German prisoners of war in the United States

27: 212: 750:, occupied by the Soviet Union, remained at large until 1985. After the war, the other few escaped prisoners were recaptured or surrendered. After Kurt Rossmeisl—who had lived in Chicago for 14 years—surrendered, Gärtner was the only remaining escapee who had not been captured. He assumed a new identity as Dennis Whiles and lived quietly in California, Colorado, and Hawaii before coming forward in 1985. The FBI had ended its search for Gärtner in 1963 and the federal government could not prosecute or deport him. Whiles became a naturalized US citizen in 2009 and wrote a memoir, 268: (equivalent to $ 15 in 2023) a day, roughly equivalent to the pay of an American private. In 1943 the government estimated that prisoner labor cost 50 to 75% of normal free labor. While language differences and risk of escape or unreliable work were disadvantages, prisoner workers were available immediately on demand and in the exact numbers needed. While prisoners on average worked more slowly and produced less than civilians, their work was also more reliable and of higher quality. Prisoners who did not meet work quotas were imprisoned with bread and water as rations. 179:; government guidelines mandated placing the compounds away from urban, industrial areas for security purposes, in regions with mild climate to minimize construction costs, and at sites where POWs could alleviate anticipated farm labor shortages. Most camps were in the east or southeastern United States, away from important war factories, but 46 of 48 states hosted camps. A complete list may not exist because of the small, temporary nature of some camps and the frequent use of satellite or sub-camps administratively part of larger units; a minority, like 297: 7469: 561:, who had more realistic views of the likely outcome of the war. In turn, the earlier prisoners often viewed the others with contempt, calling them "traitors" and "deserters". Fear of secret punishment by such men caused one prisoner to later state that "there was more political freedom in the German army than in an American prison camp." He and other anti-Nazis were sent to Camp Ruston to protect them, while an Oklahoma camp received 700:

with several hundred dollars in earnings. The funds benefited the postwar German economy on their return. They had benefited from being held by a nation that largely did not hate German soldiers; a November 1943 poll found that 74% of Americans solely blamed the German government, not Germans, for the war. After repatriation about 5,000 Germans emigrated to the United States, and thousands of others returned later to visit such as

409:

thousands, including American guards and Red Cross inspectors; local radio stations even broadcast their music. Prisoners had private radios, and movies were shown as often as four nights a week; if the camp did not have a projector, prisoners often pooled their savings to purchase one. The cinema served as an important reeducation and propaganda tool as well as entertainment, with Hollywood anti-Nazi films, cartoons such as "

712:

tended by local German Women's Clubs. Even in the communities which formerly hosted POW camps for Germans, local residents often do not know the camps ever existed. Reunions of camp inmates, their captors and local townspeople such as those held in Louisiana, Maine, and Georgia have garnered press coverage and local interest for this unusual and infrequently mentioned aspect of the war on the American home front.

280:

government received hundreds of letters each week protesting their good treatment. Many demanded that the POWs be immediately killed, a sentiment the regular casualty lists in American newspapers encouraged. The government had difficulty in persuading the public that treating the prisoners according to the Geneva Convention made it more likely that Germany would treat American prisoners well.

276:. All hard currency was confiscated with other personal possessions during initial processing, for return after the war as mandated by the convention. The concern was that money could be used during escape attempts. The government received $ 22 million in 1944 from prisoner wages, and that year it estimated that it had saved $ 80 million by using prisoners in military installations. 727: 134:

world war, and was unprepared for basic logistical considerations such as food, clothing and housing requirements of the prisoners. Almost all German-speaking Americans were engaged overseas directly in combat efforts, and the American government feared the presence of Germans on U.S. soil would create a security problem and raise fear among civilians.

676:). In May 1945 the OPMG limited available food and ended canteen food sales. Civilians had complained that the prisoners were eating too well; as the Geneva Convention no longer applied, and because of the atrocities discovered at concentration camps, prisoners' rations were cut and work loads were increased. 288:'s rules that required union participation in worker recruitment whenever possible. Given the wartime labor shortage however, especially in agriculture, many valued their contribution; as late as February 1945, politicians in rural states asked the government for 100,000 more prisoners to work on farms. 711:

The camps in the United States are otherwise what the Associated Press later called an "all but forgotten part of history", even though some former inmates went on to become prominent in postwar Germany. About 860 German POWs remain buried in 43 sites across the United States, with their graves often

522:

Camps had subscriptions to American newspapers, and every camp published its own newspaper with poetry and short stories, puzzles and games, listings of upcoming events, and classified ads. Camp authorities recognized the periodicals' value in serving as creative outlets and as accurate indicators of

442:

films ("films of bones"). However, many prisoners accepted the films as factual; after compulsory viewing of an atrocity film, 1,000 prisoners at Camp Butner burned their German uniforms. Prisoners at other camps called on Germany to surrender. In an idea seriously considered but ultimately rejected

312:

The report included the camp's name and address, the nationality of the prisoners, the total number of prisoners broken down by the number of officers, NCOs and privates, and the number of man-days worked by project in that camp during the reporting period. Sometimes additional remarks were included

279:

Newspaper coverage of the camps and public knowledge were intentionally limited until the end of the war, in part to comply with the Geneva Convention and in part to avoid the fear of an enemy presence in such large numbers. While most citizens living near camps accepted the prisoners' presence, the

223:

The Geneva Convention's mandate of equal treatment for prisoners also meant they were paid American military wages. They could work on farms or elsewhere only if they were also paid for their labor, and officers could not be compelled to work. As the United States sent millions of soldiers overseas,

671:

Although they expected to go home immediately after the end of the war in 1945, the majority of German prisoners continued working in the United States until 1946—arguably violating the Geneva Convention's requirement of rapid repatriation—then spent up to three more years as laborers in France and

408:

Funke stated that "Nobody could become bored ." Prisoners were provided with writing materials, art supplies, woodworking utensils, and musical instruments, and were allowed regular correspondence with family in Germany. They held frequent theatrical and musical performances attended by hundreds or

133:

requested American help with housing prisoners of war due to a housing shortage in Britain, asking for the US to take 175,000 prisoners. The United States reluctantly agreed to house them, although it was not prepared. Its military had only brief experience with a limited POW population in the last

699:

Despite the delay in repatriation, Krammer reported that "I've yet to meet a German prisoner who doesn't tell me that it was the time of their lives." Most Germans left the United States with positive feelings about the country where they were held, familiarity with the English language, and often

552:

for those accused of disloyalty. Those convicted were sometimes attacked or killed in a process known as the "Holy Ghost"; most prisoner "suicides" were likely murders. The U.S. military executed 14 Germans after the war for murdering other prisoners in three incidents. Eight others served time in

329:

The Germans woke their own men, marched them to and from meals, and prepared them for work; their routine successfully recreated the feel of military discipline for prisoners. Prisoners had friendly interaction with local civilians and sometimes were allowed outside the camps without guards on the

647:

was unpopular as it was essentially a literary journal with little current news. Surveys of camp prisoners found no change in the views of the vast majority of prisoners from the program. This was consistent with the unchanging level of confidence found in German soldiers immediately after their

190:

required the United States to provide living quarters comparable to those of its own military, which meant 40 square feet (3.71 m) for enlisted men and 120 square feet (11.15 m) for officers. If prisoners had to sleep in tents while their quarters were constructed, so did their guards. The three

588:

prisoners and less than the rate in the civilian prison system— and most were unsuccessful. The likelihood of an escapee returning to their forces overseas was very remote; the wish to avoid boredom was the reason most often given by those who attempted to escape, often hoping to reach

535:

sent through the Red Cross detailed procedures for students to receive credit at German high schools and universities. Some prisoners took correspondence classes through local universities, and German universities also accepted their credits after returning home.

