German invasion of Belgium (1914)

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of ammunition and had worn guns. A German offensive began on 18 October and by 22 October had gained a foothold across the Yser at Tervaete. By the end of 23 October the Belgians had been driven back from the riverbank and next day the Germans had a bridgehead 5 km (3.1 mi) wide. The French 42nd Division was used to reinforce the Belgians who had fallen back to a railway embankment from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort which was 3.3–6.6 ft (1–2 m) above sea level. By 26 October the position of the Belgian army had deteriorated to the point that another withdrawal was contemplated. King Albert rejected withdrawal and next day sluice gates at Nieuwpoort were opened to begin the flooding of the coastal plain. A German attack on 30 October crossed the embankment at Ramscappelle but was forced back during a counter-attack late on 31 October and on 2 November Diksmuide was captured.

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Grey proposed a conference to avert a war and the Belgian Government issued a declaration that Belgium would defend its neutrality "whatever the consequences". On 25 July the Serbian Government ordered mobilisation and on 26 July, the Austro-Hungarian Government ordered partial mobilisation against Serbia. The French and Italian governments accepted British proposals for a conference on 27 July but the next day Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the German government rejected the British proposal for a conference. On 29 July the Russian government ordered partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary as hostilities commenced between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The German government made proposals to secure British neutrality; the Admiralty sent a

1732:) and guarded by the Belgian 4th Division. When the siege began on 20 August, the Germans reversed the tactics used at Liège, by waiting until the siege train arrived from Liège and bombarding the forts before attacking with infantry. French troops sent to relieve the city were defeated at the Battle of Charleroi and only a few managed to participate in the fighting for Namur. The forts were destroyed in the bombardment, much of the Belgian 4th Division withdrew to the south, and the Belgian fortress troops were forced to surrender on 24 August. The Belgians had held the German advance for several days longer than the Germans had anticipated, which allowed Belgium and France more time to mobilise. The Belgian army had 1457:

German army and the French could afford to wait until German intentions were clear. The French deployment was intended to be ready for a German offensive in Lorraine or through Belgium. It was anticipated that the Germans would use reserve troops but also expected that a large German army would be mobilised on the border with Russia, leaving the western army with sufficient troops only to advance through Belgium south of the Meuse and Sambre rivers. French intelligence had obtained a 1905 map exercise of the German general staff, in which German troops had gone no further north than Namur and assumed that plans to besiege Belgian forts were a defensive measure against the Belgian army.

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back to the north. Sieges and small operations were being conducted by detachments from the main German armies against Belgian, British and French troops. The siege of Antwerp ended as operations resumed on the western border, with the costly and indecisive battles of the Yser and Ypres. Falkenhayn attempted to gain a limited success after the failure of the October offensive and aimed to capture Ypres and Mt Kemmel but even this proved beyond the capacity of the 4th and 6th armies. On 10 November Falkenhayn told the Kaiser that no great success could be expected on the Western Front. German troops were tired and there was little heavy artillery ammunition left. The

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Germans made inquiries to the Belgian military attaché in Berlin, about the passage of German military forces through Belgium. If invaded, Belgium would need foreign help but would not treat foreign powers as allies or form objectives beyond the maintenance of Belgian independence. Neutrality forced the Belgian government into a strategy of military independence, based on a rearmament programme begun in 1909, which was expected to be complete in 1926. The Belgian plan was to have three army corps, to reduce the numerical advantage of the German armies over the French, intended to deter a German invasion.

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army from enveloping and destroying the French. After another defensive action in the Battle of St. Quentin, the French were pushed to within miles of Paris. The British attempted to hold the line of the Mons–Condé Canal on the left flank of the French Fifth army against the German 1st Army and inflicted disproportionate casualties, before retreating when some units were overrun and the French Fifth Army on the right flank withdrew in the aftermath of the battle further east at Charleroi. Both sides had tactical success at Mons, the British had withstood the German First Army for

1211:. Until 1911, Belgian strategic analysis anticipated that if war came, the Germans would attack France across the Franco-German border and trap the French armies against the Belgian frontier, as they had done in 1870. British and French guarantees of Belgian independence were made before 1914 but the possibility of landings in Antwerp was floated by the British military attaché in 1906 and 1911, which led the Belgians to suspect that the British had come to see Belgian neutrality as a matter of British diplomatic and military advantage, rather than as an end in itself. The 50: 239: 228: 217: 126: 2543: 1585:, a four-day delay was claimed. John Buchan wrote that "The triumph was moral – an advertisement to the world that the ancient faiths of country and duty could still nerve the arm for battle, and that the German idol, for all its splendour, had feet of clay." In 2007, Foley called the neutralisation of the Belgian defences at Liège sufficient to enable the German right wing to squeeze through, a small bump in the road for the Germans, who had mobilised in two weeks and were ready to invade France by 20 August. 273: 2159: 1954: 1255:, rather than concentrating the army on the border against a particular threat. Belgian defences were to be based on a National Redoubt at Antwerp, with the field army massed in the centre of the country 60 km (37 mi) from the frontier, ready to manoeuvre to delay an invasion, while the frontiers were protected by the fortified regions of Liège and Namur. The German invasion of Belgium on 4 August 1914, in violation of Article VII of the Treaty of London was the 251: 1890: 157: 1710: 2188:

battalions released from the Yser front by the inundation of the ground around the Yser, were sent south and on 31 October the British defence of Gheluvelt began to collapse, until a battalion counter-attacked and drove back the German troops from the crossroads. German attacks south of the Menin road took small areas but Messines ridge had been consolidated by the British garrison and was not captured. By 1 November, the BEF was close to exhaustion and

1831: 1394:(Western Army). The main German force would still advance through Belgium and attack southwards into France, the French armies would be enveloped on the left and pressed back over the Meuse, Aisne, Somme, Oise, Marne, and Seine, by short, rapid attacks, unable to withdraw into central France. The French would either be annihilated or the maneuver from the north would create conditions for victory in the centre or in Lorraine, on the common border. 2046:, rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea. Troops were moved from the French-German border by both sides, to the western flank to prevent opposing outflanking moves and then to counter-outflank the opponent. At the battles of Picardy and Albert in late September, the French Second and German 6th armies fought meeting engagements from the Oise north to the Somme but neither was able to envelop the northern flank of the opponent. 1293: 183: 1484: 1461:

Second and Third armies were to concentrate between Épinal and Verdun opposite Alsace and Lorraine, the Fifth Army was to assemble from Montmédy to Sedan and Mézières and the Fourth Army was to be held back west of Verdun, ready to move east to attack the southern flank of a German invasion through Belgium or southwards against the northern flank of an attack through Lorraine. No formal provision was made for combined operations with the

2366:(Louvain) on 19 August and was followed by the IX Reserve Corps. On 25 August, a Belgian sortie from Antwerp drove back German outposts and caused confusion behind the front line. A horse entered Leuven during the night and caused a stampede, which panicked German sentries, after which General von Luttwitz, the Military Governor of Brussels, ordered reprisals. Burning and shooting by German troops took place for five days, during which 197: 1058:, the bulk of the German armies marched south into France, leaving small forces to garrison Brussels and the Belgian railways. The III Reserve Corps advanced to the fortified zone around Antwerp and a division of the IV Reserve Corps took over in Brussels. The Belgian field army made several sorties from Antwerp in late August and September to harass German communications and to assist the French and the 6408: 1798: 1913:. After the Battle of the Sambre, the French Fifth Army and the BEF retreated and on 25 August, General Fournier was ordered to defend the fortress, which was surrounded on 27 August by the VII Reserve Corps, which had two divisions and eventually received some of the German super-heavy artillery, brought from the sieges in Belgium. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, with a garrison of 1600: 2140:. Falkenhayn assembled a new 4th Army from the III Reserve Corps, available since the fall of Antwerp and four new reserve corps, which had been raised in Germany in August and were deficient in training, weapons, equipment and leadership. The 4th Army offensive along the coast to St. Omer, began with operations against the Belgians, to drive them back from the Yser. 6436: 1374:, OHL, the German army high command) from 1891 to 1906, devised a plan to evade the French frontier fortifications with an offensive on the northern flank, which would have a local numerical superiority and obtain rapidly a decisive victory. By 1898–1899, such a manoeuvre was intended swiftly to pass between Antwerp and Namur and threaten Paris from the north. 1556: 1845:

the Germans penetrated the outer ring of forts. The German advance began to compress a corridor from the west of the city along the Dutch border to the coast. The Belgians at Antwerp had used the strip to maintain contact with the rest of unoccupied Belgium and the Belgian field army commenced a withdrawal westwards towards the coast.

