Healthcare in Germany - Knowledge (XXG)

313:). The fund has a common rate for all members, and is paid for with joint employer-employee contributions. The employer pays half of the contribution, and the employee pays the other half. Insured persons can also choose optional plans that include higher deductibles and are therefore cheaper. Plans that include high reimbursements if no medical services are used are also possible. In addition, insured persons can forego certain services with some health insurance companies and choose cheaper plans. Self-employed workers and those who are unemployed without benefits must pay the entire contribution themselves. However, unemployed individuals with public health insurance pay the minimum premium (i.e., 219.17 € to 226.24 € as of 2024), and those with private health insurance continue to pay the same premium. Provider payment is negotiated in complex 368: 1060:

helps in keeping the insurance premiums stable in old age. However, public health insurance companies don't have any aging provisions. Public system solely relies on the young professionals to pay for the medical costs of the retirees. Unfortunately, by 2050 one third of the German population will be 60 or above. Thus, they won't have enough young professionals to cover the increased medical expenses. This can lead to a drastic increase in the public health insurance cost in coming decades. Experts predict that customers will pay between 25% and 32% of their gross salary in public insurance.

1075: 142:. Bismarck stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible for ensuring access by those who need it, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with the smallest political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions set out procedures they deem feasible. Mandatory health insurance originally applied only to low-income workers and certain government employees, but has gradually expanded to cover the great majority of the population. 30: 783:). If their income exceeds that amount, they can choose to have private health insurance instead. Freelancers and self-employed persons can have public or private insurance, regardless of their income. Public health insurers are not forced to accept self-employed persons, which can create difficulties for foreign freelancers, who can get refused by both public and private health insurers. Since health insurance coverage is a requirement for their residence permit, they can be forced to leave the country. 330:), which covers the vast majority of residents, some residents can instead choose private health insurance: those with a yearly income above €69,300 (2024), students, self-employed, and civil servants. About 11% of the population has private health insurance. The state covers 50% of the medical costs of most civil servants in Germany. Thus, they need a private insurance contract to cover the rest of the costs. This is why 93% of civil servants in Germany choose private health insurance. 1222:), the body representing contract physicians and contract psychotherapists at federal level, 56% of Social Health Insurance patients waited 1 week or less, while only 13% waited longer than 3 weeks for a doctor's appointment. 67% of privately insured patients waited 1 week or less, while 7% waited longer than 3 weeks. The KBV reported that both Social Health Insurance and privately insured patient experienced low waits, but privately insured patients' waits were even lower. 107: 223:

coverage through any one of approximately 1,100 public or private sickness funds. Standard insurance is funded by a combination of employee contributions, employer contributions and government subsidies on a scale determined by income level. Higher-income workers sometimes choose to pay a tax and opt-out of the standard plan, in favor of 'private' insurance. The latter's premiums are not linked to income level but instead to health status.

236: 155: 297: 98:, which placed it in seventh position in its 2015 survey, Germany has long had the most restriction-free and consumer-oriented healthcare system in Europe. Patients are allowed to seek almost any type of care they wish whenever they want it. In 2017, the government health system in Germany kept a record reserve of more than €18 billion which made it one of the healthiest healthcare systems in the world at the time. 1176: 1210:

2 months or more (7%, vs. 5% for Switzerland and 9% for the U.S.). 70% of Germans reported that they waited less than 1 month for elective surgery, the highest percentage, and the lowest percentage (0%) reporting it took 4 months or more. Waits can also vary somewhat by region. Waits were longer in eastern Germany according to the KBV (KBV, 2010), as cited in "Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators".

5451: 189:(1926) expired and Germany's modern healthcare system started shortly afterwards. In 1956, Laws on Statutory health insurance (SHI) for pensioners come into effect. New laws came in effect in 1972 to help finance and manage hospitals. In 1974 SHI covered students, artists, farmers and disabled living shelters. Between 1977 and 1983 several cost laws were enacted. Long-term care insurance ( 5439: 219:

of hospital days as opposed to procedures or the patient's diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).

766: 1014:. Direct inpatient and outpatient care equivalent to just about a quarter of the entire 'market' – depending on the perspective. As of 2007 a total of 4.4 million people were working in the health care sector, about one in ten employees. In 2010, the total expenditure in health economics was about €287.3 billion in Germany, equivalent to 11.6 percent of the 845:

below the level required for private selection. Since private health insurance is usually more expensive than public health insurance, although not always, the higher premiums must then be paid out of a lower income. During the last twenty years private health insurance became more and more expensive and less efficient compared with the public insurance.

1118:(CVD). The prevalence of major CVD was negatively correlated with the number of cardiologists, whereas it did not show any correlation with the number of primary care providers, general practitioners or non-specialized internists. A more relevant positive relation was found between the prevalence or mortality of major CVD and the number of residents per 853:. Patients with public health insurance paid privately about €1.5 billion in this market segment in 2011, while already 82% of physicians offered their patients in their practices individual services being not covered by the patient's insurances; the benefits of these services are controversial discussed. Private investments in 404:) is covered half and half by employer and employee and covers cases in which a person is not able to manage their daily routine (provision of food, cleaning of apartment, personal hygiene, etc.). It is about 2% of a yearly salaried income or pension, with employers matching the contribution of the employee. 2416: 2057:

Germany's joint committee was established in 2004 and authorized to make binding regulations growing out of health reform bills passed by lawmakers, along with routine coverage decisions. The ministry of health reserves the right to review the regulations for final approval or modification. The joint

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In the Commonwealth Fund 2010 Health Policy Survey in 11 countries, Germany reported some of the lowest waiting times. Germans had the highest percentage of patients reporting their last specialist appointment took less than 4 weeks (83%, vs. 80% for the U.S.), and the second-lowest reporting it took

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morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use. As of 2015 it had the highest number of dentists in Europe with 64,287.

