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204:, and it is there that she developed an interest in science. Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father. Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship. During
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camera, as well as money earned from translating German to
English. Gertrude found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists. She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were
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laws at the time which prevented
Gertrude Goldhaber from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there. Gertrude was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and worked in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant. Since Maurice's lab was only set up for
236:. Although her family had supported her early interest in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich. In defense of her decision to study physics Gertrude told her father, "I'm not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of."
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research, Gertrude
Goldhaber took up research in that field as well. During this time Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael. Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her research.
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in her honor. These prestigious
Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.
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266:. During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and were murdered in
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303:. Although she had a post-doctoral position with Thomson, Gertrude realized that she was not going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work.
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already too many refugee scientists already working. Only
Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in
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to perform her thesis research. In her thesis
Gertrude studied the effects of stress on magnetization. She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936.
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is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had been theorized earlier but had yet to be shown. Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was
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366:. At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing as of March 2023.
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251:(where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich. Upon returning to Munich Gertrude took up a position with
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As was usual for students at the time, Gertrude spent semesters at various other universities including the
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For the first six months of her stay in London, Gertrude lived off the money she made from selling her
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Archival papers held at the Leo Baeck
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278:. Although Gertrude's parents did not escape the Nazis, her sister Liselotte did.
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1990 — Outstanding Woman
Scientist Award from the New York Chapter of the
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in 1933, Gertrude faced increasing difficulties in
Germany because of her
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743:"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, 86, Crucial Scientist in Nuclear Fission"
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At the
University of Munich Gertrude quickly developed an interest in
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164:(July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American
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was classified, and not published until 1946. She and her husband,
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Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction
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the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships
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Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911-1998: A Biographical Memoir
270:. Gertrude remained in Germany until the completion of her
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
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Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to
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184:, spent most of their post-war careers at
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200:, Germany on July 14, 1911. She attended
847:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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665:Bond, Peter D.; Henley, Ernest (1999),
636:"BNL | Brookhaven Lecture Archive"
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390:Long Island Achiever's Award in Science
837:20th-century American women scientists
674:, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 77,
212:, and her family suffered through the
16:American nuclear physicist (1911-1998)
728:University of California, Los Angeles
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817:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
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362:where they both joined the staff of
295:. Gertrude was able to find work in
274:in 1935, at which point she fled to
649:Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships
322:. The state of Illinois had strict
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375:1947 — elected as a fellow of the
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802:American experimental physicists
772:Gertrude S. Goldhaber Collection
403:Association for Women Scientists
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168:. She earned her PhD from the
827:20th-century German physicists
700:. July 2, 2008. Archived from
698:Brookhaven National Laboratory
415:Brookhaven National Laboratory
364:Brookhaven National Laboratory
258:With the rise to power of the
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123:Brookhaven National Laboratory
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196:Gertrude Scharff was born in
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383:National Academy of Sciences
797:American nuclear physicists
694:"Brookhaven Lecture Series"
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345:spontaneous nuclear fission
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723:Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
680:The National Academy Press
162:Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
23:Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
807:American women physicists
624:Brookhaven Lecture Series
377:American Physical Society
306:In 1939 Gertrude married
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842:Women nuclear physicists
320:University of Illinois
241:University of Freiburg
118:University of Illinois
704:on February 17, 2005
612:Bond and Henley 1999
589:Bond and Henley 1999
544:Bond and Henley 1999
525:Bond and Henley 1999
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310:. She then moved to
301:electron diffraction
297:George Paget Thomson
249:University of Berlin
245:University of Zurich
222:University of Munich
170:University of Munich
91:University of Munich
318:to join him at the
71:Patchogue, New York
748:The New York Times
718:Goldhaber, Maurice
381:1972 — elected to
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182:Maurice Goldhaber
166:nuclear physicist
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98:Scientific career
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178:World War II
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65:(1998-02-02)
792:1998 deaths
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360:Long Island
206:World War I
79:Nationality
781:Categories
559:Saxon 1998
426:References
349:classified
260:Nazi party
247:, and the
192:Early life
44:1911-07-14
413:In 2001,
293:Cambridge
228:Education
146:Signature
125:1950-1979
120:1939-1950
54:, Germany
755:March 5,
733:March 5,
720:(2001),
685:March 5,
417:created
316:Illinois
198:Mannheim
82:American
52:Mannheim
708:July 1,
394:1984 —
388:1982 —
353:the war
351:during
234:physics
210:sawdust
108:Physics
614:, p. 7
591:, p. 6
546:, p. 3
527:, p. 4
470:, p. 5
409:Legacy
370:Honors
341:nuclei
312:Urbana
282:Career
276:London
243:, the
104:Fields
73:, U.S.
672:(PDF)
288:Leica
272:Ph.D.
757:2009
735:2009
710:2009
687:2009
60:Died
38:Born
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