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invader. The army would also need fortifications for defence but these had been built on the frontier. Another school of thought wanted a return to a frontier deployment, in line with French theories of the offensive. The Belgian plan that emerged was a compromise in which the field army concentrated behind the

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German attacks were conducted to the north, on the Yser by the 4th Army and to the south by the 6th Army. French attacks by the new Eighth Army were made towards Roulers and Thourout, which diverted German troops from British and Belgian positions. A new German attack was planned in which the 4th and

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prisoner. The operations to save Antwerp failed, but detained German troops when they were needed for operations against Ypres and the coast. Ostend and Zeebrugge were captured by the Germans unopposed. The troops from Antwerp advanced to positions along the Yser river and fought in the Battle of the

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Belgian military operations in the east of the country had delayed German plans, which some writers claimed had been advantageous to the Franco-British forces in northern France and in Belgium. Wolfgang Förster wrote that the German timetable of deployment had required its armies to reach a line from

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The Battle of Liège was the primary engagement in the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I. The attack on the city began on 5 August and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort was surrendered. The German invasion led the British to declare war and the length of the siege

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German strategy had given priority to offensive operations against France and a defensive posture against Russia since 1891. German planning was determined by numerical inferiority, the speed of mobilisation and concentration and the effect of the vast increase of the power of modern weapons. Frontal

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began, a period of reciprocal attempts by German and Franco-British forces to outflank each other, extending the front line northwards from the Aisne, into Picardy, Artois, and Flanders. Military operations in Belgium also moved westwards as the Belgian army withdrew from Antwerp to the area close to

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and on 28 September a battalion occupied Lille. The rest of the brigade occupied Cassel on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was moved to Antwerp. The rest of the

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and was invested to the south and east by German forces, which began a bombardment of the Belgian fortifications with heavy and super-heavy artillery on 28 September. The Belgian garrison had no hope of victory without relief and despite the arrival of the Royal Naval Division beginning on 3 October

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On 28 June the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and on 5 July the Kaiser promised "the full support of Germany" if Austria-Hungary took action against Serbia. On 23 July the Austro-Hungarian Government sent an ultimatum to Serbia and next day the British Foreign Minister Sir Edward

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The Germans had used Belgium to invade northern France, which had led to the Franco-British defeats of Charleroi and Mons, followed by a rapid retreat to the Marne, where the German advance was stopped. Attempts by both sides to envelop the opponent's northern flank had then brought the main armies

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On 16 October King Albert ordered that retreating soldiers were to be shot and officers who shirked would be court-martialled. The Belgian army was exhausted, water was so close to the land surface that trenches could only be dug 1–2 ft (0.30–0.61 m) deep and the field artillery was short

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Railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed during the early part of the siege and by the morning of 17 August, the German 1st, 2nd and 3rd armies were free to resume their advance to the French frontier, yet German troops only appeared in strength before Namur on 20 August.

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and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts. On 3 August the Belgian Government refused German demands and the British government guaranteed military support to Belgium should the German army invade. Germany declared war on France, the British government ordered general

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during the day; the Ottoman government ordered mobilisation and the London Stock Exchange closed. On 1 August the British government ordered the mobilisation of the Navy, the German government ordered general mobilisation and declared war on Russia. Hostilities commenced on the Polish frontier, the

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warfare reached Germany led to suspicions of orchestration, since newspapers reported atrocities against German soldiers as soon as 5 August; on 8 August, troops marching towards the German-Belgian frontier bought newspapers containing lurid details of Belgian civilians marauding, ambushing German

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prevented the French Fifth Army from being outflanked and then retired in good order. For the Germans the battle had been a tactical defeat and a strategic success. The First Army had been delayed and suffered many casualties but had forced the crossing of the Mons–Condé Canal and begun to advance

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Belgian engineers had blown the bridge over the Gete but the structure only partly collapsed, which left the Germans an opportunity to send about 1,000 troops into the centre of Halen. The main Belgian defence line was to the west of Halen, on terrain which was partially overlooked by the Germans.

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at Halen. During an evening meeting, the Belgian general staff directed de Witte to fight a dismounted action in an attempt to nullify the German numerical advantage. From communication intercepts, the Belgian Headquarters discovered that the Germans were heading in force towards de Witte and sent

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French government ordered general mobilisation and next day the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory, as German troops crossed the frontier of Luxembourg. Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by a German cruiser

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A German attack from south-eastern Belgium towards Mézières and a possible offensive from Lorraine towards Verdun, Nancy and St. Dié was anticipated; the plan was an evolution from Plan XVI and made more provision for the possibility of a German offensive from the north through Belgium. The First,

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The Battle of Charleroi was fought on 21 August 1914, between French and German forces and was part of the Battle of the Frontiers. The French were planning an attack across the river Sambre, when the Germans attacked and the French Fifth army was forced into a retreat, which prevented the German

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The armies were to concentrate opposite the German frontier around Épinal, Nancy and Verdun–Mezières, with an army in reserve around Ste. Ménéhould and Commercy. Since 1871, railway building had given the French General Staff sixteen lines to the German frontier, against thirteen available to the

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succeeded Schlieffen in 1906 and was less certain that the French would conform to German assumptions. Moltke adapted the deployment and concentration plan to accommodate an attack in the centre or an enveloping attack from both flanks as variants, by adding divisions to the left (southern) flank

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In September 1911, a government meeting concluded that Belgium must be prepared to resist a German invasion, to avoid accusations of collusion by the British and French governments. Britain, France and the Netherlands were also to continue to be treated as potential enemies. In 1913 and 1914, the

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from field operations to guard the lines of communication. The status of neutral countries was established by the Fifth Convention of the Hague Peace Conference (1907) and signed by Germany. The Belgian government did not forbid resistance, because belligerents were not allowed to move troops or

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The main attack on 10 November was made by the 4th Army between Langemarck and Diksmuide, in which Diksmuide was lost by the Franco-Belgian garrison. Next day to the south, the British were subjected to an unprecedented bombardment between Messines and Polygon Wood and then an attack by Prussian

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were left to secure the frontiers. On mobilisation, the King became Commander-in-Chief and chose where the army was to concentrate. Amid the disruption of the new rearmament plan the disorganised and poorly trained Belgian conscripts would benefit from a central position to delay contact with an

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The British I Corps was dug in astride the Menin road, with dismounted British cavalry further south. German attacks took ground on the Menin road on 29 October and drove back the British cavalry next day, from Zandvoorde and Hollebeke to a line 3 km (1.9 mi) from Ypres. Three French

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After the capture of Maubeuge the line from Cologne–Paris line was of limited use between Diedenhofen and Luxembourg, until the bridge at Namur was repaired. The Battle of the Marne began as the Maubeuge forts were stormed; during the Battle of the Aisne, one of the VII Reserve Corps divisions

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The First Battle of Ypres (part of the First Battle of Flanders) began on 19 October with attacks by the German 6th and 4th armies at the same time that the BEF attacked towards Menin and Roulers. On 21 October, attacks by the 4th Army reserve corps were repulsed in a costly battle and on

1062:(BEF), by keeping German troops in Belgium. German troop withdrawals to reinforce the main armies in France were postponed to repulse a Belgian sortie from 9 to 13 September and a German corps in transit was retained in Belgium for several days. Belgian resistance and German fear of 1222:

Conscription was introduced in 1909 but with a reduction in the term of service to fifteen months; the Agadir Crisis made the government continue its preparations but until 1913, the size of the army was not fixed as a proportion of the population. The annual conscription of

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British, and Belgian stragglers, and blocked the main Cologne–Paris rail line. Only the line from Trier to Liege, Brussels, Valenciennes, and Cambrai was open and had to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards.

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Belgian military planning was based on the assumption that other powers would oust an invader but the likelihood of a German invasion did not lead to France and Britain being seen as allies or for the Belgian government to do more than protect its independence. The

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and Allied naval blockade. A German military administration was established on 26 August 1914, to rule through the pre-war Belgian administrative system, overseen by a small group of German officers and officials. Belgium was divided into administrative zones, the

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On 9 October, the remaining garrison surrendered, the Germans occupied the city, and some British and Belgian troops escaped north to the Netherlands, where they were interned for the duration of the war. A large amount of ammunition and many of the

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attacks. Towards the end of the day the Germans were forced to retire towards their main columns east of Halen. The battle was a victory for the Belgian army but was strategically indecisive. The Germans went on to besiege the fortified cities of

2493: 2316:(frightfulness), quickly to terrorise civilians into submission. On some occasions, the atrocities were committed by front-line troops in the heat of the moment; other crimes were cold blooded, taking place days after the fighting had ended. 2129:

at Diksmuide, which marked the end of the "Race to the Sea". Both sides conducted offensives and when the attacks by the Tenth Army and the BEF to Lille was defeated in early October, more French troops were sent to the north and formed the

1012:. Two days later, the Belgian government refused the German demands and the British government guaranteed military support to Belgium. The German government declared war on Belgium on 4 August; German troops crossed the border and began the 860: 2514: 2057:

the BEF began to assemble around Abbeville, ready to begin an offensive around the German northern flank, towards the Belgian and Allied troops in Flanders. French and German efforts to outflank each other were frustrated, during the

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The French XIV Corps was moved north from the Tenth Army and the French IX Corps attacked southwards towards Becelaere, which relieved the pressure on both British flanks. German attacks began to diminish on 3 November, by when

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On 29 August the Germans began bombarding the forts around Maubeuge. On 5 September, four of the forts were stormed by German infantry, creating a gap in the defences. On 7 September the garrison surrendered. The Germans took

6526: 2390:, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany. From 5 August to 21 October, German troops burned homes and killed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including crimes at 1115:

was moved to Antwerp, followed by the rest of the division on 6 October. From 6 to 7 October, the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge and naval forces collected at Dover were formed into the

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provided that resistance by a neutral could not be considered to be hostile. At Hervé during the night of 4 August, firing broke out and a few days later a German reporter wrote that only nineteen of

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A French offensive was planned for 6 November towards Langemarck and Messines, to widen the Ypres salient but German attacks began again on 5 November in the same area until 8 November, then again on

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At the fortified city of Antwerp, German troops besieged a garrison of Belgian fortress troops, the Belgian field army and the British Royal Naval Division. The city was ringed by forts, known as the

5983: 2586:(German Navy), covered the Belgian coast. The German occupation authorities ruled Belgium under the pre-war Belgian administrative system, overseen by a small group of German officers and officials. 1671:, which had formed the basis of the Belgian defensive system, intended to delay an invader until foreign troops could intervene, according to the Treaty of London. The Germans suffered casualties of 2469:

fired them at German soldiers. Zuber quoted a folk tradition, which had it that a civilian killed a German officer at Bellefontaine and wrote that the Germans shot Belgian civilians in reprisal for

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Under Plan XVII the French peacetime army was to form five field armies, with a group of reserve divisions attached to each army and a group of reserve divisions on each flank, a military force of

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Writers and historians have criticised the term Race to the Sea and used several date ranges, for the period of mutual attempts to outflank the opposing armies on their northern flanks. In 1925,

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attacks were expected to be costly and protracted, leading to limited success, particularly after the French and Russians modernised their fortifications on the frontiers with Germany.

