2271:. However, the local Ottoman guardians did not allow Mustafa to depart from the city, on the orders of the sultan. Murad swiftly reclaimed control of the city and executed Mustafa. Yakub then reverted to friendly interactions with Murad, realizing that he had no other choice to survive. Even though Aydın and Menteshe were already under direct Ottoman control, Murad did not attempt to enact his sovereignty in Germiyan. By then, it had become subordinate to the Ottomans with their constant military involvement in the region. Likewise, Yakub bequeathed his domains to Murad, as he had no sons and did not want to hand over the rule to his sister's children, who were Murad II's half-uncles. In 1428, at an old age, he traveled to Bursa and paid respects to the graves of
2048:
293:
1884:
2347:
1677:
2040:. Apart from these towns, many smaller settlements were annexed by a force of 2–3,000 Ottoman troops escorting the wedding convoy. The exact reason why he left the capital to the Ottomans is a matter of dispute. Ottoman chroniclers explained it through the rivalry between Karaman and Germiyan and the latter's preference for Ottoman protection. The wedding took place in 1381 in Kütahya, after which Bayezid became the governor of Kütahya, and Suleiman Shah had to retreat to
4617:
4641:
56:
2189:
4605:
4653:
3495:
8552:
1358:
2288:
2248:. When Musa's remains were brought to Bursa, signaling the defeat, Mehmed II of Karaman retreated in a hurry and left the territories he had taken from Germiyan. Mehmed Chelebi reinstated Yakub's rule in Germiyan in 1414. Yakub accommodated and supplied the Ottoman army during the following campaigns against Karaman. His rule until 1421 was largely free of threats.
4629:
1726:
1768:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1740:
1754:
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in 1402. The former troops of
Germiyan, Aydın, and Menteshe were initially under Bayezid's command, but switched sides when it became clear that their leaders had sided with Timur. Yakub recognized the sultan during the skirmish and had him captured. The Ottomans were ultimately defeated, and Timur
1802:
paying him 100,000 pieces of gold each year. Al-Umari further relayed the observations of travelers Haydar al-Uryan and
Balaban, that Yakub's domains included about 700 settlements. He possessed 40,000 cavalry and was able to raise 200,000 troops in times of war, although historian Varlık considers
2325:(school), and library. After five months of operation, the Karamanid occupation forced the imaret to close for two and a half years. In 1414, when the region was regained by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I on behalf of Yakub, the building returned to use, and inscriptions (
1966:, retook Kula and Angir from the Catalan Company. Suleiman was the elder son of Mehmed Chakhshadan, the second Bey of Germiyan. He ascended to the throne upon the death of his father. Suleiman Shah's reign was initially peaceful. However, when Husam al-Din Ilyas of
2225:), one of the sons of Bayezid, against his brothers. As a result, Germiyan–Karaman relations gradually transitioned into hostility, as the latter's rivalry against the Ottomans ensued. This escalated to a war between the two in September 1410, and Kütahya fell to
2331:), 2 by 3.70 meters in size, were added to the building, detailing its history. The inscriptions indicate that the imaret was owned by Mehmed I. It was later destroyed and the building was restored in accordance with its original form by its
1519:
According to the historian Petry, the
Germiyanids were a Turco-Kurdish dynasty. However, cultural historian Cemal Kafadar states the ethnic makeup of the dynasty is too complex for a simple straightforward interpretation.
4691:
1861:, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, attempted to enact authority over the rulers of western Anatolia and seize the territory of Germiyan, Philadephila, Denizli, and Menteshe. Yakub's son-in-law, who was the lord of
2138:
in his favor. Intimidated by
Bayezid's seizure of Saruhan, Aydın, and Menteshe, Yakub attempted to return to good terms with him through various gifts but was nevertheless imprisoned and kept in the castle of
2015:
to formally request marriage with
Suleiman's daughter. Suleiman Shah dispatched the Islamic scholar Ishak Fakih to the Ottoman capital, who returned with a gift from the Ottomans including the famous Germiyan
3240:
2283:
and formally declared his will there. Sometime after returning to
Germiyan, he fell sick, dying in January 1429. Murad annexed Germiyan as requested by Yakub, which brought the history of Germiyan to an end.
1615:
in western
Anatolia. Although Jimri and Mehmed were eliminated, the Karamanids' presence in Anatolia persisted, signaling further division in the region, which was symptomatic of the downfall of the Seljuks.
1150:
8900:
1160:
2339:, Gurju Osman Pasha, commissioned its reparation and merged the imaret and the masjid. The tomb includes the sarcophagi of Yakub II and his wife Pasha Kerime Hatun, which are ornamented with
2185:
restored the former
Germiyan possessions to Yakub. Timur stayed in Kütahya for some time, subjecting the inhabitants to a one-time tax and confiscating the treasury of Sari Timurtash Pasha.
4684:
4497:
3315:
8589:
4677:
8875:
1873:, who was an officer under Timurtash tasked to capture the city. When Yakub was about to engage in a battle with Eretna, the latter was called back by Timurtash in 1327.
1642:, by the Mongols in 1283. The conflict between the Germiyanids and the Seljuks went dormant upon Mesud II's death, and Yakub agreed to become a vassal of the new ruler,
3623:
292:
1974:
of
Karaman, Suleiman Shah assisted the Hamidids in recovering their lands lost to the Karamanids. This initiated a rivalry between Ala al-Din and Suleiman Shah.
4160:
4323:
3702:
1228:
2643:
Biblioteca apostolica vaticana - 1990, Byzantium, Europe, and the early
Ottoman sultans, 1373-1513: an anonymous Greek chronicle of the seventeenth century
1386:
3343:
4296:
3697:
1311:
1216:
3339:
1918:
8582:
1206:
4094:
2123:, Yakub started capturing some of the former possessions of Germiyan that his father had given to the Ottomans as part of Devletşah Hatun's dowry.
2661:, Near Byzantine borders in Phrygia, the emirate of Germiyan was formed by a mixed population of Turks and Kurds, who had come from east of Malatya
4982:
3483:
2180:
presumably the same year. He allied with Timur against the Ottomans with the guarantee that his rule would be restored, and fought for him at the
8895:
2263:
was sponsored by Yakub, Karaman, and the Turghudlu tribe of Turkmens as a claimant to the Ottoman throne. Mustafa besieged and gained control of
2143:. In 1390, the entire realm of Germiyan came under Ottoman control, with Yakub no longer as its ruler. Sari Timurtash Pasha was appointed as the
4586:
3728:
3675:
2384:
2091:
during his father's reign. He inherited the throne when his father died in 1387 and maintained peace in the realm until 1390. He supported the
1607:, who was a pretender to the Seljuk legacy, revolted against the Mongols. Husam al-Din, a member of the Germiyanids, fought against Jimri and
3452:
3425:
3183:
2738:
2714:
2690:
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of Kütahya: Kızılca-viran, Seydi-köy, Eriklü, Şeyh-ömer, İne-gâzi, Elma-ağacı, Kara-ağaç, Süle-oğlu, Timürcü-viran, Hoca-oğlu, Çomar ve çöplü
2240:
for 31 days in 1413 and set the city on fire, which prompted Mehmed Chelebi to quickly return to Anatolia after having defeated his brother,
1822:(later known as Alaşehir), which he had earlier taken over, was lost to the Catalans in the spring of 1304, but the town started paying him
8575:
3606:
1130:
4053:
3768:
3594:
2629:, 9780582493032 The second of the eastern principalities, Germiyan, developed from a group, probably of mixed Kurdish and Turkish origin
1940:
in 1340; these are the latest known records of his life, and his exact year of death is unknown. According to the 17th-century traveler
1781:
1269:
1120:
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1321:
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251:
226:
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854:
8890:
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2432:
The Germiyanid palace became a center of science and literature during Yakub II's reign. Poet Sheikhi Sinan was known as a
6439:
5066:
4433:
4150:
3871:
1574:
1348:
1299:
1100:
55:
7252:
4517:
4212:
3843:
3823:
3136:
1316:
6993:
6547:
3244:
2752:
1846:
8819:
7264:
4472:
4099:
4079:
4001:
3925:
3670:
3476:
1883:
1196:
984:
8788:
7234:
7169:
7258:
2111:. However, when the Ottoman Sultan Murad I died in battle and was succeeded by his son Bayezid I, Yakub, as well as
8885:
7246:
6581:
6563:
6505:
5014:
5009:
4195:
4170:
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3898:
3735:
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3201:
1372:
1306:
1110:
272:
4998:
3228:
Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum".
2346:
8371:
8307:
7377:
7371:
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Suleiman Shah was described as a generous ruler, and many literary works were produced under him. Suleiman had
8108:
8096:
7117:
5147:
5036:
1570:
8382:
8264:
8150:
8132:
8120:
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6067:
2255:
rose to the Ottoman throne, Yakub's relations with the Ottomans took a new turn. Murad's younger brother and
1876:
The region under Yakub was economically prosperous and saw an increase in literary and scientific patronage.
8521:
8156:
8144:
8126:
8114:
8102:
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6981:
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6097:
5167:
5152:
5025:
3920:
3893:
3838:
3833:
3685:
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1971:
1891:
Yakub struck a single type of coin late into his reign. An unnamed coin minted in 1307 mentioning the title
1663:
8138:
8001:
7495:
7111:
6888:
6708:
6468:
5421:
4423:
1557:'s rule of the Sultanate of Rum. Muzaffar al-Din, Yakub I's paternal grandfather, was tasked with subduing
7532:
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7441:
7395:
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4249:
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1791:
1573:
in 1243, which resulted in the vassalization of Rum, which was forced to pay a major annual tax. With the
1501:
1336:
347:
335:
320:
310:
8503:
8377:
7989:
7890:
7723:
7568:
7240:
6427:
6213:
6085:
5776:
5616:
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8527:
8509:
8497:
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5409:
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5102:
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3881:
1994:
1977:
Suleiman Shah sought new alliances as protection from the neighboring Karamanids and the ever-expanding
1880:'s grandson Ulu Arif Chelebi visited the region by 1312 and maintained spiritual authority over Yakub.