626:. The effort was kept secret because it probably violated the Geneva Convention's ban on exposing prisoners to propaganda, the possibility of German retaliation with American prisoners, and the expectation that prisoners would reject overt reeducation. After 388:. (Cigarettes were sold in the prisoner canteen for less than outside the camp, so guards were sometimes amenable to being bribed with them.) One German later recalled that he gained 57 pounds (26 kg) in two years as a prisoner. Despite complaints to 642:

as an alternative. The American professors were almost entirely ignorant of German language or culture, as well as military and prison life. The reading material they prepared was overly intellectual and did not appeal to most prisoners, and

530:

taught classes on their areas of expertise including German, English and other foreign languages, business, and mathematics. The systematically taught courses were so successful that in May 1944 the German Ministry of Education and the

104:, but there were known to be 406 German POWs at Fort Douglas and 1,373 at Fort McPherson. The prisoners built furniture and worked on local roads. The few dozen who died while incarcerated as POWs were buried at Ft. Douglas, Utah, the 7520: 66:, and only a relatively small number of German prisoners of war reached the U.S. Many prisoners were German sailors caught in port by U.S. forces far away from the European battlefield. The first German POWs were sailors from 381:; if experienced cooks were among the prisoners, the food might have been better than what their captors ate. Unable to eat all their food, prisoners at first burned leftover food fearing that their rations would be reduced. 271:

Part of their wages helped pay for the POW program. The workers could use the rest at the camp canteen, where fellow prisoners sold snacks, reading and writing material, playing cards, and tobacco products. They were paid in

637:

SPD's efforts were unsuccessful. Many in the OPMG opposed the program, in part because they believed that changing most adults' basic philosophies and values was impossible and, if successful, might cause them to choose

763: 693: 708:. Citing 80 fellow prisoners that he corresponded with after returning home, Funke reported that no reeducation had been necessary in the camps, because they had become "convinced democrats" due to their treatment. 523:

the prisoners' views. The tone of their articles varied; some promoted Nazi ideology and foresaw German victory. Even as Germany's defeat neared in early 1945, eight of 20 camp newspapers advocated Nazi ideology.

308:

Twice each month each prisoner of war camp was required to fill out WD AGO Form 19-21 and mail it to the Office of the Provost Marshal General, Washington 25, D.C., Attention: Prisoner of War Operations Division.

683:

noted that in his years of interviewing prisoners he never met one who admitted to being a Nazi, and most Germans had some knowledge of the camps; however, how much those captured in North Africa knew of the

149:

returning home that would otherwise be empty, with as many as 30,000 arriving per month to New York or Virginia, where they were processed for distribution to camps. While they risked being sunk by their own

7545: 7540: 3597: 321:

There were insufficient American guards, especially German speakers. They mostly supervised the German officers and NCOs who strictly maintained discipline. After an American guard who had fought in the

3612: 768: 313:

on the back of the form. For example, the additional remarks from Dos Palos POW Branch Camp for the period ending 12 February 1946 stated "1692 waiting for Repatriation CAMP CLOSED 12 February 1946."

3796: 854: 224:

the resulting shortage of labor eventually meant that German POWs worked toward the Allied war effort by helping out in canneries, mills, farms, and other places deemed a minimal security risk.

612:

The OPMG began a formal reeducation program for German prisoners in fall 1943. Named the Special Projects Division (SPD) and directed by a group of university professors, the program published

544:

Relying on Germans to discipline themselves, while efficient, also permitted committed groups of Nazi prisoners to exist despite American attempts to identify and separate them. Members of the

446:

Camps built libraries to organize their reading material and prisoners often purchased their own, but they never had enough reading material, with an average of one half book per prisoner. The

6040: 584:

officers supervised them. Prisoners were expected during wartime to attempt to escape, but less than 1% of all prisoners of war in America attempted to escape, however—about half the rate of

553:

prison in two separate murders. However, dozens of such murders may have occurred. Many devoted Nazis remained loyal to their political beliefs and expected a German victory until the Allies

5393: 7391: 5409: 3694: 3331: 350:

between American women and German prisoners was sometimes a problem. Several camps held social receptions with local American girls, and some Germans met their future wives as prisoners.

7560: 2495: 5332: 5304: 4448: 3773: 5736: 519:, German POW Curt Vinz opined, "Had we only had the opportunity to read these books before, our introduction to life, to war, and the expanse of politics would have been different." 7370: 6049: 4870: 3801: 2308: 604:

by crawling along a 178-foot (54 m) tunnel. By January the escapees were caught, in part because a river they intended to travel down by raft turned out to be a dry river bed.

3716: 19: 7530: 6352: 5715: 5024: 4649: 3989: 3408: 2366: 346:

to fellow PoWs at Camp Algona, wrote: "We all were positively impressed" by the U.S. and that "We all had been won over to friendly relations with" the U.S. Indeed, unauthorized

4096: 7525: 5365: 5311: 4497: 186:

Other than barbed wire and watchtowers, the camps resembled standard United States or German military training sites, with prisoners segregated by service branch and rank. The

5822: 7510: 5318: 4934: 4004: 3759: 738:

A total of 2,222 German POWs escaped from their camps. Most were recaptured within a day. The US government could not account for seven prisoners when they were repatriated.

688:—where most atrocities occurred—is unclear. Funke, whom the Gestapo had considered politically unreliable before capture in North Africa because of his participation in the 4344: 3999: 3689: 3640: 3555: 5708: 5155: 5031: 3843: 5008: 4388: 384:

Groups of prisoners pooled their daily beer coupons to take turns drinking several at a time. They also received daily rations of cigarettes and frequently meat, both

5445: 4757: 634:

for some of the most cooperative prisoners. The 25,000 graduates of these classes returned directly to Germany, instead of being used for additional labor in Europe.

438:

were shown to the prisoners with armed Military Police present. The footage engendered shock, anger, and disbelief; amazed and disbelieving prisoners nicknamed them

3684: 3042: 984: 373:

in Germany. All prisoners ate the same rations as American soldiers as required by the Geneva Convention including wine for general officers, and special meals for

963: 5264: 4566: 705: 7263: 6056: 6019: 5996: 5517: 4439: 4409: 3313: 2535: 673: 7555: 6149: 5209: 548:, who had been captured early in the war, during Germany's greatest military successes, often led work stoppages, intimidated other prisoners, and held secret 1821: 1365: 6005: 5961: 5729: 4416: 3674: 2525: 2436: 783: 187: 862: 6906: 5973: 5885: 5829: 5792: 5785: 5074: 3768: 2659: 2113: 793: 788: 778: 142: 526:

Many future German CEOs benefited from education they received as prisoners in the United States. Educated prisoners such as future German cabinet member

5878: 4610: 2336: 172: 5925: 7384: 6012: 4402: 4360: 2666: 1608: 7233: 940: 5052: 4826: 4589: 4455: 4266: 2318: 3343: 3052: 2954: 6128: 4962: 4462: 4374: 4310: 3926: 3764: 3751: 3708: 3617: 3145: 2712: 2359: 1334: 4108: 1841: 6331: 5843: 4693: 4231: 4118: 3976: 719:. The camps for Germans were cited as precedents for various positions or failures of U.S. detainee policy during the debate over detainees at 176: 100:

in Utah. The exact population of German POWs in World War I is difficult to ascertain because they were housed in the same facilities used for

93: 359:

When I was captured I weighed 128 pounds. After two years as an American POW weighed 185. I had gotten so fat you could no longer see my eyes.