1310:(1904) had led the Belgians to perceive that the British attitude to Belgium had changed and that it was now seen as a protectorate. A Belgian General Staff was formed in 1910 but the 6481: 5960: 5988: 4495: 5903: 3637:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. 3620:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. 6176: 5595: 4553: 1111:

and began scouting unoccupied Belgium in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created by fitting vehicles with bulletproof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade of the

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The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations, Volume Five, The Autumn Campaign in 1914 in the East to the Retreat, in the West until the Withdrawal to the Positional War

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German military operations in Belgium were intended to bring the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Armies into positions in Belgium from which they could invade France, which, after the fall of

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the French fell back on 22 August and blew the bridge; German troops repairing the crossing were ostensibly obstructed by civilians, which was allegedly witnessed by General

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a Franco-British counter-offensive. The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through

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coast of Belgium around 19 October, when the last open area from Diksmuide to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops, who had been withdrawn from the siege of Antwerp

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Central European Time. Belgium severed diplomatic relations with Germany and Germany declared war on Belgium. German troops crossed the Belgian frontier and attacked Liège.

1072:) against Belgian civilians soon after the invasion, in which massacres, executions, hostage-taking and the burning of towns and villages took place and became known as the 2225:

Guard, which broke into British positions along the Menin road, before being forced back by counter-attacks. From mid-October to early November the German Fourth Army lost

6186: 5876: 5827: 5742: 1909:(frightfulness) against Belgian civilians during the invasion. Massacres, executions, hostage taking, and the burning of towns and villages took place and became known as 976: 306: 104: 2481:

attacks" had taken place, both being war crimes. Zuber also wrote that there were no German reprisals in the Flemish areas of Belgium or the interior of France, where no

1510:. On 30 July the British government rejected German proposals for British neutrality and next day the Austro-Hungarian and Russian governments ordered full mobilisation. 6476: 6030: 2049:

French and German armies were moved from the east for further outflanking attempts to the north and the BEF made a camouflaged move from the Aisne front on the night of

594: 2447:. Zuber called the inactive members untrained, non-uniformed and the active members little better. Zuber wrote that as no records exist, there is no evidence that the 350: 6486: 656: 1239:

would be available. Implementation of the new scheme had disrupted the old one but had not yet become effective by 1914. During the crisis over the assassination of

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Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Fünfter Band, Der Herbst-Feldzug im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westen bis zum Stellungskrieg

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soldiers attempted to set up a fortified position in the old brewery in Halen but were driven out of the building when the Germans brought up field artillery.

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was trained, had officers or a chain of command and that it was a guerilla army at best. Zuber wrote that on 18 August, the Belgian government disbanded the

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The Battle of the Yser took place in October 1914 along a 35 km (22 mi) long stretch of the Yser river and Yperlee canal in Belgium. On 15 October

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The offensive strategies of France and Germany had failed by November 1914, leaving most of Belgium under German occupation and Allied blockade. The German

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The British held a line from La Bassée to Passchendaele, the French from Passchendaele to Diksmuide and the Belgian army from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort. The

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In 2010 Sheldon placed the beginning of the "erroneously named" race from the end of the Battle of the Marne to the beginning of the Battle of the Yser.

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ended when its defensive ring of forts was destroyed by German super-heavy artillery. The city was abandoned on 9 October and Allied forces withdrew to

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mobilisation and Italy declared neutrality. On 4 August the British government sent an ultimatum to Germany and declared war on Germany at midnight on

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the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the

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and Brussels was captured unopposed on 20 August. The siege of Liège had lasted for eleven days, rather than the two days anticipated by the Germans.

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on 27 November 1914. Soon after Bissing's appointment, OHL divided Belgium into three zones. The largest of the zones was the General Governorate of

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arrived in time to join the German 7th Army, which closed a dangerous gap in the German line. While the BEF and the French armies conducted the

6305: 6163: 1967:(RNAS) had flown to Ostend, for air reconnaissance sorties between Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres. British marines landed at Dunkirk on the night of 1650:

The relatively easy capture of Halen made the Germans confident and led to several ill-conceived attempts to capture the Belgian position with

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Official Commission of the Belgian Government: Reports on the Violation of the Rights of Nations and of the Laws and Customs of War in Belgium

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was a military campaign which began on 4 August 1914. On 24 July, the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its

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and boys for forced labour in Germany. Ten hostages were taken from every street in Namur and in other places one from every house. At

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the German Official History, described the progress of German outflanking attempts, without labelling them. In 2001 Strachan used

5277: 4315: 1316:, Lieutenant-Général Harry Jungbluth was retired on 30 June 1912 and not replaced until May 1914 by Lieutenant-General Chevalier 811: 5013: 513: 6348: 6153: 6133: 5920: 5856: 5679: 5548: 4452: 4372: 4310: 4028:

Horne, J.; Kramer, A. (1994). "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries".

5822: 5189: 6546: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6128: 4467: 4442: 4340: 2270: 1377: 277: 1328: 1215:(1911) left the Belgian government in little doubt as to the risk of a European war and an invasion of Belgium by Germany. 6501: 6496: 6181: 6123: 6118: 6082: 6016: 5908: 5754: 5337: 4727: 4655: 4586: 4355: 4325: 4320: 2563: 2553: 1161: 535: 459: 6398: 5347: 3618:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

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To avoid delays and minimise the detachments of garrisons to guard lines of communication, the German army resorted to

786: 6310: 5747: 5732: 5590: 5542: 4858: 4732: 4645: 4409: 4397: 4392: 2596:

was ordered to dig in and defend its conquests, while the deteriorating situation on the Eastern Front was retrieved.

1723: 1398: 1332: 1324: 1168:

and Antwerp and a third zone under the German Navy along the coastline. The German occupation lasted until late 1918.

1036: 834: 806: 619: 374: 37: 5524: 4919: 2355:

women and children being killed, after which the town centre was looted and burned. Horne and Kramer calculated that

476: 1181: 6491: 6290: 6247: 5282: 5267: 5169: 5038: 4606: 4518: 4475: 1841: 1618: 1579:

Thionville to Sedan and Mons by the 22nd day of mobilisation (23 August), which was achieved ahead of schedule. In

1091:, the Belgian army and small detachments of French and British troops fought in Belgium against German cavalry and 781: 771: 749: 683: 599: 589: 562: 390: 49: 6232: 5572: 5179: 5033: 6000: 5584: 5327: 5312: 4924: 4618: 4596: 4345: 4335: 4268: 2423:

called writing on German atrocities by Schmitz and Niewland (1924), Horne and Kramer (2001) and Zuckerman (2004)

2351:, the 3rd Army commander. Hundreds of hostages were taken and lined up in the town square that evening and shot, 2335:

were shot. Dutch civilians heard gunfire on the night of 23 August, from Visé over the border and in the morning

2071: 2028: 2021: 1435:) would be moved eastwards to deal with the Russians as soon as a breathing-space was gained against the French. 1196: 829: 801: 756: 739: 695: 609: 530: 486: 481: 5613: 5554: 5494: 1860:

men of the Belgian field army escaped westwards, with most of the Royal Naval Division. British casualties were

6531: 6471: 6461: 6207: 5694: 5684: 5566: 5302: 5297: 5219: 4628: 4601: 4305: 1426: 1402: 796: 734: 710: 614: 540: 5023: 3853: 3750:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Erster Band, Die Grenzschlachten im Westen

2067: 1946:

small detachments of the Belgian, Frenchs and British armies conducted operations against German cavalry and

1151:(Dixmude), as the German 4th Army attacked westwards and French, British, and some Belgian troops fought the 6466: 6278: 6270: 6212: 5972: 5667: 5430: 5342: 5257: 5252: 5224: 5184: 5043: 5028: 5003: 4884: 4761: 2542: 2013: 1964: 1825: 1668: 1200: 1121: 1100: 1080: 914: 761: 722: 700: 550: 491: 417: 2184:

guns took over the boundary of the two German armies, to attack north-west between Messines and Gheluvelt.