1404:
764:
79:
8515:
7884:
7578:
7030:
6219:
5651:
5645:
5541:
5403:
5397:
5319:
2426:
6882:
5610:
2119:
in a war against the Ottomans with the hopes that they could reclaim their land. While Karaman seized
8849:
8728:
8270:
7483:
7465:
7459:
7413:
7401:
7383:
6690:
6628:
6079:
5385:
5293:
4839:
4512:
4507:
4492:
4438:
4383:
4267:
4126:
4111:
3959:
3876:
3690:
3266:
2226:
1957:
1944:, who wrote three centuries after Yakub's death, he was buried at the hill of Hıdırlık near Kütahya.
1926:
1835:
1553:, which saw its height from the late 12th century to 1237. The Germiyan first appeared in 1239 under
930:
143:
31:
6618:
6073:
5782:
5415:
8834:
8829:
8693:
8663:
7489:
5622:
5097:
4815:
4388:
4339:
4272:
4222:
4121:
4031:
3979:
3792:
3773:
3559:
2360:
2211:
1840:
1659:
1625:
1608:
1497:
1473:
1446:
1438:
1274:
1024:
754:
721:
613:
526:
231:
119:
7872:
7766:
7717:
5910:
5849:
5806:
5788:
5479:
4604:
8708:
8678:
8648:
8044:
6488:
6433:
5092:
5042:
4633:
4559:
4502:
4482:
4395:
4284:
4227:
4023:
3945:
3611:
3532:
3527:
2638:
2453:
2112:
1953:
1284:
1140:
944:
729:
131:
8567:
8388:
7604:
7542:
6274:
6061:
6014:
2704:
1993:. Murad I accepted the offer, hoping to expand the Ottoman influence over Anatolia. He sent the
1982:
8162:
7711:
7669:
7616:
7610:
7155:
5639:
4965:
2236:) the next year, which effectively ended Yakub's second reign. Mehmed II further laid siege to
8880:
8783:
8753:
8743:
8473:
7910:
7878:
7801:
7389:
6849:
6732:
6702:
5894:
5191:
5162:
5087:
4657:
4566:
4529:
4415:
4400:
4217:
4155:
4142:
4116:
3984:
3915:
3859:
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3571:
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3507:
3448:
3421:
3389:
3363:
3353:
3299:
3252:
3214:
3179:
2734:
2710:
2686:
2678:
2654:
2646:
2622:
2601:
2593:
2569:
2544:
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2177:
1667:
1513:
1442:
1326:
1279:
994:
920:
804:
794:
774:
744:
281:
2541:
The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire : essays on economy and society
8824:
8814:
8763:
8643:
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7935:
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7407:
7330:
7159:
6929:
6654:
6516:
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5953:
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4487:
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4277:
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4175:
3828:
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3311:
2449:
2441:
2372:
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2181:
2135:
2096:
1941:
1937:
1799:
1593:
1546:
1426:
1414:
1252:
1004:
974:
936:
436:
6374:
3167:
2608:, The Germiyan were probably Kurdish and Turkish half-breeds who came from east of Malatya.
8718:
8673:
7435:
6379:
5889:
5770:
5688:
5003:
4885:
4827:
4621:
4554:
4534:
4465:
4460:
4405:
4378:
4289:
4262:
3940:
3905:
3319:
2425:
to Suleiman Shah but after his death, added a part about the Ottomans and Bayezid I's son
2416:
2340:
2336:
2256:
2150:
2131:
1815:
1289:
894:
844:
824:
784:
643:
396:
7729:
7622:
6509:
6330:
5800:
5794:
2458:
8793:
8738:
8638:
8481:
8408:
8243:
8217:
8080:
8007:
6456:
6309:
6242:
6164:
4897:
4809:
4477:
4257:
4180:
3813:
3581:
3542:
3284:
3280:
2335:(endowment) trustee Ishak Fakih bin Halil in 1440–41. In 1803, the Ottoman governor of
2241:
2173:
2092:
2033:
1978:
1896:
1862:
1827:
1639:
1542:
1481:
1457:
1092:
864:
244:
8864:
8658:
8556:
7973:
7956:
7588:
6364:
5531:
5127:
4873:
4609:
4549:
4450:
4190:
4185:
3818:
3763:
3554:
3409:
3276:
2343:. The building was restored again in 1999 and reopened as the Encaustic Tile Museum.
1914:
1566:
1554:
1538:
1493:
1434:
1362:
1264:
954:
169:
8048:
2364:
2029:
8839:
8768:
8748:
8182:
7784:
7305:
6720:
6326:
5369:
5132:
4945:
4925:
4909:
4851:
4833:
4581:
4539:
4165:
3616:
2421:
2390:
2188:
2041:
1811:
1643:
1064:
1034:
884:
8339:
8199:
7552:
7301:
6569:
5137:
1933:, which dates to 1321. However, there the owner's father was recorded as Mehmed.
1464:
to western Anatolia as militia guards against the threatening Turkish tribesmen.
8778:
8758:
8668:
8290:
8238:
7836:
7826:
7308:
7205:
6955:
6939:
6601:
6512:
6334:
6174:
5928:
5832:
5671:
5485:
5482:
5438:
5349:
5344:
5276:
4891:
4445:
3756:
2120:
2100:
2008:
1819:
1582:
1485:
1430:
1257:
964:
912:
486:
8713:
8618:
8233:
8027:
7583:
7284:
7195:
7081:
7076:
7050:
6960:
6870:
6781:
6726:
6148:
6091:
5978:
5884:
5863:
5339:
5142:
4879:
4867:
3436:
2479:
Husam al-Din was the brother of Yakub I according to İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı.
2378:
2306:
2291:
Yakub's grave in the Encaustic Tile Museum (Yakub Chelebi Külliye) in Kütahya.
2287:
2116:
2044:. Suleiman died in early 1387 before April and was buried in Gürhane Medrese.
2012:
1866:
1630:
The Germiyan attempted to declare independence from the Sultanate of Rum when
1612:
1558:
1509:
1074:
1044:
446:
367:
302:
69:
3367:
3303:
2309:(building complex) in Kütahya. It was built in 1411–12 and is composed of an
8773:
8683:
8451:
7210:
6908:
6789:
6542:
6526:
6348:
6246:
5997:
5749:
5536:
5507:
5475:
5334:
5324:
4861:
4716:
2267:, and declared himself ruler, taking advantage of Murad's investment in the
2145:
2130:, Bayezid first ensured stability in the latter region by making peace with
1990:
1858:
1655:
1578:
1534:
1480:
pressure in the second half of the 13th century. The Germiyanids were of an
1054:
874:
734:
8350:
7821:
3393:
3131:
Sadettin Buluç (1969). "Eski Anadolu Türkçesiyle Bir Kabus-name Çevirisi".
1472:
According to the historians Agoston and Masters, the Germiyanoğulları were
4669:
8733:
8723:
8698:
8633:
8628:
8425:
7851:
7847:
7806:
7776:
7749:
7642:
7515:
7200:
7137:
7086:
6965:
6844:
6829:
6785:
6764:
6638:
6290:
6289:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under
6207:
6179:
6169:
6117:
5879:
5859:
5457:
5329:
5231:
5107:
4955:
4935:
4915:
4903:
4736:
4311:
4301:
3628:
2404:
2388:
2376:
2326:
2318:
2252:
2215:
2108:
2104:
2088:
2076:
2061:
1967:
1854:
1631:
1550:
1014:
814:
594:
456:
386:
155:
2706:
Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan
2619:
The Age of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517
17:
8798:
8703:
8467:
8446:
8355:
8345:
8333:
8248:
7841:
7695:
7679:
7573:
7344:
7340:
7335:
7214:
7179:
6824:
6803:
6669:
6659:
6389:
6040:
6024:
5734:
5729:
5247:
5221:
5204:
4821:
4787:
4776:
4765:
2492:
2322:
2272:
2245:
2127:
2084:
2021:
1986:
1930:
1850:
1651:
1596:
1562:
1505:
1461:
1450:
834:
623:
603:
536:
516:
476:
426:
416:
406:
8623:
8317:
8203:
7931:
7855:
7811:
6854:
6839:
6664:
6394:
6369:
6045:
5754:
5744:
5724:
5703:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5515:
5511:
5359:
5354:
5252:
4782:
4306:
3499:
3494:
2408:
2403:, dedicated to Suleiman Shah. Manuscripts of these works are kept in
2314:
2310:
2280:
2140:
1899:, which were later moved to a nearby fountain, he was referred to as
1870:
1831:
1647:
1635:
1489:
1477:
1178:
683:
653:
576:
506:
466:
7816:
5364:
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7780:
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7071:
6834:
6819:
6799:
6674:
6384:
6258:
6184:
6144:
5739:
5719:
5698:
5303:
5257:
4770:
4760:
4740:
2435:
2412:
2367:, defterdar, and treasurer at Suleiman's court, translate several
2345:
2286:
2276:
2264:
2237:
2187:
2162:
2046:
2037:
2025:
2017:
1998:
1882:
1823:
1807:
1604:
1600:
1453:
703:
693:
673:
663:
633:
566:
556:
546:
496:
3251:. Translated by Gary Leiser. State University of New York Press.