7535: 6927: 6359: 6105: 5980: 5066: 4897: 4603: 4520: 3890: 3824: 3661: 3540: 3213: 2232: 2088: 1918: 1761: 7160: 6567: 450:

printed thousands of copies of books for the camps, and even provided bookbinding material so camps could repair them due to frequent use.

6453: 5618: 5085: 5081: 5059: 4663: 4065: 3485: 2270: 1511: 264:

Prisoners could not be used in work directly related to the military or in dangerous conditions. The minimum pay for enlisted soldiers was

26: 7075: 6539: 3836: 211: 4050: 5871: 5857: 5070: 2788: 2293: 7153: 6609: 4840: 4035: 3325: 7284: 7031: 6324: 6275: 6033: 5588: 4679: 4527: 4381: 2727: 1473: 1425: 18: 5339: 3420: 2473: 7400: 6282: 6254: 6071: 5653: 5372: 3910: 3604: 2692: 2163: 1866: 1791: 1236: 1143: 661:

The 3 years in the camp were no lost, useless time for us in the course of our lives, but a lifting experience, which has shaped us.

6595: 7550: 7515: 7437: 6832: 6532: 5771: 5667: 5503: 5180: 4626: 3090: 2128: 1690: 923: 454: 130: 6791: 5563: 2826: 6961: 6802: 6627: 6386: 6345: 6238: 6176: 4833: 4702: 4670: 4161: 3966: 3946: 3733: 3669: 3492: 3361: 2265: 2185: 2123: 1545: 81: 7197: 6990: 6227: 5350: 3635: 3002: 1712: 342:.), luxuries such as beer and wine were sometimes available, and hobbies or sports were encouraged. Alex Funke, who served as 7347: 7319: 5678: 5400: 5040: 4771: 4490: 4395: 4280: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3941: 2280: 2255: 2153: 509: 489: 7291: 7222: 7047: 6261: 903: 835: 7407: 7340: 6553: 6504: 6268: 5864: 5625: 5416: 4469: 3994: 3936: 3931: 3895: 3829: 3721: 3567: 3150: 2540: 2468: 2399: 2168: 2138: 2133: 1753: 720: 590: 154:

on the ocean, good treatment began with the substantial meals served aboard. Upon arriving in America, the comfort of the

105: 3160: 593:. Prisoners who died during escape attempts usually received military funerals with US government-provided German flags. 7481: 7377: 6752: 6713: 5632: 5467: 5452: 5379: 5358: 5176: 4854: 4640: 4633: 4617: 4328: 4287: 4259: 3885: 3512: 3452: 3349: 3254: 3017: 2803: 2507: 2346: 2245: 685: 374: 3120: 7444: 6768: 6720: 6338: 6310: 6163: 5778: 5757: 5278: 4941: 4337: 4123: 3560: 3545: 3403: 3355: 2671: 2545: 2458: 2222: 2210: 2205: 1910: 158:

that carried them to their prison camps amazed the Germans, as did the country's large size and undamaged prosperity.

7242: 6446: 4847: 3337: 2732: 2042: 1090: 6738: 6657: 6602: 6490: 6096: 5722: 5646: 5548: 5425: 5297: 5290: 5250: 5223: 4955: 4888: 4555: 4483: 4294: 4224: 4103: 4060: 3095: 3080: 2982: 2851: 2419: 2331: 2288: 1380: 623: 532: 470: 145:

was widespread, as more than a million German POWs died in Soviet captivity. The prisoners were usually shipped in

101: 4045: 3385: 2992: 2846: 7144: 7061: 6846: 6706: 6678: 6511: 6416: 6206: 5639: 4713: 4367: 3813: 3397: 3140: 3125: 2737: 2431: 2409: 2158: 2148: 2081: 2056: 1605: 242: 3426: 3367: 3307: 2024: 6883: 6860: 6112: 5913: 5906: 5570: 5230: 5202: 5195: 4918: 4582: 4020: 3507: 3497: 3379: 3115: 3110: 3032: 2441: 2414: 2118: 803: 679:

Before being sent home prisoners were required to watch documentaries of the Nazi concentration camps. Scholar

577: 431: 228: 2836: 1562: 7305: 7249: 7119: 6979: 6664: 6317: 6213: 6119: 5687: 5555: 5525: 5489: 5474: 5346: 5238: 5216: 5162: 5148: 5130: 4794: 4575: 4303: 4252: 4091: 4083: 4025: 3785: 3480: 3243: 3155: 3070: 3065: 3037: 2997: 2856: 2841: 2816: 2697: 2574: 1988: 1938: 389: 285: 141:

treated their prisoners, some Germans were pleased to be captured by the British or Americans—fear of being

6997: 6890: 6692: 6643: 6546: 6439: 6409: 6192: 6080: 5806: 5597: 5188: 5169: 5139: 4686: 4656: 3858: 3582: 3517: 3373: 3100: 3027: 2977: 2962: 2944: 2917: 2831: 2798: 2463: 2424: 2404: 2215: 2108: 1894: 701: 648:

capture in Europe despite steady German defeats. Their nation's complete defeat in the war and subsequent

138: 5660: 3391: 1955: 715:

There is at least one recorded attempt by US authorities to extract information from German POWs through

326:

killed prisoners in Texas, other guards were given psychiatric tests and removed from duty if necessary.

219:, WWII POW camp where German soldiers were held. The site had been and is currently the Owosso racetrack. 7488: 7211: 7054: 6950: 6920: 6876: 6616: 6581: 6574: 6497: 6395: 5836: 5813: 5271: 4808: 4548: 4534: 4217: 3848: 3502: 3167: 3130: 3060: 3007: 2929: 2897: 2871: 2821: 2752: 2654: 2607: 2453: 2391: 2260: 2143: 798: 301: 54:. In all, 425,000 German prisoners lived in 700 camps throughout the United States during World War II. 4863: 2793: 1331: 1059: 960: 1838: 7312: 7167: 6818: 6775: 6745: 6671: 6481: 6460: 5386: 4541: 4198: 4113: 2767: 2742: 2717: 2074: 1417: 890:

Presentation to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting, April 1998. Retrieved March 28, 2011

484: 378: 1223:

We Were Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War

443:

by American military officials, a few prisoners even volunteered to fight in the war against Japan.