6045: 5769: 5704: 5560: 5287: 5214: 5164: 5149: 5131: 5104: 5018: 4985: 4650: 4611: 4591: 4402: 4295: 4221: 2505: 2063: 2059: 1466: 776: 744: 705: 673: 604: 572: 555: 545: 518: 427: 5578: 6035: 5689: 5354: 5317: 5247: 5194: 5116: 5084: 5058: 5008: 4939: 4841: 4794: 4640: 4578: 4447: 4330: 3652:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2153: 1704: 1660: 1614: 1410: 1369: 1356: 1152: 1044: 951: 946: 941: 936: 919: 909: 791: 766: 624: 506: 410: 261: 175: 4980: 1120:, to operate in the Channel and off the French–Belgian coast. Despite minor British reinforcement, the 3778: 3748: 1035:, on 17 August and after fighting on the Gete river, the Belgian field army withdrew westwards to the 6506: 6385: 6300: 4954: 4929: 4904: 4261: 3921:

The war of 1914 Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality

3613: 2613: 1363: 1112: 924: 678: 1469:, the French had been told that six British divisions could be expected to operate around Maubeuge. 1320:. Moranville began planning for the concentration of the army and met railway officials on 29 July. 6367: 6320: 5506: 5370: 5322: 5199: 5159: 5154: 5099: 4782: 4776: 4677: 2251: 1947: 1910: 1803: 1788: 1297: 1243:, regiments were divided and eight conscription classes were incorporated into the army to provide 1144: 1094: 1055: 688: 644: 639: 454: 432: 232: 6327: 6242: 5601: 5465: 5447: 5412: 5376: 5209: 5174: 5126: 5111: 4998: 4949: 4788: 4747: 4427: 4053: 2581: 2567: 2387: 2103: 2087: 2053:, with no movement by day, which with rainy weather grounding aircraft, deceived the Germans. On 1208: 1140: 931: 661: 501: 422: 3755:

The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations, Volume I, The Frontier Battles in the West

2158: 1953: 1664: 1550: 1013: 998:. The Belgian government mobilised its armed forces on 31 July and a state of heightened alert ( 899: 400: 1889: 6360: 6354: 6315: 6217: 6050: 5633: 5488: 5471: 5272: 5094: 5074: 4909: 4894: 4824: 4812: 4672: 4513: 4490: 4437: 4171: 4147: 4126: 4105: 4045: 4006: 3987: 3968: 3949: 3925: 3905: 3883: 3859: 3838: 3814: 3810:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

3788: 3758: 3728: 3693: 3674: 3655: 3638: 3621: 3599: 3591: 3577: 3551: 3527: 3510: 3491: 3474: 3455: 2405: 2137: 2083: 1884: 727: 668: 471: 221: 3690:

Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War

5418: 5388: 5382: 5292: 5121: 5089: 5079: 4818: 4742: 4737: 4665: 4485: 4385: 4037: 2617: 2126: 2091: 1709: 1307: 1292: 1155:(19 October – 22 November) against the German 4th and 6th Armies. By November 1914, most of 904: 629: 405: 266: 4073: 1830: 1483: 1300:, King of the Belgians since 1909; Albert commanded the Belgian army in the First World War 6227: 6067: 5406: 4959: 4934: 4633: 4541: 4380: 4234: 4205: 2241: 1993: 1905: 1629:, the Cavalry Division commanded by de Witte, was sent to guard the bridge over the river 1594: 1276: 1132: 1073: 1031:

and the surrender of the last forts (16–17 August). The government abandoned the capital,

966: 894: 824: 496: 335: 147: 41: 4141: 3802:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (The Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 3772:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (The Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 4197: 6412: 6060: 6040: 5711: 5424: 5262: 5053: 4944: 4800: 4704: 4687: 3541: 2348: 2264: 1900: 1792: 1401:

against Russia. In the east the Germans planned a defensive strategy and relied on the

1252: 1063: 1051: 567: 437: 243: 1103:(RNAS) flew to Ostend, to conduct air reconnaissance between Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. 6455: 6171: 5459: 5453: 4889: 4806: 4717: 4119: 4057: 3919: 3897: 2420: 2413: 2409: 1939: 1360: 1212: 1125: 1104: 1084: 449: 238: 227: 216: 131: 3808: 3545: 2125:

troops ended their retreat from Antwerp and took post between Nieuwpoort and French

1634:

the 4th Infantry Brigade to reinforce the Cavalry Division. The battle began around

845: 5621: 5048: 2247: 1981: 1639: 1525: 1406: 1192: 1117: 4211: 1797: 2320:, near Namur, was burnt down on 20 August and a German proclamation claimed that 1875:

Yser, which thwarted the final German attempt to turn the Allied northern flank.

5832: 5737: 5435: 4863: 4284: 2401: 1478: 1258: 4245: 3718: 4192: 1429:, while France was being crushed. Divisions from the German army in the west ( 202: 79: 4109: 4049: 3818: 3792: 3762: 3732: 3642: 3478: 1164:

of Brussels and its hinterland; a second zone, under the 4th Army, including

5627: 5394: 3863: 3625: 2075: 1599: 1397:

A corollary to the emphasis on the Western Front was lack of troops for the

1272: 1263:, the reason given by the British government, for declaring war on Germany. 1148: 1005: 4151: 3929: 3514: 2501: 1517:

the German government sent an ultimatum to Russia and announced a state of

5887: 2574:

and the hinterland, the second zone came under the 4th Army and included

2571: 2397: 2391: 2043: 1747: 1032: 1020: 3671:

Der Weltkrieg: 1914 The Battle of the Frontiers and Pursuit to the Marne

1555: 1004:) was proclaimed in Germany. On 2 August, the German government sent an 66:

4 August – 31 October 1914 (2 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)

3787:]. Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. 2329: 2317: 2035: 1755: 1622: 1610: 1491: 1235:

Older men would continue to serve as garrison troops and by 1926 about

1040: 250: 162: 75: 2363: 2344: 2039: 2017: 1751: 1323:

Belgian troops were to be massed in central Belgium, in front of the

1008:

to Belgium, demanding passage through the country and German forces

4041: 2108: 1571:

The Belgian field army withdrew from the Gete towards Antwerp from

6055: 2575: 2541: 2157: 2107: 1997: 1952: 1888: 1829: 1796: 1719: 1708: 1655: 1651: 1626: 1609:

The Battle of Halen (Haelen) was fought by mounted and dismounted

1598: 1554: 1482: 1465:(BEF) but joint arrangements had been made and in 1911 during the 1291: 1180: 1165: 1028: 1024: 3692:. Vol. II. Waterloo Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 1613:

and other forces on 12 August 1914 between German forces, led by

1425:) to divert the Russians from eastern Germany with offensives in 1023:

on 7 August, led to sieges of Belgian fortresses along the river

3724: 3596:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

1630: 1337: 342: 6527:

Military operations of World War I involving the United Kingdom

4257: 3009: 3007: 2339:

crossed the frontier, describing killings and the abduction of

1203:(1839) recognized Belgian independence and neutrality from the 1191:

The neutrality of Belgium had been established by the European

849: 346: 4253: 3902:

The Smoke and the Fire: Myths and Anti-Myths of War, 1861–1945

3688:

Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010). "Foreword, Hew Strachan".

3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3207: 3205: 2866: 2864: 2862: 1984:, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast. 1139:

the border with France. The Belgian army fought the defensive

1043:

on 19 August. Brussels was occupied the following day and the

6418: 4005:(History Press pbk. ed.). Charleston SC: History Press. 2722: 2720: 2695: 2693: 6512:

Military operations of World War I involving Austria-Hungary

3757:]. Vol. I (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 3328: 3326: 2953: 2951: 2136:("Army Detachment of Belgium") under the command of General 1642:, was engaged with small-arms fire by Belgian troops. About 2459:

but Horne and Kramer had failed to explain the disposal of

2003:

Franco-German flanking moves, 15 September – 8 October 1914

4240: 3454:. Vol. III (repr. ed.). New York: Enigma Books. 2174:

6th armies would pin Allied troops while a new formation,

1722:

was defended by a ring of modern fortresses, known as the

2994: 2992: 2990: 2680: 2678: 2566:

as the Military Governor. Goltz was succeeded by General

2427:

and wrote that on 5 August, the Belgian government armed

1976:, and followed the Marines to Antwerp on 6 October. From 3986:(Westholme ed.). New York: Longmans, Green and Co. 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2562:), was established on 26 August 1914 with Field Marshal 1754:

on 27 August, from where it re-joined the field army at

3904:(Leo Cooper ed.). London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 3813:. Vol. I (Hamish Hamilton ed.). Oxford: OUP. 3488:

Beneath Flanders Fields: the Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918

3301: 3299: 2300:

were still standing. The speed by which allegations of

1231:

to accumulate the trained manpower for a field army of

3024: 3022: 2386:

books and manuscripts was destroyed. Large amounts of

6396: 3223: 1802:

French depiction of colonial troops in action at the

1764:, the German official history recorded the taking of 1604:

Contemporary Belgian depiction of the Battle of Halen

6522:

Military operations of World War I involving Germany

4168:

The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I

4143:

The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne, 1914

2016:(7 August–13 September) and the German advance into 1853:

at Antwerp were captured intact by the Germans. The

1251:

troops. The Belgian army planned a defence based on

6517:

