996:. The vehicles, instead of running on a pair of tracks, would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube (permanent magnets in the track, with variable magnets on the vehicle), and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels. He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to 2,500 mph (4,000 km/h)—about five times faster than a jet airliner—if the air was evacuated from the tunnels. To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted.
509:, Princeton, and other schools. The Hampshire lecture was facilitated by O'Leary, by now an assistant professor of astronomy and science policy assessment at the institution; in 1976, he joined O'Neill's research group at Princeton. Many students and staff attending the lectures became enthusiastic about the possibility of living in space. Another outlet for O'Neill to explore his ideas was with his children; on walks in the forest they speculated about life in a space colony. His paper finally appeared in the September 1974 issue of
798:. When prices dropped in the early 1980s, funding for space solar power research dried up. His plan had also been based on NASA's estimates for the flight rate and launch cost of the Space Shuttle, numbers that turned out to have been wildly optimistic. His 1977 book quoted a Space Shuttle launch cost of $ 10 million, but in 1981 the subsidized price given to commercial customers started at $ 38 million. A 1985 accounting of the full cost of a launch in 1985 raised this as high as $ 180 million per flight.
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463:. To give them something relevant to study, he began using examples from the Apollo program as applications of elementary physics. O'Neill posed the question during an extra seminar he gave to a few of his students: "Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization?" His students' research convinced him that the answer was no.
688:, he laid out his case for an Apollo-style program for building power plants in space. He returned to Ames in June 1976 and 1977 to lead studies on space manufacturing. In these studies, NASA developed detailed plans to establish bases on the Moon where space-suited workers would mine the mineral resources needed to build space colonies and solar power satellites.
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447:. He applied to the Astronaut Corps after NASA opened it up to civilian scientists in 1966. Later, when asked why he wanted to go on the Moon missions, he said, "to be alive now and not take part in it seemed terribly myopic". He was put through NASA's rigorous mental and physical examinations. During this time he met
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standard now enjoyed only by the most fortunate; protecting the biosphere from damage caused by transportation and industrial pollution; finding high quality living space for a world population that is doubling every 35 years; finding clean, practical energy sources; preventing overload of Earth's heat balance.
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Someone in NASA apparently agreed, because in 1976 the space agency awarded a $ 50 000 contract to O'Neill and MIT professor Henry Kolm, part of which they used to build a coilgun. Called the Mass Driver I, the 8-meter-long device had its public debut at
Princeton, in the lobby of Chadwin Hall, where
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The
Magplane Pipeline Technology was demonstrated in Florida at IMC Global Inc., which has merged with Cargill Crop Nutrition to form The Mosaic Company —the world's leading producer of potash and phosphate crop nutrients. In the demonstration, phosphate ore was successfully transported at speeds up
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He also thought that industrial development was suffering from short-sighted executives, self-interested unions, high taxes, and poor education of
Americans. According to reviewer Henry Weil, O'Neill's detailed explanations of emerging technologies differentiated the book from others on the subject.
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design, adapted to accelerate a non-magnetic object. One application O'Neill proposed for mass drivers was to throw baseball-sized chunks of ore mined from the surface of the Moon into space. Once in space, the ore could be used as raw material for building space colonies and solar power satellites.
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O'Neill directed his Space
Studies Institute to continue their efforts "until people are living and working in space". After his death, management of SSI was passed to his son Roger and colleague Freeman Dyson. SSI continued to hold conferences every other year to bring together scientists studying
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went on to start
Magplane Technology in the 1990s to develop the magnetic transportation technology that O'Neill had written about. In 2007, Magplane demonstrated a working magnetic pipeline system to transport phosphate ore in Florida. The system ran at a speed of 40 mph (65 km/h), far
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package permanently failed two months later, so
Geostar began tests of RDSS by transmitting from other satellites. With his health failing, O'Neill became less involved with the company at the same time it started to run into trouble. In February 1991 Geostar filed for bankruptcy and its licenses
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wrote for the L-5 newsletter, "no one expects
Congress to commit us to O'Neill's concept of large-scale space habitats; people in NASA are almost paranoid about the public relations aspects of the idea". When it became clear that a government-funded colonization effort was politically impossible,
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It is important to realize the enormous power of the space-colonization technique. If we begin to use it soon enough, and if we employ it wisely, at least five of the most serious problems now facing the world can be solved without recourse to repression: bringing every human being up to a living
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While teaching physics at
Princeton, O'Neill became interested in the possibility that humans could survive and live in outer space. He researched and proposed a futuristic idea for human settlement in space, the O'Neill cylinder, in "The Colonization of Space", his first paper on the subject. He
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Therefore, in 1977, he sought and obtained private support for a new, non-profit corporation called the Space
Studies Institute. Located at Princeton University, the Space Studies Institute supports technical research on the science and engineering of living and working in space with grants made
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O'Neill founded
Geostar Corporation to develop a satellite position determination system for which he was granted a patent in 1982. The system, primarily intended to track aircraft, was called Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS). In April 1983 Geostar applied to the FCC for a license to
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where a spacecraft can maintain its position without expending energy. The paper was well received, but many who would begin work on the project had already been introduced to his ideas before it was even published. The paper received a few critical responses. Some questioned the practicality of
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Although NASA was supporting his work with grants of up to $ 500,000 per year, O'Neill became frustrated by the bureaucracy and politics inherent in government-funded research. He thought that small privately funded groups could develop space technology faster than government agencies. In 1977,
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O'Neill was inspired by the papers written by his students. He began to work out the details of a program to build self-supporting space habitats in free space. Among the details was how to provide the inhabitants of a space colony with an Earth-like environment. His students had designed giant
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O'Neill founded O'Neill Communications in Princeton in 1986. He introduced his Local Area Wireless Networking, or LAWN, system at the PC Expo in New York in 1989. The LAWN system allowed two computers to exchange messages over a range of a couple hundred feet at a cost of about $ 500 per node.
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He explored the possibilities of flying gliders inside a space colony, finding that the enormous volume could support atmospheric thermals. He calculated that humanity could expand on this man-made frontier to 20,000 times its population. The initial colonies would be built at the Earth-Moon
482:. With the population of the colony living on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder, these structures resembled "inside-out planets". He found that pairing counter-rotating cylinders would eliminate the need to spin them using rockets. This configuration has since been known as the
295:. As a child he had discussed the possibilities of humans in space with his parents, and in college he enjoyed working on rocket equations. However, he did not see space science as an option for a career path in physics, choosing instead to pursue high-energy physics. He graduated with
626:. O'Neill realized that, by building these satellites, his space colonies could quickly recover the cost of their construction. According to O'Neill, "the profound difference between this and everything else done in space is the potential of generating large amounts of new wealth".
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Finally obtaining financial support in 1959 from the Office of Naval Research and the Atomic Energy Commission, O'Neill and his colleagues built two particle storage rings at Stanford University that used his high-vacuum technique and successfully demonstrated his colliding-beam
354:. The stored particles could then be directed to collide with another particle beam. This would increase the energy of the particle collision over the previous method, which directed the beam at a fixed target. His ideas were not immediately accepted by the physics community.
