409:(higher academic degree) that had not been available to her during the previous twelve years. A habilitation was normally only awarded in return for a new piece of academic research, but in this instance the university awarded her the degree on the basis of a monograph she had already written and published some years earlier during her further researches on the Brünner Schöffenbuch. German universities were by this time seriously run down, while the slaughter of war and
557:, a study which she pursued well into her old age. Fortunately for her continuing researches, the university library, to which she remained a frequent visitor, had survived the destruction of war. In addition, after her promotion to a full professorship, she had found herself in the unusual position of being part of marriage that was in receipt of two professorial salaries/pensions. Although the slaughter of war forced
208:(1873-1960), whose first wife had died the previous April. Gertrud Fikenscher had known her uncle and his wife since moving to Berlin twelve years earlier, and it is likely that it was only on account of Schubart's encouragement that she had pursued her legal studies with such persistence. The newly married couple spent six months between April and November 1929 in Egypt together in connection with
518:"Frau Schubart-Fikentscher war eine auĂźerordentlich grĂĽndliche Frau. In der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit durfte nichts ĂĽbersehen, alles musste bewiesen werden. Sie hat eines getan, was ich Gott sei Dank auch fortsetzen durfte: Sie hat uns auf die Quellen hingewiesen und hat gesagt: 'Das ist das Wichtigste'."
577:. It was not entirely clear how it had come into the hands of the Goltz family. The result of her purchasing activities during the 1950s meant that following her retirement, despite living modestly, she was well provided for, not just on account of her university pension. After her death the portrait of
113:. By the time she received and accepted her professorship she was a few months short of her fifty-second birthday, reflecting a somewhat indirect career trajectory, her having grown up in a country where the educational system was not set up to enable women either to study or teach at any university.
1179:. co-publishers: (1) Prof. Dr. Stephan Dusil M.A., LMS, Universität Tübingen, (2) Prof. Dr. Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina, Universität Zürich, (3) Prof. Dr. Martin Josef Schermaier, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, (4) Prof. Dr. Andreas Thier M.A. Universität Zürich and (5) two others.
642:
who were persecuted on political grounds. Her status as
Germany's only female law professor, combined with the assessment that she was not a dissident activist by temperament, seem to have protected her even after her party resignation, and she continued to teach until she reached retirement age in
347:
Law
Faculty. Although she now had a teaching contract with a major university and was, to all intents and purposes, occupying a teaching chair, she was described as a "teaching chair representative" and did not, at this stage, hold a university professorship. One recurring explanation given for this
240:
she would subsequently contribute). Her dissertation was based on a study of the Brünner Schöffenbuch from which she had distilled a study of marriage law in the medieval period. She analysed the Roman Law basis for the medieval legal context and drew conclusions on the legal status of women as this
145:
where she lived with relatives. She undertook a twelve-month traineeship in child welfare at the "Charlottenburger
Seminar des Vereins Jugendhilfe". Over the next few years she worked as a school care-worker and in other child welfare jobs, alternating or combining her work with periods of training.
286:
was closely involved, and through which, that same year, her own doctoral dissertation was published in book form. Between 1935 and 1941 she established and led a working group in order to gather and catalogue "Bibliographical evidence on the legal status of women in the German Empire and
Austria".
561:
to become a
European pace setter in terms of the number of married women in full-time employment, it was highly unusual for both partners in a marriage to be as well paid as the Schubarts, and during the 1950s she wrote to second-hand bookshops across the country in search of books on topics that
514:"Prof. Schubart-Fikentscher was an extraordinarily thorough woman. There could be no short-cuts when it came to academic research: everything had to be proven. One thing she did, which thank God I have continued: she directed us to the sources and said, 'That's the most important thing'".
562:
interested her. Second-hand books on legal history and philosophy were evidently cheap and plentiful, and she acquired a significant private research library. (The books subsequently found their way to the Halle university library as part of her literary estate.)