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is not dependent on an individual's health condition, but a percentage (currently 14.6%, half of which is covered by the employer) of salaried income under €64,350 per year (in 2021). Additionally, each public health insurance provider charges an additional contribution rate, which is 1.3% on average

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The introduction of the Health Fund in 2009 and the authorization for health insurance organizations to levy individual supplementary contributions, as enacted in the 2007 Act to Strengthen Competition in the Statutory Health Insurance System (GKV-Wettbewerbsstärkungsgesetz), further accelerated this

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The German health insurance system has undergone significant evolution since the introduction of the segmented health insurance system in the new federal states in January 1991, marking a pivotal moment in healthcare reform following German reunification. Since then, the landscape of statutory health

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basis but has changed into basic capitation according to the number of patients seen during one quarter, with a capped overall spending for outpatient treatments and region. Moreover, regional panel physician associations regulate number of physicians allowed to accept Statutory Health Insurance in a

288:) sets the framework agreement for the committee. One of the most important tasks is to decide which treatments and performances the insurances have to pay for by law. The principle about these decisions is that every treatment and performance has to be required, economic, sufficient and appropriate. 222:

The system is decentralized with private practice physicians providing ambulatory care, and independent, mostly non-profit hospitals providing the majority of inpatient care. Approximately 92% of the population are covered by a 'Statutory Health Insurance' plan, which provides a standardized level of

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Besides the primary governmental health insurance and the secondary private health insurance mentioned above, all governmental and private clinics generally work in an inpatient setting with a prepayment system, requiring a cost estimate that needs to be covered before the perspective therapy can be

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organization authorized to make binding regulations growing out of health reform bills passed by lawmakers, along with routine decisions regarding healthcare in Germany. The Federal Joint Committee consists of 13 members, who are entitled to vote on these binding regulations. The members composed of

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As of 2007, providers have been reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis; the amount to be reimbursed for each service is determined retrospectively to ensure that spending targets are not exceeded. Capitated care, such as that provided by U.S. health maintenance organizations, has been considered as a

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Metrics for infant mortality vary between countries and therefore might not be directly comparable. The United States, for example, marks babies under 500g as being able to be saved and thus counts them as deaths where as Germany does not include them in their infant mortality rate. Also the infant

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since the 1980s. An example of 2010 and 2011: First time since 2004 the drug expenditure fell from €30.2 billion in 2010 to €29.1 billion in 2011, i.e. a fall of €1.1 billion or 3.6%. It was caused by restructuring the Social Security Code: manufacturer discount 16% instead of 6%, price moratorium,

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and control costs. The average length of hospital stay in Germany has decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the U.S. (5 to 6 days). The difference is partly driven by the fact that hospital reimbursement is chiefly a function of the number

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Germany has an aging population. It has put strain on the German healthcare system. The public health insurance system is affected the most. Private health insurance companies save part of the insurance premiums and use this saving to compensate for the increased medical costs in the future. This

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For persons who have opted out of the public health insurance system to get private health insurance, it can prove difficult to subsequently go back to the public system, since this is only possible under certain circumstances, for example if they are not yet 55 years of age and their income drops

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Private insurers provide various types of supplementary coverage (e.g. for glasses, coverage abroad and additional dental care or more sophisticated dentures). However, the public health insurance coverage is determined by Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesaussschuss). They also determine

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Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck's first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to growing benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this

321:(Länder). The sickness funds are mandated to provide a unique and broad benefit package and cannot refuse membership or otherwise discriminate on an actuarial basis. Social welfare beneficiaries are also enrolled in statutory health insurance, and municipalities pay contributions on their behalf. 203:

Since 1976, the government has convened an annual commission, composed of representatives of business, labor, physicians, hospitals, and insurance and pharmaceutical industries.The commission takes into account government policies and makes recommendations to regional associations with respect to

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The average length of hospital stay in Germany decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the United States (5 to 6 days) from 1991 through 2005, drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% . Despite attempts to contain costs,

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In a sample of 13 developed countries Germany was seventh in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in 2009 and tenth in 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence, prevalence and/or mortality, caused significant long-term

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Good dental insurance plans covers 100% of dental costs. However, dental insurance plans put limit to the maximum sum they reimburse in the first few years after taking the insurance policy. Dentists in Germany calculate the dental treatment costs per the GOZ and GÖA fee schedule. This is the

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Public health insurance contributions are based on the worker's salary. Private insurers charge risk-related contributions. This may result in substantial savings for younger individuals who are in good health. However, taking private health insurance is a lifelong decision as it's difficult to

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At the beginning of 2023, there were 96 financially and organizationally independent statutory health insurance organizations in Germany. These organisations are categorized by type and the number of insured individuals they serve. The majority were company health insurance organizations (71),

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As of 2022, Germany had a large hospital sector capacity measured in beds with the highest rate of intensive care beds among high income countries and the highest rate of overall hospital capacity in Europe. High capacity on top of significant day surgery outside of hospitals (especially for

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The drastic reduction in the number of health insurance organizations by over 90 percent since 1991 is primarily attributed to the continuous consolidation of organizations that were not individually competitive or sustainable. This consolidation process was particularly intense in the early

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ophthalmology and orthopaedic surgery) with doctors paid fee-for-service for activity performed are likely factors preventing long waits, despite hospital budget limitations. Activity-based payment for hospitals also is linked to low waiting times. As of 2014, Germany had introduced

436:). Insurance contracts that fit certain criteria are subsidized by €60 per year. It is expected that the number of contracts will grow from 400,000 by end of 2013 to over a million within the next few years. These contracts have been criticized by consumer rights foundations. 936:

100% dental coverage means the insurance company reimburse up to the maximum GOZ and GÖA rate. If the dentist charges the customer above the GOZ and GÖA rate, dental insurance will reimburse till the maximum rate and the customer must pay the remaining costs themselves.