1080:. Von Braun pushed for "projects that ordinary people can be proud of but not participate in". Sagan wanted to explore the universe from a distance. O'Neill, with his grand scheme for settlement of the Solar System, emphasized moving ordinary people off the Earth "en masse".
1087:(NSS) gives the Gerard K. O'Neill Memorial Award for Space Settlement Advocacy to individuals noted for their contributions in the area of space settlement. Their contributions can be scientific, legislative, and educational. The award is a trophy cast in the shape of a
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on May 13, 1974. As media coverage grew, O'Neill was inundated with letters from people who were excited about living in space. To stay in touch with them, O'Neill began keeping a mailing list and started sending out updates on his progress. A few months later he heard
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In 1987 ... the Geostar Corporation began providing limited one-way position determination service (Geostar System 1.0) from mobile subscribers, primarily in the long-distance trucking industry, using the French Argos transponders on U.S. meteorological
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O'Neill became interested in the idea of space colonization in 1969 while he was teaching freshman physics at Princeton University. His students were growing cynical about the benefits of science to humanity because of the controversy surrounding the
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across. O'Neill considered his device to be capable of only seconds of storage, but, by creating an even stronger vacuum, others were able to increase this to hours. In 1979, he, with physicist David C. Cheng, wrote the graduate-level textbook
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For the first colony it is probably best to choose a particular point on that sphere, within easy range of both Earth and Moon, not so close as to be eclipsed often, and preferably stable against displacements in all three coordinates. The
701:, a non-profit organization, at Princeton University. SSI received initial funding of almost $ 100,000 from private donors, and in early 1978 began to support basic research into technologies needed for space manufacturing and settlement.
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He solved the tough technical problems of injecting a beam from an accelerator into the ring and keeping the betatron oscillations of the particles in the ring small, so that a substantial fraction of the injected particles were stably
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Other pressures on O'Neill's colonization plan were the high cost of access to Earth orbit and the declining cost of energy. Building solar power stations in space was economically attractive when energy prices spiked during the
785:. His response was: "It's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone .... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy". He successfully eliminated spending on space colonization research from the budget. In 1978,
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Diamond Badge, a gliding award. During his first cross-country glider flight in April 1973, he was assisted on the ground by Renate "Tasha" Steffen. He had met Tasha, who was 21 years younger than him, previously through the
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The Office of Naval Research, a very imaginative organization that was then the principal supporter of fundamental research in physics, funded the project to the tune of $ 800,000, thanks to the persuasive powers of
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865:. O'Neill narrated it as a visitor to Earth from a space colony beyond Pluto. The book explored the effects of technologies he called "drivers of change" on the coming century. Some technologies he described were
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At the last board meeting that he attended, one month before he succumbed to a seven-year bout with leukemia, Dr. Gerard O'Neill firmly stated, "Our mission is not complete until people are living and working in
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to 65 kilometers/hour using the pipeline system that utilized rare earth (neodymium-iron-boron) permanent magnets on the capsules over a 275-metre long pipeline containing a linear synchronous motor winding.
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Satellite News has learned that Iridium Inc., a Motorola affiliate, and Comsat Corp. have purchased the assets of ill-fated, Washington, D.C.-based Geostar Corp. at a bankruptcy auction proceeding late last
840:(1977) combined fictional accounts of space settlers with an explanation of his plan to build space colonies. Its publication established him as the spokesman for the space colonization movement. It won the
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Looking for an outlet for his ideas, O'Neill wrote a paper titled "The Colonization of Space", and for four years attempted to have it published. He submitted it to several journals and magazines, including
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1068:, an organization dedicated to opening the space frontier to human settlement, were supporters of O'Neill's ideas and had worked with him in various capacities at the Space Studies Institute. One of them,
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This facility, first proposed by Gerard K. O’Neill of Princeton, and built at the High-Energy Physics Lab by a Princeton-Stanford collaboration, is the grandfather of all electron colliding-beam machines.
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While he was waiting for his paper to be published, O'Neill organized a small two-day conference in May 1974 at Princeton to discuss the possibility of colonizing outer space. The conference, titled
365:, construction on the first particle storage rings began in 1958 at the Stanford High-Energy Physics Laboratory. He figured out how to capture the particles and, by pumping the air out to produce a
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As an enthusiastic glider pilot, I have checked the question of thermal scales: the soaring pilots of the colonial age should find sufficient atmospheric instability to provide them with lift.
2831:"It's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone. As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee responsible for NASA's appropriations, I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy..."
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O'Neill Communications went out of business in 1993; the LAWN technology was sold to Omnispread Communications. As of 2008, Omnispread continued to sell a variant of O'Neill's LAWN system.
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O'Neill married Sylvia Turlington, also a Swarthmore graduate, in June 1950. They had a son, Roger, and two daughters, Janet and Eleanor, before their marriage ended in divorce in 1966.
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Space Manufacturing Facilities: Proceedings of the Princeton/American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/National Aeronautics and Space Administration conference, May 7–9, 1975
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809:, proposed that the government commit to opening the inner Solar System for human settlement within 50 years. Their report was released in May 1986, four months after the
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (May 1968). "A High-Resolution Orbiting Telescope: New techniques would lead to orbiting an optical telescope 25 times the diameter of Palomar's".
396:. At the time, this was the highest energy involved in a particle collision. The results proved that the charge of an electron is contained in a volume less than 100
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In 1983, he founded the Geostar Corporation which, based on O'Neill's own patent, developed the first private satellite navigational system to guide travel on earth.
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O'Neill became an assistant professor at Princeton in 1956, and was promoted to associate professor in 1959. He visited Stanford University in 1957 to meet with
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O'Neill, Gerard K.; Maryniak, G. E. (1988). "Radiation Shielding to Solar Power Satellites: Results of the January 1988 SSI/Princeton Lunar Systems Study".
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O'Neill: ... I used to talk about it to my children. I'd take them on walks in the woods, and speculate about what life in a space colony would be like....
661:. Udall wrote a letter of support, which he asked the Hensons to publicize, for O'Neill's work. The Hensons included his letter in the first issue of the
280:. While he was a student there he edited the school newspaper and took a job as a news broadcaster at a local radio station. He graduated in 1944, during
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At the end of the year and with legal matters attended to, SSI was given a strong head-start by two gifts from private donors, totaling nearly $ 100,000.
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O'Neill: So then it went through a period of-let's see, that was 1970, and it was not until four more years that I was able to get an article published.
889:. He left the social structure of the 1980s intact, assuming that humanity would remain unchanged even as it expanded into the Solar System. Reviews of
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O'Neill visited HEPL in 1957 to discuss colliding beams with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, then the director of that laboratory, and to seek collaborators.
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In June 1975, O'Neill led a ten-week study of permanent space habitats at NASA Ames. During the study he was called away to testify on July 23 to the
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912:, published in 1983, O'Neill wrote about economic competition with Japan. He argued that the United States had to develop six industries to compete:
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361:. This resulted in a collaboration between Princeton and Stanford to build the Colliding Beam Experiment (CBX). With a US$ 800,000 grant from the
369:, store them long enough to experiment on them. CBX stored its first beam on March 28, 1962. O'Neill became a full professor of physics in 1965.
