458:
422:, the president of Upper Volta, and Nkrumah the two pledged to work together toward "effective unity of Africa" and together knocked down a wall constructed specifically for the ceremony. Similarly, although Mali and Guinea share a border, there had been little creation of significant transportation infrastructure between the countries (both of them being more significantly linked to Senegal during the colonial period). Another problem was that the countries had separate linguistic and colonial infrastructures which limited the space for any significant policy unification. In addition, although the parties agreed on many foreign policy goals, they were divided about
51:
63:
191:
346:, the capital of Guinea, to discuss an emergency loan which Ghana was going to provide to Guinea. On 23 November, the two leaders announced a plan for the creation of a union of African states which the two leaders would work towards over a series of meetings with the loan as the first of many steps towards integration. Following these negotiations, the Union of Independent African States (UIAS) was declared on 1 May 1959. The agreement was very loose, only requiring that the members work together on relations with other African countries and thus was, in the words of journalist
407:. Although Mali and Ghana had discussed creating a shared parliament, such a provision was not contained in the final agreement. Other issues, such as the creation of a single flag for all three countries, a unified economic policy, a unified foreign policy, and the development of a common constitution were mentioned but not provided with details and were to be worked out by regular meetings of the three leaders. No administration was ever established and the only regular governance of the union was set to be meetings between the three leaders of the members.
3132:
3105:
350:, more pragmatic than ambitious. They declared intentions for developing a shared currency (a union bank and union economic council were planned) and shared citizenship, but did not include unified defense or foreign policy provisions in regards to countries outside of Africa. Despite these declarations, little happened to cement any shared currency or create unified citizenship between the two countries in 1958 or 1959. The only significant effect of the union was the ÂŁ10 million (about ÂŁ
1227:
399:(the agreement that an attack on any of the three countries would be an attack on all) and shared diplomatic, economic, educational, and cultural activities. The union remained loose but the leaders believed it would set the ground for a larger and stronger union between members. At the signing ceremony on 1 July, Nkrumah declared that the union would be "a nucleus of a United States of Africa". Diplomatically, the union became a key part of the
335:
478:. Touré declared that "If there were a conference of African heads of state tomorrow, Comrade Nkrumah would speak in the name of Guinea, because Nkrumah is not a simple African but a universal man." The U.S. State Department was incredulous at the time about whether this naming of Nkrumah as president of the country was genuine and the declaration of Nkrumah as the co-president of Guinea with Touré is often considered to be an honorific title.
387:
3082:
3072:
3093:
549:
160:
528:
147:
507:
173:
290:(which would grant domestic autonomy while maintaining French defense and economic policy). Guinea voted for full independence (the only French colony in Africa to do so) while French Sudan voted to join the French Community. The Gold Coast, in contrast, was a British colony which achieved independence as Ghana in March 1957 and joined the
250:. Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa, no other states joined. The union had a limited impact on politics as there was never any administration or permanent meetings to support the goals of unity. Its legacy was largely limited to longstanding political relationships between
325:
The motivation for creating a federation was to reduce the dependence of the states to the former colonial powers. Large size would reduce the economic vulnerability of the states, improve economic development programs, and reduce interference by foreign powers. The ultimate goal of Ghana-Mali-Guinea
394:
In
November 1960, following the tense end of the Mali Federation in August, talks begun between the two original members with Mali to join an expanded union. These negotiations reached fruition on 1 July 1961 when the charter of the newly named Union of African States was published simultaneously in
465:
The political alliance between the three leaders was the most significant legacy of the union. Ghana, Guinea, and Mali remained tightly connected until
Nkrumah was removed from power by a military coup in 1966. As an example of this continuing relationship, the Ghanaian ambassador to Mali retained
313:
Despite these differences, the leaders of the three countries shared a common vision of Africa's future. Kwame
Nkrumah, Ahmed Sékou Touré, and Modibo Keïta were each pivotal anti-colonial figures in their countries and the first leaders after independence. In addition, each became prominent in the
309:
for a few months in 1960. However, political intractability led to the dissolution of the Mali
Federation in August 1960. Ghana, in contrast, was presented as a success story of the decolonization period in Africa with a booming economy and the recognition from international organizations for its
326:
federation was for more
African states to join the union; however between 1963 and 1965, most African states preferred the organization Organization of African Unity over a formal union. Nkrumah was influenced by the United States as a successful model for how to organize an African federation.