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is a "pay as you go" system – there is no saving for an individual's higher health costs with rising age or existing conditions. Instead, the solidarity principle applies in which the current active generation pays forward for the costs of the current retired

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would not be optimal for Germany. Both systems would suffer concerning sustainable and comprehensive patient care. Only a hybrid of social well-balanced and competitive market conditions would be optimal. Nevertheless, forces of the healthcare market in

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long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered mainly by public and to a smaller extent by private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.

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planned. Several university hospitals in Germany have therefore country-specific quotes for pre-payments that can differ from 100% to the estimated costs and the likelihood of unexpected additional costs, i.e. due to risks for medical complications.

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Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals. It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total

427:). Both systems struggle with the increasing cost of medical treatment and the changing demography. About 87.5% of the persons with health insurance are members of the public system, while 12.5% are covered by private insurance (as of 2006). 379:

Germany has a universal system with two main types of health insurance. Germans are offered three mandatory health benefits, which are co-financed by employer and employee: health insurance, accident insurance, and long-term care insurance.

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There are many types of supplementary health insurance available in Germany. The most popular supplementary health insurance are dental insurance, supplementary private health insurance, hospitalization insurance, and sickness benefits.

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which dental treatments are sufficient, necessary, and economical for which diagnosis. The dental treatments covered in public health insurance is often insufficient and supplementary dental insurance is required to bridge the gap.

347:), which defines the general criteria of coverage, which are translated into benefit packages by the Federal Joint Committee. 11% opt for private health insurance, including government employees. And the remaining are not insured. 279:

legal representatives of the public health insurances, the hospitals, the doctors and dentists and three impartial members. Also, there are five representatives of the patients with an advisory role who are not allowed to vote.

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A. J. W. Goldschmidt: Der 'Markt' Gesundheitswesen. In: M. Beck, A. J. W. Goldschmidt, A. Greulich, M. Kalbitzer, R. Schmidt, G. Thiele (Hrsg.): Management Handbuch DRGs, Hüthig / Economica, Heidelberg, 1. Auflage 2003

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to charge patients more when a drug is newer and more effective than generic drugs. However, as of 2013 total out-of-costs for medications were capped at 2% of income, and 1% of income for people with chronic diseases.

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In Germany, all privately financed products and services for health are assigned as part of the 'second health market'. Unlike the 'first health market' they are usually not paid by a public or private

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of the national health sector was about US$ 368.78 billion (€287.3 billion) in 2010, equivalent to 11.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about US$ 4,505 (€3,510) per capita. According to the

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nineties. In 1970 there were 1815 statuary health insurance organisations, in 1995 there were still 960 organisations. Today that number has shrunken to 96 individual health insurance organisations.

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overall expenditure targets. Historically, the level of provider reimbursement for specific services is determined through negotiations between regional physicians' associations and sickness funds.

4130: 861:, assisted living, and health tourism are not included in this amount. The 'second health market' in Germany is compared to the United States still relatively small, but is growing continuously. 3615: 3379: 2758: 1515: 1007:

are often regulated by a variety of amendments and health care reforms at the legislative level, especially by the Social Security Code (Sozialgesetzbuch- SGB) in the past 30 years.

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overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).

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is almost half of those for the entire hospital sector. Pharmaceutical drug expenditure grew by an annual average of 4.1% between 2004 and 2010. Such developments caused numerous

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A. J. W. Goldschmidt, J. Hilbert. "Von der Last zur Chance – Der Paradigmenwechsel vom Gesundheitswesen zur Gesundheitswirtschaft". In: A. J. W. Goldschmidt, J. Hilbert (eds.),

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As of 2024, salaried workers and employees who earn less than €69,300 per annum are automatically enrolled into one of currently around 105 public non-profit "sickness funds" (

2837: 2809: 1309: 3703: 83:(78 years for men). Physician density in Germany is 4.5 physicians per 1000 inhabitants as of 2021. It was 4.4 physicians per 1000 inhabitants in 2019. It also had very low 1206:

In 1992, a study by Fleming et al. 19.4% of German respondents said they had waited more than 12 weeks for their surgery. (cited in Siciliani & Hurst, 2003, p. 8),

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Regular salaried employees must have public health insurance unless their income exceeds €64,350 per year (2021). This is referred to as the compulsory insurance limit (

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Health insurance in Germany is split in several parts. 88% of Germany's earning population is covered by statutory public health insurance funds, regulated under by the

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is used to build up savings for the rising health costs at higher age (as required by law). This is otherwise known as aging provisions (Alterungsrückstellungen).

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Since 2009, health insurance has been compulsory for the whole population in Germany, when coverage was expanded from the majority of the population to everyone.

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As of 2015, waiting times in Germany were reported to be low for appointments and surgery, although a minority of elective surgery patients face longer waits.

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In 2016, an epidemiological study highlighted significant differences among the 16 federal states of Germany in terms of prevalence and mortality for the major

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is based on an individual agreement between the insurance company and the insured person defining the set of covered services and the percentage of coverage;

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reported that compared with the United Kingdom the Caesarean rate, the use of MRI for diagnosis and the length of hospital stay are all higher in Germany.

