Even viewed as an act of desperation his declaration of war on America really does not make sense."
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debate in the United States, but most Americans supported aid, not necessarily direct American involvement. The re-election of Roosevelt in 1940 also emboldened him to pursue further sustained aid to the United Kingdom, given he had already approved the
295:. This agreement, drafted on 4 December, committed the primary Axis powers to go to war with the United States in the event of hostilities with Japan, and essentially superseded the Tripartite Pact as an offensive, rather than defensive, alliance.
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more than purely peripheral help to Britain. It was truly astounding when Hitler declared war on us three days later. I cannot tell you our feelings of triumph. It was a totally irrational thing for him to do, and I think it saved Europe.
291:: that if Japan became embroiled in a war with the United States, Germany would, naturally, enter the war on Japan's side. When the Japanese asked for a written assurance of this, Hitler complied, with express consent from
640:
had either been asked or given". It is likely that if they had been asked, the military leadership would have advised against expanding the war, given the extent of the crisis on the Eastern Front. Hitler's
271:, heralding a war between Japan and the United States. Japan had not informed its ally, Germany, in advance of the attack, although the Japanese ambassador had communicated to the German Foreign Minister,
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on the morning of 11 December asking them to declare war on Germany and Italy; meeting at noon, the motion passed through both houses without dissent, although there were some abstentions. Vice President
445:, the Government of the United States from initial violations of neutrality has finally proceeded to open acts of war against Germany. The Government of the United States has thereby virtually created a
1198:
698:
The economic potential and racial composition of America had implications for Hitler's own ideological construct, indeed, how he saw Germany's current problems and future hopes. His central ideas of '
679:. With German troops on the outskirts of Moscow, Hitler may also have counted on a quick defeat of the Soviet Union making available German economic and military resources tied up in that invasion.
113:
283:
from the British, believing that doing so would not only harm the British cause, but would also serve to help keep the U.S. out of the war. On 28 November 1941, Ribbentrop confirmed to
588:, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor actually buoyed Hitler's assurance in winning the war, and improved morale among the high leadership of the armed forces. Peter Padfield writes:
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in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the
1504:
1851:
516:, the head of the Division of European Affairs. In Berlin, there was consternation that Mussolini had decided to preempt Hitler and declare war in a speech from the balcony at the
1164:
170:
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156:, following two days of consultation. It has been referred to as Hitler's "most puzzling" decision of World War II. Publicly, the formal declaration was made to American
1846:
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in Europe ... It would indeed bring shame upon our generation if we did not teach them a lesson which will not be forgotten in the records of a thousand years".
41:
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has never been more unified and united than it is today". On the same day, German ambassadors in the capitals of the other Tripartite Pact signatories;
1825:
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Although Germany on her part has strictly adhered to the rules of international law in her relations with the United States during every period of the
133:
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Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German
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Hitler arrived in Berlin on Tuesday 9 December and met with Goebbels at midday, when he disclosed his intention to declare war in a speech to the
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in 1940, American public opinion towards Germany had become increasingly hostile, particularly after Roosevelt won another election term in 1940.
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which had developed between the two countries had put a strain on relations between the United States, still technically a neutral country, and
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1804:
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280:
512:. On their arrival however, Hull refused to see the German delegation and it was not until 9:30 that they were able to pass their note to
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675:" for itself and its allies. Hitler, however, was dismissive of the military power of the United States, a view that was shared by
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to offer counsel. Jodl, who was Hitler's chief military advisor on operation planning, and his immediate second in charge, General
98:
Declaring war on the United States for having "having violated ... all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany"
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501:
550:
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226:. United States warships escorting American supply vessels bound for the United Kingdom were already engaged in an undeclared
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The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever increasing measure all rules of
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17:
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The essence of Ribbentrop's comment to Morris, without the descriptive commentary, is confirmed by Bloch, Michael (1992)
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785:
546:
371:'s office where Ribbentrop read Morris the formal declaration; the meeting lasted from 2:18 to 2:21 pm. The text was:
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compatible with her population", adding that "a great people has need of broad acres". Genoud, Francois, ed. (1961).
1008:
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which prevented direct involvement in the war, brought the U.S. to push hard against the traditional boundaries of
215:
1090:
907:
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457:
411:
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to prevent the Axis domination of Europe. By 1941, much of the Neutrality Acts had largely been repealed by the
140:
declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a "series of provocations" by the
1861:
585:
580:'s signing of the declaration of war against Germany, the response of the United States to Hitler's declaration
328:
256:, allowing Roosevelt more freedom to pursue further aid for Britain without legal impediments. Even before the
241:
76:
813:
1871:
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Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America.