2693:, An Anatolian Turco-Kurdish dynasty, with its capital at Kutahya
2214:(1402–1413), Yakub allied himself with the future Ottoman sultan
1895:
is identified with Yakub I. In the inscriptions of the castle of
8613:
5561:
5082:
2332:
2072:
1905:
1877:
1795:
376:
8571:
8406:
8288:
8180:
8025:
7908:
7747:
7640:
7513:
7282:
7135:
7011:
6906:
6762:
6599:
6486:
6307:
6115:
5995:
5830:
5669:
5455:
5274:
5202:
5189:
4673:
3465:
2592:, p. 265, Wayne State University Press, University of Virginia
2543:. Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies. p. 97.
7355:
3198:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2115:
and the heads of Saruhan, Hamid, and Menteshe, sided with the
2977:
2975:
2796:
2794:
2024:
clothes, silver, and gold. Moreover, Suleiman gave Kütahya,
1592:). During the chaos caused by the Anatolian campaign of the
3414:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 14 (Geli̇bolu – Haddesenâ)
3090:
3088:
3086:
2926:
2924:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
1901:
Sultan al-Germiyaniyya Chelebi al-Azam azzamallahu kadrehu
2279:. He was later welcomed by Murad in a lavish ceremony in
3213:. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
2863:
2861:
2305:
Yakub's architectural legacy included the Yakub Chelebi
1798:, being the suzerain of many of his neighbors, with the
1449:
or Oghuz Turkish, the population consisted of Turks and
3345:
Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
8901:
States and territories established by the Afshar tribe
3352:] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press.
2781:
2779:
2777:
2172:) in 1399, having escaped from prison and traveled to
6241:
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the
3350:
Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States
2071:
Yakub's parents were Suleiman Shah and a daughter of
2433:
1849:
to attack them in 1313. After having eliminated the
8807:
8606:
8490:
8460:
8364:
8326:
8257:
8226:
8089:
8068:
7982:
7966:
7865:
7793:
7704:
7688:
7597:
7561:
7364:
7227:
7188:
7098:
7059:
6974:
6948:
6863:
6812:
6683:
6647:
6556:
6535:
6449:
6408:
6357:
6229:
6194:
6157:
6054:
6033:
5962:
5937:
5903:
5872:
5763:
5712:
5632:
5603:
5580:
5524:
5431:
5378:
5312:
5240:
5120:
5075:
5059:
5052:
4991:
4975:
4796:
4753:
4414:
4332:
4248:
4141:
4067:
4022:
3967:
3958:
3852:
3800:
3791:
3744:
3711:
3661:
3580:
3541:
3515:
3506:
3441:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 43 (Vekâlet – Yûsî)
3172:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 43 (Vekâlet – Yûsî)
189:
179:
165:
149:
137:
125:
113:
101:
93:
85:
75:
65:
41:
3270:
2590:Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks
1948:Mehmed (c. 1340 – 1361) and Suleiman (1361 – 1387)
1936:Yakub is known to have exchanged letters with the
1646:. At that time, Yakub's realm extended as east as
3447:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 278–279.
3388:(in Turkish). Ankara: Atatürk University Press.
3178:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 279–280.
1603:in 1277, Ala al-Din Siyavush, commonly known as
2645:, p. 6, A.D. Caratzas, University of Michigan,
3420:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 33–35.
2206:Second and third reigns (1402–1411, 1414–1429)
1981:. He arranged a marriage between his daughter
1826:by 1314. Yakub had hostile relations with the
8583:
4685:
3477:
2677:, Vol. 1, p. 527, Cambridge University Press
2350:Exterior of the former Yakub Chelebi Külliye.
2134:and concluding internal conflicts within the
2002:
1794:described Yakub as the most powerful Turkish
1408:
1380:
8:
7217:transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother
6450:Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
5927:Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of
2621:, p. 176, Longman, University of Michigan,
1565:. Kaykhusraw II faced a major defeat by the
3106:
3005:
2981:
2903:
2891:
2800:
1577:, Anatolia came under the influence of the
1409:
27:Turkic Beylik in Anatolia between 1300-1429
8876:States and territories established in 1300
8590:
8576:
8568:
8403:
8285:
8177:
8022:
7905:
7744:
7637:
7510:
7279:
7132:
7008:
6903:
6759:
6596:
6483:
6304:
6112:
5992:
5827:
5666:
5452:
5271:
5199:
5186:
5056:
4750:
4692:
4678:
4670:
4411:
3964:
3797:
3512:
3484:
3470:
3462:
3290:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2395:. Shaykh-oghlu has also authored a prose,
2007:Aksungur Agha, as well as their consorts,
1806:Yakub eventually conquered the regions of
1476:who had immigrated to the west because of
1387:
1373:
266:
54:
38:
6257:Second period of Beylik reconstituted by
2748:
2746:
2588:Ducas, Harry J. Magoulias, Ducas, 1975 ,
2507:Altıntaş: Virancık, Çakır-sazı, Sevdiğin;
1445:was always mentioned as being ethnically
2829:
2498:Yoncalı: Kara-ağaç, Uç-ağacı, Sele-oğlu;
2429:, finalizing the work in February 1390.
5969:Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
4983:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
3118:
2785:
2768:
2531:
2472:
1638:following the execution of his father,
280:
269:
60:Beylik of Germiyan (light red) in 1300.
5581:Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:
3149:
3094:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
2993:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2915:
2867:
2852:
2385:Egyptian National Library and Archives
2126:Before returning to Anatolia from the
2067:Early life and first reign (1387–1390)
2011:Demirhan, and the nanny of Bayezid to
1725:
2099:along with the beyliks of Kastamonu,
188:
178:
174:
148:
136:
124:
112:
108:
100:
7:
6440:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second
5944:Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
4640:
4628:
3385:Germiyan-oğulları tarihi (1300-1429)
3324:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
3211:The Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire
2879:
2709:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 161.
2669:
2667:
2564:Leiser, Gary; Koprulu, Fuat (1992).
7253:Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey
2731:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire
2079:in western Anatolia. Yakub was the
1814:, which were later regained by the
1785:The locations of towns in Anatolia.
1496:, and perhaps headed west with the
1488:. The Germiyanids likely came from
2051:The tomb of Suleiman Shah in Kula.
25:
7462:(1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
6994:Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second
5604:Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
5158:Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
3326:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
3312:Peacock, Andrew Christian Spencer
3249:The Origins of the Ottoman Empire
2757:The Origins of the Ottoman Empire
1887:A view of Kütahya and its castle.
1533:During the 11th century, much of
935:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
30:For the place in Azerbaijan, see
8599:States in late medieval Anatolia
8550:
8461:Important centers and extension:
8327:Important centers and extension:
8227:Important centers and extension:
8069:Important centers and extension:
7967:Important centers and extension:
7689:Important centers and extension:
7562:Important centers and extension:
7265:Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey
7189:Important centers and extension:
7060:Important centers and extension:
6949:Important centers and extension:
6813:Important centers and extension:
6648:Important centers and extension:
6536:Important centers and extension:
6358:Important centers and extension:
6158:Important centers and extension:
6034:Important centers and extension:
5873:Important centers and extension:
5713:Important centers and extension:
5525:Important centers and extension:
5313:Important centers and extension:
5241:Important centers and extension:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4007:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3493:
1766:
1752:
1738:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1682:
1675:
1561:'s rebellion in the area around
1508:area for a while, then moved to
1437:tribe) after the decline of the
1356:
899:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
291:
249:
224:
7794:Important centers and extension
7235:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
7170:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
4754:Important centers and extension
4652:
2703:Bruinessen, Martin van (1992).
2516:Aslan-apa: Kulaksuz, and Güğüm.
2231:
2220:
2167:
2161:Yakub sought the protection of
2036:to the Ottomans as part of the
1909:(charitable endowment) for the
1767:
1711:
1697:
1587:
7259:Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey
7106:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
7041:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
3435:Varlık, Mustafa Çetin (2013).
3408:Varlık, Mustafa Çetin (1996).
3382:Varlık, Mustafa Çetin (1974).
2675:The Cambridge History of Egypt
2269:Siege of Constantinople (1422)
1970:took refuge at his court from
1913:(congregational place for the
1683:
755:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
1:
7247:Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey
5067:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
3316:"Saljuqs iii. Saljuqs of Rum"
2729:Gabor Agoston-Bruce Masters,
2566:Origins of the Ottoman Empire
2196:
1929:of the village of Hacim near
1917:) of Karahisar. According to
1739:
1575:division of the Mongol Empire
1512:, where they established the
325:
4498:Intangible cultural heritage
3844:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3676:Proclamation of the republic
3137:Turkish Language Association
2501:Sazanos: Hisar çavdar, Ağar;
2389:
2377:
2327:
2234: 1398–99, 1402–20
1921:, he possibly owned another
1753:
8896:History of Kütahya Province
8820:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6576:Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan
6329:, commander descended from
3769:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2463:on the orders of Yakub II.