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unit. Bremen, Saarland and the former East German states had higher prevalence and mortality rates for major CVD and lower mean lifespan durations.

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between 1960 and 2008 for Germany (green) in comparison with Australia, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States

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Statistisches Bundesamt. "Beschäftigung in der Gesundheitswirtschaft steigt weiter an". Press release no. 490, Berlin, 17 December 2008

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In 1986, expenditure caps were implemented and were tied to the age of the local population as well as the overall wage increases.

3700: 2834: 2116:"Evidence-based decision-making for diagnostic and therapeutic methods: the changing landscape of assessment approaches in Germany" 1390:"One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries?" 2975: 1752: 5416: 5314: 5127: 2211:"An education handbook about the federal joint committee and its tasks, published by the federal medical association in germany" 1969: 1720: 5152: 4622: 4222: 1799:

Kirkman-Liff BL (1990). "Physician Payment and Cost-Containment Strategies in West Germany: Suggestions for Medicare Reform".

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Germany Healthcare Sector Organization, Management and Payment Systems Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws

2710: 2247:"Statutory health insurance in Germany: a health system shaped by 135 years of solidarity, self-governance, and competition" 351:

return to the public healthcare system later, and it's impossible for people above 55 to return to public health insurance.

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As long as a person has the right to choose health insurance, they can join any insurance that is willing to include them.

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cost-containment mechanism, but since it would require consent of regional medical associations, it has not materialized.

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Siciliani, S., & Hurst, J. (2003). "Explaining Waiting Times Variations for Elective Surgery across OECD Countries".

2685: 1475: 549: 4919: 4647: 4517: 4021: 3634:"Prevalence, Mortality, and Indicators of Health Care Supply—Association Analysis of Cardiovascular Diseases in Germany" 1131: 5476: 5199: 4714: 4627: 4079: 544: 5375: 3075: 5042: 4637: 4549: 4527: 4446: 4431: 4247: 4227: 4069: 2878: 359:

given area. Co-payments, which exist for medicines and other items are relatively low compared to other countries.

95: 67: 983:, healthcare, and wholesale trade of medical products. Health-related margins are the fitness and spa facilities, 484: 5347: 5299: 4889: 4074: 3989: 1642: 72: 5352: 3193: 2467: 1074: 79:

was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004. In 2004 Germany ranked thirtieth in the world in

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followed by general local health insurance organizations (11), and 12 others classified as miscellaneous.

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insurance organisations has undergone substantial changes, particularly through mergers and acquisitions.

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depends on the amount of services chosen and the person's risk and age of entry into the private system;

392:) is covered by the employer and basically covers all risks for commuting to work and at the workplace. 84: 1669: 1457:

The use of the term "Krankenkasse" for both public and private health insurances is so widespread that

804:), which limits those services to "economically viable, sufficient, necessary and meaningful services"; 317:

social bargaining among specified self-governed bodies (e.g. physicians' associations) at the level of

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Brunn, Matthias; Kratz, Torsten; Padget, Michael; Clément, Marie-Caroline; Smyrl, Marc (2022-03-24).

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German health care spending (red) as a percentage of GDP for 1970 to 2015 compared with other nations

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Germany has the world's oldest national social health insurance system, with origins dating back to

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As Germany has the world's oldest SHI system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses

519: 4949: 4924: 4871: 4818: 4632: 4404: 4196: 3963: 3955: 3901: 3755: 3675: 3657: 3595: 3514: 3472: 3435: 3427: 3355: 3315: 3127: 3109: 2661: 2422: 2276: 2268: 2155: 2137: 1951: 1851: 1816: 1618: 1543: 1412: 1244: 418: 318: 127: 123: 3002: 2853: 1216:

According to the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in 2016,(KBV,

5011: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4761: 4726: 4700: 4372: 4176: 4145: 4100: 4095: 3947: 3935: 3856: 3745: 3665: 3647: 3417: 3117: 2611: 2443: 2295: 2258: 2145: 2127: 2014: 1941: 1843: 1808: 1608: 1404: 1358: 1079: 994:

According to one author in 2009, an almost totally regulated health care market like in the

854: 850: 770: 1310:"The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy" 1010:

Health care, including its industry and all services, is one of the largest sectors of the

4914: 4909: 4904: 4851: 4277: 3707: 3367: 3051: 2841: 2759:"Vorsicht Pflege-Bahr: Stiftung Warentest rät von staatlich geförderten Pflege-Tarifen ab" 2221: 1344:"Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage" 1043: 984: 355: 215: 80: 33: 3719: 3294: 3249: 3219: 3027: 1903: 17: 2662:"Switch From Private to Public Health Insurance in Germany [2024 English Guide]" 91:). In 2001 total spending on health amounted to 10.8 percent of gross domestic product. 5443: 5016: 4894: 4881: 4544: 4302: 3670: 3633: 3616:"Gesundheitliche Lage der Frauen in Deutschland, Publisher: Robert Koch-Institut, 2020" 3122: 3097: 2344: 2150: 2115: 2111: 2110:

Olberg, Britta; Fuchs, Sabine; Matthias, Katja; Nolting, Alexandra; Perleth, Matthias;

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Pfeiffer D, "Spitzenverband der Gesetzlichen Krankenkassen GKV". dapd, 4 February 2012

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increasing discount contracts, increasing discount by wholesale trade and pharmacies.

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concentration process. It is expected that this trend will continue into the future.

