1114:. London: Granta Books, 1999. p. 206. "in the villages genuinely committed to the Exarchate of VMRO, the Greeks behaved like vengeful bullies, executing suspected renegades and holding the Patriarchate version of the Mass at gunpoint (...). This Greek blacklash was orchestrated by the gun-toting bishop of Kastoria, Germanos Karavangelis. This extraordinary figure, (...) 'had a Männlicher slung over one shoulder, a bandolier over the other, a belt round his middle from which hung his holster carrying a large pistol and a knife'. Karavangelis appeared consciously to cultivate an image of threatening romanticism. The bishop considered Bulgarian influence in the region to be the greatest threat to Greek national interests. He therefore advocated close friendship and cooperation between the Greeks and Turks of Macedonia, but only as an expedient. Karavangelis was fully aware that there was no religious aspect to the struggle between the Exarcate and the Patriarchate --he admitted openly that the only issue in Macedonia was the future contours of the Balkan states once the Turks had been thrown out."
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487:. Karavangelis viewed Bulgarian influence within the area as a threat to Greek interests. He advocated for close relations and interaction among Turks and Greeks in the region, but only in the context of when it was needed. Karavangelis viewed the rivalry between the Patriarchate and Exarchate as lacking religious dimensions and that the main concern preoccupying Balkan states was the post-Ottoman future of in the region after the empire was removed from Macedonia. Greece at the time sent more funds, men and arms to individuals such as Karavangelis in Macedonia. He was successful in returning many villages to the Patriarchate.
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483:. At the time Karavangelis would travel in rural areas, and portrayed a fierce image of himself dressed with a dark raincoat, a bandolier on one side of his shoulder and a gun on the other with a scarf tied around his clerical hat. He would assist in raising the morale of those aligned with the Patriarchate and in organizing armed bands to fight the
1158:"Negovani's actions caused institutional responses that ultimately intensified the contradictions facing the church and its imperial patron. In the end, Papa Kristo Negovani was murdered for his acts of defiance of the explicit orders of Karavangjelis, the Metropolitan of Kastoria, who condemned the use of Toskërisht during mass."
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when disaster struck the Greeks. He got on the first ship to
Constantinople, however he was not permitted to leave the steamer by the troops of Kemal. He was given a letter by the Patriarch which had notified him that if he left the boat he would be arrested and executed. The Patriarch appointed him
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and Bishop
Efthymios were able to save hundreds by hiding them in the Metropolitan Church and other Greek homes. Their efforts were recognized by a United States-based Armenian newspaper. For his actions, he was arrested and sent to Constantinople in 1917, where he would remain in prison for some
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by the
Turkish authorities on June 7, 1921, and subsequently could not return to Turkey. He remained in Vienna as Exarch of Central Europe of the Ecumenical Patriarchate during the period 1924–1935."
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On
February 11, 1935, Germanos Karavangelis died of a heart attack in a hotel south of Vienna at 68 years of age. He was buried in Vienna despite his request to be buried in Greece in his will.
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Since 1924 all of the Greek parishes in the territories of
Austria, Hungary and Italy came under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. However it was only in 1963 that the
628:. There, he helped create schools in the most remote villages and established a high school for Greek education. He also assisted in the formation of armed groups to defend the Greek and
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Also in 1959, the "Institute for the Study of the Balkan
Peninsula", along with the "Society for Macedonian Studies" (both of Thessaloniki) arranged the transfer of his bones, first to
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by the name of
Chrysostomos and his mother was Maria. He had seven other siblings which included six sisters and one brother. When he was two years old, his family moved to Adramyttio,
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views and he considered this appointment a mockery and a form of exile. in April of the same year, the
Patriarchate proposed a transfer of the headquarters from Budapest to
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in mass and under his orders had
Negovani murdered. In 1905, Karavangelis also ordered the slaughter of resisting Bulgarian inhabitants in the village of Zagorichani (today
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592:, for which he is praised as a national hero of the Greek Struggle for Macedonia ("Makedonomachos"). He is the author of the book of memoirs "The Macedonian Struggle" (
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Karavangelis succeeded in strengthen Greek aspirations in
Macedonia and thus helped the later incorporation of the major part of Macedonia by Greece in the
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in January 1908. The Patriarch had requested that Karavangelis fill the recently vacated position, and so he became the Metropolitan of Amaseia, based in
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409:. He also founded a girls' school by the name of "Karavangeli Girls' School." Karavangelis would also organize Sunday school classes and train new
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for just over a year, Karavangelis received a letter notifying him of his appointment of Metropolitan of the Ecumenical Patriarchate based in
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Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Simon Fraser University, Fall 2005. 191 pp.