2440:(compatriot) of Yakub. The
2434:
1620:Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)
1270:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
985:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
8917:
5015:Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
5010:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
3600:Conquest of Constantinople
3445:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
3418:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
3202:Edinburgh University Press
3176:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
2617:Peter Malcolm Holt, 1986,
2510:Simav: Yenice, Kara-abdal;
2251:When Mehmed Chelebi's son
2059:
1951:
1623:
29:
8545:
8416:
8402:
8298:
8284:
8190:
8176:
8035:
8021:
7918:
7904:
7757:
7743:
7650:
7636:
7523:
7509:
7292:
7278:
7145:
7131:
7021:
7007:
6916:
6902:
6772:
6758:
6715:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
6609:
6595:
6496:
6482:
6416:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha
6317:
6303:
6125:
6111:
6005:
5991:
5938:Erzincan and Kemah Branch
5840:
5826:
5679:
5665:
5465:
5451:
5284:
5270:
5212:
5198:
5185:
4749:
4707:
4599:
4107:The constitutional system
3639:Second Constitutional Era
3624:Decline and modernization
3340:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı
3194:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
3166:Bilecik, Gülberk (2013).
2488:These settlements were:
1803:this number exaggerated.
1151:Decline and modernization
1101:Periods of Ottoman Empire
203:
199:
175:
161:
109:
53:
48:
7158:, frontier rulers under
7118:Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah
6784:, brother-in-law of the
6337:in the imperial army of
5032:Battle of Iconium (1190)
4090:Ministry of the Interior
4075:Administrative divisions
3634:First Constitutional Era
3443:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
3416:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
3272:"Germiyān-Og̲h̲ullari̊̊"
3174:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
3168:"Yâkub Çelebi Külliyesi"
2513:Kula: Akça-in, Balçıklu;
2176:in disguise through the
1919:İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı
1504:, they remained in the
1419:Germiyanoğulları Beyliği
8383:Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey
8265:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
8208:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
8200:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
8008:Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi
7936:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
7160:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
7067:Kula (District), Manisa
6930:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6788:governor for Anatolia,
6517:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6339:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
5954:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
5952:Incorporation into the
5026:Battle of Myriokephalon
4701:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
4037:Parliamentary elections
3839:Eastern Anatolia Region
3834:Central Anatolia Region
3516:Ancient and Middle Ages
3298:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2539:İnalcık, Halil (1993).
2399:, and a verse romance,
1790:Contemporary historian
1664:Tripolis on the Meander
1581:, which was founded by
8871:1429 disestablishments
8522:Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey
8145:Giyas al-Din Halil Bey
7996:Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey
7928:Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî
7320:Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
6982:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
6926:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
6877:Giyath al-Din Muhammad
6739:Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey
6697:Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey
6422:Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey
6327:Şemseddin Yaman Candar
6098:Melikshah bin Muhammed
5020:Battle of Mount Cadmus
4992:Wars and major battles
4208:Science and technology
4042:Presidential elections
3523:Prehistory of Anatolia
2504:Tavşanlı: Çukur-viran;
2351:
2292:
2202:
2052:
2003:
1888:
1650:. His domain included
1549:, an Islamic state in
1541:rule. A branch of the
1502:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
1418:
1322:Constitutional history
1207:Provisional government
1161:Defeat and dissolution
311:Prehistory of Anatolia
191:• Disestablished
8845:Philaretos Brachamios
8002:Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey
7496:Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey
7112:Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey
6889:Mehmed Bey the Second
6709:Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey
6469:Kemaleddin Ismail Bey
5422:Muhammed bin Begtimur
5173:Shams al-Din Isfahani
5148:Shams al-Din Altınapa
5103:Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
4999:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
4203:Free trade agreements
4085:Intelligence Services
3882:North Anatolian Fault
2673:Carl F. Petry, 1998,
2349:
2290:
2191:
2050:
1886:
1500:. After the death of
1405:Old Anatolian Turkish
765:Kingdom of Cappadocia
321:Palaeolithic Anatolia
80:Old Anatolian Turkish
76:Common languages
8267:(1275–1288) and sons
7533:Melik Danişmend Gazi
7484:Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed
7460:Sultanzâde Mehmet II
7454:Nasreddin Mehmed Bey
7408:Alâeddin Halil Mirza
6988:Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey
6745:Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey
6691:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
6629:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
6582:Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey
6564:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
6506:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
6463:Taceddin Ibrahim Bey
6275:İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey
6202:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
6135:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
5977:Beylik destroyed by
5917:Mengücekli Ishak Bey
5594:Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey
5588:Müinüddin Sökmen Bey
5497:Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
5168:Mu'in al-Din Parwana
5121:Other notable people
5076:Writers and scholars
4587:World heritage sites
4112:Turkish Armed Forces
3997:Constitutional Court
3911:Flora and vegetation
3889:Environmental issues
3877:East Anatolian Fault
3824:Mediterranean Region
3209:Foss, Clive (2022).
2448:was translated into
2361:Shaykh-oghlu Mustafa
2227:Mehmed II of Karaman
2056:Yakub II (1387–1429)
1958:Suleiman of Germiyan
1782:class=notpageimage|
1431:Oghuz Turkish tribes
931:Eastern Roman Empire
32:Germiyan, Azerbaijan
8835:Knights Hospitaller
8830:Empire of Trebizond
8504:Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey
8378:Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
7724:Inançoğlu Ishak Bey
7414:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
7402:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
7241:Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey
6428:Candaroğlu Adil Bey
6214:Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey
6187:(between 1336–1344)
6086:Nâsırüddin Muhammed
6068:Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım
5617:Hüsameddin Timurtaş
5571:temporarily in 1117
5098:Siraj al-Din Urmavi
4156:Banking and Finance
3774:History of Anatolia
3671:War of Independence
3663:Republic of Türkiye
3560:Battle of Manzikert
3245:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
3121:, pp. 279–280.
2753:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
2212:Ottoman Interregnum
2157:Restoration of rule
2075:, the ruler of the
1830:, and provoked the
1660:Nicephorus Gregoras
1626:Yakub I of Germiyan
1429:established by the
1425:) were a prominent
1275:History of Anatolia
1197:War of Independence
1025:Empire of Trebizond
889:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
336:Mesolithic Anatolia
181:• Established
8891:History of Kütahya
8709:Kadi Burhan al-Din
8528:Tekeoğlu Osman Bey
8510:Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey
8498:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
8437:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
7779:castle and nearby
7660:Germiyanlı Ali Bey
7466:Bengi Alâeddin Ali
7442:Seyfeddin Süleyman
7372:Kerîmeddin Karaman
7219:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
7154:Hamid and his son
6434:Celaleddin Bayezid
6269:Aydınoğlu Umur Bey
6263:Aydınoğlu Musa Bey
5813:Nasreddin Muhammed
5506:Three branches in
5474:Eksük and his son
5410:Seyfeddin Begtimur
5392:Ibrahim bin Sökmen
5093:Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
5043:Battle of Elbistan
5037:Battle of Köse Dağ
4213:Telecommunications
4002:Court of Cassation
3703:Multi-party period
3612:Ottoman Old Regime
3533:Byzantine Anatolia
3528:Classical Anatolia
3410:"Germiyanoğulları"
2639:Marios Philippides
2419:first devoted his
2352:
2293:
2203:
2113:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2053:
1962:Mehmed, nicknamed
1954:Mehmed of Germiyan
1889:
1571:Battle of Köse Dağ
1317:Diplomatic history
1229:Multi-party period
1179:Republic of Turkey
955:Great Seljuk State
945:Rashidun Caliphate
730:Classical Anatolia
348:Neolithic Anatolia
8886:Anatolian beyliks
8858:
8857:
8565:
8564:
8557:Turkey portal
8541:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8516:Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey
8476:between 1361–1373
8474:Kingdom of Cyprus
8398:
8397:
8280:
8279:
8172:
8171:
8017:
8016:
7900:
7899:
7858:between 1300–1314
7739:
7738:
7632:
7631:
7505:
7504:
7274:
7273:
7127:
7126:
7089:between 1300–1368
7031:Kerimüddin Alişir
7003:
7002:
6898:
6897:
6754:
6753:
6591:
6590:
6508:, commander from
6478:
6477:
6299:
6298:
6220:Aydınoğlu Isa Bey
6107:
6106:
5987:
5986:
5822:
5821:
5661:
5660:
5652:Sökmen the Second
5646:Nureddin Muhammed
5447:
5446:
5404:Sökmen the Second
5398:Ahmed bin Ibrahim
5266:
5265:
5192:Anatolian beyliks
5181:
5180:
5163:Manuel Maurozomes
5153:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
5116:
5115:
5088:Haji Bektash Veli
4667:
4666:
4595:
4594:
4137:
4136:
4080:Foreign relations
4054:Political parties
3954:
3953:
3787:
3786:
3779:History of Thrace
3681:Atatürk's reforms
3572:Anatolian beyliks
3454:978-975-389-754-9
3427:978-975-389-441-8
3241:(limited preview)
3185:978-975-389-754-9
3097:, pp. 78–79.
3080:, pp. 76–77.
3068:, pp. 75–76.
3044:, pp. 71–72.
3020:, pp. 68–69.
2945:, pp. 59–60.
2933:, pp. 61–63.
2894:, pp. 43–44.
2855:, pp. 33–35.