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B. Häusler, A. Höer, E. Hempel: Arzneimittel-Atlas 2012. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2012

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plays a major role in Germany within and beyond direct health care. Expenditure on

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Dental cost = Score x Point Value (5.62421 cents) x Factor (1 to 3.5) x Nr of teeth

3883:"Facharzttermine im internationalen Vergleich: Geringe Wartezeiten in Deutschland" 3455:"Why is Private Health Insurance Cheaper Than Public Health Insurance in Germany?" 2245:

Busse, Reinhard; Blümel, Miriam; Knieps, Franz; Bärnighausen, Till (August 2017).

1694: 1904:"Average Length of Hospital Stay, by Diagnostic Category --- United States, 2003" 4652: 4366: 4201: 4150: 3146:

Der zweite Gesundheitsmarkt. Die Kunden verstehen, Geschäftschancen nutzen, o.O.

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World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators

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based on a fixed set of covered services as described in the German Social Law (

314: 3412:. Health System Performance Comparison: New Directions in Research and Policy. 474: 4861: 4482: 3951: 3661: 2132: 1847: 1780:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 8 February 2018 1284:

mortality rate may be due to social factors rather than its healthcare system.

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would not be very productive, but also a largely deregulated market as in the

964: 3959: 3773: 3431: 3380:"How Germany is reining in health care costs: An interview with Franz Knieps" 3308:

Gesundheitswirtschaft und Management. kma-Reader – Die Bibliothek für Manager

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Self-payment (international patients without any national insurance coverage)

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In 2002, the top diagnosis for male patients released from the hospital was

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Christina Dornquast; Stefan N. Willich; Thomas Reinhold (30 October 2018).

3439: 3295:"Beschäftigungstrends in der Gesundheitswirtschaft im regionalen Vergleich" 3131: 2492:

David Squires; Robin Osborn; Sarah Thomson; Miraya Jun (14 November 2013).

2280: 2159: 1955: 1946: 1929: 1855: 1622: 1497:"German Health Care System – an Overview – Germany Health Insurance System" 1416: 908:

is a number assigned to each dental service listed in the GOZ fee schedule.

3881:Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches (2015-08-03). 1820: 765: 3297:. Gelsenkirchen: Inst. Arbeit und Technik. Forschung Aktuell, Nr. 06/2008 3003:"Health insurance in Germany: an introduction to pick the right provider" 1441:"Duden – Krankenkasse – Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme" 1516:"Universal Problems & Universal Healthcare: 6 COUNTRIES — 6 SYSTEMS" 1143:

There are three main types of hospital in the German healthcare system:

5027: 4751: 4171: 4115: 4037: 3406:"Trends in cost sharing among selected high income countries—2000–2010" 1881: 1572:"Physician density in 2020: 4.5 physicians per 1,000 people in Germany" 1104: 1004: 811:

includes family members of any family members, or "registered member" (

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Mannheim Institute of Public Health (MIPH), Heidelberg University:

2562:"Is Private Health Insurance Worth it? [2024 Expats Guide]" 1878:"Germany: Health reform triggers sharp drop in number of hospitals" 1230:

activity-based payment for hospitals with a soft cap budget limit.

1107:. For women, a 2020 study lists the three most common diagnoses as 266:

Since 2004, the German healthcare system has been regulated by the

4110: 3734:"Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon" 2099:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 2018-02-08. 1930:"Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon" 1458: 1174: 1073: 945:

A simple outline of the health sector in three areas provides an "

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Copayments were introduced in the 1980s in an attempt to prevent

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system paid for by a combination of statutory health insurance (

5031: 4010: 3250:"Dental Treatment Cost in Germany [2024 English Guide]" 2879:"Pflichtversicherungsgrenze Versicherungspflichtgrenze GKV PKV" 888:

formula dentists use to calculate the dental treatment costs.

375:, of Germany compared amongst various other developed countries 3845:. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2011. 1195: 430:

In 2013 a state funded private care insurance was introduced (

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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

3220:"Best Dental Insurance Germany [Ultimate 2024 Guide]" 2784:"Zahl der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen in Deutschland bis 2023" 1668:. Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from 1496: 2320:"Krankenkassen-Fusionen: Fusionskalender - Krankenkassen.de" 2058:

committee has a permanent staff and an independent chairman.

185:

Unemployment insurance was introduced in 1927. In 1932, the

3829:

Commonwealth Fund 2010 Health Policy Survey in 11 Countries

3590:

Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017).

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Gesundheitswirtschaft in Deutschland. Die Zukunftsbranche

1695:"Überschüsse bei den Krankenkassen – wohin mit dem Geld?" 1472:"The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States" 3497:"Is Private Health Insurance Too Expensive In Old Age?" 2997: 2995: 2587:"Dental Coverage in Public Health Insurance in Germany" 247: 166: 563:

Public health insurance organizations in January 2019

354:

Reimbursement for outpatient care was previously on a

5427: 3076:"Private Health Insurance in Germany - Pros and Cons" 2096:

Health care in Germany: The German health care system

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Hossein, Zare; Gerard, Anderson (1 September 2013).