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405:. He assisted in sending Greek students abroad for higher education and was successful in recruiting 130 to the newly built
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In 1907, following Bulgarian complaints and Russian pressure, Karavangelis was removed from his position by orders of the
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1221:Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ). Τόμος 4 (Βυζάντιον-Διοκλής). Αθηναι – Αθαν. Μαρτινος, 1964. σελ. 400–402.
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During the Macedonian struggle, Karavangelis directed the Greek response to supporters of the Bulgarian cause, the
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1539:
1526:
Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia
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Preachers of God and martyrs of the Nation: The politics of murder in ottoman Macedonia in the early 20th century
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707:. He initially protested, however, he was not listened to. Many believe Karavangelis was replaced based on his
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with the title "Bishop of Charioupolis." At this new position, he fought for more Greek education and to curb
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350:) where his father opened a shop. There, he attended school and was awarded a scholarship to study at the
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1088:"Ο Μακεδονικός Αγών (Απομνημονεύματα), Εταιρία Μακεδονικών Σπουδών, Ίδρυμα Μελετών Χερσονήσου του Αίμου".
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2014:
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Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question
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were published in 1959. In 1992, his account, along with those of other Makedonomachoi, was included in
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Figures of the Macedonian Struggle, together with the "Affairs of Pontus" by Germanos Karavangelis
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of theology as well as scientific works and ecclesiastical discourses. In 1886, he was ordained a
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1361:'Conquering the souls': nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904-1908
1340:
The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs
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1984:
1969:
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1934:
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias - Dictionary of Greek. 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias - Dictionary of Greek. 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
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550:, who in 1903, under the orders of Karavangelis, killed and beheaded Bulgarian revolutionary
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554:. The head was delivered to Karavangelis, which he placed on his desk and photographed.
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ORTHODOXY IN THE WORLD (www.pravmir.com). May 19, 2010, 14:45. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
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cooperation to subdue the Turkish Nationalist Movement, to the Greek Foreign Minister
440:, from 1900 until 1907, appointed in the name of the Greek state by the ambassador of
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1508:"O Γερμανός Kαραβαγγέλης και η ορθόδοξη Eλληνική Kοινότητα της Bενετίας (1924-1935)".
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1170:"Ottoman Albanians in an Era of Transition: An Engagement with a Fluid Modern World"
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to cut his salary by over half and was forced to rely on donations for basic needs.
39:
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Russian Policy in the Orthodox East: The Patriarchate of Constantinople (1878-1914)
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671:. This, however, would not come to flourishment. He was also large advocate for a
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715:. After his relocation, he worked tirelessly to revitalize Greek communities in
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The Bishop of Kastoria Germanos Karavangelis with Turkish Officers and Soldiers
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which had made him an even larger target for the Turkish Nationalist forces.
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1500:. Τόμος 4 (Βυζάντιον-Διοκλής). Αθηναι – Αθαν. Μαρτινος, 1964. σελ. 400–402.
1174:
Narrated Empires: Perceptions of Late Habsburg and Ottoman Multinationalism
1403:
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Germanos Karavangelis ranks among the most well known participants of the
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1323:
Thessaloniki: Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, 2007. pp. 183–213.