Military operations of World War I involving France

6340: 6261: 6200: 6162: 6106: 6095: 5999: 5971: 5919: 5841: 5815: 5767: 5720: 5660: 5653: 5481: 5363: 5238: 5140: 5067: 4968: 4872: 4834: 4769: 4760: 4703: 4577: 4566: 4532: 4504: 4466: 4418: 4371: 4364: 3136: 2930: 1488:"Germany Violates Belgian Neutrality": Headline in 1066:, led the Germans to implement a policy of terror ( 4118: 3837:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 2559:Kaiserliches Deutsches Generalgouvernement Belgien 1566:may have delayed the German invasion of France by 4074:"Siege of Maubeuge, 25 August – 7 September 1914" 2307:troops, desecrating corpses and poisoning wells. 1972:Naval Division landed at Dunkirk on the night of 2646:and Foley from 17 September to a period between 1768:and French prisoners and twelve field guns, and 5230:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2538:German occupation of Belgium during World War I 2324:had been shot, with a Belgian account claiming 2269:(free shooters) were established by the French 2148:First Battle of Ypres, 19 October – 22 November 1420: 1340:with two divisions forward at Liège and Namur. 1083:ended, the French armies and the BEF began the 30: 6482:Battles of World War I involving British India 4104:]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 3708: 2738: 1617:and Belgian forces, led by Lieutenant-General 4269: 4098:Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente 3486:Barton, P.; Doyle, P; Vandewalle, J. (2005). 3416: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2810: 2798: 1638:when a German scouting party, advancing from 1506:to the Fleets and the War Office ordered the 861: 358: 8: 4121:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial 3924:. London: W. H. & L Collingridge. 1915. 2629: 2591: 2579: 2557: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2328:At Seilles, fifty people were killed and at 2311: 2301: 2262: 2211: 2175: 2131: 1759: 1727: 1580: 1518: 1489: 1430: 1414: 1389: 1367: 1311: 1092: 1067: 999: 3852:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 3380: 3344: 2500:Depiction of the execution of civilians in 2292:required neutrals to prevent such acts and 2246:After the defeat of the Imperial forces of 2098:Battle of the Yser, 16 October – 2 November 1903:, led the Germans to implement a policy of 1820:Siege of Antwerp, 28 September – 10 October 1783:Battles of Charleroi and Mons, 21–23 August 1256: 6103: 5812: 5717: 5657: 4766: 4574: 4368: 4276: 4262: 4254: 4003:The Battle of the Frontiers: Ardennes 1914 3777:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1929). 3747:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1925). 3368: 2008:The Race to the Sea took place from about 1988:Race to the Sea, 17 September – 19 October 1746:from the 4th Division, which was moved to 868: 854: 846: 365: 351: 343: 27: 2711: 2669: 2370:were killed; the surviving population of 6477:Battles of World War I involving Belgium 5519:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 4102:Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Essays, Documents 3356: 3332: 3317: 3290: 3278: 3259: 3247: 3211: 3148: 3013: 2998: 2957: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2726: 2699: 2684: 6431: 6403: 5896:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4125:. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press. 3946:The German Army in World War I, 1914–15 3524:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 3235: 3196: 3172: 3160: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 2981: 2969: 2942: 2906: 2829: 2662: 2605: 2578:and Antwerp; the third zone, under the 2547:German occupation of Belgium, 1914–1916 2489: 1381:opposite the French frontier, from the 3404: 2841: 2642:In 2005, Doughty used the period from 2163:Opposing forces at Ypres, October 1914 1899:Belgian resistance and German fear of 1582:Bulletin Belge des Sciences Militaires 5849:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 5185:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 4117:Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001). 3574:The Forts of the Meuse in World War I 3428: 3392: 3305: 3184: 2853: 2180:with six new divisions and more than 1879:Peripheral operations, August–October 1131:At the end of the Great Retreat, the 7: 6253:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3669:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2013). 2918: 2463:and claimed that none of the former 2288:supplies through neutral territory; 2090:but neither side was able to gain a 2062:in early October and the battles of 1621:. To block a German advance towards 1388:men expected to be mobilised in the 1327:ready to face any border, while the 1313:Chef d'État-Major Général de l'Armée 101:German occupation of most of Belgium 6182:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4976:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3967:. Vol. I. New York: ABC-CLIO. 3963:Tucker, S.; Roberts, P. M. (2005). 3224:Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2005 1416:Landstreitkräfte Österreich-Ungarns 1288:Belgian Army order of battle (1914) 1241:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1157:Belgium was under German occupation 19:For the World War II invasion, see 6487:Belgium–Germany military relations 4915:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1445:French Army order of battle (1914) 1350:German Army order of battle (1914) 1099:. On 27 August, a squadron of the 14: 6421:German invasion of Belgium (1914) 3654:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 1318:Antonin de Selliers de Moranville 1205:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 879:German invasion of Belgium (1914) 256:Antonin de Selliers de Moranville 21:German invasion of Belgium (1940) 6434: 6406: 5278:Second Battle of the Piave River 4900:Russian invasion of East Prussia 4198:De Eerste Wereldoorlog (Belgian) 4072:Rickard, J. (1 September 2007). 3598:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2638:In 2003 Clayton gave dates from 2513: 2492: 2020:, which had been stopped at the 1963:On 27 August, a squadron of the 271: 260: 249: 237: 226: 215: 195: 181: 168: 155: 140: 124: 48: 6349:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5549:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3948:. Vol. I. London: Osprey. 3471:World War I: An Outline History 2133:Détachement d'Armée de Belgique 1589:Battle of Halen, 12 August 1914 1344:Germany: Schlieffen–Moltke Plan 977:German occupation of Luxembourg 6172:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6031:Deportations from East Prussia 5828:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 4241:Animation of the Great Retreat 3984:The Campaign of the Marne 1914 3452:The Origins of the War of 1914 2271:Government of National Defence 2032:(13 September – 28 September), 1378:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 334:6,000 civilians killed in the 1: 6083:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3835:The German Army at Ypres 1914 2753:, pp. 190, 172–173, 178. 2564:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz 2554:General Government of Belgium 2525:, burnt down by German troops 2523:Catholic University of Leuven 2380:Catholic University of Leuven 2281: 2274: 2255: 2119: 1958:Franco-Belgian littoral, 1914 1918: 1854: 1773: 1740: 1733: 1682: 1450: 1382: 16:World War I military campaign 6238:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5537:Estonian War of Independence 5205:Southern Palestine offensive 4096:Erdmann, K. D., ed. (1972). 3882:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 3880:The First World War: To Arms 3709:Humphries & Maker (2010) 3371:, pp. 679–704, 605–615. 2628:In 1929 the fifth volume of 2362:The 1st Army passed through 2086:had resulted in a number of 2080:(28 September – 10 October). 1894:Maubeuge fortress zone, 1914 1699:Siege of Namur, 20–24 August 1545:Battle of Liège, 5–16 August 1422:Császári és Királyi Hadsereg 972:German occupation of Belgium 6542:Western Front (World War I) 6192:USA against Austria-Hungary 5591:Turkish War of Independence 5543:Latvian War of Independence 5268:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4859:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3490:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 1944:(24 August – 28 September), 1729:position fortifiée de Namur 1724:fortified position of Namur 1560:Fortified position of Liège 1463:British Expeditionary Force 1333:fortified position of Namur 1329:fortified position of Liège 1325:National Redoubt at Antwerp 1136:(17 September – 19 October) 1060:British Expeditionary Force 835:Western Front tactics, 1917 6565: 6275:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5823:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5283:Second Battle of the Marne 5170:Second battle of the Aisne 5039:Second Battle of Champagne 4880:German invasion of Belgium 3855:Principal Events 1914–1918 3707:Strachan, H. Foreword. In 3507:A History of the Great War 2739:Humphries & Maker 2013 2636:15 September – 17 October. 2626:17 September – 19 October. 2535: 2382:, the historic library of 2261:irregular troops known as 2239: 2192:battalions had fewer than 2151: 2101: 2074:. The "race" ended on the 1991: 1882: 1823: 1786: 1714:Namur fortifications, 1914 1702: 1592: 1548: 1476: 1442: 1347: 1285: 1270: 1089:(24 August – 28 September) 992:German invasion of Belgium 54:German invasion of Belgium 31:German invasion of Belgium 18: 6381: 6056:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5585:Irish War of Independence 5328:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5313:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4925:First Battle of the Marne 4291: 4246:Sambre-Marne-Yser: sieges 4146:. London: Edward Arnold. 4030:Journal of Modern History 3965:World War I: Encyclopedia 3417:Tucker & Roberts 2005 2811:Skinner & Stacke 1922 2799:Skinner & Stacke 1922 2644:17 September – 17 October 2640:17 September – 7 October. 2622:15 September – 15 October 2359:were killed in the town. 2029:First Battle of the Aisne 2022:First Battle of the Marne 2010:17 September – 19 October 1835:Defences of Antwerp, 1914 1197:London Conference of 1830 887: 382: 333: 320: 283: 208: 115: 58: 47: 35: 6537:Sieges involving Germany 6208:Constantinople Agreement 5501:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5364:Co-belligerent conflicts 5333:Second Romanian campaign 5303:Third Transjordan attack 5014:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4920:Battle of Grand Couronné 3807:Raleigh, W. A. (1969) . 