1538:
763:
695:, 1928) would be the Third Reich's most serious challenge beyond his intended defeat of the Soviet Union.
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any advance notification so he could position his U-boats to take maximum advantage of the new situation.
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368:
272:
264:
245:
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129:
1841:
577:
509:
417:
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bearing aid. Roosevelt's desire to help the British, despite the objections of the influential American
211:
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at 2:45 pm; an estimated crowd of 100,000 gathered to hear his speech which lasted only four minutes.
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that he was a figure of historic proportions. As he said in his declaration speech to the Reichstag:
603:
453:
343:
268:
219:
542:
477:, a diplomat who worked with Morris, after reading the declaration, Ribbentrop screamed at Morris,
383:
1649:
660:
648:
538:
446:
634:, later recalled that it "was another entirely independent decision on which no advice from the
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with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by
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483:("Your President has wanted this war, now he has it"), turned on his heels and left the room.
332:
308:
1021:
287:, the Japanese ambassador to Germany, what Hitler himself had told Japanese foreign minister
1587:. Translated by Ewald Osers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.117–18.
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amounts of economic aid to Britain and the Soviet Union in the form of loans and credit and
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arrived at the White House with the declaration, which was signed by Roosevelt at 3:00 pm.
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Whatever consultations Hitler sought for his decision, he did not invite anyone from the
1199:
Documents on German Foreign Policy - Series D - Volume XIII - June 23 - December 11 1941
1339:
837:. London. p. 88. For problems with this source, see Kershaw (2000), n.121, pp. 1024–25.
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1941 German war declaration in response to alleged provocations from the United States
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367:, the highest ranking American diplomat in Germany, was summoned to Foreign Minister
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hand-over of military control of Iceland from the United Kingdom to the United States
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1942, that he did 'not yet' know 'how America could be defeated' speaks for itself."
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should that occur. Hitler and Ribbentrop had been urging Japan to attack and seize
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553:, were instructed to obtain their declarations of war against the United States.
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The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler–Bormann Documents, February–April 1945
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The Testament of Adolf Hitler. The Hitler–Bormann Documents, February–April 1945
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on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression.
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At 3:00 pm, Hitler addressed the 855 deputies of the Reichstag gathered in the
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Roosevelt have asked Congress to declare war on Germany, as well as on Japan?"
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Britain and the United States were already aware of German intentions through
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Hitler's declaration of war came as a great relief to British Prime Minister
302:
Closeup of Hitler as war is declared upon the United States, 11 December 1941
1035:"Hitler Attacks Pearl Harbor: Why the United States Declared War on Germany"
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signals intelligence and on 9 December, Roosevelt gave one of his national "
173:, with Germany's action having eliminated any remaining meaningful domestic
1128:"German Declaration of War with the United States : December 11, 1941"
1820:
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Accept, Mr. Chargé d'Affaires, the expression of my high consideration.
233:
1346:. Translated by Chase, Jefferson. New York: Knopf. pp. 221–222.
46:
1754:
1497:"What If Hitler Never Declared War on the U.S. During World War II?"
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Adolf Hitler, the leader of the NSDAP (Nazi Party), chancellor, and
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Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II
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The German Government therefore establishes the following facts:
1711:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941
416:, have opened fire on German submarines according to plan. The
424:, himself confirmed that American destroyers attacked German
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systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American
114:
Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States
480:"Ihr Präsident hat diesen Krieg gewollt; jetzt hat er ihn"
18:
German declaration of war against the United States (1941)
1675:. Profiles in Power. Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
1247:"Hitler's Speech Declaring War Against the United States"
1313:
1311:
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909:
Gallup Vault: U.S. Opinion and the Start of World War II
263:
On 7 December 1941, Japanese forces launched a surprise
1022:"Unsurpassed: The Popular Appeal of Franklin Roosevelt"
134:
United States declaration of war against Imperial Japan
1774:
Smyth, Howard M.; and Lambert, Margaret, eds. (1964).