3341:

Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, Wiesbaden, 2012

2976:"Zusatzbeitrag der Krankenkassen - Krankenkassen.de" 2040:"A German Import That Could Help U.S. Health Reform" 5409: 5361: 5323: 5065: 4842: 4713: 4587: 4459: 4386: 4349: 4328: 4210: 4164: 4088: 4057: 4048: 2494:

International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2013

3922:https://gesundheitsdaten.kbv.de/cms/html/24045.php 3732:Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. (2006). 3148:. Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Munich, 2007 1928:Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. (2006). 1388:Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). 407:There are two separate types of health insurance: 282:The German law about the public health insurance ( 3936:"Why are there so many hospital beds in Germany?" 3857:"Studie: So lange warten die Deutschen beim Arzt" 2218:website of the German federal medical association 1970:"Gesetzliche Krankenversicherungen in Vergleich" 1595:Liu, K; Moon, M; Sulvetta, M; Chawla, J (1992). 963:: Core areas are the ambulatory and inpatient 953:" by Elke Dahlbeck and Josef Hilbert from the 5043: 4022: 2175:"Understanding the German Health Care System" 140:Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill of 1889 8: 3906:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3519:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3477:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2686:"Zuzahlung und Erstattung von Arzneimitteln" 1537: 1535: 1461:doesn't even label this usage as colloquial. 1255:Health care system of the elderly in Germany 1217: 961:University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen 954: 817:– i.e., husband/wife and children are free); 812: 795: 778: 735: 711: 687: 663: 639: 615: 542: 527: 512: 497: 482: 467: 461: 431: 422: 412: 399: 387: 338: 325: 308: 283: 57: 49: 4141:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 3495:Ruppel, GermanPedia, Michael (2024-07-02). 3453:Feedersen, GermanPedia, Nina (2024-07-13). 2952:"What is a health insurance Zusatzbeitrag?" 2835:Understanding the German Health Care System 1303: 1301: 460:The public health insurance organizations ( 5050: 5036: 5028: 4719: 4593: 4465: 4392: 4054: 4029: 4015: 4007: 3920:Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (2016). 3843:"Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators" 3314:. Wikom-Verlag (Thieme), Wegscheid, 2009 ( 1908:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1801:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1342:Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). 371:Total health spending per capita, in US$ 3749: 3669: 3651: 3421: 3121: 2262: 2149: 2131: 1945: 1612: 932:based on the difficulty of the treatment. 1474:. Cthealth.server101.com. Archived from 1111:, dementia and cardiovascular diseases. 561: 324:Besides the statutory health insurance ( 5434: 2536:"Privatversichert im Beamtenverhältnis" 2015:"How to choose German health insurance" 1297: 1276: 3899: 3816:https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/40674618616 3512: 3470: 3052:"Alterungsrückstellungen | AOK Presse" 2709:SOEP – Sozio-oekonomische Panel 2006: 1753:"History of German Health Care System" 3799: 3797: 3795: 3594:. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 79. 3490: 3488: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3213: 3211: 3194:"Treatment Inquiry & Appointment" 2778: 2776: 2774: 2612:"Private Health Insurance in Germany" 2444:"Private Health Insurance in Germany" 2411: 2409: 2407: 2296:"Private Health Insurance in Germany" 1777:InformedHealth.org [Internet] 7: 3710:group-economics.allianz.com, undated 3639:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2468:"Krankenversicherung in Deutschland" 1351:International Social Security Review 3988:Busse R., & Blümel, M. (2014). 3940:Health Services Management Research 2182:Mannheim Institute of Public Health 1308:Bump, Jesse B. (October 19, 2010). 1240:Arzneimittelmarkt-Neuordnungsgesetz 1018:(GDP) and about €3,510 per capita. 830:In the private system, the premium 595:All public insurance organisations 2883:www.versicherungspflichtgrenzen.de 2359:"Wahltarif Beitragsrückerstattung" 2120:Health Research Policy and Systems 2075:international.commonwealthfund.org 2038:Reinhardt, Uwe E. (24 July 2009). 786:In the public system, the premium 112:University Medical Center Freiburg 25: 2810:"Alle gesetzlichen Krankenkassen" 1219:Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung 665:Landwirtschaftliche Krankenkassen 5449: 5437: 3701:Length of hospital stay, Germany 3196:. Heidelberg University Hospital 1363:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x 1159:frei gemeinnützige Krankenhäuser 545:Landwirtschaftliche Krankenkasse 234: 153: 55:) and private health insurance ( 4233:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4202:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 3990:"Germany: health system review" 3423:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.020 3078:. Thegermanyeye.com. 2019-01-18 414:gesetzliche Krankenversicherung 327:Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung 136:Accident Insurance Bill of 1884 51:Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung 4218:Early modern period, 1500–1800 4106:List of early Germanic peoples 3826:The Commonwealth Fund (2010). 2764:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 1721:"Health Care Systems: Germany" 883:Supplementary dental insurance 874:Supplementary health insurance 1: 4341:History of Germany since 1990 3720:Length of hospital stay, U.S. 2264:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31280-1 1409:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X 1397:Social Science & Medicine 1042:As of 2010, Germany has used 928:. The dentist determines the 132:Health Insurance Bill of 1883 36:development in Germany by sex 3994:Health Systems in Transition 2931:BKK-VBU - Meine Krankenkasse 2690:Bundesgesundheitsministerium 2636:"Krankenversicherungsschutz" 2511:"Statutory health insurance" 1601:Health Care Financing Review 1132:List of hospitals in Germany 808:(2021), but goes up to 2.7%; 641:Allgemeine Ortskrankenkassen 485:Allgemeine Ortskrankenkassen 3863:(in German). 8 October 2019 2858:gesetzlicheKrankenkassen.de 2854:"Liste aller Krankenkassen" 2711:Art der Krankenversicherung 2421:. Lulu.com. 29 April 2015. 