3250:, pp. 273, 274–275. 3137:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929 2931:Mertz von Quirnheim 1925 2378:were burnt down. At the 2206:of their establishment. 2027:and was followed by the 1737: 15,000 casualties 1688:Belgian casualties were 6271:Modus vivendi of Acroma 6223:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5531:Greater Poland Uprising 5431:National Protection War 5308:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5258:German spring offensive 5253:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5029:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5004:Second Battle of Artois 4885:Battle of the Frontiers 4222:German atrocities, 1914 4170:. New York: NYU Press. 3633:Edmonds, J. E. (1925). 3450:Albertini, L. (2005) . 3383:, pp. 1–24, App I. 3381:Horne & Kramer 1994 3345:Horne & Kramer 1994 2374:were expelled and over 2014:Battle of the Frontiers 1965:Royal Naval Air Service 1858: 80,000 surviving 1826:Siege of Antwerp (1914) 1282:Belgian defensive plans 1247:for the field army and 1101:Royal Naval Air Service 1081:Battle of the Frontiers 723:German spring offensive 6296:Paris Peace Conference 6284:Ukraine–Central Powers 6078:Massacres of Albanians 6046:Late Ottoman genocides 5853:Bulgarian occupations 5561:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5525:Hungarian–Romanian War 5343:Naval Victory Bulletin 5338:Armistice with Germany 5288:Hundred Days Offensive 5215:Battle of La Malmaison 5165:Second battle of Arras 5132:Battle of Transylvania 4986:Second Battle of Ypres 4854:Sarajevo assassination 4743:South African Republic 4166:Zuckerman, L. (2004). 3878:Strachan, H. (2003) . 3650:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 3473:. London: Hutchinson. 2630: 2592: 2580: 2558: 2549: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2433: 2312: 2302: 2263: 2213:Armeegruppe von Fabeck 2212: 2177:Armeegruppe von Fabeck 2176: 2165: 2132: 2115: 2005: 1960: 1896: 1837: 1807: 1770:900 German casualties, 1760: 1728: 1716: 1606: 1581: 1562: 1519: 1498: 1490: 1467:Second Moroccan Crisis 1431: 1421: 1415: 1390: 1368: 1312: 1302: 1257: 1188: 1093: 1068: 1000: 209:Commanders and leaders 6547:World War I invasions 6423:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 6306:Treaty of St. Germain 6279:Russia–Central Powers 6233:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6061:Pontic Greek genocide 6036:Destruction of Kalisz 6012:Eastern Mediterranean 5573:Polish–Lithuanian War 5355:Armistice of Belgrade 5318:Armistice of Salonica 5248:Operation Faustschlag 5195:Third Battle of Oituz 5117:Baranovichi offensive 5085:Lake Naroch offensive 5059:Battle of Robat Karim 5034:Vistula–Bug offensive 5009:Battles of the Isonzo 4940:First Battle of Ypres 3509:. Edinburgh: Nelson. 2545: 2536:Further information: 2285: 120,000 troops 2161: 2154:First Battle of Ypres 2123: 50,000 Belgian 2111: 2001: 1956: 1922: 10,000 French, 1892: 1833: 1800: 1712: 1705:Siege of Namur (1914) 1615:Georg von der Marwitz 1602: 1558: 1486: 1454: 2,000,000 men. 1411:Austro-Hungarian Army 1370:Oberste Heeresleitung 1357:Alfred von Schlieffen 1295: 1184: 1153:First Battle of Ypres 1143:(16–31 October) from 321:Casualties and losses 6502:Invasions of Belgium 6497:Invasions by Germany 6301:Treaty of Versailles 6017:Mount Lebanon famine 5932:in the United States 5900:Russian occupations 5614:Turkish–Armenian War 5555:Polish–Ukrainian War 5495:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5442:Central Asian Revolt 5225:Armistice of Focșani 4955:Battle of Sarikamish 4905:Battle of Tannenberg 4301:Military engagements 4212:Brave Little Belgium 4193:Brave Little Belgium 3833:Sheldon, J. (2010). 3572:Donnell, C. (2007). 3522:Clayton, A. (2003). 3469:Baldwin, H. (1963). 3016:, pp. 241, 266. 2404:and from Berneau in 2280:troops and diverted 2229:the Sixth Army lost 2084:outflanking attempts 1508:Precautionary Period 1364:German General Staff 1308:Anglo-French Entente 1147:(Nieuport) south to 1113:Royal Naval Division 1107:landed in France on 1047:began on 21 August. 830:French Army mutinies 825:1914 Christmas truce 595:Hohenzollern Redoubt 6368:They shall not pass 6291:Treaty of Bucharest 6248:Treaty of Bucharest 6187:USA against Germany 6164:Declarations of war 5868:German occupations 5781:British casualties 5640:Soviet–Georgian War 5567:Egyptian Revolution 5507:Armeno-Georgian War 5371:Somaliland campaign 5323:Armistice of Mudros 5200:Battle of Caporetto 5190:Battle of Mărășești 5160:Zimmermann telegram 5155:February Revolution 5100:Battle of the Somme 5024:Bug-Narew Offensive 4999:Battle of Gallipoli 4991:Sinking of the RMS 4783:Scramble for Africa 4777:Franco-Prussian War 4433:Sinai and Palestine 4001:Zuber, T. (2009) . 3944:Thomas, N. (2003). 3526:. London: Cassell. 3505:Buchan, J. (1921). 3431:, pp. 103–104. 3395:, pp. 285–287. 3293:, pp. 277–278. 3281:, pp. 276–277. 3262:, pp. 275–276. 3214:, pp. 264–274. 3187:, pp. 101–102. 3151:, pp. 266–273. 3127:, pp. 400–408. 3103:, pp. 170–202. 3079:, pp. 168–170. 3067:, pp. 375–390. 3055:, pp. 371–374. 2789:, pp. 195–198. 2729:, pp. 209–211. 2702:, pp. 209–210. 2521:The library of the 2506:Évariste Carpentier 2412:in the province of 2388:strategic materials 2278: 1,000 German 2252:Franco-Prussian War 1911:the Rape of Belgium 1804:Battle of Charleroi 1789:Battle of Charleroi 1750:and then by sea to 1056:Battle of Charleroi 961:Associated articles 819:Associated articles 536:Hartmannswillerkopf 396:Invasion of Belgium 233:Alexander von Kluck 6328:Treaty of Lausanne 6243:Paris Economy Pact 6177:UK against Germany 6107:Entry into the war 6073:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5792:Ottoman casualties 5602:Franco-Turkish War 5482:Post-War conflicts 5466:Russian Revolution 5448:Invasion of Darfur 5413:Kelantan rebellion 5401:Kurdish rebellions 5377:Mexican Revolution 5210:October Revolution 5175:Kerensky offensive 5150:Capture of Baghdad 5127:Monastir offensive 5112:Brusilov offensive 4950:Battle of Kolubara 4789:Russo-Japanese War 4233:2016-02-04 at the 4217:German Occupations 4204:2014-03-10 at the 4140:Kluck, A. (1920). 3982:Tyng, S. (2007) . 3576:. Oxford: Osprey. 3115:, pp. 27–100. 2895:General Staff 1915 2883:General Staff 1915 2871:General Staff 1915 2741:, pp. 66, 69. 2618:Official Historian 2582:Kaiserliche Marine 2568:Moritz von Bissing 2550: 2487:attacks occurred. 2475:attacks and that " 2437:", who joined the 2231:28,000 casualties. 2218:17,250 casualties. 2166: 2116: 2104:Battle of the Yser 2006: 1961: 1917:Territorials, and 1897: 1838: 1808: 1744: 10,000 were 1717: 1686: 400 horses. 1607: 1563: 1499: 1303: 1209:Belgian revolution 1189: 1177:Belgian neutrality 1162:General Government 1141:Battle of the Yser 1010:invaded Luxembourg 6492:Conflicts in 1914 6394: 6393: 6377: 6376: 6361:The Golden Virgin 6355:Mutilated victory 6336: 6335: 6316:Treaty of Trianon 6311:Treaty of Neuilly 6218:Damascus Protocol 6091: 6090: 6051:Armenian genocide 6008:Allied blockades 5980:Belgian refugees 5763: 5762: 5673:Strategic bombing 5649: 5648: 5634:Franco-Syrian War 5608:Greco-Turkish War 5596:Anglo-Turkish War 5579:Polish–Soviet War 5513:German Revolution 5489:Russian Civil War 5472:Finnish Civil War 5298:Battle of Megiddo 5273:Battle of Goychay 5220:Battle of Cambrai 5180:Battle of Mărăști 5095:Battle of Jutland 5075:Erzurum offensive 4930:Siege of Przemyśl 4910:Siege of Tsingtao 4895:Battle of Galicia 4825:Second Balkan War 4813:Italo-Turkish War 4770:Pre-War conflicts 4756: 4755: 4646:Portuguese Empire 4562: 4561: 4524:German New Guinea 4506:Asian and Pacific 4227:Atrocities of War 4177:978-0-8147-9704-4 4132:978-0-300-08975-2 4012:978-0-7524-5255-5 3993:978-1-59416-042-4 3974:978-1-85109-420-2 3955:978-1-84176-565-5 3911:978-0-85052-330-0 3889:978-0-19-926191-8 3844:978-1-84884-113-0 3699:978-1-55458-259-4 3680:978-1-55458-373-7 3661:978-0-521-04436-3 3605:978-0-674-01880-8 3583:978-1-84603-114-4 3557:978-1-84342-489-5 3533:978-0-304-35949-3 3497:978-0-7735-2949-6 3461:978-1-929631-33-9 3359:, pp. 27–29. 3335:, pp. 25–27. 3320:, pp. 22–23. 3043:, pp. 39–65. 2984:, pp. 63–64. 2909:, pp. 53–54. 2897:, pp. 19–21. 2885:, pp. 20–21. 2429:100,000 civilians 2190:75 of 84 infantry 2088:encounter battles 1885:Siege of Maubeuge 1679:200–300 prisoners 1439:France: Plan XVII 1227:was increased to 985: 984: 843: 842: 669:Nivelle offensive 443:Trouée de Charmes 341: 340: 111: 110: 6554: 6447: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6321:Treaty of Sèvres 6213:Treaty of London 6104: 5882:Northeast France 5813: 5785:Parliamentarians 5718: 5680:Chemical weapons 5658: 5419:Senussi campaign 5389:Muscat rebellion 5383:Maritz rebellion 5351: 5293:Vardar offensive 5122:Battle of Romani 5090:Battle of Asiago 5080:Battle of Verdun 5044:Kosovo offensive 4819:First Balkan War 4767: 4666:Russian Republic 4575: 4369: 4311:Economic history 4278: 4271: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4181: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4136: 4124: 4113: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4061: 4016: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3915: 3893: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3848: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3712: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3646: 3629: 3609: 3587: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3547:Naval Operations 3537: 3518: 3501: 3482: 3465: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3347:, pp. 1–33. 3342: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960:, p. 1,032. 