2739:978-0-8160-6259-1
2716:978-1-85649-018-4
2691:978-0-521-63313-0
2659:978-0-89241-430-7
2606:978-0-8143-1540-8
2257:governor of Hamid
2178:Mediterranean Sea
2093:Ottoman Sultanate
2001:, Mehmed Efendi,
1668:George Pachymeres
1460:from the east of
1456:, brought by the
1397:
1396:
1363:Turkey portal
1280:History of Thrace
1237:
1236:
1187:Periods of Turkey
1169:
1168:
1083:
1082:
995:Anatolian beyliks
921:Medieval Anatolia
903:
902:
805:Kingdom of Pontus
795:Ptolemaic Kingdom
745:Achaemenid Empire
712:
711:
585:
584:
358:
357:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
237:
236:
151:• 1387–1429
139:• 1361–1387
127:• 1340–1361
115:• 1300–1340
16:(Redirected from
8908:
8825:Empire of Nicaea
8815:Byzantine Empire
8808:Christian states
8764:Sultanate of Rum
8592:
8585:
8578:
8569:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8404:
8286:
8178:
8023:
7990:Süleyman Pervâne
7947:Süleyman Pervâne
7906:
7745:
7720:(~1314 - ?)
7638:
7511:
7478:Sultanzâde Ishak
7436:Burhaneddin Musa
7390:Bedreddin Mahmut
7280:
7133:
7009:
6928:, regent to the
6904:
6883:Alâeddin Ali Bey
6760:
6597:
6484:
6305:
6113:
5993:
5828:
5777:Gazi Gümüshtigin
5667:
5611:Necmeddin Ilgazi
5453:
5432:Important works:
5272:
5200:
5187:
5057:
4846:Kilij Arslan III
4751:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4655:
4654:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4619:
4618:
4607:
4412:
4297:Cities and towns
4278:Turkish language
4233:Turkish Airlines
4049:Electoral system
4012:Council of State
3965:
3899:Waste management
3829:Black Sea Region
3807:
3798:
3752:Turkic migration
3698:One-party period
3567:Sultanate of Rum
3513:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3458:
3431:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3320:Yarshater, Ehsan
3307:
3274:
3262:
3237:
3224:
3205:
3189:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:Uzunçarşılı 1969
3104:
3098:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3006:Uzunçarşılı 1969
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2982:Uzunçarşılı 1969
2979:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2904:Uzunçarşılı 1969
2901:
2895:
2892:Uzunçarşılı 1969
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2833:
2827:
2804:
2801:Uzunçarşılı 1969
2798:
2789:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2671:
2662:
2636:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2519:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2462:
2439:
2427:Suleiman Chelebi
2394:
2382:
2330:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2182:Battle of Ankara
2171:
2170: 1370–1405
2169:
2136:Byzantine Empire
2097:Battle of Kosovo
2006:
1938:Mamluk Sultanate
1903:. Yakub owned a
1844:
1800:Byzantine Empire
1770:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1591:
1589:
1547:Sultanate of Rum
1439:Sultanate of Rûm
1427:Anatolian beylik
1423:Germiyan Beyliği
1412:
1411:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1327:Cultural history
1312:Military history
1307:Economic history
1253:Turkic migration
1217:One-party period
1193:
1192:
1107:
1106:
1005:County of Edessa
975:Sultanate of Rum
937:Empire of Nicaea
927:
926:
741:
740:
735:Classical Thrace
600:
599:
437:Achaeans (Homer)
373:
372:
340:c. 11,000–
327:
317:
316:
295:
285:
267:
253:
252:
241:
240:
232:Sultanate of Rûm
228:
227:
221:
220:
205:
204:
58:
39:
21:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8850:Zaccaria family
8803:
8602:
8596:
8566:
8561:
8551:
8549:
8533:
8524:(~1360 - ~1375)
8486:
8456:
8412:
8394:
8360:
8322:
8294:
8276:
8271:Nusreddin Ahmed
8253:
8222:
8186:
8168:
8085:
8064:
8031:
8013:
7978:
7962:
7959:
7914:
7896:
7893:(~1340 - ~1360)
7887:(~1320 - ~1340)
7881:(~1282 - ~1320)
7875:(~1261 - ~1282)
7861:
7789:
7753:
7735:
7714:(~1300 - ~1314)
7700:
7684:
7646:
7628:
7593:
7557:
7519:
7501:
7424:Fahreddin Ahmed
7360:
7288:
7270:
7223:
7184:
7141:
7123:
7094:
7087:Beylik of Lâdik
7055:
7017:
6999:
6970:
6944:
6912:
6894:
6859:
6808:
6768:
6750:
6679:
6643:
6605:
6587:
6566:(1309 - ?)
6552:
6531:
6492:
6474:
6445:
6404:
6353:
6313:
6295:
6249:the Thunderbolt
6225:
6190:
6153:
6121:
6103:
6080:Izzeddin Saltuk
6050:
6029:
6001:
5983:
5958:
5933:
5899:
5868:
5836:
5818:
5771:Danishmend Gazi
5759:
5708:
5689:Danishmend Gazi
5675:
5657:
5633:Harput Dynasty:
5628:
5599:
5576:
5520:
5461:
5443:
5427:
5386:Sökmen el Kutbi
5374:
5308:
5294:Sökmen el Kutbi
5280:
5262:
5236:
5208:
5194:
5177:
5112:
5071:
5048:
5004:Siege of Nicaea
4987:
4971:
4886:Kilij Arslan IV
4840:Süleymanshah II
4828:Kilij Arslan II
4792:
4745:
4703:
4698:
4668:
4663:
4591:
4410:
4406:Women in Turkey
4374:Law enforcement
4328:
4324:Life expectancy
4290:Islam in Turkey
4244:
4133:
4095:National Police
4063:
4018:
3950:
3941:Turkish Riviera
3848:
3805:
3804:
3783:
3740:
3707:
3686:Language reform
3657:
3576:
3537:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3455:
3434:
3428:
3407:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3310:
3265:
3259:
3243:
3227:
3221:
3208:
3192:
3186:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2836:
2828:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2672:
2665:
2637:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2456:
2397:Kanz al-kubarāʾ
2357:
2341:encaustic tiles
2303:
2298:
2261:Mustafa Chelebi
2230:
2219:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2166:
2159:
2151:Anatolia Eyalet
2069:
2064:
2058:
1983:Devletşah Hatun
1960:
1952:Main articles:
1950:
1893:Khan-i Germiyan
1838:
1816:Catalan Company
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1666:, according to
1658:, according to
1628:
1622:
1586:
1537:was subject to
1531:
1526:
1470:
1393:
1357:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1332:Genetic history
1247:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1084:
925:
915:
905:
904:
895:Sasanian Empire
855:Armenian Empire
845:Parthian Empire
825:Attalid kingdom
785:Seleucid Empire
739:
724:
714:
713:
597:
587:
586:
397:Akkadian Empire
370:
360:
359:
353:
352:c. 8,000–
341:
329:
315:
305:
283:
276:
250:
225:
192:
182:
152:
140:
128:
116:
61:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8914:
8912:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8863:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8739:Ottoman Empire
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8639:Candaroğulları
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8572:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8482:Teke Peninsula
8479:
8464:
8462:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8375:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8289:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8268:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8218:Afyonkarahisar
8215:
8213:
8210:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8181:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7909:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:Muğla Province
7797:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7657:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7641:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7338:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7283:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7012:
7005:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6907:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6850:Şebinkarahisar
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6763:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:Hasan Dulkadir
6616:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6600:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6457:Isfendiyar Bey
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6418:(1309 - ~1340)
6412:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6310:Candaroğulları
6308:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:with intervals
6272:
6266:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6243:Ottoman Empire
6239:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6116:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6074:Ziyâüddin Gazi
6071:
6070:(1102 - ~1124)
6065:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5963:Divriği Branch
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5895:Şebinkarahisar
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5831:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5591:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4898:Kaykhusraw III
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4810:Kilij Arslan I
4807:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4523:Radio stations
4520:
4515:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Turkish people
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4223:Transportation
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:National parks
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:Climate change
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Marmara Region
3810:
3808:
3806:(west to east)
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3719:Constitutional
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3607:Transformation
3604:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3582:Ottoman Empire
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3432:
3426:
3405:
3379:
3358:
3336:
3308:
3263:
3257:
3238:
3236:. Brill: 7–25.
3225:
3219:
3206:
3190:
3184:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3139:. p. 195.
3135:(in Turkish).
3123:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2882:, p. 210.
2872:
2870:, p. 279.
2857:
2834:
2805:
2790:
2773:
2761:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2663:
2631:
2610:
2581:
2574:
2568:. p. 37.
2556:
2549:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2363:, who was the
2356:
2353:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2223: 1413–21
2216:Mehmed Chelebi
2207:
2204:
2158:
2155:
2149:(governor) of
2083:(governor) of
2068:
2065:
2060:Main article:
2057:
2054:
1949:
1946:
1863:Afyonkarahisar
1857:begs in 1325,
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1732:Afyonkarahisar
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1640:Kaykhusraw III
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1590: 1256–65
1543:Seljuk dynasty
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1484:branch of the
1469:
1466:
1433:(probably the
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:(1945–present)
1231:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:Transformation
1127:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
941:
940:
933:
924:
923:
917:
916:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
865:Roman Republic
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
738:
737:
732:
726:
725:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
688:859–595/585 BC
686:
680:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
598:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
582:
581:859–595/585 BC
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
344:
343:
338:
332:
331:
328:500,000–
323:
314:
313:
307:
306:
301:
300:
297:
296:
288:
287:
278:
277:
270:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
247:
245:Ottoman Empire
238:
235:
234:
229:
217:
216:
211:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
166:Historical era
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8913:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8659:Danishmendids
8657:
8655:
8654:Çubukoğulları
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:Muslim states
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8581:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8558:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8283:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8175:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7783:, later also
7782:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:successively
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7006:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6747:(1507- ~1525)
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6604:(1348- ~1525)
6603:
6598:
6594:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:, later also
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5623:Necmeddin Alp
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:(1081 - 1092)
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Gevher Nesibe
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4962:) (1303–1307)
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:) (1301–1303)
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:) (1294–1301)
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:) (1293–1294)
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:) (1284–1293)
4921:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4874:Kaykhusraw II
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4858:) (1205–1211)
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Air pollution
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Aegean Region
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Turkification
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:Classical Age
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:Seljuk Empire
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3258:0-7914-0819-1
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3220:9780198865438
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:, p. 35.