301:, began a complete withdrawal of French personnel from Guinea and a suspension of aid when the country declared independence. This resulted in economic turmoil throughout the country and sent a warning against independence for the other colonies. French Sudan joined with
473:
dealing with peace talks about the
Vietnam War. After the coup, he could not return to Ghana and so instead came to Guinea where he was greeted ceremoniously by Touré who declared that Nkrumah was now the head of state of Guinea and the Secretary General of the
241:
The union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members; however, none of these proposals were implemented by the countries. The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the
1441:
382:
The individual constitutions of Ghana, Mali and Guinea contained provisions that would allow the national parliaments to transfer the sovereignty of the whole or part of each country; the intent was to easily form a Union of
African States.
448:
argues that the failure was caused by "deep disagreements about the precise balance between federal union and independence of member states." Nkrumah advocated for a strong federal state capable of major economic development projects.
1421:
1436:
2918:
378:
today) loan provided by Ghana to Guinea. However, even this relationship was hesitantly agreed to by the members. Guinea used less than half of the funds provided by Ghana despite its continued economic problems.
1968:
1458:
1588:
1453:
403:
and the three members agreed to push for similar policy issue within that forum. Similarly, the leaders approached Cold War politics in a similar manner, promoting a pro-Soviet involvement in the
1723:
1364:
637:
Although no common flag was decided on by the members in this declaration, a flag for the union was decided to be based on the
Ghanaian flag, but "with as many black stars as there are members".
1536:
262:(President of Mali 1960–1968). The union again came into the news when Nkrumah was named as the co-president of Guinea after he was deposed as President of Ghana by a military coup in 1966.
475:
457:
2891:
444:
Different explanations have been offered for the failure of the UAS, such as competing nationalisms and intrinsic flaws in the U.S. model of federation that
Nkrumah was influenced by.
1826:
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1431:
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1509:
1448:
3187:
1468:
1635:
1603:
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1409:
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in 1960 and 1961. Finally, although the agreement was open to all
African states, suspicion about Nkrumah and regional politics between the three leaders and
1645:
441:, Touré was upset with Nkrumah for pursuing an agenda without consultation of the other members. The union was dissolved without much attention in May 1963.
410:
The union was confronted by a series of significant problems from its establishment. Ghana was separated from Guinea by the countries of the Ivory Coast and
433:
The economic council never got started and only a few meetings were held between the three leaders. Tensions increased between the members in 1963 with the
3162:
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1302:
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1521:
1404:
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1812:
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2146:
2089:
1985:
1857:
1563:
1526:
1499:
1463:
1332:
1186:
1169:
423:
418:. Attempts to bridge this gap by including Upper Volta in the union failed, despite a number of overtures by Nkrumah. In one meeting between
2871:
1399:
650:
call between Mali and Guinea, but did not include Ghana because the connections were not yet constructed to enable such a transmission.
3027:
2841:
3192:
2901:
2119:
1896:
50:
1342:
1775:
1290:
1193:
2981:
469:
The union again became important in 1966 when Nkrumah was removed as the President of Ghana by a military coup while he was in
1322:
434:
3157:
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1389:
1473:
1307:
62:
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190:
1337:
1312:
427:
3197:
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1317:
1240:
271:
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1347:
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1743:
1667:
1624:
1558:
1327:
1262:
1159:
1137:
2861:
2826:
1352:
1267:
646:
This geographic division between the countries was emphasized in the 1 July ceremonies which included the first
3017:
2766:
2671:
2595:
2435:
1297:
1144:
437:: Nkrumah was accused of having supported the coup. In the preparation for the Addis Ababa summit to found the
279:
342:
In November 1958, with the sudden cessation of French aid and personnel for Guinea, Nkrumah and Touré met in
3075:
3047:
3032:
2886:
2846:
2580:
2475:
2421:
2280:
1708:
415:
291:
255:
2856:
2495:
2344:
1785:
1768:
1703:
1640:
1384:
1112:
3177:
3097:
2761:
1393:
352:
215:
92:
2943:
2896:
2626:
2550:
2515:
1753:
1698:
596:
categorizes the three leaders together as the "radical West African leaders" in the independence era.