2955: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2620:, used dates of 2610: 2595: 2585: 2561: 2517: 2496: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461:146,000 firearms 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2396: 2385: 2384:300,000 medieval 2377: 2373: 2369: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2268: 2260: 2257: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2135: 2127:Fusiliers Marins 2124: 2121: 2113:Yser front, 1914 2092:decisive victory 2081: 2056: 2052: 2033: 2026: 2025:(5–12 September) 2012:1914, after the 2011: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1945: 1936: 1932: 1931:40,000 prisoners 1923: 1920: 1916: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1842:National Redoubt 1814: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1645: 1637: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1535: 1522: 1516: 1515:31 July/1 August 1504:Warning Telegram 1495: 1455: 1452: 1434: 1424: 1418: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1,700,000 1384: 1373: 1315: 1262: 1250: 1249:200,000 fortress 1246: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1201:Treaty of London 1137: 1122:siege of Antwerp 1110: 1098: 1090: 1071: 1037:National Redoubt 1003: 882: 880: 870: 863: 856: 847: 782:St Quentin Canal 377: 367: 360: 353: 344: 276: 275: 267:Charles Lanrezac 265: 264: 254: 253: 242: 241: 231: 230: 220: 219: 201: 199: 198: 191: 187: 185: 184: 174: 172: 171: 161: 159: 158: 146: 144: 143: 134: 130: 128: 127: 60: 59: 52: 28: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6532:Race to the Sea 6472:1914 in Germany 6462:1914 in Belgium 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6426:sister projects 6425: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6373: 6332: 6264: 6257: 6228:Treaty of Darin 6196: 6158: 6114:Austria-Hungary 6100: 6087: 6068:Rape of Belgium 5995: 5967: 5915: 5909:Western Armenia 5904:Eastern Galicia 5837: 5811: 5775: 5774:Civilian impact 5773: 5759: 5716: 5645: 5477: 5407:Ovambo Uprising 5359: 5345: 5234: 5136: 5063: 4981:Battle of Łomża 4964: 4960:Christmas truce 4935:Race to the Sea 4868: 4830: 4752: 4723:Austria-Hungary 4699: 4634:Empire of Japan 4571: 4569: 4558: 4542:U-boat campaign 4528: 4500: 4462: 4414: 4360: 4341:Popular culture 4287: 4282: 4248: 4235:Wayback Machine 4206:Wayback Machine 4189: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4156: 4154: 4139: 4133: 4116: 4095: 4091: 4089:Further reading 4078: 4076: 4071: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4000: 3994: 3981: 3975: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3717: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3468: 3462: 3449: 3440: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3369:Commission 1915 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3005: 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1895: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1812: 1806: 1795: 1787:Main articles: 1785: 1777: 300 were 1776: 1769: 1765: 1743: 1736: 1715: 1707: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1643: 1635: 1605: 1597: 1595:Battle of Halen 1591: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1553: 1551:Battle of Liège 1547: 1542: 1533: 1514: 1513:At midnight on 1497: 1496:, 4 August 1914 1481: 1475: 1473:Outbreak of war 1453: 1447: 1441: 1385: 1359:, Chief of the 1352: 1346: 1301: 1290: 1284: 1279: 1277:Schlieffen Plan 1271:Main articles: 1269: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225:13,300 recruits 1224: 1187: 1179: 1174: 1135: 1133:Race to the Sea 1109:19–20 September 1108: 1088: 1074:Rape of Belgium 1069:schrecklichkeit 1014:Battle of Liège 988: 987: 986: 981: 967:Rape of Belgium 958: 883: 878: 876: 874: 844: 839: 816: 620:Vimy Ridge 1916 497:Race to the Sea 465:1st St. Quentin 387: 378: 373: 371: 336:Rape of Belgium 312: 305: 298: 270: 269: 259: 258: 248: 236: 235: 225: 224: 214: 196: 194: 193: 182: 180: 179: 178: 169: 167: 166: 156: 154: 148:Austria-Hungary 141: 139: 138: 136: 125: 123: 122: 96: 82: 53: 42:First World War 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:1914 in France 6464: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6263:Peace treaties 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6149:United Kingdom 6146: 6141: 6139:Ottoman Empire 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6043: 6041:Sack of Dinant 6038: 6033: 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5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5263:Zeebrugge Raid 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5054:Battle of Loos 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4945:Black Sea raid 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4847:Historiography 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4801:Bosnian Crisis 4798: 4795:Tangier Crisis 4792: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4771: 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E. 3610: 3604: 3592:Doughty, R. A. 3588: 3582: 3569: 3556: 3542:Corbett, J. S. 3538: 3532: 3519: 3502: 3496: 3483: 3466: 3460: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3419:, p. 209. 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3308:, p. 103. 3295: 3283: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3238:, p. 103. 3228: 3216: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3091:, p. 405. 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3018: 3003: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 416. 2923: 2921:, p. 100. 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2858: 2846: 2844:, p. 134. 2834: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2777:, p. 194. 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2716: 2714:, p. 504. 2712:Albertini 2005 2704: 2689: 2687:, p. 208. 2674: 2672:, p. 414. 2670:Albertini 2005 2661: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648:10–21 October. 2604: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2546: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2441:of the active 2439:46,000 members 2406:Liège Province 2349:Max von Hausen 2337:4,000 refugees 2265:francs tireurs 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2162: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2138:Victor d'Urbal 2112: 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2002: 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1957: 1901:Francs-tireurs 1893: 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1868:1,479 interned 1834: 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1801: 1793:Battle of Mons 1784: 1781: 1713: 1703:Main article: 1700: 1697: 1603: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1559: 1549:Main article: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1520:"Kriegsgefahr" 1487: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1443:Main article: 1440: 1437: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1296: 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1268: 1265: 1253:interior lines 1186:Europe in 1914 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1064:francs-tireurs 1052:Battle of Mons 1045:siege of Namur 983: 982: 980: 979: 974: 969: 957: 956: 955: 954: 952:Nonne Bosschen 949: 944: 934: 929: 928: 927: 922: 912: 907: 902: 897: 888: 885: 884: 875: 873: 872: 865: 858: 850: 841: 840: 838: 837: 832: 827: 815: 814: 812:Lys and Escaut 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 666: 659: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559: 558: 548: 543: 541:Neuve Chapelle 538: 533: 522: 521: 516: 514:Winter actions 511: 510: 509: 504: 494: 489: 484: 479: 477:Grand Couronné 474: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 447: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 393: 383: 380: 379: 372: 370: 369: 362: 355: 347: 339: 338: 331: 330: 327: 323: 322: 318: 317: 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 246: 244:Max von Hausen 222:Karl von Bülow 211: 210: 206: 205: 189:United Kingdom 150: 118: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108: 98: 92: 91: 90:German victory 88: 84: 83: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 45: 44: 33: 32: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6560: 6559: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6445: 6444: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6414: 6404: 6400: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6154:United States 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5755:United States 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5705:Convoy system 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700:Naval warfare 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5460:Kaocen revolt 5458: 5455: 5454:Easter Rising 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Great Retreat 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Battle of Cer 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807:Agadir Crisis 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4695:United States 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4612:French Empire 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4565: 4555: 4554:Mediterranean 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4534:Naval warfare 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4410:Italian Front 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4398:Eastern Front 4396: 4394: 4393:Western Front 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Puppet states 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4014: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357:Terraine 1992 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333:Terraine 1992 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318:Terraine 1992 3314: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291:Strachan 2003 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279:Strachan 2003 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260:Strachan 2003 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248:Strachan 2003 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3226:, p. 17. 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212:Strachan 2003 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175:, p. 98. 3174: 3169: 3166: 3163:, p. 59. 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149:Strachan 2003 3145: 3142: 3139:, p. 14. 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014:Strachan 2003 3010: 3008: 3004: 3001:, p. 25. 3000: 2999:Terraine 1992 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2972:, p. 58. 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958:Strachan 2003 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945:, p. 25. 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2873:, p. 19. 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2856:, p. 83. 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832:, p. 33. 