492:, also taking her turn with administrative duties. She served as dean of faculty during 1950/51 and as Director of the Institute for Civil Law and Legal History from 1951. Those of her students who later achieved academic eminence on their own account included
137:, where her father successfully ran a small family business in the manufacturing sector. Between 1903 and 1913 she attended the "Höhere Bürgerschule" girls' school in Zwickau, after which she received further tuition privately for the next few years. Meanwhile
163:
which, once passed, opened the way for young men of her generation to move on to university-level education, the gender bias in the education system had been softened a little by the slaughter of war, and during the early 1920s
Fikentscher was able to attend
150:
where in July 1921 she completed the national exams in welfare care, receiving a coveted "very good" commendation in respect of her exam results. Thus qualified, in
September 1921 she accepted an appointment as head of the "Youth Court Assistance"
363:
was held against her, but
Schubart-Fikentscher's record of academic research, following the publication of her doctoral dissertation in 1942, was nevertheless - at least in part - a matter of public record, and she enjoyed strong backing from
199:
which under some circumstances might have preceded a traineeship with a law firm. It is not clear whether she ever contemplated that step. On 17 December 1928 she married her uncle, the leading scholar and internationally respected
1334:
271:. There is no indication that Schubart-Fikentscher had been politically engaged up to this point, but sources nevertheless state that "on account of her political convictions" she was refused the opportunity to progress to a
1031:"Bibliographische Mitteilungen ĂĽber die Rechtsstellung der Frau im Deutschen Reich und in Ă–sterreich. Gesetzgebung, Rechtsprechung, Schrifttum, Hrsg. vom Archiv der Helene-Lange-Stiftung von Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher"
592:
By 1985 she was revered among legal academics colleagues as something of a "grand old lady". That year she suffered a serious accident as a result of which she was confined to her bed. She died shortly afterwards.
399:
291:, both on account of her work and through her husband, she appears to have been employed on a free-lance basis during this period. Between 1938 and 1940 she undertook research into "the development of
1339:
962:
216:
researches. It was
Wilhelm's sixth visit to Egypt and Gertrud's first (and only) stay in the country. Between 1929 and 1933, while her husband fulfilled his teaching contract at
147:
299:, was published in 1942 and became, according to at least one source, a "standard work" on the topic. Despite Schubart-Fikentscher's subsequent academic distinctions in the
109:
in
September 1948, and remained the country's only female university law professor - after 1957 an emeritus (retired) law professor - for seventeen years. She taught at the
180:). She passed the Prussian Culture Ministry "Culture Exam" which provided a belated alternative opening to university admission, and between 1924 and 1928, she studied
485:
now made strenuous efforts to persuade her to return and accept an equivalent position there, but Schubart-Fikentscher preferred to stick with her Halle professorship.
1329:
639:
582:
489:
474:
466:
110:
245:
by and during the medieval period. Had she been pursuing a conventional academic career, her doctorate would have been followed a few years later by her
155:) for central Berlin. Over the next few years her work gave her valuable hand-on experience of the youth justice system which awoke her interest in the
278:
Schubart-Fikentscher was nevertheless able to remain academically engaged. From 1935 she worked as a research assistant for the ambitious and scholarly
391:
1030:
606:
477:
to occupy a professorial teaching chair in a university law faculty. The Halle appointment meant turning down the offer of a professorship from the
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457:
At around the same time as her husband accepted his Leipzig professorship, Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher was offered a full professorship in
1324:
542:
After her retirement Schubart-Fikentscher continued her research on legal history. Topics to which she turned included the legal status of
725:
The achievement, in 1948, of becoming a law professor in Germany despite being female was a remarkable one. It was only in 1965 that
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hesitated over how to manage his professorship and appoint in his place the woman who had been doing the job since 1943.
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Prof. em. Dr. Arthur Kreuzer, Direktor des Instituts für Kriminologie an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (2007).
438:
300:
768:
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Goethes 56 StraĂźburger Thesen (vom 6. August 1771). Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft
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630:"As a grown woman in my mid-50s I formed my own convictions, which most likely did not always conform to the
488:
During the years till her retirement in 1957 Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher had a successful teaching career at
708:(Sonderbände der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Klasse 119, 4), Berlin 1977;
702:(Sonderbände der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Klasse 119, 2), Berlin 1977;
730:
696:(Sonderbände der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Klasse 116,4), Berlin 1973;
690:(Sonderbände der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Klasse 114,5), Berlin 1970;
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in June 1951. It was, in the judgment of one commentator, a risky move, which she explained as follows:
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323:, where they stayed with relatives. The move was prompted by the destruction in of the library where
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473:). She took up her new appointment on 1 September 1948, becoming in the process the first female in
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682:
Hallesche Spruchpraxis. Consiliensammlung Hallescher Gelehrter aus dem Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts
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At least one source also makes mention of her having stood up for students and other members of
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which she received at around the same time. Between 1948 and 1950 the university authorities at
496:, whose doctorate she supervised, and who in 1969 took over her former professorship at Halle.
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Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung - book review
372:, remained influential behind the scenes with members of the Leipzig University Law Faculty.