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749:(320 m/s) of acceleration to an object inserted into it. With financial assistance from SSI, later prototypes improved this to 1,800
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An offshoot of this maglev research resulted in the concept of the mass driver by Professor Gerard K. O'Neill of Princeton University in 1974.
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4535:(Princeton University Press; 2012) 328 pages; Focuses on O'Neill and the MIT-trained engineer Eric Drexler in a study of exploratory science.
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The second was on GStar 2, launched in 1986; the subsystem operated properly in initial testing but failed less than two months after launch.
753:(18,000 m/s), enough acceleration that a mass driver only 520 feet (160 m) long could launch material off the surface of the Moon.
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607:. O'Neill thought of the attendees as "a band of daring radicals". Sullivan's article on the conference was published on the front page of
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on February 6, 1927, to Edward Gerard O'Neill, a lawyer, and Dorothy Lewis O'Neill (née Kitchen). He had no siblings. His family moved to
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O'Neill was granted six patents in total (two posthumously) in the areas of global position determination and magnetic levitation.
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Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map, granted October 23, 1990
1027:. He was survived by his wife Tasha, his ex-wife Sylvia, and his four children. A sample of his incinerated remains was
346:. In 1956, his second year of teaching, he published a two-page article that theorized that the particles produced by a
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the ultimate size limit for the human race on the newly available frontier is at least 20,000 times its present value.
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Satellite-based position determining and message transfer system with monitoring of link quality, granted May 10, 1988
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Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map, granted June 13, 1989
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388:, O'Neill performed the first colliding beam physics experiment in 1965. In this experiment, particle beams from the
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The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future
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ran a segment about space colonies. Later they aired responses from the viewers, which included one from Senator
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lifting tens of thousands of people into orbit and his estimates for the production output of initial colonies.
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In 1977, O'Neill saw the peak of interest in space colonization, along with the publication of his first book,
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3958:"Maybe We Are Alone—Physicist Gerry O'Neill Says that's a Reason for Sending People into the Safety of Space"
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O'Neill, Gerard K.; Driggers, Gerald; O'Leary, Brian (October 1980). "New Routes to Manufacturing in Space".
505:, only to have it rejected by the reviewers. During this time O'Neill gave lectures on space colonization at
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (1954). "Time-of-Flight Measurements on the Inelastic Scattering of 14.8-Mev Neutrons".
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broadcast from three satellites, which would cover the entire United States. Geostar launched GSTAR-2 into
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on his 17th birthday. The Navy trained him as a radar technician, which sparked his interest in science.
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603:. Representatives from NASA also attended and brought estimates of launch costs expected on the planned
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One of O'Neill's favorite activities was flying. He held instrument certifications in both powered and
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (April 1956). "Storage-Ring Synchrotron: Device for High-Energy Physics Research".
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newsletter, sent to everyone on O'Neill's mailing list and those who had signed up at the conference.
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Sexton, Tara (June 26, 1989). "PC Expo Spotlights Local Area Network Efficiency, Networking DOS".
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rocket and launched into Earth orbit on April 21, 1997. It re-entered the atmosphere in May 2002.
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Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. On January 19, 1976, he also appeared before the
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International Club. They were married the day after his flight. They had a son, Edward O'Neill.
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After the conference Carolyn Henson arranged a meeting between O'Neill and Arizona Congressman
210:. Two years later, he published his theory for a particle storage ring. This invention allowed
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Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization?
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As of November, 2013, Gerard O'Neill's papers and work are now located in the archives at the
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to the National Commission on Space in 1985. The commission, led by former NASA administrator
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He took a sabbatical from Princeton to work on mass drivers at MIT. There he served as the
175:. In the 1970s, he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space, including a
4512:. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation. July 25, 1997
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3386:. Vol. 2. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 117–135.
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when his father temporarily retired for health reasons. For high school, O'Neill attended
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in 1976. He considered mass drivers critical for extracting the mineral resources of the
4419:"Pegasus HAPS (Hydrazine Auxiliary Propulsion Subsystem) Rocket Body Reentry Prediction"
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (December 5, 1975). "Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth".
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515:. In it, he argued that building space colonies would solve several important problems:
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for high-energy physics experiments. Later, he invented a magnetic launcher called the
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The conference was held again at Princeton the following year in cooperation with the
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O'Neill, Gerard K.; Kolm, Henry H. (November 1980). "High acceleration mass drivers".
1091:. The NSS first bestowed the award in 2007 on lunar entrepreneur and former astronaut
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vial containing his ashes was attached with vials of other Celestis participants to a
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After he was honorably discharged in 1946, O'Neill studied physics and mathematics at
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were collected in his storage rings and then directed to collide at an energy of 600
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1781:(1902–1996) filed for a patent on a particle storage ring design during World War II
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The construction of the first serious colliding-beam system began there in 1958 ...
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (March 1978). "The Low (Profile) Road to Space Manufacturing".
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Subcommittee on Aerospace Technology and National Needs. In a presentation titled
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O'Neill, Gerard K. (October 1976). "Engineering a Space Manufacturing Center".
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O'Neill saw great potential in the United States space program, especially the
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After graduating from Cornell, O'Neill accepted a position as an instructor at
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4036:"Proposal for Human Colonies in Space Is Hailed by Scientists as Feasible Now"
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Satellite-based vehicle position determining system, granted November 16, 1982
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638:. At this conference more than two dozen speakers presented papers, including
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405:. He retired from teaching in 1985, but remained associated with Princeton as
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in 1985. He died on April 27, 1992, from complications of the disease at the
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975:, O'Neill made significant advances in the field of position determination.
726:, a device first proposed by O'Neill in 1974. Mass drivers are based on the
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4398:(Press release). Keystone Semiconductor. September 13, 2006. Archived from
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Overend, William (July 11, 1977). "Colonizing Outer Space for Earthlings".
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has been translated into five languages and remained in print as of 2008.
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Paul R Marcano dedicated his album Islands in Space to Gerard K. O'Neill
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3194:"Jeff Bezos Unveils Blue Origin's Vision for Space, and a Moon Lander"
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at much higher energies than had previously been possible. In 1965 at
3592:"Magplane Technology developing unique mineral transportation system"
3405:. El Segundo CA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1582:
1557:
672:
O'Neill testifying before the Senate Subcommittee on January 19, 1976
366:
3558:"Gerard K. O'Neill, Professor, 69; Led Studies on Physics and Space"
4550:
3749:
Honan, Patrick (May 25, 1990). "LAWN: For a Simple, Wireless LAN".
1845:"Storage-Ring Synchrotron: Device for High-Energy Physics Research"
1211:
The Technology Edge: Opportunities for America in world competition
1808:
1604:
O'Neill, Gerard K. (1981). "Recent developments in mass drivers".
1591:
O'Neill, Gerard K. (March 1981). "Satellite Air Traffic Control".