1291:
Dönitz: The Last Fuhrer: Portrait of a Nazi War Leader
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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1206:, Telegram No. 577 (11 December 1941) from "Schmidt"
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94:
86:
72:
54:
34:
496:in Washington, with instructions to present it to
452:The German Government, consequently, discontinues
1759:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1756:December 1941: Twelve Days that Began a World War
177:opposition to the U.S. joining the European war.
768:
609:
590:
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598:German forces had used when they attacked the
584:According to Hitler's Naval Adjutant, Admiral
144:government when the U.S. was still officially
1777:Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945
1525:Redford, Duncan, and Grove, Philip D. (2014)
979:
977:
8:
1791:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
1086:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
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622:except perhaps for the sycophantic generals
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169:in the latter's office. Later that day, the
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35:Declaration of war against the United States
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384:British declaration of war against Germany
187:Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor
152:. The decision to declare war was made by
40:
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659:hostility towards the United States, and
265:attack on the United States Pacific Fleet
125:On 11 December 1941, four days after the
1852:Germany–United States military relations
1204:United States Government Printing Office
722:one month before the 1940 election. The
1847:Declarations of war during World War II
1566:
1547:Albert Speer: His Battle with the Truth
1475:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 900.
1402:"Bill to Aid Britain Strongly Backed".
990:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp.731–732.
860:
825:
804:Declarations of war during World War II
358:On Thursday 11 December 1941, American
1438:How Hitler Could Have Won World War II
1301:. p.235; quoting Warlimont, W. (1964)
661:the destructive potential it presented
556:Roosevelt had written a brief note to
31:
1799:, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books,
1507:from the original on 28 November 2020
1415:
7:
1527:The Royal Navy: A History Since 1900
1472:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
90:Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop
1495:Farley, Robert (2 September 2016).
1374:The Origins of the Second World War
1253:from the original on 11 August 2021
1729:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
1138:from the original on 24 March 2013
809:Diplomatic history of World War II
663:. Due to this attitude within the
335:, should be empowered to sign the
25:
1826:11 December 1941 Reichstag speech
1785:United States Department of State
1629:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
963:. New York: Vintage. pp.655–657.
435:on the high seas as enemy ships.
1819:
1215:Smyth & Lambert 1964, p. 999
502:United States Secretary of State
339:on Tokyo's behalf to save time.
218:, and many other results of the
108:
49:announces the declaration of war
1877:1941 in international relations
1134:. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
486:The same text had been sent to
1654:Germany and the Two World Wars
1612:. New York: Crown Publishing.
988:The Third Reich: A New History
418:Secretary of the American Navy
391:President of the United States
200:Destroyers for Bases Agreement
1:
1549:. New York: Knopf. p.267–68.
869:"The Big Leak - Rainbow Five"
1789:Department of State Bulletin
1642:Genoud, François ed. (1961)
1457:Kershaw (2007), pp. 382–430.
1393:Hillgruber (1981), pp. 50–51
1303:Inside Hitler's Headquarters
171:U.S. declared war on Germany
1440:. New York: Crown. p. 108.
1344:Hitler: Downfall: 1939–1945
1009:"Public Opinion: 1935-1946"
933:Bullock (1992), pp. 661–664
389:On September 11, 1941, the
165:by German Foreign Minister
1898:
1694:Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis
1376:. London: Longman. p. 94.
1280:Mawdsley 2011, pp. 253–254
1271:Mawdsley 2011, pp. 250–253
1236:Mawdsley 2011, pp. 248-249
1091:W. W. Norton & Company
1064:Mawdsley 2011, pp. 223–225
942:Kershaw (2007), pp.444–446
337:"No separate peace" clause
216:Pan-American Security Zone
184:
1857:1941 in the United States
1795:Weeks, Albert L. (2004),
1436:Alexander, Bevin (2000).
1427:Kershaw (2000), pp.444–45
1293:London: Victor Gollancz.
1188:. New York: Crown. p.347
893:Bullock (1992), pp.766-67
720:destroyers-for-bases deal
671:which would make it the "
578:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
569:Post-declaration opinions
107:
39:
1317:Kershaw (2007), p.383–84
586:Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
194:FĂĽhrer und Reichskanzler
1539:Galbraith, John Kenneth
1289:Padfield, Peter (1984)
1186:Ribbentrop: A Biography
1171:6 November 2021 at the
783:biographical analysis,
375:MR. CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES:
214:, the extension of the
1696:. London: Allen Lane.
1608:Bloch, Michael (1992)
1175:. Plunkett Lake Press.
1083:Read, Anthony (2004).