296: 7430: 7204: 7082: 7038: 6560: 5694: 5460: 4987: 4817: 4801: 4750: 4180: 4133: 3319: 3183: 3135: 3012: 2972: 2967: 2912: 2595: 2589: 2490: 883: 649: 614: 515: 323: 67: 7423: 7256: 7181: 7135: 7105: 7013: 6853: 6518: 6402: 6296: 6247: 6185: 5941: 5892: 5701: 5604: 5325: 4980: 4911: 4778: 4140: 4055: 3414: 3278: 3260: 3225: 3189: 3022: 2987: 2939: 2924: 2811: 2762: 2601: 2560: 2240: 839: 743: 573: 558: 499: 335: 7468: 1884:, Season Two. KAET-TV, a broadcast service of Arizona State University. Retrieved March 28, 2011 1877: 1508: 652:

were likely much more influential than SPD reeducation in Germans' postwar rejection of Nazism.

369:

Many prisoners found that their living conditions as prisoners were better than as civilians in

7414: 7298: 7188: 7128: 7089: 7022: 7004: 6970: 6913: 6867: 6811: 6636: 6374: 6366: 6303: 6156: 5750: 5282: 4927: 4904: 4743: 4722: 4432: 4173: 4167: 4128: 4030: 3863: 3446: 3301: 3284: 3085: 2907: 2887: 2722: 2707: 2637: 2625: 2485: 2326: 2303: 2250: 1996: 1963: 1914: 1862: 1787: 1783: 1757: 1469: 1421: 1232: 1139: 692:, said that while aware of Nazi persecution of Jews and the existence of concentration camps, 689: 554: 466: 400:, prisoners recognized that they were treated better in the United States than anywhere else. 343: 31: 1411: 7333: 7326: 7270: 6934: 6699: 6685: 6588: 6525: 6476: 6289: 6142: 6089: 5899: 5850: 5764: 4994: 4971: 4504: 3231: 3201: 3195: 3105: 2934: 2902: 2892: 2631: 2555: 2550: 2478: 2298: 2198: 739: 731: 597: 585: 527: 216: 39: 1171: 7356: 7068: 6983: 6941: 6839: 6782: 6650: 6432: 6423: 5952: 5534: 5510: 5106: 4764: 4040: 3880: 3219: 2772: 2747: 2446: 2354: 2193: 2046: 1845: 1716: 1694: 1515: 1338: 967: 927: 907: 581: 410: 370: 1136:

The Barbed-Wire College: Reeducating German POWs in the United States during World War II

1687: 1628: 1589: 7363: 6899: 6825: 4877: 4736: 3873: 3853: 3524: 3237: 3075: 2866: 2757: 2613: 2517: 2500: 1822:"Casualty of History A WWII Prisoner of War Grave at the San Antonio National Cemetery" 1167: 680: 549: 458: 347: 89: 2051: 2028: 920: 887: 7504: 7174: 5099: 4948: 4787: 3984: 3272: 3266: 2702: 2619: 2530: 1776: 1612: 1221: 861:. Histories and Archives Division, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from 475: 435: 339: 338:, noted that German prisoners could visit restaurants that they could not because of 43: 568:

Prisoners regardless of ideology often taunted their captors, such as saluting with

7473: 7277: 5577: 5482: 5113: 4476: 4240: 3434: 2861: 1709: 545: 504: 415: 331: 192: 146: 126: 97: 51: 1931:"How Did Americans Feel About Incarcerating German POW's in W. W. II on US Soil?" 1663: 1463: 823: 7112: 7098: 6760: 5436: 5257: 5242: 4596: 3645: 3550: 3248: 2676: 2097: 1228: 900: 773: 494: 424: 420: 393: 281: 200: 196: 180: 155: 74: 63: 47: 1178:. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 28, 2011 6467: 6220: 6199: 5092: 4425: 4353: 1042: 2000: 1967: 1646: 996: 888:"The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I," 62:

Hostilities ended six months after the United States saw its first action in

6730: 6135: 5932: 5743: 5541: 5496: 4513: 3440: 3207: 1060:"History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776-1945" 826:

EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com, retrieved March 28, 2011

639: 631: 569: 562: 462: 385: 109: 5017: 565:

and prisoners who were violent or criticized cooperation with the captors.

284:

were the largest opposition to the use of the prisoner workers, citing the

2039: 1736: 726: 557:

in March 1945; their faith amazed prisoners captured during and after the

5001: 4729: 3700: 1262: 236: 85: 987:, NationalParksTraveler.com, December 25, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2011 855:"The War Begins: The United States Navy and the German Cruiser Cormoran" 257:

Evening - Educational classes, films, and live performances by prisoners

747: 716: 627: 601: 480: 999:

United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved March 29, 2011

764:

Populations at World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

5611: 1930: 419:

series used; American World War II films shown mostly dealt with the

397: 151: 2029:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

1859:

The Faustball Tunnel: German POWs in America and Their Great Escape

5799: 3868: 941:"Wreath-laying honors WWI German prisoners buried at Fort Douglas" 622:), a prison newspaper edited by sympathetic POWs, and distributed 295: 273: 210: 7521:

German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States

2034: 1548:, Smithsonian.com, September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 1265:, NBC News.msn.com, November 15, 2004. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 447: 4213: 4209: 2070: 769:

List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

175:(OPMG) supervised the 425,000 German prisoners. They stayed in 2066: 1848:, PhoenixNewTimes.com, March 8, 2001. Retrieved March 28, 2011 427:

from a list exchanged through the Red Cross became available.

930:, University of Utah Records Center. Retrieved March 28, 2011 910:, University of Utah Records Center. Retrieved March 28, 2011 248:

Noon - Lunch. Prisoners who filled their quota return to camp

1665:

War Letters: Extraordinary Correspondence from American Wars

580:

after the Americans banned them, and many became upset when

1590:"German POWs in North America: The Journey to Prison Camps" 1465:

Men in German Uniform: POWs in America during World War II

2057:

Article describing World War I POW camp at Fort McPherson

1956:"Hitler's Last Soldier in U.S. Surrenders After 40 Years" 1808:

A Prisoner's Duty: Great Escapes in U.S. Military History

901:"Fort Douglas War Prison Barracks Three Prisoners Of War" 1750:

Lone Star Stalag: German Prisoners of War at Camp Hearne

704:, who lived in New York City for 14 years as the German 22:

Major POW camps across the United States as of June 1944

7546:

World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

7541:

World War II prisoners of war held by the United States

746:, on September 21, 1945, to avoid being repatriated to 576:. They secretly celebrated Hitler's birthday and other 4871:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2035:

Camp Atterbury — Italian and German POW Camp (Indiana)

1345:

Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved March 28, 2011

1263:"Day of mourning will honor German POWs held in U.S." 921:"German Prisoners 507 Strong, Join Interned Comrades" 457:, the libraries of the POW camps very often included 392:

inspectors about the alleged inferiority of American

1897:, VOAnews.com, May 6, 2005. Retrieved March 28, 2011 1748:

Waters, Michael R., Mark Long, and William Dickens.

191:

admirals and forty generals in custody were sent to

183:

in Louisiana, was built specifically for prisoners.