1003:
944:
905:
thought the technologies described were unacceptably far-fetched.
820:
703:
667:
523:
465:
427:
397:
371:
1804:
The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps
1775:(1901–1971) inventor of the Bernal sphere, a space habitat design
743:. The eight-foot (2.5 m) long prototype could apply 33
252:
inspired a generation of space exploration advocates. He died of
3343:. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
478:
pressurized structures, spun up to approximate Earth gravity by
436:
432:
327:
239:
4205:
30 min testimony about what ordinary people can do about space
982:
On November 18, 1991, O'Neill filed a patent application for a
634:
O'Neill held a much larger conference the following May titled
4556:
4379:. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. 2006
2352:"'Just Like Starting Over': O'Leary's Startling New Direction"
768:
308:
4336:
4316:
4174:"Comsat, Motorola score coup; purchase Geostar Corp. assets"
218:, he performed the first colliding beam physics experiment.
4217:
5 min presenting space habitats and solar power satellites
1787:(1917–1984) rocket engineer and space colonization advocate
1769:(1857–1935) wrote about humans living in space in the 1920s
844:
that year, and prompted Swarthmore College to grant him an
4485:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Lyndon B.
4275:"SLAC and Accelerators: SLAC 40th Anniversary Celebration"
790:
popular support for O'Neill's ideas started to evaporate.
4462:"National Space Society Gerard K. O'Neill Memorial Award"
4425:. The Aerospace Corporation. May 20, 2002. Archived from
3356:
Hoddeson, Lillian (1997). "The Rise of Colliding Beams".
4551:
The High Frontier: The untold story of Gerard K. O'Neill
971:
project. Although the system was eventually replaced by
583:
and Princeton University. Among those who attended were
4464:. National Space Society. June 11, 2008. Archived from
3663:. Washington DC: National Space Society. Archived from
3498:
United States National Commission on Space (May 1986).
3401:
Martin, Donald H. (2000). "North American Satellites".
2444:
Lagrange libration points satisfy all these conditions.
1148:
Space-Based Manufacturing from Nonterrestrial Materials
528:
Diagram of the Lagrange points in the Earth-Moon system
230:-era space activists attended. O'Neill built his first
4254:. Stanford Graduate School of Business. Archived from
1625:
O'Neill, Gerard K. (July 1982). "Satellites Instead".
1061:
slower than the high-speed trains O'Neill envisioned.
1008:
O'Neill's ashes were carried on the upper stage of an
949:
Design for the satellite position determination system
636:
Princeton University Conference on Space Manufacturing
435:
envisioned an ambitious scientific exploration of the
1743:
High speed transport system, granted February 1, 1994
4249:"X PRIZE Foundation: Revolution Through Competition"
3180:, and took place every other year from 1975 to 2001.
1072:, describes three men as models for space advocacy:
299:
honors in 1950. O'Neill pursued graduate studies at
155:(February 6, 1927 – April 27, 1992) was an American
16:
American physicist, author, and inventor (1927–1992)
1793:, wrote about the resources of the Solar System in
1293:O'Neill, Gerard K. (August 1963). "Storage Rings".
187:, an organization devoted to funding research into
136:
126:
97:
87:
68:
42:
23:
4546:Life of Gerard O'Neill at Space Studies Institute
3499:
3447:
3178:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
3141:"Pegasus HAPS Rocket Body Reentry Prediction" 2002
2782:
2780:
1756:High speed transport system, granted July 18, 1995
1166:
4483:"Career Astronaut Biographies: Former Astronauts"
4296:. Personal Website. March 1, 2006. Archived from
3655:Brandt-Erichsen, David (November–December 1994).
3571:"Space Settlement: The Call of the High Frontier"
1146:O'Neill, Gerard K.; O'Leary, Brian, eds. (1977).
801:O'Neill was appointed by United States President
342:. There he started his research into high-energy
3714:Henson, H. Keith; Henson, Carolyn (March 1977).
2772:a conference on space colonies was taking place.
1638:O'Neill, Gerard K. (September 1983). "Geostar".
986:system. He called the company he wanted to form
739:, and a group of student volunteers built their
4443:"Magneplane Technology Incorporated Principals"
4335:. Space Studies Institute. 2008. Archived from
4315:. Space Studies Institute. 2008. Archived from
3225:
3174:
3156:
3034:
2997:
2991:
2974:
2829:
2769:
2753:
2720:
2701:
2427:
2411:
2395:
2379:
2336:
2232:
2212:
2195:
2178:
2161:
2145:
1150:. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics.
517:
2488:
2486:
2484:
735:during the 1976–77 academic year. At MIT, he,
206:in 1954, after he received his doctorate from
4445:. Magneplane Technology Group. Archived from
4423:Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies
3262:
3260:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
1924:
1922:
8:
4294:"Rick N. Tumlinson Biographical Information"
3479:Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present
2971:Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present
2698:Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present
2318:
2316:
2229:Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present
2053:
2051:
1960:Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1835:
1833:
1169:Elementary Particle Physics: An Introduction
1165:Cheng, David C.; O'Neill, Gerard K. (1979).
403:Elementary Particle Physics: An Introduction
4229:"Testimony on Space Shuttle Pricing Policy"
3454:. New York: Ticknor & Fields. pp.
3111:
3109:
2732:
2730:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
901:found the book "imagination-stirring", but
722:first grants funded the development of the
226:at Princeton in 1975. Many who became post-
4056:"Morris K. Udall Gives Support to O'Neill"
3424:. New York: William Morrow & Company.
3422:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
3377:"Electromagnetic Launch of Lunar Material"
3011:
3009:
3007:
2915:
2913:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1173:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
1131:. New York: William Morrow & Company.
1128:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
837:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
249:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
31:
20:
4353:"Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science Winners"
4016:"A Final Turn-on Lifts Timothy Leary Off"
3867:
3695:"Beyond NASA: Dawn of the Next Space Age"
3645:
3375:Kolm, Henry H.; Snow, William R. (1992).
3252:
2953:
2951:
2786:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1581:
1392:
1104:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
4667:Fellows of the American Physical Society
3473:Narins, Brigham, ed. (January 1, 2001).
3266:
2904:
2892:
2842:
2588:
2504:
2263:Astronaut Biographies: Former Astronauts
2174:
2141:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1191:2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future
858:2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future
733:Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace
4377:"Geostar Corporation Records 1983–1991"
3577:. Washington DC: National Space Society
3222:
2932:Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science Winners
2803:
2358:from the original on September 29, 2020
2322:
2192:
2158:
2043:
1829:
697:O'Neill and his wife Tasha founded the
659:1976 Democratic presidential nomination
350:could be stored for a few seconds in a
4069:(1): 1. September 1975. Archived from
3956:Rein, Richard K. (December 12, 1977).
3115:
3048:
2987:
2943:
2853:
2826:
2766:
2492:
2069:
1558:"Where is everybody? Some new answers"
574:First Conference on Space Colonization
198:O'Neill began researching high-energy
4587:Military personnel from New York City
4277:. Stanford University. Archived from
4234:. United States Senate, Washington DC
3877:O'Neill, Gerard K. (September 1977).