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3109:, p. 51.
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3056:, p. 75.
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3032:, p. 72.
3031:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3008:, p. 47.
3007:
3002:
2999:
2996:, p. 67.
2995:
2990:
2987:
2984:, p. 46.
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:, p. 66.
2968:
2963:
2960:
2957:, p. 65.
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:, p. 61.
2917:
2912:
2909:
2906:, p. 45.
2905:
2900:
2897:
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2862:
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2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Mélikoff 1965
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:, p. 54.
2802:
2797:
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2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:, p. 22.
2770:
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2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
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2699:
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2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:0-521-63313-3
2680:
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2670:
2668:
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2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:0-89241-430-8
2648:
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2628:
2627:0-582-49303-X
2624:
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2607:
2603:
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2598:0-8143-1540-2
2595:
2591:
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2575:9781438410432
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2383:(kept by the
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2019:
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1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1942:Evliya Çelebi
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Mevlevi Order
1912:
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1828:Ottoman state
1825:
1821:
1818:. Similarly,
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1594:Mamluk Sultan
1584:
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1567:Mongol Empire
1564:
1560:
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1555:Kaykhusraw II
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1121:Classical Age
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878:
876:
873:
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868:
866:
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859:190 BC–428 AD
858:
856:
853:
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849:247 BC–224 AD
848:
846:
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842:
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836:
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828:
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748:
746:
743:
742:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:Classical Age
718:
717:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:Median Empire
692:
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682:
681:
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194:
184:
171:
170:Late Medieval
168:
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145:
142:
133:
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121:
118:
104:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8840:Latin Empire
8769:Sahib Ataids
8749:Qara Qoyunlu
8688:
8601:(after 1071)
8530:(~1375–1390)
8512:(? - ?)
8472:lost to the
8471:
8183:Sahib Ataids
8135:(? - ?)
8129:(? - ?)
7873:Menteshe Bey
7846:temporarily
7800:present-day
7767:Menteshe Bey
7752:(~1261–1424)
7730:Süleyman Bey
7718:Murad Arslan
7645:(~1300–1368)
7623:Süleyman Bey
7448:Alâeddin Ali
7417:
7287:(~1250–1487)
7261:(? - ?)
7255:(? - ?)
7249:(? - ?)
7237:(~1280–1324)
7140:(~1280–1374)
7085:
7013:
6721:Melik Arslan
6578:(? - ?)
6572:(? - ?)
6515:clan of the
6398:
6312:(~1300–1461)
6278:
6216:(? - ?)
6076:(~1124–1132)
5911:Mengücek Bey
5850:Mengücek Bey
5807:Melik Ismail
5795:Melik Zünnun
5789:Melik Mehmed
5654:(? - ?)
5648:(? - ?)
5570:
5400:(? - ?)
5394:(? - ?)
5133:Gurju Khatun
4959:
4949:
4946:Kayqubad III
4939:
4929:
4926:Kayqubad III
4919:
4910:Kayqubad III
4855:
4852:Kaykhusraw I
4834:Kaykhusraw I
4656:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4493:Illumination
4429:Architecture
4357:Human rights
4345:Universities
4263:Ethnic Kurds
4250:Demographics
4161:Construction
3440:
3413:
3397:. Retrieved
3384:
3371:. Retrieved
3349:
3344:
3328:. Retrieved
3323:
3295:
3288:
3267:Mélikoff, I.
3248:
3233:
3229:
3210:
3197:
3171:
3160:Bibliography
3145:
3132:
3126:
3119:Bilecik 2013
3114:
3102:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2786:Peacock 2000
2769:Kafadar 2007
2764:
2756:
2730:
2725:
2705:
2698:
2674:
2642:
2634:
2618:
2613:
2589:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2484:
2475:
2445:
2431:
2422:Iskendername
2420:
2401:Khurshīdnāme
2400:
2396:
2391:Marzbān-nāme
2358:
2304:
2301:Architecture
2250:
2242:Musa Chelebi
2209:
2160:
2144:
2125:
2080:
2070:
2009:Chavushbashi
1976:
1963:
1961:
1935:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1820:Philadelphia
1805:
1789:
1644:Kayqubad III
1629:
1532:
1518:
1471:
1441:. While the
1422:
1400:
1398:
1337:LGBT history
1295:Christianity
1065:Kara Koyunlu
1035:Latin Empire
913:Medieval Age
885:Ancient Rome
879:163 BC–72 AD
614:Neo-Hittites
527:Neo-Hittites
511:1300–1250 BC
491:1500–1290 BC
481:1500–1300 BC
471:1500–1320 BC
461:1680–1220 BC
451:1650–1450 BC
441:1700–1300 BC
431:1780–1680 BC
421:1950–1750 BC
411:2300–1400 BC
401:2400–2150 BC
391:2500–2000 BC
214:Succeeded by
213:
208:
36:
8789:Tanrıbermiş
8784:Tacettinids
8779:Sarukhanids
8759:Shah-Armens
8744:Pervâneoğlu
8729:Mengüjekids
8689:Germiyanids
8669:Dulkadirids
8411:(1301–1423)
8391:(1388–1390)
8374:(1302–1345)
8372:Saruhan Bey
8308:Saruhan Bey
8293:(1302–1410)
8291:Sarukhanids
8273:(1288–1341)
8185:(1275–1341)
8153:(1511–1516)
8147:(1490–1511)
8117:(1417–1427)
8111:(1416–1417)
8109:Ibrahim Bey
8097:Ibrahim Bey
8045:Ramazan Bey
8030:(1352–1516)
8010:(1300–1326)
8004:(1296–1300)
7998:(1277–1296)
7992:(1261–1277)
7913:(1261–1322)
7911:Pervâneoğlu
7732:(1345–1368)
7726:(? - ~1360)
7625:(1345–1360)
7619:(1328–1345)
7613:(1328–1345)
7607:(1307–1328)
7518:(1303–1360)
7498:(1483–1487)
7492:(1469–1483)
7486:(1464–1469)
7474:(1424–1464)
7468:(1418–1424)
7456:(1398–1399)
7450:(1357–1398)
7444:(1356–1357)
7438:(1351–1356)
7432:(1350–1351)
7426:(1349–1350)
7420:(1348–1349)
7410:(1333–1348)
7404:(1312–1333)
7398:(1308–1312)
7392:(1300–1308)
7386:(1283–1300)
7380:(1261–1283)
7374:(1256–1261)
7243:(1324–1330)
7120:(1361–1387)
7114:(1340–1361)
7108:(1300–1340)
7016:(1300–1429)
7014:Germiyanids
6996:(1320–1326)
6990:(1302–1320)
6984:(1288–1302)
6911:(1288–1326)
6891:(1380–1381)
6885:(1365–1380)
6879:(1352–1365)
6873:(1328–1352)
6767:(1328–1381)
6741:(1492–1507)
6717:(1443–1454)
6711:(1396–1443)
6705:(1386–1396)
6699:(1348–1386)
6693:(1348–1348)
6602:Dulkadirids
6491:(1227–1309)
6471:(1443–1461)
6465:(1440–1443)
6459:(1385–1440)
6442:(1384–1392)
6436:(1361–1385)
6430:(1340–1361)
6424:(1340–1345)
6399:temporarily
6335:Oghuz Turks
6277:(1405–1425
6271:(1403–1405)
6265:(1402–1403)
6210:(1334–1348)
6204:(1307–1334)
6185:Sakız/Chios
6120:(1307–1425)
6100:(1200–1202)
6094:(1191–1200)
6088:(1168–1191)
6082:(1132–1168)
6064:(1072–1102)
6000:(1072–1202)
5929:Danishmends
5919:(1118–1120)
5913:(1071–1118)
5835:(1071–1277)
5833:Mengujekids
5815:(1175-1178)
5809:(1164–1175)
5803:(1143–1164)
5797:(1142–1143)
5791:(1134–1142)
5785:(1104–1134)
5779:(1084–1104)
5773:(1071–1084)
5674:(1071–1178)
5672:Danishmends
5642:(1112–1124)
5625:(1154–1176)
5619:(1122–1154)
5613:(1106–1122)
5596:(1104–1131)
5590:(1102–1104)
5439:Ahlat Tombs
5424:(1185–1207)
5418:(1193–1197)
5412:(1185–1193)
5406:(1128–1185)
5388:(1100–1112)
5279:(1100–1207)
5277:Shah-Armens
4906:(1282–1284)
4900:(1265–1282)
4894:(1249–1257)
4892:Kayqubad II
4888:(1248–1265)
4882:(1246–1260)
4876:(1237–1246)
4870:(1220–1237)
4864:(1211–1220)
4848:(1204–1205)
4842:(1196–1204)
4836:(1192–1196)
4830:(1156–1192)
4824:(1116–1156)
4818:(1107–1116)
4812:(1092–1107)
4806:(1077–1086)
4646:WikiProject
4577:Video games
4369:Individuals
4362:LGBT rights
4352:Health care
4319:Immigration
4100:Gendarmerie
4059:Referendums
3975:Legislative
3872:Earthquakes
3757:Oghuz Turks
3646:Dissolution
3437:"Yâkub Bey"
3285:Schacht, J.