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Byu.edu: Extensive overview of World War I POW life

1775: 1556: 1554: 1220: 985:"Pruning the Parks: Chattanooga National Cemetery" 596:On December 23, 1944, 25 German POWs broke out of 1949: 1947: 1606:"German POWs kept in Central Florida during WWII" 1366:"Enemies and Friends: POWs in the Tar Heel State" 203:, where each had his own bungalow with a garden. 1457: 1095:The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture 696:from media reports after the camps' liberation. 453:As a highly effective tool of reeducation after 38:Members of the German military were interned as 7561:Military history of Germany during World War II 3043:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1615:, WestOrangeTimes.com. Retrieved March 28, 2011 1584: 1582: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1047:(YouTube). Louisiana Public Broadcasting. 2007. 659: 465:'s paperback editions of great works of recent 357: 241:7:30 am - Work begins at fruit orchards around 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1067:Center of Military History, United States Army 947:, November 14, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 706:Permanent Representative to the United Nations 694:he only learned of the extent of the Holocaust 4225: 2082: 1668:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 315. 1343:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 674:German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom 8: 7531:United States home front during World War II 1364:Billinger, Dr. Robert D. Jr. (Spring 2008). 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 784:United States home front during World War II 7526:United States home front during World War I 1895:"German POWs Return to Maine in Friendship" 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1563:"Story of Garden Grove's POWs Gathers Dust" 1522:December 15, 1990. Retrieved March 28, 2011 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 997:"Cemeteries - Fort Lyon National Cemetery," 794:German prisoners of war in northwest Europe 789:German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 779:United States home front during World War I 245:. Quota is 36 boxes of oranges per prisoner 7511:Prisoners of war held by the United States 6076: 5135: 4324: 4232: 4218: 4210: 3916: 3625: 3530: 3470: 2579: 2387: 2181: 2089: 2075: 2067: 1737:"German POWs in North America: Recreation" 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 572:when forced to attend the lowering of the 77:, Guam, on the day that war was declared. 1705: 1703: 1044:Camp Ruston: German P.O.W.'s in Louisiana 955: 953: 843:, April 8, 1917. Retrieved March 28, 2011 630:, SPD began a series of rapid classes on 473:. Particularly in demand among POWs were 137:Despite many "wild rumors" about how the 3332:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1623: 1621: 1600: 1598: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 725: 25: 17: 3709:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1546:"German POWs on the American Homefront" 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 816: 513:. In an article for inter-camp journal 227:A typical day for a German prisoner in 73:, a German merchant raider anchored in 6057:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 1651:The Mining Journal, Marquette Michigan 1509:"World War II camp had impact on city" 1413:Prisoners of War: A Reference Handbook 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1085: 1083: 6928:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6360:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6006:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5962:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5067:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3662:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 2998:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 1631:, Uboat.net. Retrieved March 28, 2011 173:Office of the Provost Marshal General 7: 6050:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5082:Rape during the liberation of France 4066:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1091:"World War II Prisoner of War Camps" 1058:George G. Lewis; John Mehwa (1982). 469:that remained strictly banned under 423:. Near the end of the war, approved 334:(Black American soldiers, including 3995:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 2789:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1989:"EX-P.O.W. ENDS 40 YEARS OF HIDING" 1688:Questions and Answers of Alex Funke 836:"Blow Up Corman, Interned Gunboat," 6276:German invasion of the Netherlands 4556:Weather events during World War II 2728:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 215:A current (2013) sign outside the 14: 6907:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 1861:. US Naval Institute Press 2006. 1739:, Uboat.net. Retrieved 2012-09-06 1592:, Uboat.net. Retrieved 2012-09-06 1468:. University of Tennessee Press. 742:, who escaped from a POW camp in 7467: 3091:Second Battle of the Piave River 2713:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1987:Blumenthal, Ralph (1985-09-11). 1778:Nazi Prisoners of War in America 853:Conrad, Dennis (28 March 2017). 752:Hitler's Last Soldier in America 455:American entry into World War II 131:government of the United Kingdom 125:After the United States entered 7556:Germany–United States relations 4162:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 3362:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 1561:Lobdell, William (2004-04-12). 386:rationed for American civilians 82:United States Department of War 7154:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4864:Territorial changes of Germany 4772:Indonesian National Revolution 3985:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 3844:Deportations from East Prussia 3641:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 1754:Texas A&M University Press 1629:"German POWs in North America" 1315:. History Channel. 2004-04-18. 1138:. Princeton University Press. 672:the United Kingdom. (see also 490:All Quiet on the Western Front 84:designated three locations as 1: 6554:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6505:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6269:German invasion of Luxembourg 4650:Mediterranean and Middle East 3896:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2040:Camp Algona POW Museum (Iowa) 721:Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp 434:, films of the atrocities of 106:Chattanooga National Cemetery 7536:World War I prisoners of war 6461:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6150:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5468:Independent State of Croatia 4051:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 3350:Estonian War of Independence 3018:Southern Palestine offensive 1954:Holley, David (1985-09-12). 972:The New Georgia Encyclopedia 919:Cunningham, Raymond K., Jr., 899:Cunningham, Raymond K., Jr., 666:Alex Funke, PoW and chaplain 624:books banned in Nazi Germany 430:After the liberation of the 7445:End of World War II in Asia 7285:Western invasion of Germany 6792:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6769:Second Battle of El Alamein 6339:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6311:Battle of the Mediterranean 6164:Italian invasion of Albania 4338:Air warfare of World War II 4005:USA against Austria-Hungary 3404:Turkish War of Independence 3356:Latvian War of Independence 3081:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 2672:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2025:Enemy Aliens and Internment 1941:. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 1911:Kent State University Press 1908:Murder and Martial Justice. 1719:. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 1097:. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 824:"America in the Great War," 650:division into two countries 404:Entertainment and education 300:Dos Palos POW Branch Camp ( 7577: 7371:Naval bombardment of Japan 6739:First Battle of El Alamein 6658:Battle of Christmas Island 6603:Japanese invasion of Burma 6367:Italian invasion of Greece 6283:German invasion of Belgium 6255:German invasion of Denmark 6228:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6097:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4361:Comparative military ranks 4088:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 3636:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 3096:Second Battle of the Marne 2983:Second battle of the Aisne 2852:Second Battle of Champagne 2693:German invasion of Belgium 1782:. Stein and Day. pp. 1653:. Retrieved March 28, 2011 1462:Thompson, Antonio (2010). 1219:Carlson, Lewis H. (1997). 