3842:O'Neill, Gerard K. (September 1974).
3716:"An Interview with Gerard K. O'Neill"
3059:
3017:Geostar Corporation Records 1983–1991
2919:
2865:
2613:
2376:
2333:
2292:
2208:
2057:
1928:
1893:
1367:O'Neill, Gerard K. (September 1974).
1095:. In 2008, it was given to physicist
7:
3278:NSS Gerard K. O'Neill Memorial Award
3170:
2957:
2814:
2749:
2082:"Sylvia Turlington Wed at Her Home"
2013:
825:O'Neill cylinders as illustrated in
4273:Richter, Burton (October 2, 2002).
4210:Nasa Ames présentation of his ideas
4145:"Sylvia Turlington Wed at Her Home"
3620:Dyson, Freeman J. (February 1993).
3590:Dickson, Ellsworth (October 2007).
2704:possible by members' contributions.
2350:Emily Carney (September 21, 2019).
1046:O'Neill's work informs the company
711:(left) and O'Neill (center) with a
657:, then a leading contender for the
4602:Deaths from leukemia in California
4481:Dismukes, Kim (December 1, 2008).
4180:. December 9, 1991. Archived from
4014:Simons, Marlise (April 22, 1997).
3556:Daniels, Lee A. (April 29, 1992).
3319:Space Colonies: A CoEvolution Book
3239:
2123:from the original on March 4, 2016
167:, he invented a device called the
14:
4313:"Space Studies Institute History"
4247:Hoyt, David (December 14, 2006).
4227:Hanushek, Eric (March 27, 1985).
4109:Werbos, Paul J. (December 1978).
4034:Sullivan, Walter (May 13, 1974).
3204:from the original on May 10, 2019
2680:
2081:
1064:All three of the founders of the
260:Birth, education, and family life
4597:20th-century American physicists
3921:Proxmire, William (March 1978).
3762:Lovell, Robert (November 1977).
1402:O'Neill, Gerard K. (Fall 1975).
1213:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1194:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
4333:"About Space Studies Institute"
4091:"In Short: The Technology Edge"
3680:Ferris, Timothy (May 3, 1981).
3151:
3070:
2715:
2667:
1043:space colonization until 2001.
969:Iridium satellite constellation
842:Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science
834:O'Neill's popular science book
4203:The Vision of Gerard K. O'Neil
4089:Weil, Henry (April 29, 1984).
3981:Ridpath, Ian (June 23, 1977).
3693:Grierson, Bruce (April 2004).
3537:"Interview: Gerard K. O'Neill"
3535:Bateman, Selby (August 1984).
3360:. Cambridge University Press.
3358:The Rise of the Standard Model
3192:Chang, Kenneth (May 9, 2019).
2930:
2601:Space Manufacturing Facilities
307:fellowship, and was awarded a
1:
4662:Scientists from New York City
4168:. May 23, 2008. p. Z-99.
3797:Meinel, Carolyn (July 2007).
3502:Pioneering the Space Frontier
3315:"Interviewing Gerard O'Neill"
3288:
3277:
3140:
2907:, p. 6 (in 1982 dollars)
2876:
2736:
2640:
2624:
2563:
2547:
2531:
2515:
2471:
2455:
2424:
2408:
2392:
2303:
2246:
2095:
1982:
4647:Princeton University faculty
4617:American particle physicists
3879:"O'Neill Summer Study Notes"
3126:
3102:"O'Neill, Dr. Roger A." 2008
3101:
3015:
2968:
2695:
2226:
2117:, Princeton local newspaper"
1957:
1593:Astronautics and Aeronautics
1549:10.1016/0094-5765(80)90002-8
1508:Astronautics and Aeronautics
1487:Astronautics and Aeronautics
1466:Astronautics and Aeronautics
1449:10.1126/science.190.4218.943
1352:10.1126/science.160.3830.843
1315:10.1126/science.141.3582.679
334:High-energy physics research
4652:Stanford University faculty
4151:. June 18, 1950. p. 73
4124:(12): 15–17. Archived from
3844:"The Colonization of Space"
3491:Contemporary Authors Online
3420:O'Neill, Gerard K. (1977).
3071:Keystone press release 2006
2599:
2262:
1985:Contemporary Authors Online
1983:"Gerard K(itchen) O'Neill"
1556:O'Neill, Gerard K. (1981).
1369:"The Colonization of Space"
1209:O'Neill, Gerard K. (1983).
1188:O'Neill, Gerard K. (1981).
1125:O'Neill, Gerard K. (1977).
1108:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
1015:O'Neill was diagnosed with
741:first mass driver prototype
692:Private funding (1977–1978)
686:Solar Power from Satellites
624:Goddard Space Flight Center
587:(at the time a freshman at
390:Stanford Linear Accelerator
378:Stanford Linear Accelerator
4683:
4657:United States Navy sailors
3506:. New York: Bantam Books.
3487:"Gerard K(itchen) O'Neill"
3439:Weintraub, Pamela (1984).
3028:
595:(from Astronaut Group 6),
416:
4642:Swarthmore College alumni
4607:Cornell University alumni
4507:"Quarterly Launch Report"
4164:"O'Neill, Dr. Roger A.".
3815:10.1109/MSPEC.2007.376607
3729:(3): 8–10. Archived from
3569:Davis, Don (March 2006).
3339:Gray, Jerry, ed. (1977).
1076:, Gerard K. O'Neill, and
1066:Space Frontier Foundation
564:are stable points in the
424:Origin of the idea (1969)
246:. His award-winning book
163:. As a faculty member of
146:
119:
37:Gerard K. O'Neill in 1977
30:
3622:"Gerard Kitchen O'Neill"
3493:. Gale. August 22, 2003.
3403:Communication Satellites
1874:10.1103/PhysRev.102.1418
1410:(7): 6–9. Archived from
1286:10.1103/PhysRev.102.1418
1025:Redwood City, California
1010:Orbital Sciences Pegasus
811:Space Shuttle Challenger
630:NASA studies (1975–1977)
473:, an "inside-out planet"
363:Office of Naval Research
305:Atomic Energy Commission
80:Redwood City, California
4553:documentary film (2019)
4166:San Francisco Chronicle
3777:(11): 1. Archived from
3601:: 80–81. Archived from
3599:Resource World Magazine
3321:. Whole Earth Catalog.
3313:Brand, Stewart (1977).