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997:
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Die Nachkriegszeit .... Die ersten habilitierten Frauen und professorinenin Westdeutschland
1212:. Lehrstuhl für Neuere und Neueste Geschichte, Historisches Seminar der Universität Leipzig
891:. Lehrstuhl für Neuere und Neueste Geschichte, Historisches Seminar der Universität Leipzig
849:"Prof. Dr. jur. habil. Gertrud Klara Rosalie Schubart-Fikentscher [longer version]"
706:
Christian Thomasius. Seine Bedeutung als Hochschullehrer am Beginn der deutschen Aufklärung
1290:
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510:, was invited by an interviewer to say a few words about Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher
529:
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1058:"Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher, Die Verbreitung der deutschen Stadtrechte in Osteuropa"
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accepted the newly created teaching chair in "Criminal Law and Criminology" at the
678:
In: 450 Jahre Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Bd. 2, Halle 1952, 27–30;
617:
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369:
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who, despite his age and virtual withdrawal from formal academic duties during the
272:
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319:. It was probably towards the end of 1943 that she moved with her husband back to
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1001:
812:
Prof. Dr. jur. habil. 1896–1985, Juristin & Rechtshistorikerin, geb. Zwickau
426:
413:
had left the entire region desperately short of working-age population. In 1948
349:
953:"Heymann, Ernst, Jurist, * 6.4.1870 Berlin, †2.5.1946 Tübingen. (evangelisch)"
585:
on the express condition that it would be kept on display in the department of
312:
1210:
Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig / Catalogus professorum lipsiensium
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Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig / Catalogus professorum lipsiensium
664:
Römisches Recht im Brünner Schöffenbuch. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeptionsgeschichte.
574:
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1009:
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Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (HiKo)
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Untersuchungen zur Autorschaft von Dissertationen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung
616:
which, since its inception in April 1946, had emerged as the ruling party in
550:. She was also able to devote more time to her long-standing interest in the
295:
in East Europe". The resulting book, for which she received a prize from the
1206:"Prof. Dr. phil. habil. et Dr. jur. h. c. Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Schubart"
543:
434:
1257:
Ulrike Schultz; Anja Böning; Ilka Peppmeier; Silke Schröder (4 July 2018).
1238:. Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 90. pp. 351–359
1232:
858:. Landesfrauenrat Sachsen e.V (Frauenorte Sachsen), Dresden. pp. 42–43
601:
In 1948/49 Schubart-Fikentscher was elected a corresponding member of the
327:, at this point in semi-retirement, was working and of their apartment in
1173:"Interview mit Prof. Dr. Rolf Lieberwirth am 12. September 2007 in Halle"
733:, becoming thereby the second female university law professor in Germany.
1172:
469:, a short train ride to the north-west of Leipzig (and also part of the
387:
320:
141:
broke out in 1914. In 1916 she left her parents' home and relocated to
134:
102:
36:
808:"Gertrud Klara Rosalie Schubart-Fikentscher [shorter version]"
169:
160:
142:
986:"Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher, Das Eherecht im Brünner Schöffenbuch"
405:, Schubart-Fikentscher received from the University of Leipzig the
1335:
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
885:"Prof. Dr. jur. habil. Gertrud Klara Rosalie Schubart-Fikentscher"
700:
Goethes Amtliche Schriften. Eine rechtsgeschichtliche Untersuchung
612:
More unconventionally, in 1951 she resigned her membership of the
282:
historical resources project, with which her doctoral supervisor
1114:
Personelle Ansätze für eine Neuprofilierung der Juristenfakultät
929:. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg ("Campus Halensis")
643:
1956. Her husband died in 1960 and in 1962 she received the GDR
429:, whose professorial chair she (informally) occupied, had ended
148:
Alice Salomon Women's Social Work Academy (subsequently renamed)
348:
was that the professorship in question was being held open for
352:
who had been appointed to it in 1940 and then conscripted for
220:, Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher pursued her own academic path.
156:
417:
was persuaded out of retirement to accept a professorship in
159:
more generally. Despite never having been entered for the
437:
officer, and had in 1946 accepted a professorship at the
1037:. i.d.a.-Dachverband e. V. (Helene-Lange-Archiv), Berlin
1035:
B Rep. 235-06 - Helene-Lange-Stiftung (HLSt) 1935 - 1941
923:""Eine Fikentscher [...] zu sein, verpflichtet""
775:. Archiv der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
249:(higher academic degree). However, in January 1933 the
879:
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875:
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990:
Review of the Book That Was Based on the Dissertation
605:. A year later she was elected to membership of the
1340:
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
303:(1949-1989), it would remain banned there, however.
85:
73:
59:
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43:
25:
18:
1117:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 235–237.