1312:
IX. National Claims, Conflicts and Developments in Macedonia, 1870-1912
716:
617:
1377:
Shoot the Teacher!" Education and the Roots of the Macedonian Struggle
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1447:Ιερά Μητρόπολη Καστοριάς (I.M. Kastorias). Retrieved: 26 August 2014.
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In 1926, he was angered by the decision of dictatorial government of
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Germanos Karavangelis surrounded by Ottoman soldiers and officers in
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Germanos Karavangelis was born Stylianos in 1866, in the village of
1484:Διακόνημα (Diakonima.gr). 18 Μαΐου 2010. Retrieved: 26 August 2014.
1143:
Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912
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Nikolaos Mavrokordatos and was one of the main coordinators of the
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Foundation of the Hellenic World (FHW). Retrieved: 25 August 2014.
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in 1921. In the same year, Karavangelis proposed a Greek-Armenian-
613:
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294:, 1866–1935) was known for his service as Metropolitan Bishop of
393:, where he had previously attended. As a professor, he wrote an
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and other parts of Greek populated areas, and even worked with
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Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
1285:
Social cleavages and national "awakening" in Ottoman Macedonia
1199:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1111:
The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999
15:
1428:
Romfea.gr. Σάββατο, 11 Μαΐου 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
1305:. Vol. IX, n° 1-2 | décembre 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
416:
From 1896 to 1900 he would serve as the Bishop of Pera (now
632:
population from Turkish aggression and persecution by the
135:
Karavangelis as the Metropolitan Bishop of Amaseia c. 1919
1436:Μητροπολίτης Καστορίας (1900-1908), Γερμανός Καραβαγγέλης
1333:
Thessalonikē: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1966. 538 pp.
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and received the name Germanos. He then went on to study
2574:
Bishops of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1424:Μητροπολίτης Γερμανός Καραβαγγέλης - Ο ρασοφόρος Ακρίτας
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
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In 1905, Karavangelis was present when Orthodox priest
514:
Karavangelis organized armed groups composed mainly of
310:
and functioned as one of the major coordinators of the
43:
805:
A memorial depicting Germanos Karavangelis (left) and
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Following his release and the intensification of the
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Metropolitan of Kastoria and the Macedonian Struggle
2505:
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1674:
1622:
235:
221:
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169:
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2513:Museum for the Macedonian Struggle (Thessaloniki)
1581:Museum Syndicate (MS). Retrieved: 27 August 2014.
781:There are monuments dedicated to him in Kastoria.
604:Metropolitan of Amaseia and the Greco-Turkish War
1480:Γερμανός Καραβαγγέλης. Ο Παπαφλέσσας της Λέσβου
354:. He graduated in 1888, when he was ordained a
1455:ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΟΣ ΚΑΡΑΒΑΓΓΕΛΗΣ (1866-1935)
1275:Metropolitan of Kastoria Germanos Karavangelis
1032:"Metropolitan Germanus was condemned to death
477:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
1600:
1146:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 167.
577:dialect. Karavangelis denounced the usage of
381:, Turkey) where in 1891 he was assigned as a
8:
2518:Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Kastoria)
1172:. In Chovanec, Johanna; Heilo, Olof (eds.).
640:of local Armenians, Karavangelis along with
565:on the desk of Germanos Karavangelis (1903).
48:introducing citations to additional sources
2523:Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Chromio)
1533:, Volume 39, Issue 1, 2011. pp. 13–32.
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1607:
1593:
1585:
1557:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. 265 pp.
1498:Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ)
1459:Stipsi, Lesvos. Retrieved: 25 August 2014.
1329:The Greek struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913
1201:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 600.