2831: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787:Strachan 2003 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775:Strachan 2003 2771: 2768: 2765:, p. 35. 2764: 2763:Strachan 2010 2759: 2756: 2752: 2751:Strachan 2003 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2727:Strachan 2003 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700:Strachan 2003 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:Strachan 2003 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2632: 2631:Der Weltkrieg 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2544: 2539: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2466:Garde Civique 2457: 2456:Garde Civique 2451: 2450:Garde Civique 2445: 2444:Garde Civique 2435: 2434:Garde Civique 2431:as "inactive 2426: 2422: 2421:Terence Zuber 2417: 2415: 2414:West Flanders 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2372:10,000 people 2368:248 residents 2365: 2360: 2357:670 civilians 2350: 2346: 2333:384 civilians 2331: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 58,000 2254:(1870–1871), 2253: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2214: 2207: 2185: 2178: 2171:23–24 October 2160: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2110: 2105: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1966: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1940:Great Retreat 1933:and captured 1926: 1915:30,000 French 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1891: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1816:into France. 1805: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1766:6,700 Belgian 1762: 1761:Der Weltkrieg 1757: 1753: 1749: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1696: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:Léon de Witte 1616: 1612: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1446: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Eastern Front 1395: 1392: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1242: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1213:Agadir Crisis 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126:West Flanders 1123: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1105:Royal Marines 1102: 1097: 1096: 1086: 1085:Great Retreat 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 962: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 938: 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 891: 886: 881: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 851: 848: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 787:Meuse-Argonne 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730: 726: 725: 724: 721: 720: 719: 718: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 701:Passchendaele 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 665: 664: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 563:2nd Champagne 561: 557: 554: 553: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:1st Champagne 529: 528: 527: 526: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450:Great Retreat 448: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 416: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 386: 381: 376: 375:Western Front 368: 363: 361: 356: 354: 349: 348: 345: 337: 332: 328: 325: 324: 319: 316:: 766,400 men 315: 311:: 247,400 men 310: 309: 304:: 299,000 men 303: 302: 297:: 220,000 men 296: 295: 291: 288: 287: 282: 279: 274: 268: 263: 257: 252: 247: 245: 240: 234: 229: 223: 218: 213: 212: 207: 204: 192: 190: 177: 165: 164: 151: 149: 137:Supported by: 135: 133: 120: 119: 114: 106: 102: 99: 94: 93: 89: 86: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 39: 38:Western Front 34: 29: 22: 6446:from Commons 6441: 6420: 6366: 6359: 6347: 5954: / 5886: 5721:Conscription 5685:Cryptography 5622:Iraqi Revolt 5049:Siege of Kut 4992: 4879: 4570:participants 4519:German Samoa 4453:South Arabia 4167: 4155:. Retrieved 4142: 4120: 4101: 4097: 4077:. Retrieved 4065: 4064: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4002: 3983: 3964: 3945: 3933:. Retrieved 3920: 3901: 3898:Terraine, J. 3879: 3867:. Retrieved 3854: 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3809: 3796:. Retrieved 3784: 3779: 3766:. Retrieved 3754: 3749: 3736:. Retrieved 3719: 3689: 3670: 3651: 3634: 3617: 3595: 3573: 3561:. 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London: 3438:References 3429:Foley 2007 3393:Zuber 2009 3306:Foley 2007 3185:Foley 2007 2854:Foley 2007 2322:110 people 2298:500 houses 2294:Article 10 2236:Atrocities 2227:52,000 and 1862:57 killed, 1851:2,500 guns 1534:4/5 August 1405:to defend 1338:Gete river 1207:after the 1172:Background 1145:Nieuwpoort 1079:After the 1050:After the 996:neutrality 942:Langemarck 925:Buggenhout 610:Wulverghem 573:3rd Artois 551:2nd Artois 519:1st Artois 203:Luxembourg 105:Luxembourg 80:Luxembourg 6098:Diplomacy 5805:Olympians 5728:Australia 5695:Logistics 5628:Vlora War 5557:(1918–19) 5533:(1918–19) 5527:(1918–19) 5515:(1918–19) 5462:(1916–17) 5444:(1916–17) 5395:Zaian War 5385:(1914–15) 5105:first day 4993:Lusitania 4821:(1912–13) 4815:(1911–12) 4803:(1908–09) 4797:(1905–06) 4779:(1870–71) 4568:Principal 4428:Gallipoli 4331:Memorials 4316:Geography 4306:Aftermath 4110:185654196 4058:154171062 4050:0022-2801 3900:(1992) . 3819:785856329 3793:838299944 3763:163368678 3733:820928791 3643:220044986 3544:(2009) . 3479:464551794 2919:Tyng 2007 2658:Footnotes 2532:Aftermath 2419:In 2007, 2326:211 dead. 2290:Article 5 2216:had lost 2182:250 heavy 2076:North Sea 2064:La Bassée 1935:377 guns. 1872:936 taken 1813:48 hours, 1673:150 dead, 1636:8:00 a.m. 1568:4–5 days. 1526:SMS 1273:Plan XVII 1267:War plans 1149:Diksmuide 1006:ultimatum 947:Gheluvelt 937:1st Ypres 792:5th Ypres 772:2nd Somme 750:2nd Marne 740:3rd Aisne 689:The Hills 684:2nd Aisne 645:Fromelles 640:1st Somme 590:The Bluff 556:Hébuterne 546:2nd Ypres 507:1st Ypres 487:1st Aisne 482:1st Marne 455:Le Cateau 433:Charleroi 418:Frontiers 6386:Category 5973:Refugees 5939:Italians 5928:Germans 5888:Ober Ost 5668:Aviation 4762:Timeline 4733:Bulgaria 4514:Tsingtao 4491:Togoland 4438:Caucasus 4373:European 4365:Theatres 4231:Archived 4202:Archived 4157:11 March 4066:Websites 4022:Journals 3864:17673086 3727:. 1915. 3626:58962523 3616:(1926). 3594:(2005). 2593:Westheer 2572:Brussels 2425:apologia 2398:Mechelen 2392:Aarschot 2353:612 men, 2072:Messines 2044:Flanders 1779:killed. 1772:of whom 1748:Le Havre 1739:of whom 1690:160 dead 1528:Augsburg 1432:Westheer 1403:8th Army 1391:Westheer 1361:Imperial 1298:Albert I 1054:and the 1033:Brussels 802:Courtrai 757:Soissons 696:Messines 663:Alberich 472:Maubeuge 428:Ardennes 423:Lorraine 391:Moresnet 284:Strength 71:Location 6413:Belgium 6124:Germany 6024:Germany 5952:Germany 5872:Belgium 5857:Albania 5816:Disease 5796:Sports 5748:Ireland 5661:Warfare 5654:Aspects 4842:Origins 4835:Prelude 4738:Senussi 4718:Germany 4713:Leaders 4651:Romania 4592:Belgium 4587:Leaders 4486:Kamerun 4468:African 4403:Romania 4381:Balkans 4296:Outline 4152:2513009 3930:8651831 3515:4083249 2614:Edmonds 2341:700 men 2330:Tamines 2318:Andenne 2250:in the 2201:⁄ 2194:300 men 2036:Picardy 1756:Antwerp 1669:Antwerp 1623:Hasselt 1611:cavalry 1540:Battles 1492:Le Soir 1427:Galicia 1195:in the 1041:Antwerp 915:Antwerp 890:Battles 767:Ailette 735:The Lys 729:Michael 711:Cambrai 605:Hulluch 600:St Eloi 492:Antwerp 294:Belgium 163:Belgium 132:Germany 97:changes 76:Belgium 40:of the 6399:Portal 6144:Russia 6119:France 5947:Canada 5862:Serbia 5733:Canada 5690:Horses 5642:(1921) 5636:(1920) 5630:(1920) 5624:(1920) 5616:(1920) 5569:(1919) 5563:(1919) 5509:(1918) 5474:(1918) 5468:(1917) 5456:(1916) 5450:(1916) 5415:(1915) 4827:(1913) 4809:(1911) 4791:(1905) 4748:Darfur 4673:Serbia 4656:Russia 4619:Greece 4607:France 4597:Brazil 4443:Persia 4386:Serbia 4174: 4150: 4129: 4108: 4056: 4048: 4009: 3990: 3971: 3952: 3928: 3908: 3886: 3862: 3841: 3824:6 June 3817: 3791: 3761: 3731: 3696: 3677: 3658: 3641: 3624: 3602: 3580: 3563:6 June 3554: 3530: 3513: 3494: 3477: 3458: 2502:Blégny 2364:Leuven 2345:Dinant 2196:left; 2040:Artois 2018:France 1948:Jägers 1752:Ostend 1229:33,000 1199:. The 905:Dinant 895:Haelen 807:Sambre 762:Amiens 630:Verdun 460:Étreux 406:Dinant 329:30,000 326:20,000 301:France 200: 186: 176:France 173: 160: 145: 129: 87:Result 6443:Media 6341:Other 6134:Japan 6129:Italy 5956:camps 5800:Rugby 5350:] 4629:Japan 4624:Italy 4602:China 4496:North 4100:[ 4054:S2CID 3783:[ 3753:[ 3443:Books 2600:Notes 2576:Ghent 1720:Namur 1665:Liège 1661:Namur 1656:lance 1652:sabre 1627:Diest 1166:Ghent 1095:Jäger 1029:Namur 1025:Meuse 1021:Liège 910:Namur 900:Liège 674:Arras 657:Ancre 411:Namur 401:Liège 314:Total 5921:POWs 5240:1918 5142:1917 5068:1916 4969:1915 4873:1914 4678:Siam 4481:East 4172:ISBN 4159:2014 4148:OCLC 4127:ISBN 4106:OCLC 4081:2014 4046:ISSN 4007:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3950:ISBN 3937:2014 3926:OCLC 3906:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3871:2014 3860:OCLC 3839:ISBN 3826:2014 3815:OCLC 3800:2014 3789:OCLC 3770:2014 3759:OCLC 3740:2014 3729:OCLC 3725:HMSO 3694:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3656:ISBN 3639:OCLC 3622:OCLC 3600:ISBN 3578:ISBN 3565:2014 3552:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3511:OCLC 3492:ISBN 3475:OCLC 3456:ISBN 2410:Esen 2070:and 2042:and 1870:and 1791:and 1692:and 1681:and 1667:and 1654:and 1631:Gete 1625:and 1331:and 1275:and 990:The 932:Yser 920:Nete 717:1918 679:Vimy 651:1917 584:1916 568:Loos 525:1915 502:Yser 438:Mons 385:1914 103:and 78:and 63:Date 4038:doi 2504:by 2408:to 1039:at 1027:at 6458:: 5348:It 4052:. 4044:. 4034:66 4032:. 3325:^ 3298:^ 3267:^ 3204:^ 3021:^ 3006:^ 2989:^ 2950:^ 2861:^ 2818:^ 2719:^ 2692:^ 2677:^ 2416:. 2400:, 2282:c. 2275:c. 2256:c. 2120:c. 2094:. 2066:, 2038:, 1950:. 1919:c. 1855:c. 1774:c. 1758:. 1741:c. 1734:c. 1683:c. 1663:, 1451:c. 1383:c. 1128:. 1076:. 1016:. 308:UK 6429:: 6401:: 5772:/ 4277:e 4270:t 4263:v 4237:) 4229:( 4208:) 4200:( 4180:. 4161:. 4135:. 4112:. 4083:. 4060:. 4040:: 4015:. 3996:. 3977:. 3958:. 3939:. 3914:. 3892:. 3873:. 3847:. 3828:. 3742:. 3711:. 3702:. 3683:. 3664:. 3645:. 3628:. 3608:. 3586:. 3567:. 3536:. 3517:. 3500:. 3481:. 3464:. 3031:. 2556:( 2203:3 2199:1 1726:( 1419:/ 1413:( 1366:( 869:e 862:t 855:v 366:e 359:t 352:v 23:.

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