3281:Pellat, Ch.
3150:Varlık 1996
3095:Varlık 1974
3078:Varlık 1974
3066:Varlık 1974
3054:Varlık 1974
3042:Varlık 1974
3030:Varlık 1974
3018:Varlık 1974
2994:Varlık 1974
2967:Varlık 1974
2955:Varlık 1974
2943:Varlık 1974
2931:Varlık 1974
2916:Varlık 1974
2868:Varlık 2013
2853:Varlık 1996
2457: [
2454:Ahmed-i Dai
2415:. The poet
2210:During the
2200: 1410
2004:emir-i alem
1964:Chakhshadan
1911:mevlevihane
1847:Karacahisar
1845:tribe near
1839: [
1634:became the
1583:Hulegu Khan
1545:formed the
1486:Oghuz Turks
1401:Germiyanids
1258:Oghuz Turks
1223:(1930–1945)
1221:(1923–1930)
1211:(1920–1923)
1201:(1919–1922)
1165:(1908–1922)
1155:(1789–1908)
1145:(1703–1789)
1135:(1566–1703)
1125:(1453–1566)
1115:(1299–1453)
1093:Ottoman Era
1079:(1378–1501)
1069:(1375–1468)
1059:(1256–1335)
1049:(1250–1487)
1039:(1204–1261)
1029:(1204–1461)
1019:(1101–1409)
1009:(1098–1150)
999:(1081–1423)
989:(1078–1375)
979:(1077–1307)
969:(1071–1178)
965:Danishmends
959:(1037–1194)
678:1000–545 BC
668:1000–700 BC
658:1000–560 BC
648:1100–560 BC
638:1150–547 BC
628:1200–700 BC
618:1200–800 BC
608:1200–800 BC
571:1000–545 BC
561:1000–700 BC
551:1150–547 BC
541:1200–700 BC
531:1200–800 BC
521:1200–800 BC
501:1450–350 BC
487:Hayasa-Azzi
381:3000–700 BC
282:History of
209:Preceded by
8865:Categories
8754:Ramadanids
8714:Karamanids
8664:Dilmachids
8619:Aq Qoyunlu
8389:Hızır Shah
8151:Hahmud Bey
8133:Dündar Bey
8121:Mehmed Bey
8051:Oghuz clan
8028:Ramadanids
7852:Güzelhisar
7605:Karesi Bey
7543:Karesi Bey
7472:Ibrahim II
7285:Karamanids
7267:(? - 1391)
7082:Yenicekent
7077:Yenicekent
6871:Eretna Bey
6782:Eretna Bey
6727:Shah Budak
6584:(? - 1309)
6333:branch of
6092:Mama Hatun
6062:Saltuk Bey
6015:Saltuk Bey
5532:Diyarbakır
5143:Baba Ishak
4976:Chronology
4880:Kaykaus II
4868:Kayqubad I
4804:Suleyman I
4727:Suleyman I
4518:Newspapers
4503:Literature
4483:Folk dance
4384:Corruption
4268:Minorities
4196:Renewables
4151:Automotive
3960:Government
3691:Secularism
3359:9751624576
3294:Volume II:
2755:, (1937),
2526:References
2379:Ḳābūs-name
2355:Literature
2195:Germiyan,
2117:Karamanids
1972:Ala al-Din
1865:, fled to
1559:Baba Ishak
1529:Background
1141:Old Regime
1075:Ak Koyunlu
1045:Karamanids
829:282–129 BC
779:306–168 BC
775:Antigonids
769:322–130 BC
759:334–301 BC
749:559–331 BC
708:685–547 BC
698:678–549 BC
447:Kizzuwatna
368:Bronze Age
303:Prehistory
94:Government
8774:Saltukids
8684:Eshrefids
8649:Chobanids
8452:Korkuteli
8426:Hamidoğlu
8420:Ancestors
8340:Kemalpaşa
8163:Kubad Bey
8157:Selim Bey
8127:Eyluk Bey
8115:Hamza Bey
8103:Ahmed Bey
7712:Inanç Bey
7670:Inanç Bey
7617:Yahşı Han
7611:Demir Han
7553:Balıkesir
7430:Şemseddin
7418:2nd reign
7396:Yahşı Han
7302:Nure Sûfi
7211:Korkuteli
7156:Ilyas Bey
7149:Ancestors
6909:Eshrefids
6790:Timurtash
6570:Alp Yürek
6543:Kastamonu
6527:Kastamonu
6489:Chobanids
6349:Kastamonu
6259:Tamerlane
6252:1402–1414
6247:Bayezid I
5998:Saltukids
5922:1120–1142
5801:Yağıbasan
5783:Emir Gazi
5750:Kastamonu
5640:Belek Bey
5537:Hasankeyf
5508:Hasankeyf
5469:Ancestors
5460:(1102 - )
5335:Adilcevaz
5325:Malazgirt
5138:Sâhib Ata
4966:Mesud III
4960:4th reign
4950:3rd reign
4940:3rd reign
4930:2nd reign
4920:2nd reign
4862:Kaykaus I
4856:2nd reign
4816:Melikshah
4717:Qutalmish
4572:TV series
4530:Miniature
4473:Festivals
4389:Terrorism
4340:Education
4273:Languages
4117:Air Force
4032:Elections
3980:Executive
3926:Mountains
3793:Geography
3712:Overviews
3651:Partition
3617:Tulip era
3399:8 January
3373:8 January
3368:563553149
3304:495469475
3277:Lewis, B.
2880:Foss 2022
2446:Tabirname
2371:works to
2146:beylerbey
2103:, Aydın,
1859:Timurtash
1656:Karahisar
1579:Ilkhanate
1535:West Asia
1474:Turkomans
1055:Ilkhanate
949:(637–656)
875:Commagene
869:133–27 BC
839:281–64 BC
819:297–74 BC
809:302–64 BC
799:305–30 BC
789:305–64 BC
330:10,000 BC
86:Religion
49:1300–1429
8881:Germiyan
8734:Menteshe
8719:Karasids
8699:Hamidids
8694:Hacıemir
8679:Erzincan
8674:Eretnids
8634:Aydinids
8629:Artuqids
8506:(?-1327)
8500:(1301-?)
8491:Dynasty:
8441:Capitals
8244:Sandıklı
8239:Beyşehir
8165:(1517-?)
8141:(?-1490)
8139:Omer Bey
8123:(1427-?)
8105:(?-1416)
8099:(1344-?)
8090:Dynasty:
8054:Capitals
7983:Dynasty:
7922:Ancestor
7866:Dynasty:
7837:Bozdoğan
7827:Acıpayam
7771:Capitals
7750:Menteshe
7705:Dynasty:
7654:Ancestor
7598:Dynasty:
7569:Aydıncık
7527:Ancestor
7516:Karasids
7378:Mehmet I
7365:Dynasty:
7324:Capitals
7296:Ancestor
7228:Dynasty:
7206:Gölhisar
7201:Uluborlu
7138:Hamidids
7099:Dynasty:
7025:Ancestor
6975:Dynasty:
6966:Bolvadin
6956:Beyşehir
6940:Beyşehir
6864:Dynasty:
6845:Erzincan
6802:, later
6786:Ilkhanid
6765:Eretnids
6733:Şahsuvar
6729:(?-1492)
6703:Sûli Bey
6684:Dynasty:
6639:Elbistan
6613:Ancestor
6557:Dynasty:
6548:Taşköprü
6409:Dynasty:
6291:Murad II
6222:(- 1390)
6208:Umur Beg
6195:Dynasty:
6175:Alaşehir
6147:, later
6139:Capitals
6118:Aydinids
6055:Dynasty:
5904:Dynasty:
5880:Erzincan
5860:Erzincan
5854:Capitals
5764:Dynasty:
5693:Capitals
5501:Capitals
5458:Artuqids
5416:Aksungur
5379:Dynasty:
5345:Eleşkirt
5108:Ibn Bibi
4956:Mesud II
4936:Mesud II
4916:Mesud II
4904:Mesud II
4711:Ancestor
4622:Category
4560:Football
4545:Painting
4488:Folklore
4396:Marriage
4302:Istanbul
4285:Religion
4238:Railways
4228:Aviation
4166:Currency
4024:Politics
3992:Judicial
3968:Branches
3946:Wildlife
3736:Military
3724:Economic
3629:Tanzimat
3342:(1969).
3314:(2000).
3287:(eds.).
3269:(1965).
3247:(1992).
3230:Muqarnas
3196:(1996).