956:Institut Arbeit und Technik 424:private Krankenversicherung 272:Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss 59:Private Krankenversicherung 5493: 4248:North German Confederation 4228:Confederation of the Rhine 3805:OECD Health Working Papers 3248:GermanPedia (2024-03-17). 3218:GermanPedia (2024-01-01). 3032:www.gesetze-im-internet.de 2745:pflegeversicherung-test.de 2727:pflegeversicherung-test.de 2660:GermanPedia (2024-01-20). 2610:GermanPedia (2024-01-03). 2585:GermanPedia (2024-03-18). 2560:GermanPedia (2024-04-17). 2442:GermanPedia (2024-01-03). 2386:GermanPedia (2024-01-10). 2294:GermanPedia (2024-01-03). 1576:Federal Statistical Office 1202:Waiting times and capacity 1129: 1067: 792:Federal Ministry of Health 780:Versicherungspflichtgrenze 433:private Pflegeversicherung 195:) was introduced in 1995. 96:Euro health consumer index 4982: 4722: 4596: 4468: 4395: 3952:10.1177/09514848221080691 3592:The Human Atlas of Europe 3293:E. Dahlbeck, J. Hilbert. 2814:www.gkv-spitzenverband.de 2515:www.gkv-spitzenverband.de 2472:gesundheitsinformation.de 2133:10.1186/s12961-017-0253-1 1848:10.1007/s00063-007-1045-0 1834:Henke KD (May 2007). "". 1726:. Civitas. Archived from 1643:Federal Research Division 1218: 1150:öffentliche Krankenhäuser 1101:alcohol-related disorders 955: 389:Arbeitsunfallversicherung 73:World Health Organization 18:German health care system 4400:Administrative divisions 3028:"§ 146 VAG - Einzelnorm" 1813:10.1215/03616878-15-1-69 1514:DiPiero, Albert (2004). 285:Fünftes Sozialgesetzbuch 3653:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00158 3144:J. Kartte, K. Neumann. 2640:Statistisches Bundesamt 1663:"Outcomes in EHCI 2015" 1636:Germany country profile 1228:Diagnosis-related group 1183:university hospital in 1116:cardiovascular diseases 1028:pharmaceutical industry 977:pharmaceutical industry 409:public health insurance 386:for working accidents ( 268:Federal Joint Committee 45:multi-payer health care 5108:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4661:Science and technology 4362:History of Brandenburg 4253:Unification of Germany 4243:Frankfurt Constitution 3832:(pp. 19–20). New York. 3751:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61 2220:. 2009. Archived from 1947:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61 1187: 1157:Charitable hospitals ( 1083: 1016:gross domestic product 813: 796: 779: 774: 736: 712: 688: 664: 640: 616: 543: 528: 513: 498: 483: 468: 462: 440:Insuring organisations 432: 423: 413: 400: 388: 376: 339: 326: 309: 301: 284: 114: 58: 50: 37: 5472:Healthcare in Germany 5059:Healthcare in Europe 4298:Flight and expulsions 3172:helios-gesundheit.de/ 3168:"Plan your treatment" 3096:Greß, Stefan (2007). 1934:Health Aff (Millwood) 1265:Universal health care 1178: 1077: 1055:Health insurance cost 973:health administration 951:health care economics 769:Ambulance vehicle of 768: 617:Betriebskrankenkassen 500:Betriebskrankenkassen 370: 299: 130:, which included the 109: 85:infant mortality rate 32: 4970:World Heritage Sites 4648:German states by GDP 4238:German Confederation 3887:Deutsches Ärzteblatt 3706:12 June 2011 at the 2980:www.krankenkassen.de 2808:GKV-Spitzenverband. 2324:www.krankenkassen.de 1528:on 21 February 2006. 1250:Health care compared 1032:pharmaceutical drugs 814:Familienversicherung 713:Innungskrankenkassen 515:Innungskrankenkassen 5324:States with limited 4606:Automobile industry 4192:Carolingian dynasty 4126:History of the Huns 3571:on 11 November 2015 3539:service.destatis.de 2013:Bouliane, Nicolas. 1836:Med. Klin. (Munich) 1640:Library of Congress 1168:Privatkrankenhäuser 1166:Private hospitals ( 1036:health care reforms 564: 5477:Welfare in Germany 4676:Telecommunications 4357:History of Prussia 4273:Revolution of 1918 4268:War guilt question 4187:Carolingian Empire 4156:Sack of Rome (410) 4065:History of Germany 3366:2013-01-01 at the 2956:allaboutberlin.com 2907:allaboutberlin.com 2840:2017-08-29 at the 2345:"TK-Tarif 300Plus" 2257:(10097): 882–897. 2173:Obermann, Konrad. 2045:The New York Times 2019:allaboutberlin.com 1188: 1148:Public hospitals ( 1084: 1070:Obesity in Germany 981:medical technology 775: 573:Number of members 562: 401:Pflegeversicherung 384:Accident insurance 377: 340:Sozialgesetzbuch V 302: 246:. You can help by 192:Pflegeversicherung 165:. You can help by 128:social legislation 115: 77:health care system 38: 5425: 5424: 5025: 5024: 4978: 4977: 4709: 4708: 4623:Chemical Triangle 4583: 4582: 4570:Political parties 4518:Foreign relations 4455: 4454: 4382: 4381: 4293:Allied occupation 4197:Holy Roman Empire 3780:. 9 February 2017 3360:978-3-642-32586-1 3320:978-3-9812646-0-9 3102:Healthcare Policy 2741:"Nicht verfügbar" 2723:"Nicht verfügbar" 2428:978-1-4330-8585-7 2373:"TK-Tarif Select" 2191:on April 21, 2020 1645:(December 2005). 1403:(10): 1559–1587. 1245:Health in Germany 1078:The reduction in 1046:and incorporated 1044:reference pricing 826:Private insurance 758: 757: 419:private insurance 363:Insurance systems 264: 263: 183: 182: 124:Otto von Bismarck 94:According to the 16:(Redirected from 5484: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5362:Dependencies and 5066:Sovereign states 5052: 5045: 5038: 5029: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4955:Prussian virtues 4720: 4628:Economic history 4594: 4488: 4466: 4417:Cities and towns 4393: 4373:Baden Revolution 4177:Treaty of Verdun 4146:Marcomannic Wars 4101:Migration Period 4096:Germanic peoples 4080:Military history 4055: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3931: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3824: 3818: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3655: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3425: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3376: 3370: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3245: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009:. 2 January 2013 3007:Settle in Berlin 2999: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2780: 2769: 2768: 2767:. 16 April 2013. 2755: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2413: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2266: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2184:. 