118:
just 21,471 (0.4% of the population) remained. German diplomatic officials in
Kyrgyzstan were quoted in 2009 as stating that number has declined even further over the following decade, to perhaps just 10,000. This was supported by the 2009 census, which found just 9,487 Germans remaining (0.18% of the population). However, there are signs that the exodus may be coming to an end. Facing difficulties integrating Russian-speaking Germans from the
1611:
194:, local ethnic Germans formed the Hope German Cultural Center in 1996. Four Congresses of German Youth of Kyrgyzstan (ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΈ) have been held in the country; however, the most recent, in 2010, attracted only 50 participants. The government of Germany provides some monetary support to German organisations in Kyrgyzstan.
122:, the German government tightened their immigration requirements; furthermore, most ethnic Germans who hope to leave Kyrgyzstan have already done so. In 2007, only 196 Germans in Kyrgyzstan were granted immigration permits by the German embassy; that number fell further to 111 in 2008. As of 2022, there were 7,886 Germans in Kyrgyzstan.
178:, which promotes German culture and the teaching of the German language; the local head of the Institut is herself an ethnic German born in Kyrgyzstan, who emigrated with her parents in 1978 but then returned to the country nearly three decades later to take up her present post. However, the study of the German language as a
117:
which granted citizenship to anyone with proof of German ancestry. A 1993 survey found that 85% of the
Germans in Kyrgyzstan intended to emigrate; among those, the most popular destination by far was Germany (80%), with Russia running a distant second at 6%. By the time of Kyrgyzstan's 1999 census,
867:
850:
1074:
1599:
1566:
574:
94:; they began to come to the territory which is today Kyrgyzstan in the late 19th century. Many other Germans were brought to the country forcibly, as part of the
1826:
1126:
1577:
474:"ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½: ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΠΆΠ°Π»Π°Π»Π°Π±Π°Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ/Kyrgyzstan: the Germans of Jalalabad do not lack problems, but live with optimism"
1592:
154:. However, in the exodus of the 1990s, the German villages emptied out, and there are no longer any compact settlements of Germans in the country.
95:
1836:
1244:
551:
1821:
1482:
1038:
113:
After
Kyrgyzstan gained independence in 1991, there was a significant outflow of ethnic Germans to Germany, due to the relatively liberal
439:
1585:
1487:
1088:
1047:
1209:
757:
615:
103:
182:
has been losing popularity even among ethnic German youth, as
Chinese and English become of greater economic importance instead.
1790:
1452:
498:"Π ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π» ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΈ/Fourth congress of German youth of Kyrgyzstan held in Bishkek"
1277:
1058:
697:
1734:
478:
1457:
174:
towards
Russian, which they use for communicating with peers of other ethnicities. There is a Bishkek branch of the
1786:
1706:
1615:
1234:
915:
1513:
1157:
1106:
714:
1053:
544:
Auf den Spuren der Ahnen. 1882 - 1992. Die
Vorgeschichte und 110 Jahre der Deutschen im Talas-Tal in Mittelasien
162:
The ethnic
Germans of Kyrgyzstan tend to trace their roots to western parts of Germany near the border with the
1831:
1744:
1694:
408:
234:
1754:
1729:
1358:
920:
1803:
1773:
1652:
978:
813:
800:
114:
1290:
526:
Eisfeld, A. (1993), "Zwischen
Bleiben und Gehen: Die Deutschen in den Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion",
345:
1688:
1664:
1508:
1346:
988:
983:
963:
608:
134:: Nikolaipol, Keppental, Gradental, Orlovka and Dmitrovskoye. In the late 1920s, they moved towards the