404:
297:
The difference continued into the post-independence era. The French government, with urging from the
2986:
2960:
2681:
2324:
396:
334:
243:
3012:
2991:
2716:
2666:
2641:
2631:
2616:
2570:
2555:
2057:
2028:
2020:
1991:
1929:
1691:
606:
593:
361:
347:
247:
2636:
2233:"Ousted Ghana Boss Now Rules Guinea: Unprecedented Shift in Africa Has World Capitals Stunned".
419:
2949:
2480:
2465:
2408:
2349:
2329:
2142:
2136:
2115:
2085:
2079:
1981:
1892:
1853:
1847:
1504:
1494:
1164:
1132:
319:
2188:
Howe, Russell (23 May 1959). "Ghana, Guinea Build Federation Designed to Lure Other States".
1887:
2965:
2741:
2676:
2656:
2651:
2470:
2339:
2170:
Brady, Thomas F. (2 May 1959). "New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea".
2049:
2012:
1973:
1921:
1882:
1247:
400:
386:
287:
1226:
3085:
2776:
2756:
2686:
2520:
2485:
2390:
306:
283:
203:
2505:
2197:"3 African Lands take Unity Step: Ghana, Guinea and Mali Sign Charter for New Grouping".
259:
1849:
Personal Reflections of a Ghanaian Foreign Service Officer - Whither Ghanaian Diplomacy?
3057:
3022:
2771:
2731:
2721:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2500:
2460:
2369:
2303:
1952:
647:
617:
338:
Kwame Nkrumah, first President of Ghana and major leader in the Union of African States
315:
17:
3146:
3136:
3109:
2955:
2831:
2751:
2746:
2726:
2706:
2691:
2646:
2560:
2545:
2525:
2510:
2490:
2061:
2032:
1963:
445:
251:
31:
2224:
Kihss, Peter (25 February 1966). "Ghana, Now in Dire Straits, Began as a Showcase".
2736:
2661:
2450:
2334:
2105:
411:
275:
2923:
2401:
286:
were given the chance to vote for immediate independence or to join a reorganized
2109:
612:
2611:
2535:
2395:
1912:
DeLancey, Mark W. (1966). "The Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union: A Bibliographic Essay".
298:
219:
3092:
2040:
Kurtz, Donn M. (1970). "Political Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation".
613:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
466:
the title of "Resident Minister" even after the political union had dissolved.
2711:
2621:
2053:
2016:
2701:
2696:
2540:
2364:
2359:
2354:
1995:
2455:
395:
the capitals of the three members. The charter of the union provided for
1977:
1589:
Industry, Sci. & Tech., Energy, Natural Resources, & Environment
3037:
2024:
343:
302:
282:. French Sudan and Guinea were both French colonies and thus after the
2919:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
1933:
2415:
2374:
1657:
554:
227:
165:
124:
1925:
1875:"The Politics of Decolonization in French and British West Africa"
533:
456:
385:
333:
223:
189:
152:
111:
107:
2272:
1969:
Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
2258:
2003:
Kloman, Erasmus H. Jr. (1962). "African Unification Movements".
935:
933:
931:
929:
752:
750:
748:
512:
235:
178:
2276:
981:
979:
966:
964:
962:
960:
723:
721:
719:
855:
853:
1724:
New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program
2892:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
889:
887:
885:
883:
706:
704:
702:
2242:"Toure ls Quoted as Saying Nkrumah Is Guinea's Chief".