3128:Quarterly Launch Report
1819:Space-based solar power
1767:Konstantin Tsiolkovskii
1257:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1235
941:Entrepreneurial efforts
879:hydrogen-propelled cars
699:Space Studies Institute
599:, and science reporter
591:), scientist-astronaut
492:First paper (1970–1974)
359:Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
185:Space Studies Institute
106:Space Studies Institute
4622:Accelerator physicists
4612:American futurologists
4359:. 2007. Archived from
4357:Phi Beta Kappa Society
4111:"Congress Views Space"
3936:(3): 5. Archived from
3892:(9): 9. Archived from
3230:
3182:
3161:
3039:
3001:
2996:
2978:
2833:
2774:
2757:
2724:
2706:
2446:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2340:
2237:
2217:
2199:
2183:
2165:
2149:
1085:National Space Society
1012:
950:
871:solar power satellites
831:
757:Opposition (1977–1985)
715:
673:
620:solar power satellites
529:
522:
474:
440:
384:In collaboration with
381:
284:, and enlisted in the
153:Gerard Kitchen O'Neill
47:Gerard Kitchen O'Neill
4627:Writers from Brooklyn
3943:on September 27, 2006
3682:"Nonfiction in Brief"
1408:CoEvolution Quarterly
1007:
948:
824:
707:
671:
527:
469:
455:but O'Neill was not.
431:
375:
274:Newburgh Free Academy
232:mass driver prototype
222:held a conference on
212:particle accelerators
169:particle storage ring
4592:American astronomers
4531:McCray, W. Patrick.
4493:on September 3, 2006
4487:Johnson Space Center
4405:on December 18, 2008
4363:on December 22, 2005
4261:on November 19, 2008
3829:on December 27, 2008
3608:on December 18, 2008
2969:"Gerard K. O'Neill"
2696:"Gerard K. O'Neill"
2227:"Gerard K. O'Neill"
1958:"Gerard K. O'Neill"
1414:on November 19, 2002
956:geosynchronous orbit
813:broke up on ascent.
348:particle accelerator
340:Princeton University
321:flight and held the
311:in physics in 1954.
303:with the help of an
270:Speculator, New York
264:O'Neill was born in
179:design known as the
165:Princeton University
141:Princeton University
4559:vinyl record (1981)
4468:on October 22, 2008
4339:on January 13, 2008
4319:on January 13, 2008
4131:on October 24, 2008
4076:on October 24, 2008
3899:on October 24, 2008
3860:1974PhT....27i..32O
3799:"For Love of a Gun"
3784:on October 24, 2008
3736:on October 24, 2008
3667:on October 10, 2008
3638:1993PhT....46b..97D
3475:"Gerard K. O'Neill"
3450:The OMNI Interviews
2990:, pp. 263–264
1866:1956PhRv..102.1418O
1665:1988LPICo.652..185O
1606:Space Manufacturing
1574:1981Natur.294...25O
1541:1980AcAau...7.1229O
1520:1980AsAer..18...46G
1499:1978AsAer..16...18G
1478:1976AsAer..14...20P
1441:1975Sci...190..943O
1404:"The High Frontier"
1385:1974PhT....27i..32O
1344:1968Sci...160..843O
1307:1963Sci...141..679O
1278:1956PhRv..102.1418O
1249:1954PhRv...95.1235O
922:genetic engineering
910:The Technology Edge
861:was an exercise in
499:Scientific American
224:space manufacturing
216:Stanford University
189:space manufacturing
4149:The New York Times
4095:The New York Times
4040:The New York Times
4020:The New York Times
3983:"Living out there"
3751:Personal Computing
3686:The New York Times
3562:The New York Times
3198:The New York Times
2683:Summer Study Notes
1814:Space architecture
1633:(7): 51–54, 59–63.
1013:
951:
899:John Noble Wilford
885:, and underground
846:honorary doctorate
832:
783:government failure
716:
674:
610:The New York Times
530:
475:
441:
419:Space colonization
413:Space colonization
407:professor emeritus
382:
376:The two-mile-long
301:Cornell University
293:Swarthmore College
286:United States Navy
278:Newburgh, New York
266:Brooklyn, New York
208:Cornell University
92:Cornell University
4300:on April 22, 2012
4281:on April 24, 2009
4184:on March 29, 2015
3914:Los Angeles Times
3869:10.1063/1.3128863
3647:10.1063/1.2808821
3441:"Cosmic Colonies"
3291:The High Frontier
2879:The High Frontier
2643:The High Frontier
2627:The High Frontier
2566:The High Frontier
2550:The High Frontier
2534:The High Frontier
2518:The High Frontier
2474:The High Frontier
2458:The High Frontier
2306:The High Frontier
2249:The High Frontier
2211:, pp. 97–98
2098:The High Frontier
1883:on March 6, 2012.
1535:(11): 1229–1238.
1529:Acta Astronautica
1435:(4218): 943–947.
1394:10.1063/1.3128863
1338:(3830): 843–847.
1301:(3582): 679–686.
1074:Wernher von Braun
988:VSE International
850:The High Frontier
828:The High Frontier
764:The High Frontier
507:Hampshire College
480:centrifugal force
453:Astronaut Group 6
409:until his death.
183:. He founded the
150:
149:
121:Scientific career
25:Gerard K. O'Neill
4674:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4477:
4475:
4473:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:on June 28, 2008
4438:
4436:
4434:
4429:on June 23, 2008
4414:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4221:Other references
4211:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4010:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3927:
3923:"Letters to L-5"
3917:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3825:. Archived from
3793:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3768:
3764:"Letters to L-5"
3758:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3689:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:"The L5 Society"
3651:
3649:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3565:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3494:
3482:
3469:
3453:
3445:
3435:
3416:
3397:
3381:
3371:
3352:
3335:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3189:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3002:
2985:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2941:
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2896:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2863:
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2693:
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2605:
2597:
2591:
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2190:
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2128:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2016:
2011:
1988:
1980:
1963:
1955:
1932:
1926:
1897:
1896:, pp. 97–98
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1876:. Archived from
1860:(5): 1418–1419.
1849:
1837:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1741:
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1729:
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1698:
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1600:
1587:
1585:
1583:10.1038/294025a0
1552:
1523:
1502:
1481:
1460:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1398:
1396:
1363:
1326:
1289:
1272:(5): 1418–1419.
1260:
1243:(5): 1235–1245.
1224:
1205:
1184:
1172:
1161:
1142:
1093:Harrison Schmitt
1021:Sequoia Hospital
1000:Death and legacy
914:microengineering
779:William Proxmire
581:Point Foundation
576:, was funded by
485:O'Neill cylinder
344:particle physics
200:particle physics
181:O'Neill cylinder
110:O'Neill cylinder
102:Particle physics
75:
57:February 6, 1927
56:
54:
35:
21:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4632:Space advocates
4567:
4566:
4542:
4528:
4526:Further reading
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4480:
4471:
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4460:
4452:
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4395:
4393:"Press Release"
4391:
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4364:
4351:
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4000:
3991:
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3962:People Magazine
3955:
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3925:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3896:
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3699:Popular Science
3692:
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3497:
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3400:
3394:
3384:Space Resources
3379:
3374:
3368:
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3329:
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3304:
3299:
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2110:
2106:
2094:
2090:
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2064:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2019:
2012:
1991:
1981:
1966:
1956:
1935:
1927:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1853:Physical Review
1847:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1800:Marshall Savage
1763:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
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1603:
1590:
1555:
1526:
1505:
1484:
1463:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1366:
1329:
1292:
1266:Physical Review
1263:
1237:Physical Review
1234:
1231:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1164:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1029:buried in space
1002:
993:Magnetic Flight
943:
930:family aircraft
926:magnetic flight
887:magnetic trains
883:climate control
819:
796:1979 oil crisis
759:
694:
648:Tucson, Arizona
632:
601:Walter Sullivan
578:Stewart Brand's
562:
555:
548:Lagrange points
545:
538:
494:
445:Apollo missions
426:
421:
415:
336:
262:
234:with professor
112:
108:
104:
88:Alma mater
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4541:
4540:External links
4538:
4537:
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4527:
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4503:
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4458:
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4415:
4389:
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4194:
4178:Satellite News
4170:
4161:
4141:
4106:
4086:
4052:
4031:
4011:
3998:
3978:
3953:
3918:
3909:
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3430:
3417:
3411:
3398:
3396:. NASA SP-509.