1370:
1334:
932:
1307:
1739:
1682:
1670:
1646:
1392:
1324:
1312:
1101:
795:
250:
214:
107:
99:
1530:
1781:
1749:
1676:
1477:
1351:
1317:
1192:
1003:
968:
208:
1503:
1462:
1256:
1219:
1177:
993:
937:
872:
823:
790:
778:
773:
745:
709:
266:
119:
91:
1138:
1251:
1187:
1167:
1162:
1111:
1096:
1043:
1015:
998:
942:
882:
877:
783:
568:
557:
547:
447:
262:
131:
65:
1467:
1447:
1425:
1329:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1197:
1152:
1144:
1116:
1020:
973:
958:
892:
860:
833:
828:
738:
601:
276:
147:
1285:
1182:
1172:
1133:
805:
719:
702:
675:
240:
230:
179:
175:
925:
910:
887:
843:
809:
750:
647:
502:
497:
256:
204:
171:
135:
73:
1815:
1640:
1380:
1263:
855:
838:
817:
663:
17:
310:
1229:
731:
410:
Population and
Housing Census 2009. Chapter 3.1. Resident population by nationality
272:
1700:
1559:
1007:
371:
282:
224:
163:
1619:
1610:
1363:
1300:
724:
286:
191:
167:
87:
61:
31:
561:
473:
1121:
654:
589:Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Π² ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ/Council of Germans of the Kyrgyz Republic
1385:
1375:
1658:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1407:
1397:
624:
244:
143:
139:
69:
1523:
1518:
1295:
1202:
218:
151:
142:), where they established a number of new village-suburbs, including
1759:
1339:
588:
373:ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
1535:
1402:
593:
1581:
597:
346:"Kyrgyzstan: Exodus Over, Ethnic Germans Cling to Traditions"
379:, Kyrgyzstan: ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, 1999
146:(Rotfront), Fridenfeld, and Luxemburg. Others lived in
1802:
Ethnic group statistics according to the 2009 census
315:
130:
The first German settlements in Kyrgyzstan were near
1772:
1722:
1633:
1626:
1550:
1496:
1418:
1276:
1087:
1067:
1031:
951:
903:
766:
690:
683:
674:
631:
55:
45:
438:Kandaurova, Yuliya; Veytsel, Roman (2007-04-12),
416:, Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010
1593:
1261:
609:
259:(born 1990, in Bishkek), former track cyclist
8:
1557:
729:
661:
645:
638:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
40:
1567:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944β1950)
440:"ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ Π² ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅/Germans in Kyrgyzstan"
1630:
1600:
1586:
1578:
687:
680:
616:
602:
594:
573:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
467:
465:
463:
39:
30:There is a small population of Germans in
166:, and as such tend to speak varieties of
366:
364:
253:(born 1975, in Bishkek), former wrestler
1147:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1141:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
395:
305:
303:
299:
566:
92:settled throughout the Russian Empire
7:
1827:Kyrgyzstani people of German descent
492:
490:
488:
433:
431:
429:
106:(2.9% of the population), while the
56:Regions with significant populations
227:(born 1978, in Tokmok), bodybuilder
25:
311:"Total population by nationality"
138:, in the vicinity of Frunze (now
104:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
1609:
472:Isabaeva, Minayim (2008-06-05),
96:Stalin-era internal deportations
528:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
344:Trilling, David (2009-04-03),
102:showed 101,057 Germans in the
1:
1837:Ethnic groups in Central Asia
86:During the 1800s, groups of
1822:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan
1048:Alsatians and Lotharingians
170:. However, many youth show
1853:
247:), former rhythmic gymnast
27:Ethnic group in Kyrgyzstan
1800:
126:Geographical distribution
60:
50:
546:(2nd ed.), Minden,
542:Friesen, Robert (2001),
221:), Roman Catholic bishop
190:In the southern city of
1068:Multinational dimension
110:showed 101,309 (2.4%).