798:
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792:
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359:Her gender and evident lack of enthusiasm for the
315:at the so-called "Volkspflegeschule" (college) in
311:Between 1941 and 1943 Schubart-Fikentscher taught
1106:
1104:
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660:, Stuttgart 1935, zugl. Diss. Univ. Berlin 1933;
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146:Between 1919 and 1921 she was a student at the
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191:In October 1928 she sat and passed her Part I
8:
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694:Studienreform. Fragen von Leibniz bis Goethe
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297:Royal Prussian Academy of Arts and Sciences
101:(23 December 1896 - 24 March 1985) became
15:
856:1896–1985 Juristin und Rechtshistorikerin
1166:
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1162:
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814:. Landesfrauenrat Sachsen e. V., Dresden
607:Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities
744:
718:
287:Although she was closely involved with
1286:
1276:
1140:
1130:
565:She also purchased a fine portrait of
951:Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher (1972).
7:
1330:Academic staff of Leipzig University
1171:Albrecht Cordes (21 December 2007).
921:Margarete Wein (26 September 2013).
658:Das Eherecht im Brünner Schöffenbuch
767:Autorenkollektiv (21 August 2020).
335:. Between 1943 and 1946 she taught
645:Patriotic Order of Merit in Bronze
14:
1263:. Nomos Verlag. pp. 97–105.
552:enlightenment pioneer-philosopher
528:interviewed at Halle in 2007 by
398:. In May 1946, having joined the
127:Gertrud Klara Rosalie Fikentscher
30:Gertrud Klara Rosalie Fikentscher
390:and the surrounding region were
228:She received her doctorate from
1233:"Zum Tod von Anne-Eva Brauneck"
773:Catalogus Professorum Halensis
769:"Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher"
447:Leipzig university authorities
232:. Her doctoral supervisor was
1:
984:R. Köstler (1 January 2013).
666:In: ZRG GA 65 (1947), 86–176;
603:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
280:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
161:Abitur (school leaving exams)
105:'s first female professor of
68:Humboldt University of Berlin
684:(Thomasiana 3), Weimar 1960;
174:Friedrich Wilhelm University
99:Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher
64:Friedrich Wilhelm University
20:Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher
1325:20th-century German jurists
1111:Stephan Wendehorst (2006).
1074:10.7767/zrgga.1944.64.1.489
1002:10.7767/zrgga.1936.56.1.614
597:Memberships and recognition
1366:
1068:(1). De Gruyter: 489–492.
996:(1). De Gruyter: 615–617.
676:Ein neues Thomasius-Bild?.
508:Professor Rolf Lieberwirth
366:Alfred Schultze (1864-1946
301:German Democratic Republic
122:Provenance and early years
1350:People from Halle (Saale)
1056:GĂĽnther Ullrich (1944).
958:Neue Deutsche Biographie
500:Retirement and Thomasius
479:University of Heidelberg
238:Neue Deutsche Biographie
224:Under National Socialism
845:Dr. RĂĽdiger Fikentscher
804:Dr. RĂĽdiger Fikentscher
443:British occupation zone
439:University of Göttingen
257:; they lost no time in
176:as a "guest attendee" (
539:
475:German speaking Europe
396:Soviet occupation zone
293:German city privileges
1177:Forum Historiae Iuris
965:, MĂĽnchen. p. 88
614:Socialist Unity Party
423:University of Leipzig
307:University of Leipzig
153:"Jugendgerichtshilfe"
731:University of GieĂźen
618:a new kind of German
506:Her former student,
236:(whose entry in the
193:national law exams (
1345:People from Zwickau
555:Christian Thomasius
490:University of Halle
467:University of Halle
453:University of Halle
381:Hitler dictatorship
361:National Socialists
329:Berlin-Lichterfelde
261:the country into a
241:had evolved in the
230:the same university
111:University of Halle
77:First professor of
581:was bequeathed to
383:collapsed: after
345:Leipzig University
1270:978-3-8452-8722-5
1124:978-3-86583-106-4
727:Anne-Eva Brauneck
445:), but still the
289:Berlin University
251:Hitler government
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95:
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1320:Legal historians
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526:Rolf Lieberwirth
494:Rolf Lieberwirth
415:Wilhelm Schubart
354:Military service
325:Wilhelm Schubart
210:Wilhelm Schubart
206:Wilhelm Schubart
129:was born into a
90:Wilhelm Schubart
33:23 December 1896
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419:Ancient History
411:mass emigration
394:as part of the
333:British bombing
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60:Alma mater
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651:Selected works
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195:"Staatsexamen"
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