3392:
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3366:
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3327:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3281:
3270:
3256:
3253:Tumlinson 2006
3245:
3241:MTI Principals
3232:
3215:
3184:
3163:
3144:
3133:
3119:
3105:
3094:
3075:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3030:Satellite News
3021:
3003:
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2923:
2909:
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2885:
2869:
2858:
2846:
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2807:
2791:
2787:Weintraub 1984
2776:
2759:
2752:, p. 123
2742:
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2201:
2185:
2177:, p. 267
2167:
2151:
2144:, p. 265
2134:
2104:
2088:
2084:New York Times
2074:
2062:
2047:
2017:
1989:
1964:
1933:
1898:
1886:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1795:Mining the Sky
1788:
1785:Krafft Ehricke
1782:
1776:
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1762:
1759:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1097:John Marburger
1070:Rick Tumlinson
1001:
998:
942:
939:
934:space science.
895:New York Times
867:space colonies
855:His 1981 book
818:
817:Writing career
815:
758:
755:
693:
690:
644:Carolyn Henson
631:
628:
560:
553:
543:
536:
493:
490:
425:
422:
417:Main article:
414:
411:
386:Burton Richter
335:
332:
297:Phi Beta Kappa
261:
258:
161:space activist
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
117:
116:
99:
98:Known for
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 65)
72:April 27, 1992
70:
66:
65:
63:, New York, US
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
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4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Space burials
4635:
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4630:
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4004:
3999:
3988:
3987:New Scientist
3984:
3979:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3916:. p. F1.
3915:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:Physics Today
3845:
3840:
3828:
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3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:IEEE Spectrum
3800:
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3662:
3658:
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3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Physics Today
3623:
3618:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3542:
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3515:
3513:0-553-34314-9
3509:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3465:0-89919-215-7
3461:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3431:0-9622379-0-6
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3412:1-884989-09-8
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3393:0-16-038062-6
3389:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3367:0-521-57816-7
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3328:0-14-004805-7
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:Grierson 2004
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3173:, p. 20
3172:
3167:
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3160:
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3148:
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3142:
3137:
3134:
3131:
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3117:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Hanushek 1985
2901:
2898:
2894:
2893:Hanushek 1985
2889:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:Proxmire 1978
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:, p. 123
2816:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:, p. 304
2788:
2783:
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2777:
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2677:
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2658:
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2650:
2646:
2644:
2637:
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2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:Erichsen 1994
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2522:, pp. 250–252
2521:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:Sullivan 1974
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
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2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
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2182:
2176:
2175:Hoddeson 1997
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
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2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:Hoddeson 1997
2138:
2135:
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2102:, back matter
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1791:John S. Lewis
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1514:(10): 46–51.
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1472:: 20–28, 36.
1471:
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957:
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900:
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597:Freeman Dyson
594:
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512:Physics Today
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4532:
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4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4472:September 5,
4470:. Retrieved
4466:the original
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4447:the original
4431:. Retrieved
4427:the original
4422:
4409:September 2,
4407:. Retrieved
4400:the original
4381:. Retrieved
4367:November 26,
4365:. Retrieved
4361:the original
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4321:. Retrieved
4317:the original
4302:. Retrieved
4298:the original
4283:. Retrieved
4279:the original
4263:. Retrieved
4256:the original
4236:. Retrieved
4220:
4219:
4207:
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4197:
4196:
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4182:the original
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4148:
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4126:the original
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4117:
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4094:
4078:. Retrieved
4071:the original
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4062:
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4039:
4025:September 3,
4023:. Retrieved
4019:
4009:(25): 41–42.
4006:
4002:
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3986:
3970:. Retrieved
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3961:
3945:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3933:
3929:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3889:
3885:
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3847:
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3827:the original
3809:(7): 40–46.
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3802:
3786:. Retrieved
3779:the original
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3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3726:
3722:
3705:September 4,
3703:. Retrieved
3698:
3685:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3660:
3632:(2): 97–98.
3629:
3625:
3610:. Retrieved
3603:the original
3598:
3579:. Retrieved
3574:
3561:
3545:. Retrieved
3540:
3528:
3527:
3517:. Retrieved
3501:
3490:
3478:
3449:
3421:
3402:
3383:
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3305:
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3284:
3273:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3223:Dickson 2007
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3197:
3187:
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3166:
3157:
3152:
3147:
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2861:
2856:, p. 15
2849:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2810:
2804:Bateman 1984
2770:
2762:
2754:
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2721:
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2565:
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2500:
2495:, p. 10
2473:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2428:
2425:O'Neill 1974
2420:
2412:
2409:O'Neill 1974
2404:
2396:
2393:O'Neill 1974
2388:
2380:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2345:
2337:
2329:
2323:Overend 1977
2305:
2299:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2193:Richter 2002
2188:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2159:Richter 2002
2154:
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2114:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2065:
2060:, p. 97
2044:Daniels 1992
1984:
1959:
1931:, p. 98
1889:
1878:the original
1857:
1851:
1840:
1802:, author of
1779:Rolf Wideröe
1773:J. D. Bernal
1676:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1565:
1561:
1532:
1528:
1511:
1507:
1493:(3): 18–32.
1490:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1407:
1379:(9): 32–40.
1376:
1372:
1335:
1331:
1298:
1294:
1269:
1265:
1240:
1236:
1210:
1190:
1168:
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1127:
1114:Publications
1101:
1082:
1063:
1056:
1045:
1041:
1014:
991:
987:
981:
977:
952:
909:
908:In his book
907:
894:
893:were mixed.
890:
856:
854:
849:
835:
833:
827:
807:Thomas Paine
800:
792:
772:
762:
760:
750:
744:
717:
695:
685:
675:
652:
635:
633:
618:speak about
616:Peter Glaser
608:
585:Eric Drexler
573:
571:
566:Solar System
531:
518:
510:
502:
498:
495:
483:
476:
457:
442:
406:
402:
383:
356:
352:storage ring
337:
316:
313:
290:
282:World War II
263:
247:
220:
197:
193:colonization
152:
151:
137:Institutions
120:
74:(1992-04-27)
18:
4582:1992 deaths
4577:1927 births
4516:December 3,
4497:December 3,
4188:December 3,
4042:. p. 1
3992:December 6,
3833:December 3,
3153:SSI History
3116:Simons 1997
3049:Sexton 1989
2994:satellites.