1558:
1262:
989:Bosnia and Herzegovina
730:
662:
646:
639:
115:German nationality law
41:Germans in Kyrgyzstan
18:Germans in Kyrgyzstan
1488:United Arab Emirates
796:Transylvanian Saxons
251:Konstantin Schneider
215:Athanasius Schneider
1075:Central and Eastern
979:Italy (South Tyrol)
120:former Soviet Union
42:
1220:Pennsylvania Dutch
100:1979 Soviet census
1809:
1808:
1791:Roman Catholicism
1768:
1767:
1575:
1574:
1546:
1545:
1083:
1082:
883:Russian Mennonite
553:978-3-9805205-5-3
263:Lilli Schwarzkopf
82:Migration history
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
1844:
1631:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1563:
1514:Papua New Guinea
1352:KapitaΓ― and Koba
1318:KapitaΓ― and Koba
1267:
1145:Los Lagos Region
1127:British Columbia
735:
688:
681:
667:
651:
642:
618:
611:
604:
595:
578:
572:
564:
531:
514:
513:
512:
511:
494:
483:
482:
469:
458:
457:
456:
455:
446:, archived from
435:
424:
423:
422:
421:
415:
405:
399:
393:
387:
386:
385:
384:
378:
368:
359:
358:
357:
356:
341:
326:
325:
323:
321:
307:
46:Total population
43:
21:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1832:German diaspora
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1764:
1718:
1622:
1608:
1606:
1576:
1571:
1542:
1492:
1414:
1272:
1139:Los RΓos Region
1079:
1063:
1027:
952:Southern Europe
947:
921:North Schleswig
904:Northern Europe
899:
762:
703:Sudeten Germans
670:
627:
622:
585:
565:
554:
541:
538:
536:Further reading
525:
522:
517:
509:
507:
496:
495:
486:
471:
470:
461:
453:
451:
437:
436:
427:
419:
417:
413:
407:
406:
402:
394:
390:
382:
380:
376:
370:
369:
362:
354:
352:
343:
342:
329:
319:
317:
309:
308:
301:
297:
292:
285:(born 1989, in
275:(born 1990, in
265:(born 1983, in
243:(born 1980, in
241:Edita Schaufler
233:(born 1986, in
231:Edgar Bernhardt
217:(born 1961, in
207:(born 1988, in
200:
188:
180:second language
176:Goethe-Institut
160:
128:
84:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1723:Smaller groups
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:German Samoans
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1059:United Kingdom
1056:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1032:Western Europe
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
926:Potato Germans
923:
913:
907:
905:
901:
900:
898:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
865:
864:
863:
861:North Caucasus
858:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
803:
798:
788:
787:
786:
776:
770:
768:
767:Eastern Europe
764:
763:
761:
760:
755:
754:
753:
743:
742:
741:
736:
727:
722:
712:
707:
706:
705:
698:Czech Republic
694:
692:
691:Central Europe
685:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
659:
658:
657:
648:Reichsdeutsche
643:
640:Bundesdeutsche
635:
633:
629:
628:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
592:
591:
584:
583:External links
581:
580:
579:
552:
537:
534:
533:
532:
521:
518:
516:
515:
503:Deutsche Welle
484:
459:
444:Vremya Vostoka
425:
400:
388:
360:
327:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:
280:
270:
269:), heptathlete
260:
257:Kristina Vogel
254:
248:
238:
228:
222:
212:
205:Alexander Otto
201:
199:
198:Notable people
196:
187:
184:
172:language shift
159:
156:
127:
124:
83:
80:
77:
76:
58:
57:
53:
52:
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47:
36:
26:
24:
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1632:
1629:
1627:Ethnic groups
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1565:
1562:
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1537:
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1529:
1525:
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1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Dar es Salaam
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
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1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
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1319:
1316:
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1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:Colonia Tovar
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:United States
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
911:Baltic states
909:
908:
906:
902:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
769:
765:
759:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
733:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
695:
693:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
673:
666:
665:
664:Volksdeutsche
660:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
641:
637:
636:
634:
630:
626:
625:German people
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
596:
590:
587:
586:
582:
576:
570:
563:
559:
555:
549:
545:
540:
539:
535:
529:
524:
523:
519:
505:
504:
499:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
480:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
450:on 2011-08-15
449:
445:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
412:
411:
404:
401:
397:
392:
389:
375:
374:
367:
365:
361:
351:
347:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
328:
316:
312:
306:
304:
300:
294:
289:), footballer
288:
284:
281:
279:), footballer
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:), footballer
236:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
211:), footballer
210:
206:
203:
202:
197:
195:
193:
186:Organisations
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:from Germany
89:
81:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
35:
33:
19:
1787:Christianity
1712:
1707:Azerbaijanis
1634:Major groups
1616:Demographics
1472:
1359:South Africa
732:Walddeutsche
543:
527:
508:, retrieved
506:, 2010-02-28
501:
477:
452:, retrieved
448:the original
443:
418:, retrieved
409:
403:
398:, p. 49
396:Eisfeld 1993
391:
381:, retrieved
372:
353:, retrieved
349:
318:. Retrieved
314:
273:Viktor Maier
267:Novopokrovka
235:Novopavlovka
189:
161:
129:
112:
85:
51:7,886 (2022)
37:Ethnic group
29:
1560:Ostsiedlung
1509:New Zealand
1483:Philippines
1325:Ivory Coast
1210:Puerto Rico
1163:El Salvador
1054:Netherlands
1008:Gottscheers
808:(including
758:Switzerland
530:(48): 44β52
479:Ferghana.ru
320:14 December
283:Vitalij Lux
225:Dennis Wolf
164:Netherlands
136:ChΓΌy Valley
108:1989 census
74:ChΓΌy Valley
1816:Categories
1745:Pakistanis
1695:Ukrainians
1620:Kyrgyzstan
1473:Kyrgyzstan
1463:Kazakhstan
1364:Afrikaners
1158:Costa Rica
1122:Hutterites
984:Yugoslavia
964:Azerbaijan
873:Bessarabia
632:Historical
510:2010-04-13
454:2010-04-13
420:2021-12-14
383:2011-07-03
355:2010-04-13
350:EurasiaNet
287:Kara-Balta
192:Jalal-Abad
168:Low German
88:Mennonites
62:Kyrgyzstan
32:Kyrgyzstan
1755:Romanians
1730:Armenians
1504:Australia
1257:Venezuela
1240:Palatines
1188:Nicaragua
1168:Guatemala
1097:Argentina
878:Black Sea
824:Satu Mare
784:Black Sea
655:Palatines
562:496738402
1774:Religion
1653:Russians
1551:See also
1478:Pakistan
1386:Zanzibar
1376:Bagamoyo
1371:Tanzania
1291:Cameroon
1225:Nebraska
1193:Paraguay
1153:Colombia
1089:Americas
1021:Bosporus
1004:Slovenia
969:Bulgaria
829:Bukovina
814:Highland
801:Landlers
746:Slovakia
676:Diaspora
569:citation
158:Language
1735:Chinese
1713:Germans
1701:Koreans
1689:Kazakhs
1665:Uyghurs
1659:Dungans
1649:(14.3%)
1643:(71.0%)
1497:Oceania
1441:Tianjin
1436:Qingdao
1431:Beijing
1398:Baguida
1347:Senegal
1335:Nigeria
1330:Namibia
1301:YaoundΓ©
1252:Uruguay
1245:by city
1178:Jamaica
1107:Bolivia
1039:Belgium
994:Croatia
974:Georgia
959:Armenia
938:Finland
916:Denmark
893:Galicia
868:Ukraine
834:Dobruja
791:Romania
779:Moldova
774:Belarus
739:Galicia
725:OlΔders
720:Vistula
710:Hungary
520:Sources
245:Bishkek
209:Orlovka
144:Bergtal
140:Bishkek
70:Bergtal
1740:Greeks
1715:(0.2%)
1709:(0.3%)
1703:(0.3%)
1697:(0.4%)
1691:(0.6%)
1685:(0.6%)
1683:Tatars
1679:(0.7%)
1673:(0.9%)
1671:Tajiks
1667:(0.9%)
1661:(1.1%)
1655:(7.8%)
1647:Uzbeks
1641:Kyrgyz
1524:Rabaul
1519:Kokopo
1453:Israel
1313:Guinea
1296:Douala
1286:Angola
1278:Africa
1203:Pozuzo
1183:Mexico
1117:Canada
1112:Brazil
1102:Belize
1044:France
1016:Turkey
999:Serbia
943:Sweden
933:Norway
888:Crimea
851:Russia
844:Zipser
818:Walser
816:, and
806:Danube
751:Zipser
715:Poland
684:Europe
560:
550:
219:Tokmok
152:Tokmok
98:. The
1782:Islam
1760:Lyuli
1750:Poles
1677:Turks
1468:Korea
1458:Japan
1448:India
1426:China
1340:Lagos
1308:Ghana
1235:Omaha
1230:Texas
1173:Haiti
1134:Chile
856:Volga
839:Regat
810:Banat
414:(PDF)
377:(PDF)
295:Notes
132:Talas
66:Talas
1536:Apia
1419:Asia
1408:LomΓ©
1403:Sebe
1393:Togo
1198:Peru
575:link
558:OCLC
548:ISBN
322:2021
277:Kant
150:and
148:Kant
1618:of
1818::
812:,
571:}}
567:{{
556:,
500:,
487:^
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324:.
20:)
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