773:
764:John Kenneth Galbraith
685:
643:
636:
618:
614:
595:
581:
529:
492:
479:
471:
398:, as for instance the
369:Joachim von Ribbentrop
360:
303:
273:Joachim von Ribbentrop
228:
193:
167:Joachim von Ribbentrop
158:
130:attack on Pearl Harbor
60:; 82 years ago
1584:The Meaning of Hitler
1501:National Interest.org
1326:Kershaw (2016), p.352
1227:Mawdsley 2011, p. 253
1202:(1945) pp.1004–1005.
1073:Mawdsley 2011, p. 247
1055:Mawdsley 2011, p. 236
1046:Mawdsley 2011, p. 221
881:Kershaw (2007), p.382
786:The Meaning of Hitler
576:
510:Eastern Standard Time
504:, at 3:30 pm, German
301:
1867:December 1941 events
1828:at Wikimedia Commons
1632:. New York: Knopf.
673:arsenal of democracy
604:Operation Barbarossa
454:diplomatic relations
269:Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
220:special relationship
1787:(13 December 1941)
1713:New York: Penguin.
1650:Hillgruber, Andreas
1406:. February 9, 1941.
814:Kellogg–Briand Pact
466:December 11, 1941.
458:President Roosevelt
1780:. London: H.M.S.O.
1579:Haffner, Sebastian
1467:Shirer, William L.
1404:The New York Times
1132:The Avalon Project
649:Nicolaus von Below
582:
323:German declaration
311:, immigrants, and
304:
1824:Media related to
1806:978-0-7391-0736-2
1766:978-0-300-15445-0
1742:978-0-14-310992-1
1719:978-1-59420-123-3
1541:, interviewed by
1529:. Tauris. p. 182.
1353:978-1-101-87400-4
1305:Weidenfeld, p.208
1161:Memoirs 1925-1950
1157:Keenan, George F.
1104:978-0-393-04800-1
1033:Hill, Richard F.
1020:Norpoth, Helmut.
1007:Cantril, Hadley.
984:Burleigh, Michael
791:Sebastian Haffner
760:Winston Churchill
753:Second Happy Time
525:Kroll Opera House
493:chargé d'affaires
361:chargé d'affaires
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1509:. Retrieved
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175:isolationist
154:Adolf Hitler
150:World War II
138:Nazi Germany
124:
81:Nazi Germany
29:
1882:Axis powers
1093:. pp.
780:Ian Kershaw
749:World War I
693:Second Book
669:war economy
665:White House
653:Karl Dönitz
624:Alfred Jodl
506:summer time
469:RIBBENTROP.
443:present war
244:imposed by
1836:Categories
1610:Ribbentrop
1416:Weeks 2004
1257:21 October
1142:2 November
1011:. p. 1173.
855:References
766:recalled:
708:Lend-Lease
647:adjutant,
508:, 8:30 am
426:submarines
396:destroyers
380:neutrality
250:neutrality
204:Lend-Lease
185:See also:
181:Background
118:Wikisource
1196:, citing
710:; in the
644:Luftwaffe
637:Wehrmacht
619:Wehrmacht
329:Reichstag
293:Mussolini
281:Singapore
267:based at
103:Full text
87:Author(s)
77:Reichstag
55:Presented
1753:(2011).
1727:(2016).
1671:(1991).
1581:(1979).
1545:(1995).
1505:Archived
1469:(1960).
1372:(1998).
1342:(2020).
1251:Archived
1169:Archived
1136:Archived
1037:. p. 37.
1024:. p. 39.
986:(2000).
959:(1975).
906:(1940).
798:See also
558:Congress
551:Slovakia
543:Bulgaria
410:and the
246:Congress
229:de facto
132:and the
127:Japanese
73:Location
1709:(2007)
1692:(2000)
1652:(1981)
1626:(1992)
1603:Sources
1159:(2020)
602:during
547:Croatia
539:Romania
535:Hungary
234:U-boats
224:Germany
148:during
146:neutral
95:Purpose
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500:, the
420:, Mr.
407:Kearny
404:, the
210:, the
206:, the
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820:Notes
401:Greer
344:Magic
1801:ISBN
1761:ISBN
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1715:ISBN
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1634:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1551:ISBN
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1378:ISBN
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1259:2021
1190:ISBN
1165:p.96
1144:2013
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992:ISBN
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626:and
549:and
530:Volk
422:Knox
198:The
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