1135:
1133:
1079:
1077:
1075:
855:
129:
110:
1125:The Greek struggle in Macedonia 1897-1913
699:In 1924, having been the Metropolitan of
438:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
994:12 August 1924 – 10 February 1935
926:5 February 1908 – 27 October 1922
38:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2609:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
2589:Greek people of the Macedonian Struggle
1257:
1051:
1012:
783:
1675:Armed bands leaders & participants
494:Germanos Karavangelis at the grave of
2604:People sentenced to death in absentia
2569:20th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
612:. He returned to Constantinople as a
518:officers and volunteers brought from
7:
2629:Greek people from the Ottoman Empire
1066:Αρχείο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών
1021:Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Austria
573:conducted the Divine Liturgy in the
2614:Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
1391:De Gruyter Open, 2014. p. 10.
2624:Eastern Orthodox bishops in Greece
2619:Theological School of Halki alumni
1477:Τσαγκάρης, Παναγιώτης (Θεολόγος).
538:from the village of Srebreni (now
14:
448:that had an aim of defending the
1665:
1547:. Winter 2012–13. pp. 1–18.
1401:Olga Balytnikova-Rakitianskaia.
821:Statue of Germanos Karavangelis.
814:
798:
786:
767:by Antigoni Bellou-Threpsiadis.
377:and went to Constantinople (now
258:
249:
239:
209:
31:relies largely or entirely on a
20:
1316:In: Ioannis Koliopoulos (Ed.).
793:A bust of Germanos Karavagelis.
652:, he was sentenced to death in
2599:People from Edremit, Balıkesir
2584:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
860:Eastern Orthodox Church titles
385:of Ecclesiastical History and
1:
2090:Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian
1616:Hellenic Macedonian Committee
1127:, Thessaloniki, 1966, p. 126.
719:and neighbouring Hungary and
308:Hellenic Macedonian Committee
216:Hellenic Macedonian Committee
2528:Folklore Museum of Giannitsa
833:Greek Struggle for Macedonia
743:Greek struggle for Macedonia
446:Greek Struggle for Macedonia
312:Greek Struggle for Macedonia
2477:Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian
1495:"Γερμανός. Ὁ Καραβαγγέλης."
1337:Kiminas, Demetrius (2009).
1219:"Γερμανός. Ὁ Καραβαγγέλης."
1064:Ανεστίδης, Σταύρος (1992).
391:Theological School of Halki
352:Theological School of Halki
2645:
1920:Nikostratos Kalomenopoulos
978:Hungary and Central Europe
678:In August 1922, he was in
616:until the collapse of the
530:. He also recruited local
1663:
1197:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
1176:. Springer. p. 207.
996:
971:
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912:
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871:
865:
858:
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330:island, then still under
306:. He was a member of the
282:, also transliterated as
279:
128:
123:
2443:Consular officials &
2170:Konstantinos Papastavrou
1695:Sarantis-Tellos Agapinos
1513:14 (1977), σελ. 275–287.
1319:The History of Macedonia
949:Metropolitan of Ioannina
898:Metropolitan of Kastoria
750:Order of the White Eagle
689:Metropolitan of Ioannina
642:Chrysanthos of Trebizond
436:, in communion with the
255:Order of the White Eagle
1945:Filippos Kapetanopoulos
1421:Πάνος Ν. Αβραμόπουλος.
1290:East European Quarterly
1123:Citing Douglas Dankin,
1023:was formally organized.
981:(Metropolis of Austria)
850:"Metropolis of Amasya".
454:Greek Orthodox clerical
334:rule. His father was a
244:Grand Commander of the
59:"Germanos Karavangelis"
2492:Ptolemaios Sarigiannis
2457:Athanasios Exadaktylos
2364:Christos Tsolakopoulos
1855:Ioannis Evaggelopoulos
1642:Dimitrios Kalapothakis
1491:Τάσος Αθ. Γριτσόπουλος
1467:Καραβαγγέλης, Γερμανός
1343:. Wildside Press LLC.
1215:Τάσος Αθ. Γριτσόπουλος
1086:Γερμανού Καραβαγγέλη.