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5490: 5488: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456:European Union 5446: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5417:European Union 5413: 5411: 5410:Other entities 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5364:other entities 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5315:United Kingdom 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Czech Republic 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886:Cultural icons 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Stock exchange 4663: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4303:Denazification 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 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1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1203: 1200: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1137: 1127: 1124: 1099:, followed by 1092: 1089: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1023: 1020: 1012:German economy 989:health tourism 969:geriatric care 942: 939: 934: 933: 919: 909: 884: 881: 875: 872: 866: 863: 842: 841: 838: 835: 827: 824: 823: 822: 818: 809: 805: 790:is set by the 762: 759: 756: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 708: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 684: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 660: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 592: 591: 588: 583: 582:federal level 578: 571: 568: 441: 438: 396:Long-term care 364: 361: 319:federal states 293: 290: 262: 261: 241: 239: 228: 225: 200: 197: 181: 180: 160: 158: 147: 144: 119: 116: 103: 100: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5489: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5431: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376:Faroe Islands 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:South Ossetia 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Liechtenstein 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 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4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4336:Reunification 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:German Empire 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4000:(2), 142–148. 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3744:(2): w61–73. 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601:9781447313540 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:Health Policy 3407: 3400: 3397: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 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Photius.com 1754: 1748: 1745: 1733:on 2013-10-05 1729: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1675:on 2017-06-06 1671: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:public domain 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1607:(4): 105–18. 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548:3-87081-300-8 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1478:on 2018-04-23 1477: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1280: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1109:heart disease 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:heart disease 1090: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 1000:United States 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 959:(IAT) at the 952: 948: 940: 938: 931: 927: 923: 920: 917: 916:5.62421 cents 913: 910: 907: 906: 901: 900: 899: 896: 895: 894: 889: 882: 880: 873: 871: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 846: 839: 836: 833: 832: 831: 825: 819: 815: 810: 806: 803: 798: 793: 789: 788: 787: 784: 781: 773:near Hannover 772: 767: 760: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 734: 733: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 710: 709: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 686: 685: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 662: 661: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 638: 637: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 614: 613: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593: 589: 584: 579: 572: 569: 567: 566: 560: 557: 554: 551: 546: 539: 536: 531: 524: 521: 516: 509: 506: 501: 494: 491: 486: 479: 476: 471: 464: 463:Krankenkassen 458: 454: 450: 446: 439: 437: 434: 428: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 402: 397: 393: 390: 385: 381: 374: 369: 362: 360: 357: 352: 348: 346: 341: 335: 331: 328: 322: 320: 316: 311: 310:Krankenkassen 305: 298: 291: 289: 286: 280: 277: 276:public health 273: 269: 258: 249: 245: 242:This section 240: 237: 233: 232: 226: 224: 220: 217: 212: 208: 205: 198: 196: 194: 193: 188: 187:Berlin treaty 177: 168: 164: 161:This section 159: 156: 152: 151: 145: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 117: 113: 108: 101: 99: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 64: 62: 60: 54: 52: 46: 42: 35: 31: 27: 19: 5353:Transnistria 5157: 5003:Bibliography 4877:Coat of arms 4857:Architecture 4834:Trade unions 4814:Prostitution 4774:Homelessness 4768: 4737:Demographics 4686:Trade unions 4653: 4643:German model 4616:Central bank 4560:Conservatism 4523:Human rights 4508:Court system 4503:Constitution 4483: 4329:Contemporary 4318:West Germany 4313:East Germany 4288:World War II 4283:Nazi Germany 4223:18th-century 4182:East Francia 4136:Cimbrian War 3997: 3993: 3984: 3946:(1): 75–81. 3943: 3939: 3929: 3916: 3891:. Retrieved 3886: 3876: 3865:. Retrieved 3860: 3851: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3812: 3811:8, 33–34, 70 3808: 3804: 3782:. Retrieved 3777: 3768: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3715: 3696: 3643: 3637: 3627: 3610: 3591: 3585: 3573:. Retrieved 3566:the original 3553: 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3504:. Retrieved 3500: 3462:. Retrieved 3458: 3448: 3416:(1): 35–44. 3413: 3409: 3399: 3387:. Retrieved 3383: 3374: 3347: 3336: 3327: 3322:), pp. 20–40 3311: 3310:. Volume 1: 3307: 3302: 3289: 3278:. Retrieved 3268: 3257:. Retrieved 3253: 3227:. Retrieved 3223: 3198:. Retrieved 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3171: 3162: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3108:(2): 29–37. 3105: 3101: 3091: 3080:. Retrieved 3070: 3059:. Retrieved 3055: 3046: 3035:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3011:. Retrieved 3006: 2983:. Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2959:. Retrieved 2955: 2946: 2935:. Retrieved 2930: 2921: 2910:. Retrieved 2906: 2897: 2886:. Retrieved 2882: 2873: 2862:. Retrieved 2857: 2848: 2829: 2818:. Retrieved 2813: 2803: 2792:. 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