2988:Martin 2000
2944:Ferris 1981
2895:, p. 2
2854:Werbos 1978
2827:Lovell 1977
2767:Meinel 2007
2717:SSI History
2669:SSI History
2493:Henson 1977
2115:Town Topics
2072:, p. 8
2070:Henson 1977
1841:O'Neill, G.
1653:Lunar Bases
1646:(9): 53–57.
1599:(3): 27–31.
1050:founded by
1048:Blue Origin
960:transmitter
787:Paul Werbos
724:mass driver
713:mass driver
663:L-5 Society
461:Vietnam War
173:mass driver
114:Mass driver
4571:Categories
4453:2008-10-27
4383:August 30,
4343:August 27,
4323:August 27,
4304:2008-08-07
4285:2008-12-07
4265:2008-10-19
4238:August 28,
4155:August 23,
4135:August 28,
4100:October 4,
4080:August 24,
4046:August 22,
3972:August 17,
3947:August 28,
3903:August 26,
3788:August 26,
3740:August 23,
3701:. New York
3671:August 24,
3612:2008-10-27
3581:August 28,
3302:References
3084:US 5282424
3060:Honan 1990
2920:Paine 1986
2866:Davis 2006
2614:Udall 1975
2377:Brand 1977
2334:Brand 1977
2293:Brand 1977
2209:Dyson 1993
2058:Dyson 1993
1929:Dyson 1993
1894:Dyson 1993
1748:US 5433155
1735:US 5282424
1722:US 4965586
1709:US 4839656
1696:US 4744083
1683:US 4359733
1640:AOPA Pilot
1627:AOPA Pilot
1612:: 97–104.
1568:(25): 25.
1418:August 18,
1078:Carl Sagan
1058:Henry Kolm
1052:Jeff Bezos
1037:Pegasus XL
875:anti-aging
863:futurology
774:60 Minutes
622:at NASA's
398:attometers
236:Henry Kolm
53:1927-02-06
4433:August 7,
3757:(5): 174.
3547:August 7,
3519:April 17,
3171:Hoyt 2006
2958:Weil 1984
2815:Kolm 1992
2750:Kolm 1992
2738:About SSI
2215:captured.
2181:Panofsky.
2014:Rein 1977
1457:128687629
897:reviewer
593:Joe Allen
319:sailplane
256:in 1992.
244:asteroids
204:Princeton
157:physicist
131:Physicist
4118:L-5 News
4063:L-5 News
3930:L-5 News
3886:L-5 News
3823:43886115
3771:L-5 News
3723:L-5 News
3661:Ad Astra
3575:Ad Astra
3543:(51): 42
3541:Compute!
3529:Articles
3295:, p. 239
3289:O'Neill
3202:Archived
2883:, p. 134
2877:O'Neill
2681:O'Neill
2647:, p. 264
2641:O'Neill
2631:, p. 282
2625:O'Neill
2570:, p. 256
2564:O'Neill
2554:, p. 255
2548:O'Neill
2538:, p. 252
2532:O'Neill
2516:O'Neill
2478:, p. 249
2472:O'Neill
2462:, p. 253
2456:O'Neill
2356:Archived
2310:, p. 233
2304:O'Neill
2253:, p. 243
2247:O'Neill
2127:April 8,
2121:Archived
2096:O'Neill
1843:(1956).
1761:See also
1360:17774392
1323:17752920
1033:Celestis
1017:leukemia
984:vactrain
967:for the
965:Motorola
918:robotics
771:program
655:Mo Udall
254:leukemia
61:Brooklyn
4215:YouTube
4003:PC Week
3856:Bibcode
3634:Bibcode
3481:. Gale.
3456:296–314
3349:3146607
3208:May 30,
3159:space."
3130:3Q 1997
2362:May 28,
2235:theory.
1862:Bibcode
1673:Patents
1661:Bibcode
1659:: 185.
1618:8112602
1570:Bibcode
1537:Bibcode
1516:Bibcode
1495:Bibcode
1474:Bibcode
1437:Bibcode
1429:Science
1381:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1332:Science
1303:Bibcode
1295:Science
1274:Bibcode
1245:Bibcode
877:drugs,
728:coilgun
718:One of
503:Science
4198:Videos
3821:
3510:
3462:
3428:
3409:
3390:
3364:
3347:
3325:
3090:
3073:, p. 4
1753:
1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1616:
1562:Nature
1455:
1358:
1321:
1229:Papers
1217:
1198:
1177:
1154:
1135:
1031:. The
932:, and
682:Senate
380:tunnel
367:vacuum
228:Apollo
127:Fields
4510:(PDF)
4403:(PDF)
4396:(PDF)
4259:(PDF)
4252:(PDF)
4232:(PDF)
4129:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4074:(PDF)
4059:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3926:(PDF)
3897:(PDF)
3882:(PDF)
3819:S2CID
3782:(PDF)
3767:(PDF)
3734:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3606:(PDF)
3595:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3307:Books
3037:week.
1881:(PDF)
1848:(PDF)
1825:Notes
1809:Spome
1453:S2CID
1119:Books
720:SSI's
678:House
646:from
640:Keith
4518:2008
4499:2008
4474:2008
4435:2008
4411:2008
4385:2008
4369:2008
4345:2008
4325:2008
4240:2008
4190:2008
4157:2008
4137:2008
4102:2008
4082:2008
4048:2008
4027:2008
3994:2010
3974:2008
3968:(24)
3949:2008
3905:2008
3835:2008
3790:2008
3742:2008
3707:2008
3673:2008
3583:2008
3549:2008
3521:2009
3508:ISBN
3460:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3345:OCLC
3323:ISBN
3293:1977
3210:2019
3032:1991
2881:1977
2685:1977
2645:1977
2629:1977
2603:1977
2568:1977
2552:1977
2536:1977
2520:1977
2476:1977
2460:1977
2437:and
2364:2020
2308:1977
2251:1977
2129:2009
2100:1977
1614:OCLC
1420:2008
1356:PMID
1319:PMID
1215:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1083:The
891:2081
709:Kolm
642:and
557:and
540:and
501:and
437:Moon
433:NASA
328:YMCA
242:and
240:Moon
191:and
159:and
82:, US
69:Died
43:Born
4213:on
3864:doi
3811:doi
3642:doi
1870:doi
1858:102
1578:doi
1566:294
1545:doi
1445:doi
1433:190
1389:doi
1348:doi
1336:160
1311:doi
1299:141
1282:doi
1270:102
1253:doi
1023:in
973:GPS
769:CBS
589:MIT
394:MeV
323:FAI
309:PhD
276:in
202:at
4573::
4421:.
4355:.
4176:.
4147:.
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4093:.
4065:.
4061:.
4038:.
4018:.
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3852:27
3850:.
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3807:44
3805:.
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3628:.
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3560:.
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3489:.
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3317:.
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2050:^
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