695:Later career and death
684:Ferdinand I of Romania
682:for the coronation of
566:
536:Vangelis Strebreniotis
534:such as the chieftain
511:
499:
456:interests against the
145:Stylianos Karavangelis
2538:Captain Kottas Museum
2300:Christos Stogiannidis
2295:Athanasios Stavroudis
2110:Alexandros Merentitis
2015:Theodoros Koukoulakis
1745:Konstantinos Christou
1647:Germanos Karavangelis
1574:Leonidas Papazoglou.
1540:Why Macedonia Matters
1536:Panayiotis Diamadis.
1373:Julian Allan Brooks.
892:Athanasios Kapouralis
846:Амасийская митрополия
759:His memoirs from the
560:
546:, a former member of
505:
493:
364:University of Leipzig
318:Early life and career
280:Γερμανός Καραβαγγέλης
272:Germanos Karavangelis
246:Order of the Redeemer
124:Γερμανός Καραβαγγέλης
118:Germanos Karavangelis
2319:Georgios Thomopoulos
2160:Pantelis Papaioannou
2145:Alexandros Othonaios
2085:Apostolis Matopoulos
2010:Evangelos Koukoudeas
1990:Alexandros Kontoulis
1950:Georgios Karaiskakis
1870:Konstantinos Garefis
1725:Theodoros Boulasikis
1715:Charalambos Boufidis
1705:Michail Anagnostakos
1624:Macedonian Committee
691:for his own safety.
403:anti-Greek sentiment
373:Germanos received a
44:improve this article
2533:Pavlos Melas Museum
2359:Dimitrios Tsitsimis
2339:Ioannis Tsangaridis
2260:Konstantinos Sorros
2045:Traianos Liantzakis
2000:Stavros Kotsopoulos
1970:Dimitrios Kechagias
1960:Georgios Katechakis
1910:Georgios Kakoulidis
1840:Nikolaos Doumpiotis
1830:Konstantinos Dogras
1790:Ioannis Demestichas
1550:Victor Roudometof.
1545:AHIF POLICY JOURNAL
1357:Dimitris Livanios.
1308:Basil C. Gounaris.
1295:Basil C. Gounaris.
1292:29 (1995), 409–426.
1282:Basil C. Gounaris.
1168:Blumi, Isa (2021).
1140:Blumi, Isa (2011).
915:Anthemios Alexoudis
907:Ioakeim Vaxevanidis
761:Macedonian Struggle
754:Order of Saint Sava
544:Konstantinos Kottas
430:Metropolitan Bishop
264:Order of Saint Sava
226:Macedonian Struggle
197:Metropolitan Bishop
2594:People from Lesbos
2579:Greek nationalists
2487:Anastasios Pichion
2409:Stergios Vlachveis
2399:Ioannis Villioglou
2354:Nikolaos Tsipouras
2349:Dimitrios Tsapanos
2314:Markos Theodoridis
2275:Spyros Spyromilios
2060:Konstantinos Manos
2035:Georgios Lepidatos
1835:Georgios Doitsinis
1810:Dimitrios Dogiamas
1760:Panagiotis Danglis
1735:Antigonos Choleris
1657:Georgios Pentzikis
1637:Stefanos Dragoumis
1441:2020-02-22 at the
1370:23 (1999) 195–221.
1235:Αλεξούδης, Άνθιμος
1090:Θεσσαλονίκη. 1959.
953:1922 – 1924
902:1900 – 1908
879:1896 – 1900
774:, then finally to
728:Theodoros Pangalos
673:Republic of Pontus
669:Georgios Baltatzis
598:Ο Μακεδονικός Αγών
567:
512:
500:
368:University of Bonn
2546:
2545:
2467:Lambros Koromilas
2445:undercover agents
2250:Ioannis Simanikas
2135:Pavlos Nikolaidis
1985:Georgios Kondylis
1955:Ioannis Karavitis
1935:Efthymios Kaoudis
1930:Pantelis Kandilas
1895:Petros Hatzitasis
1800:Christos Dogiamas
1785:Ioannis Demertzis
1755:Nikolaos Dailakis
1523:Anastas Vangeli.