974:. Retrieved March 28, 2011 961:"Foreign Prisoners of War" 471:censorship in Nazi Germany 102:German-American internment 7460: 7292:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7223:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6847:Allied invasion of Sicily 6707:Aleutian Islands campaign 6679:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6617:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6512:Second Battle of Changsha 6417:German invasion of Greece 6262:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 4604:North and Central Pacific 4247: 4194: 3869:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 3398:Irish War of Independence 3141:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3126:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 2738:First Battle of the Marne 2104: 1878:"The Great Escape of '44" 1810:, Bantam Books. Page 317. 1520:Fort Wayne News-Sentinel, 1420:. pp. 46–48, 51–52. 1373:Tar Heel Junior Historian 1172:"German Prisoners of War" 608:Special Projects Division 251:4:30 pm - End of work day 243:Orange County, California 188:Geneva Convention of 1929 6884:Allied invasion of Italy 6861:Solomon Islands campaign 6610:Third Battle of Changsha 6207:First Battle of Changsha 6113:Second Sino-Japanese War 5053:German military brothels 4919:United States war crimes 4021:Constantinople Agreement 3314:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 3177:Co-belligerent conflicts 3146:Second Romanian campaign 3116:Third Transjordan attack 2827:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 2733:Battle of Grand Couronné 1806:Robert C. Doyle (1999), 1774:Krammer, Arnold (1979). 1697:, accessed April 2, 2011 1686:Camp Algona POW Museum: 1410:Krammer, Arnold (2008). 1176:Handbook of Texas Online 804:SS United States Victory 432:Nazi concentration camps 364:A German prisoner of war 229:Garden Grove, California 7551:German-American history 7516:German prisoners of war 7306:Second Guangxi campaign 7161:Philippines (1944–1945) 6665:Battle of the Coral Sea 6568:Fall of the Philippines 6214:Battle of South Guangxi 6120:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5526:Italian Social Republic 4084:Modus vivendi of Acroma 4036:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 3344:Greater Poland Uprising 3244:National Protection War 3121:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3071:German spring offensive 3066:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2842:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 2817:Second Battle of Artois 2698:Battle of the Frontiers 1939:George Mason University 1647:"POW Camps In the U.P." 1332:"Prisoner of War Camps" 390:International Red Cross 286:War Manpower Commission 143:captured by the Soviets 6891:Armistice of Cassibile 6693:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6644:Battle of the Java Sea 6547:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6447:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6440:Battle of South Shanxi 6410:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6193:Battle of the Atlantic 5807:Korean Liberation Army 5520:(until September 1943) 5477:(until September 1944) 5455:(until September 1944) 4109:Paris Peace Conference 4097:Ukraine–Central Powers 3891:Massacres of Albanians 3859:Late Ottoman genocides 3666:Bulgarian occupations 3374:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3338:Hungarian–Romanian War 3156:Naval Victory Bulletin 3151:Armistice with Germany 3101:Hundred Days Offensive 3028:Battle of La Malmaison 2978:Second battle of Arras 2945:Battle of Transylvania 2799:Second Battle of Ypres 2667:Sarajevo assassination 2556:South African Republic 1906:Adams, Merdith Lentz, 1710:Camp Algona POW Museum 735: 669: 510:The Song of Bernadette 367: 305: 220: 35: 23: 7055:Second Battle of Guam 6951:Bengal famine of 1943 6921:Second Battle of Kiev 6877:Battle of the Dnieper 6582:Battle of Wake Island 6454:East African campaign 6396:Battle of South Henan 6041:atrocities by Germans 5814:Korean Volunteer Army 4795:Occupation of Germany 4549:Music in World War II 4119:Treaty of St. Germain 4092:Russia–Central Powers 4046:Sykes–Picot Agreement 3874:Pontic Greek genocide 3849:Destruction of Kalisz 3825:Eastern Mediterranean 3386:Polish–Lithuanian War 3168:Armistice of Belgrade 3131:Armistice of Salonica 3061:Operation Faustschlag 3008:Third Battle of Oituz 2930:Baranovichi offensive 2898:Lake Naroch offensive 2872:Battle of Robat Karim 2847:Vistula–Bug offensive 2822:Battles of the Isonzo 2753:First Battle of Ypres 1935:History News Network. 1857:Moore, John Hammond, 1839:"Flight From Phoenix" 1662:Carroll, Andrew, ed. 1330:Corbett, William P., 799:Barbwire Bowl Classic 729: 302:Firebaugh, California 299: 214: 162:The Geneva Convention 34:in Texas, August 1944 29: 21: 7341:Surrender of Germany 6819:Battle of West Hubei 6776:Guadalcanal campaign 6746:Battle of Stalingrad 6672:Battle of Madagascar 5446:Albania protectorate 5233:(formerly Swaziland) 4942:Wehrmacht war crimes 4758:Expulsion of Germans 4542:Art and World War II 4440:British contribution 4389:Governments in exile 4114:Treaty of Versailles 3830:Mount Lebanon famine 3745:in the United States 3713:Russian occupations 3427:Turkish–Armenian War 3368:Polish–Ukrainian War 3308:Ukrainian–Soviet War 3255:Central Asian Revolt 3038:Armistice of Focșani 2768:Battle of Sarikamish 2718:Battle of Tannenberg 2114:Military engagements 1820:Carpentier, Gaëtan. 1418:Greenwood Publishing 1313:Nazi POWs in America 485:Erich Maria Remarque 7431:Potsdam Declaration 7320:Italy (Spring 1945) 7083:Liberation of Paris 6540:Siege of Sevastopol 5558:(until August 1944) 5461:Wang Jingwei regime 5283:from September 1943 5243:from September 1944 5181:from September 1944 5041:Romanian war crimes 5032:Persecution of Jews 5018:Croatian war crimes 4988:Japanese war crimes 4802:Occupation of Japan 4751:First Indochina War 4463:Military production 4375:Declarations of war 4181:They shall not pass 4104:Treaty of Bucharest 4061:Treaty of Bucharest 4000:USA against Germany 3977:Declarations of war 3681:German occupations 3594:British casualties 3453:Soviet–Georgian War 3380:Egyptian Revolution 3320:Armeno-Georgian War 3184:Somaliland campaign 3136:Armistice of Mudros 3013:Battle of Caporetto 3003:Battle of Mărășești 2973:Zimmermann telegram 2968:February Revolution 2913:Battle of the Somme 2837:Bug-Narew Offensive 2812:Battle of Gallipoli 2804:Sinking of the RMS 2596:Scramble for Africa 2590:Franco-Prussian War 2246:Sinai and Palestine 1929:Stephenson, Megan, 1544:Garcia, Malcolm J., 1507:Hawfield, Michael, 1379:(2). Archived from 1134:Rabin, Ron (1995). 884:Yockelson, Mitchell 730:Dennis Whiles, aka 702:Rüdiger von Wechmar 540:Prisoner resistance 324:Battle of the Bulge 7424:Surrender of Japan 7257:Battle of Iwo Jima 7106:Belgrade offensive 6519:Siege of Leningrad 6403:Battle of Shanggao 6332:British Somaliland 6297:Dunkirk evacuation 6248:Norwegian campaign 6186:Invasion of Poland 6013:Japanese prisoners 4981:Italian war crimes 4912:British war crimes 4827:Soviet occupations 4611:South-West Pacific 4498:Allied cooperation 4456:Military equipment 4141:Treaty of Lausanne 4056:Paris Economy Pact 3990:UK against Germany 3920:Entry into the war 3886:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 3605:Ottoman casualties 3415:Franco-Turkish War 3295:Post-War conflicts 3279:Russian Revolution 3261:Invasion of Darfur 3226:Kelantan rebellion 3214:Kurdish rebellions 3190:Mexican Revolution 3023:October Revolution 2988:Kerensky offensive 2963:Capture of Baghdad 2940:Monastir offensive 2925:Brusilov offensive 2763:Battle of Kolubara 2602:Russo-Japanese War 2045:2012-09-04 at the 1993:The New York Times 1844:2011-05-03 at the 1715:2011-07-25 at the 1693:2016-03-03 at the 1514:2011-07-11 at the 1337:2017-12-28 at the 966:2018-11-17 at the 926:2012-12-18 at the 906:2012-12-18 at the 840:The New York Times 744:Deming, New Mexico 736: 574:United States flag 559:Battle of Normandy 336:Rupert Trimmingham 306: 221: 36: 24: 7498: 7497: 7456: 7455: 7299:Battle of Okinawa 7198:Burma (1944–1945) 7032:Mariana and Palau 6812:Tunisian campaign 6637:Fall of Singapore 6561:Fall of Hong Kong 6304:Battle of Britain 6157:Operation Himmler 6066: 6065: 5730:Dutch East Indies 5373:Southern Rhodesia 5125: 5124: 5025:Genocide of Serbs 4928:German war crimes 4905:Soviet war crimes 4898:Allied war crimes 4744:Division of Korea 4723:Chinese Civil War 4521:Strategic bombing 4433:Manhattan Project 4207: 4206: 4190: 4189: 4174:The Golden Virgin 4168:Mutilated victory 4149: 4148: 4129:Treaty of Trianon 4124:Treaty of Neuilly 4031:Damascus Protocol 3904: 3903: 3864:Armenian genocide 3821:Allied blockades 3793:Belgian refugees 3576: 3575: 3486:Strategic bombing 3462: 3461: 3447:Franco-Syrian War 3421:Greco-Turkish War 3409:Anglo-Turkish War 3392:Polish–Soviet War 3326:German Revolution 3302:Russian Civil War 