3133:Belleten
2733:, p. 41
2405:Istanbul
2365:nishanji
2337:Anatolia
2321:(tomb),
2253:Murad II
2121:Beyşehir
2105:Menteshe
2077:Aydinids
2062:Yakub II
2034:Tavşanlı
1979:Ottomans
1897:Sandıklı
1855:Eshrefid
1792:al-Umari
1632:Mesud II
1551:Anatolia
1447:Turkoman
1349:Timeline
1285:Religion
1246:By topic
1015:Artuqids
815:Bithynia
664:Tuwanuwa
595:Iron Age
557:Tuwanuwa
457:Hittites
387:Hattians
354:5,500 BC
342:9,000 BC
273:a series
271:Part of
156:Yakub II
144:Suleiman
97:Monarchy
43:Germiyan
18:Germiyan
8799:Tzachas
8704:Inalids
8468:Antalya
8447:Antalya
8431:Founder
8428:dynasty
8385:(-1388)
8365:Dynasty
8356:Menemen
8346:Akhisar
8334:Demirci
8312:Capital
8302:Founder
8258:Dynasty
8249:Denizli
8234:Akşehir
8212:Capital
8206:of the
8194:Founder
8049:Yüreğir
8039:Founder
7951:Capital
7941:Founder
7934:of the
7891:Ibrahim
7854:, also
7761:Founder
7696:Denizli
7680:Denizli
7674:Capital
7664:Founder
7584:Bigadiç
7579:Edremit
7574:Bergama
7547:Capital
7537:Founder
7345:Karaman
7341:Larende
7336:Ermenek
7314:Founder
7215:Antalya
7196:Eğirdir
7180:Isparta
7174:Capital
7164:Founder
7051:Kütahya
7045:Capital
7035:Founder
6961:Akşehir
6934:Capital
6920:Founder
6825:Kayseri
6804:Kayseri
6794:Capital
6776:Founder
6670:Kayseri
6660:Malatya
6633:Capital
6623:Founder
6521:Capital
6500:Founder
6380:Kalecik
6375:Çankırı
6343:Capital
6321:Founder
6149:Ayasluğ
6129:Founder
6041:Erzurum
6025:Erzurum
6019:Capital
6009:Founder
5885:Divriği
5864:Divriği
5844:Founder
5735:Kayseri
5730:Malatya
5683:Founder
5491:Founder
5486:Türkmen
5478:, from
5340:Başkale
5298:Capital
5288:Founder
5248:Ephesus
5226:Capital
5222:Tzachas
5216:Founder
5205:Tzachas
5053:Culture
4822:Mesud I
4797:Dynasty
4788:Antalya
4777:Malatya
4766:Kayseri
4739:, then
4731:Capital
4721:Founder
4658:Outline
4634:Commons
4567:Theater
4550:Pottery
4466:Ottoman
4461:Cuisine
4439:Ottoman
4416:Culture
4401:Poverty
4333:Society
4218:Tourism
4171:Defense
4143:Economy
3985:Cabinet
3916:Geology
3860:Climate
3802:Regions
3729:Ottoman
3547:Beyliks
3543:Seljuks
3508:History
3394:6807984
3330:2 March
3322:(ed.).
2759:, p. 37
2493:nahiyah
2491:In the
2450:Turkish
2442:Persian
2436:musahib
2373:Turkish
2369:Persian
2328:vakfiye
2323:madrasa
2307:Külliye
2296:Culture
2273:Osman I
2246:Rumelia
2128:Balkans
2101:Saruhan
2095:at the
2030:Eğrigöz
2022:Denizli
2013:Kütahya
1991:Bayezid
1989:'s son
1987:Murad I
1925:at the
1867:Kütahya
1851:Hamidid
1836:Chavdar
1834:of the
1774:Kütahya
1718:Denizli
1704:Malatya
1652:Denizli
1613:Karaman
1597:Baibars
1569:at the
1563:Malatya
1524:History
1510:Kütahya
1506:Malatya
1468:Origins
1462:Malatya
1458:Seljuks
1415:Turkish
1300:Judaism
835:Galatia
654:Aeolis
624:Phrygia
604:Diauehi
537:Phrygia
517:Diauehi
477:Mitanni
427:Kussara
417:Assyria
407:Luwians
120:Yakub I
70:Kütahya
66:Capital
8624:Alaiye
8351:Gördes
8318:Manisa
8204:vizier
8081:Tarsus
7932:vizier
7856:Rhodes
7822:Çameli
7812:Finike
7480:(1464)
7384:Güneri
7331:Ereğli
7306:Afshar
6855:Niksar
6840:Amasya
6665:Harput
6395:Samsun
6370:Eflani
6245:under
6230:Events
6046:Tercan
5755:Ankara
5745:Amasya
5725:Niksar
5704:Niksar
5567:Aleppo
5557:Harput
5552:Midyat
5547:Mardin
5542:Silvan
5516:Harput
5512:Mardin
5360:Bitlis
5355:Tatvan
5320:Silvan
5253:Lesbos
5232:İzmir
5045:(1277)
5039:(1243)
5028:(1176)
5022:(1148)
5006:(1097)
4968:(1307)
4912:(1284)
4783:Alanya
4779:(1178)
4773:(1175)
4610:Portal
4555:Sports
4456:Cinema
4451:Carpet
4434:Seljuk
4424:Anthem
4307:Ankara
4176:Energy
4068:Topics
3936:Rivers
3853:Topics
3745:Topics
3500:Turkey
3451:
3424:
3392:
3366:
3356:
3302:
3283:&
3255:
3217:
3182:
2737:
2713:
2689:
2681:
2657:
2649:
2625:
2604:
2596:
2572:
2547:
2417:Ahmedi
2411:, and
2409:London
2387:) and
2315:masjid
2311:imaret
2281:Edirne
2193:
2141:Ipsala
2132:Serbia
2107:, and
2032:, and
1927:zawiya
1871:Eretna
1832:Tatars
1690:Ankara
1662:, and
1648:Ankara
1636:sultan
1609:Mehmed
1539:Seljuk
1514:beylik
1490:Kerman
1482:Afshar
1478:Mongol
1451:Yezidi
1443:beylik
1435:Afshar
1410:كرميان
684:Urartu
644:Doris
577:Urartu
507:Assuwa
467:Arzawa
284:Turkey
275:on the
132:Mehmed
105:
89:Muslim
8724:Ladik
8644:Canik
8518:(?-?)
8338:Nif (
8159:(?-?)
8076:Adana
8060:Adana
8047:from
7974:Sinop
7957:Sinop
7885:Orhan
7879:Mesut
7848:Aydın
7832:Tavas
7807:Muğla
7785:Balat
7781:Milas
7777:Beçin
7643:Ladik
7589:Ezine
7490:Kasım
7351:Konya
7309:Oghuz
7304:from
7072:Simav
6835:Tokat
6830:Niğde
6820:Sivas
6800:Sivas
6735:(?-?)
6723:(?-?)
6675:Antep
6655:Maraş
6513:Oghuz
6385:Tosya
6365:Sinop
6180:Aydın
6170:İzmir
6145:Birgi
5979:Abaka
5890:Kemah
5740:Tokat
5720:Sivas
5699:Sivas
5483:Oghuz
5480:Döğer
5476:Artuk
5330:Erciş
5304:Ahlat
5258:Chios
4771:Sivas
4761:Konya
4741:Konya
4737:İznik
4540:Names
4535:Music
4508:Media
4379:Crime
4312:İzmir
3921:Lakes
3906:Fauna
3348:[
3318:. In
3275:. In
2467:Notes
2461:]
2444:work
2413:Paris
2319:türbe
2277:Orhan
2265:Iznik
2244:, in
2238:Bursa
2174:Syria
2163:Timur
2109:Hamid
2089:Şuhut
2038:dowry
2026:Simav
2018:atlas
1999:Bursa
1968:Hamid
1869:from
1843:]
1824:jizya
1808:Simav
1746:Simav
1605:Jimri
1601:Egypt
1454:Kurds
1290:Islam
704:Lydia
674:Ionia
634:Caria
567:Ionia
547:Caria
497:Lycia
8794:Teke
8614:Ahis
8409:Teke
7850:and
7842:Çine
7311:clan
7213:and
6510:Kayı
6390:Araç
6331:Kayı
6284:1425
6236:1390
6165:Tire
5972:1277
5947:1228
5562:Palu
5514:and
5488:clan
5370:Hani
5083:Rumi
5060:Arts
4582:Wine
4478:Flag
4181:Coal
4127:Navy
4122:Land
3590:Rise
3545:and
3449:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3401:2024
3390:OCLC
3375:2024
3364:OCLC
3354:ISBN
3332:2024
3300:OCLC
3253:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3180:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2333:waqf
2275:and
2087:and
2085:Uşak
2081:wali
2073:Umur
2042:Kula
1995:kadi
1985:and
1956:and
1931:Uşak
1923:waqf
1906:waqf
1878:Rumi
1853:and
1812:Kula
1810:and
1796:emir
1760:Kula
1654:and
1399:The
1111:Rise
377:Troy
195:1429
185:1300
7817:Kaş
7356:Mut
6261:to
5365:Muş
5350:Van
4446:Art
4191:Oil
4186:Gas
3296:C–G
2452:by
1997:of
1611:of
1599:of
1492:or
1421:or
102:Bey
8867::
8202:,
7416:,
5510:,
4513:TV
3439:.
3412:.
3362:.
3292:.
3279:;
3234:24
3232:.
3200:.
3170:.
3085:^
2974:^
2923:^
2860:^
2837:^
2808:^
2793:^
2776:^
2745:^
2685:,
2666:^
2653:,
2641:,
2600:,
2459:tr
2407:,
2375:,
2317:,
2313:,
2259:,
2232:r.
2221:r.
2197:c.
2168:r.
2153:.
2028:,
2020:,
1841:tr
1670:.
1588:r.
1516:.
1417::
1413:;
1407::
326:c.
8591:e
8584:t
8577:v
8478:)
8470:(
8342:)
7938:)
7930:(
7347:)
7343:(
7091:)
7084:(
6401:)
6397:(
6281:)
5573:)
5569:(
4958:(
4948:(
4938:(
4928:(
4918:(
4854:(
4693:e
4686:t
4679:v
3485:e
3478:t
3471:v
3457:.
3430:.
3403:.
3377:.
3334:.
3306:.
3261:.
3223:.
3204:.
3188:.
2832:.
2788:.
2719:.
2578:.
2553:.
2229:(
2218:(
2165:(
1585:(
1403:(
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
939:)
34:.
20:)
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