1004:
1003:
997:Succeeded by
956:Succeeded by
929:Succeeded by
905:Succeeded by
882:Succeeded by
661:military tribunal
650:Greco-Turkish War
532:Macedonian Greeks
407:Zografeion Lyceum
269:
268:
173:February 11, 1935
109:
108:
94:
2636:
2472:Spyridon Levidis
2374:Georgios Tsontos
2329:Georgios Tombras
2285:Dimitrios Stagas
2270:Georgios Soulios
2255:Michael Sionidis
2240:Georgios Seridis
2230:Dimitrios Sarros
2185:Filolaos Pichion
2155:Markos Palamidis
2125:Evangelos Natsis
2080:Ioannis Martzios
2020:Georgios Koutles
1980:Nikolaos Kollias
1880:Nikolaos Gousios
1875:Dimitrios Golnas
1860:Doukas Gaitatzis
1780:Nikolaos Davelis
1770:Stergios Daoutis
1730:Ioannis Boubaras
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942:Spyridon Vlachos
939:Preceded by
932:Spyridon Vlachos
920:Metropolitan of
913:Preceded by
890:Preceded by
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2424:Georgios Yiotas
2414:Argyrios Vouzas
2235:Georgios Savvas
2195:Nikolaos Pyrzas
2180:Iraklis Patikas
2030:Dimitrios Lalas
1900:Simos Ioannidis
1885:Stergios Goutas
1850:Periklis Drakos
1740:Petros Christou
1676:
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1518:Related Sources
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1569:External links
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1413:Greek Sources
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100:November 2007
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61: –
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55:Find sources:
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33:single source
29:This article
27:
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17:
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2419:Zisis Vrakas
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2394:Zisis Verros
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2129:Srebreniotis
2128:
2113:
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2100:Pavlos Melas
2093:
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2070:Petros Manos
2063:
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2025:Pavlos Kyrou
2003:
1993:
1973:
1963:
1938:
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1904:Armenskiotis
1903:
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1824:Barovitsalis
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1652:Pavlos Melas
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1511:Θησαυρίσματα
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1303:Balkanologie
1302:
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1258:Kiminas 2009
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843:(in Russian)
838:Pavlos Melas
807:Pavlos Melas
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772:Thessaloniki
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561:The head of
528:Pavlos Melas
513:
496:Pavlos Melas
474:
427:
415:
395:encyclopedia
372:
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288:Karavaggelis
287:
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205:Organization
115:His Eminence
97:
87:
80:
73:
66:
54:
30:
2564:1935 deaths
2559:1866 births
2104:Mikis Zezas
2064:Michailidis
2004:Banitsiotis
1939:Old Kaoudis
1506:Ψάρας, I.,
1384:Lora Gerd.
1035:in absentia
634:Young Turks
590:Balkan Wars
524:Peloponnese
420:, Turkey).
292:Karavagelis
185:Nationality
2553:Categories
2174:Mavromatis
2164:Nikotsaras
1719:Fourtounas
1504:(in Greek)
1488:(in Greek)
1475:(in Greek)
1463:(in Greek)
1451:(in Greek)
1432:(in Greek)
1419:(in Greek)
1231:(in Greek)
1212:(in Greek)
1084:(in Greek)
1046:References
873:Bishop of
709:Venizelist
626:Sampsounta
583:Vasileiada
516:Greek army
485:Komitadjis
462:Bulgarians
360:philosophy
340:Asia-Minor
298:and later
151:1866-06-16
70:newspapers
2496:Kalamidis
2481:Ioannidis
2333:Roupakias
2209:Kavodoros
2149:Palamidis
2139:Rakovitis
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1764:Parmenion
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411:Clergymen
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179:, Austria
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705:Budapest
701:Ioannina
654:absentia
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1007:Notes
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614:Synod
594:Greek
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91:JSTOR
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