3285:Finnish Civil War 3111:Battle of Megiddo 3086:Battle of Goychay 3033:Battle of Cambrai 2993:Battle of Mărăști 2908:Battle of Jutland 2888:Erzurum offensive 2743:Siege of Przemyśl 2723:Siege of Tsingtao 2708:Battle of Galicia 2638:Second Balkan War 2626:Italo-Turkish War 2583:Pre-War conflicts 2569: 2568: 2459:Portuguese Empire 2375: 2374: 2337:German New Guinea 2319:Asian and Pacific 2061:Munsey's Magazine 2023:Stibbe, Matthew: 1960:Los Angeles Times 1919:978-1-60635-075-1 1893:Allington, Adam, 1837:Pela, Robert L., 1762:978-1-58544-545-5 1567:Los Angeles Times 1089:Bowman, Michael, 959:Copeland, Susan, 939:Lloyd, R. Scott, 690:Confessing Church 555:crossed the Rhine 467:German literature 344:military chaplain 7568: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7474:World portal 7472: 7471: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7334:Prague offensive 7329: 7327:Battle of Berlin 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7271:Vienna offensive 7266: 7259: 7252: 7250:Battle of Manila 7245: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7124: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7027: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6993: 6991:Korsun–Cherkassy 6986: 6975: 6953: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6833:Bombing of Gorky 6828: 6821: 6814: 6794: 6787: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6700:Battle of Midway 6695: 6688: 6686:Battle of Gazala 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6596:Battle of Borneo 6591: 6589:Malayan campaign 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6533:Bombing of Gorky 6528: 6526:Battle of Moscow 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6378: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6290:Battle of France 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6143:Munich Agreement 6138: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6099: 6092: 6077: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6028:Soviet prisoners 6022: 6015: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5968:German prisoners 5964: 5944: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5506: 5504:French Indochina 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4306: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4134:Treaty of Sèvres 4026:Treaty of London 3917: 3695:Northeast France 3626: 3598:Parliamentarians 3531: 3493:Chemical weapons 3471: 3232:Senussi campaign 3202:Muscat rebellion 3196:Maritz rebellion 3164: 3106:Vardar offensive 2935:Battle of Romani 2903:Battle of Asiago 2893:Battle of Verdun 2857:Kosovo offensive 2632:First Balkan War 2580: 2479:Russian Republic 2388: 2182: 2124:Economic history 2091: 2084: 2077: 2068: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1995:. pp. A18. 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1951: 1942: 1927: 1921: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1869: 1855: 1849: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1781: 1771: 1765: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1698: 1684: 1669: 1660: 1654: 1643: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1602: 1593: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1523: 1505: 1480: 1479: 1459: 1432: 1431: 1407: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1370: 1361: 1346: 1328: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1266: 1260: 1243: 1242: 1226: 1216: 1179: 1165: 1150: 1149: 1131: 1098: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1039: 1000: 994: 988: 981: 975: 957: 948: 937: 931: 917: 911: 897: 891: 881: 875: 874: 872: 870: 865:on 19 March 2021 850: 844: 833: 827: 821: 806:, 1946 exchanges 667: 598:Camp Papago Park 528:Walter Hallstein 483:writers such as 371:cold-water flats 365: 267: 254:5:30 pm - Dinner 217:Owosso, Michigan 88:during the war: 40:prisoners of war 7576: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7466: 7464: 7452: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7390: 7385:Atomic bombings 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7228: 7221: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7081: 7076:Eastern Romania 7074: 7069:Warsaw Uprising 7067: 7062:Tannenberg Line 7060: 7053: 7048:Western Ukraine 7046: 7037: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6978: 6969: 6956: 6949: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6840:Battle of Kursk 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6797: 6790: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6651:St Nazaire Raid 6649: 6642: 6635: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6475: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6433:Anglo-Iraqi War 6431: 6424:Battle of Crete 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6381: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6353:Eastern Romania 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6171: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6095: 6088: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5995: 5988: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5914:Western Ukraine 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5858:Northeast China 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5564:Slovak Republic 5562: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5535:Empire of Japan 5533: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5121: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5080: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5047:Sexual violence 5046: 5039: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4770: 4765:Greek Civil War 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4708: 4701: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4590:South-East Asia 4588: 4581: 4574: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4449:Military awards 4447: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4343: 4336: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4208: 4203: 4186: 4145: 4077: 4070: 4041:Treaty of Darin 4009: 3971: 3927:Austria-Hungary 3913: 3900: 3881:Rape of Belgium 3808: 3780: 3728: 3722:Western Armenia 3717:Eastern Galicia 3650: 3624: 3588: 3587:Civilian impact 3586: 3572: 3529: 3458: 3290: 3220:Ovambo Uprising 3172: 3158: 3047: 2949: 2876: 2794:Battle of Łomża 2777: 2773:Christmas truce 2748:Race to the Sea 2681: 2643: 2565: 2536:Austria-Hungary 2512: 2447:Empire of Japan 2384: 2382: 2371: 2355:U-boat campaign 2341: 2313: 2275: 2227: 2173: 2154:Popular culture 2100: 2095: 2047:Wayback Machine 2020: 2015: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1928: 1924: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1882:Arizona Stories 1876: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1846:Wayback Machine 1836: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1723: 1717:Wayback Machine 1708: 1701: 1695:Wayback Machine 1685: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1619: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1543: 1526: 1516:Wayback Machine 1506: 1483: 1476: 1461: 1460: 1435: 1428: 1409: 1408: 1391: 1383: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1349: 1339:Wayback Machine 1329: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1269: 1261: 1246: 1239: 1218: 1217: 1182: 1168:Krammer, Arnold 1166: 1153: 1146: 1133: 1132: 1101: 1088: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1041: 1040: 1003: 995: 991: 983:Janiskee, Bob, 982: 978: 968:Wayback Machine 958: 951: 938: 934: 928:Wayback Machine 918: 914: 908:Wayback Machine 898: 894: 882: 878: 868: 866: 852: 851: 847: 834: 830: 822: 818: 813: 760: 668: 665: 658: 610: 582:Jewish American 542: 411:Herr Meets Hare 406: 366: 363: 356: 319: 294: 265: 260:10 pm - Bedtime 209: 169: 164: 123: 118: 96:in Georgia and 94:Fort Oglethorpe 60: 12: 11: 5: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7404: 7401:South Sakhalin 7397: 7396: 7395: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7201: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7035: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6880: 6873: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6826:Battle of Attu 6822: 6815: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6788: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6575:Battle of Guam 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6498:Battle of Kiev 6494: 6487: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6009: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997:United Kingdom 5993: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5965: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401:British Empire 5394:United Kingdom 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5235: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5210:Czechoslovakia 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5107:Rape of Manila 5103: 5096: 5089: 5078: 5063: 5056: 5044: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4945: 4938: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4878:United Nations 4874: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4737:Decolonization 4733: 4726: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4429: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4410:United Kingdom 4406: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4076:Peace treaties 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3962:United Kingdom 3959: 3954: 3952:Ottoman Empire 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3856: 3854:Sack of Dinant 3851: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3802:United Kingdom 3799: 3790: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3756:POW locations 3754: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3556:United Kingdom 3553: 3551:Ottoman Empire 3548: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3525:Trench warfare 3522: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3477: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3238:Volta-Bani War 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3076:Zeebrugge Raid 3073: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2867:Battle of Loos 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2758:Black Sea raid 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2660:Historiography 2651: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2614:Bosnian Crisis 2611: 2608:Tangier Crisis 2605: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2541:Ottoman Empire 2538: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2518:Central Powers 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2501:British Empire 2496:United Kingdom 2493: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2474:Russian Empire 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2392:Entente Powers 2385: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2360:North Atlantic 2351: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2271:Central Arabia 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2233:Middle Eastern 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2134:Historiography 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2049: 2037: 2032: 2019: 2018:External links 2016: 2013: 2012: 1979: 1943: 1922: 1899: 1886: 1870: 1850: 1830: 1812: 1799: 1792: 1766: 1741: 1735:Sytko, Glenn, 1721: 1699: 1670: 1655: 1633: 1627:Sytko, Glenn, 1617: 1611:2013-02-09 at 1604:Flynn, Jacob, 1594: 1588:Sytko, Glenn, 1578: 1550: 1524: 1481: 1475:978-1572337282 1474: 1433: 1427:978-0275993009 1426: 1389: 1386:on 2009-07-24. 1347: 1318: 1267: 1244: 1237: 1180: 1151: 1144: 1099: 1079: 1050: 1001: 989: 976: 949: 932: 912: 892: 876: 845: 828: 815: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 759: 756: 734:(July 4, 2009) 681:Arnold Krammer 663: 657: 654: 609: 606: 550:kangaroo court 541: 538: 459:Berman-Fischer 405: 402: 361: 355: 352: 348:fraternization 318: 315: 304:) Final Report 293: 290: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 239: 208: 205: 168: 165: 163: 160: 122: 119: 117: 114: 90:Fort McPherson 59: 56: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7573: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408:Kuril Islands 7405: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175:Syrmian Front 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121:Market Garden 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6980:Monte Cassino 6977: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346:Baltic states 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990:United States 5987: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926:Quốc dân Đảng 5923: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5626:Liechtenstein 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410:United States 5407: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100:Comfort women 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5084: / 5083: 5079: 5076: 5073: / 5072: 5069: / 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060:Camp brothels 5057: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949:The Holocaust 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935:forced labour 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788:Marshall Plan 4785: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4641:Eastern Front 4638: 4635: 4634:Western Front 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528:Puppet states 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470:Naval history 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4417:United States 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3967:United States 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3569: 3568:United States 3566: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3518:Convoy system 3516: 3515: 3514: 3513:Naval warfare 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273:Kaocen revolt 3271: 3268: 3267:Easter Rising 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832:Great Retreat 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:Battle of Cer 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620:Agadir Crisis 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508:United States 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425:French Empire 2423: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2378: 2368: 2367:Mediterranean 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2347:Naval warfare 2344: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2223:Italian Front 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211:Eastern Front 2209: 2207: 2206:Western Front 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164:Puppet states 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937:Published by 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867:1-59114-526-0 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1793:9780812825718 1789: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645:Pepin, John, 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:archive.today 1610: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238:0-465-09120-2 1234: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145:0-691-03700-0 1141: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 990: 986: 980: 977: 973: 969: 965: 962: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 936: 933: 929: 925: 922: 916: 913: 909: 905: 902: 896: 893: 889: 885: 880: 877: 864: 860: 856: 849: 846: 842: 841: 837: 832: 829: 825: 820: 817: 810: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 757: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 740:Georg Gärtner 733: 732:Georg Gärtner 728: 724: 722: 718: 713: 709: 707: 703: 697: 695: 691: 687: 686:Eastern Front 682: 677: 675: 662: 656:After the war 655: 653: 651: 646: 641: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 607: 605: 603: 599: 594: 592: 587: 583: 579: 578:Nazi holidays 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 547: 539: 537: 534: 529: 524: 520: 518: 517: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 479:by anti-Nazi 478: 477: 476:Exilliteratur 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 444: 441: 437: 436:the Holocaust 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 417: 412: 403: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 379:Christmas Day 376: 372: 360: 353: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340:Jim Crow laws 337: 333: 327: 325: 316: 314: 310: 303: 298: 292:Labor reports 291: 289: 287: 283: 277: 275: 269: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 240: 238: 234: 233: 232: 230: 225: 218: 213: 206: 204: 202: 198: 194: 189: 184: 182: 178: 174: 166: 161: 159: 157: 153: 148: 147:Liberty Ships 144: 140: 135: 132: 129:in 1941, the 128: 120: 115: 113: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 76: 72: 71: 65: 57: 55: 53: 49: 45: 44:United States 41: 33: 28: 20: 16: 7482:Bibliography 7465: 7278:Project Hula 7243:Vistula–Oder 7212: 7145: 7136: 7120: 7090: 7039: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6971: 6868: 6783: 6759: 6729: 6480: 6373: 6318:North Africa 6020:Soviet Union 5989: 5974:Soviet Union 5900:Soviet Union 5668:Vatican City 5578:Vichy France 5483:German Reich 5380:Soviet Union 5366:South Africa 5359:Sierra Leone 5312:Newfoundland 5131:Participants 5114:Marocchinate 4818: 4809: 4779: 4657:North Africa 4618:Indian Ocean 4477:Nazi plunder 4368:Cryptography 4241:World War II 4179: 4172: 4160: 3767: / 3744: 3699: 3534:Conscription 3498:Cryptography 3435:Iraqi Revolt 2862:Siege of Kut 2805: 2383:participants 2332:German Samoa 2266:South Arabia 2060: 2004:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

German prisoners of war in the United States

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