318:
movement and were architects in developing a theory of
904:
902:
840:
838:
3120:
870:
868:
689:
687:
685:
2907:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
672:
670:
668:
666:
278:(which became Mali) followed different paths toward
3005:
2974:
2936:
2819:
2798:
2789:
2604:
2443:
2434:
2383:
2317:
2310:
254:(President and Prime Minister of Ghana 1957–1966),
130:
118:
98:
88:
80:
72:
1951:
430:in the Ivory Coast limited the union's expansion.
920:
2206:"Ghana, Guinea and Mali Inaugurate New Union".
1879:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
939:
756:
1954:From French West Africa to the Mali Federation
1057:
1045:
985:
2288:
1820:
1194:
8:
970:
727:
390:Ahmed Sékou Touré, First President of Guinea
39:
3183:International organizations based in Africa
1081:
2795:
2440:
2314:
2295:
2281:
2273:
2081:Dictionary of African Historical Biography
1827:
1813:
1212:
1201:
1187:
1106:
1093:
485:
414:and separated from Mali by the country of
38:
2877:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
1886:
1069:
609:inflation figures are based on data from
461:Modibo KeĂŻta, the first President of Mali
2837:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
1714:New Partnership for Africa's Development
1033:
1009:
859:
817:
780:
710:
3127:
2596:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
2138:Great Black Leaders: Ancient and Modern
2071:Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide
1515:Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
1422:Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ.
1215:
1120:
1109:
662:
585:
142:
1888:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.111
1474:Committee on Audit and Public Accounts
997:
951:
893:
829:
368:
238:joined in 1961. It disbanded in 1963.
3188:International political organizations
2042:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1945:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1873:Cooper, Frederick (24 January 2018).
1564:Economic, Social and Cultural Council
1170:Constitutive Act of the African Union
1021:
908:
874:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
768:
739:
693:
424:United Nations Operation in the Congo
374:(parameter 1) not a recognized index.
258:(President of Guinea 1958–1984), and
7:
2872:International African Service Bureau
1604:Edu., Culture, & Human Resources
1442:Transport, Industry, Communication,
844:
792:
676:
351:
3203:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
2913:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
1958:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1469:Rules, Privileges, & Discipline
1459:Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities
232:Union of Independent African States
67:Map of UAS members, shown in green.
27:Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (1961–1963)
3163:Former international organizations
2842:All-African Trade Union Federation
2084:. University of California Press.
1532:Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
25:
2902:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2073:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
1454:Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR
1432:Trade, Customs, & Immigration
3153:1963 disestablishments in Africa
3130:
3103:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3070:
1569:Specialised Technical Committees
1225:
547:
526:
505:
171:
158:
145:
61:
49:
3028:All-African Peoples' Conference
1846:Brandful, William G.M. (2013).
1584:Trade, Customs, and Immigration
1437:Cooperation, IR, & Conflict
2215:"3 Nations in African Union".
1972:. Princeton University Press.
482:Population and area of members
214:, was a short-lived and loose
1:
3173:1958 establishments in Guinea
3053:United States of Latin Africa
2882:Organisation of African Unity
2811:African Leadership University
2237:. 4 March 1966. pp. 1–2.
1719:African Peer Review Mechanism
1258:Organisation of African Unity
1218:Politics of the African Union
1155:Organisation of African Unity
439:Organization of African Unity
3168:1958 establishments in Ghana
2867:First Pan-African Conference
2165:(organized chronologically)
1449:Health, Labour, & Social
1444:Energy, Science, & Tech.
270:The colonies of Guinea, the
2201:. 30 April 1961. p. 9.
2078:Lipschutz, Mark R. (1989).
355:error: cannot parse value "
218:formed in 1958 linking the
3224:
2806:African Leadership Academy
2246:. 4 March 1966. p. 1.
2210:. 2 July 1961. p. A9.
2183:. 6 May 1959. p. A16.
2141:. Transaction Publishers.
2135:van Sertima, Ivan (1988).
2005:International Organization
1950:Foltz, William J. (1965).
1840:Books and Journal Articles
1559:Peace and Security Council
1500:Constitutive Act of the AU
1263:African Economic Community
1160:African Economic Community
476:Democratic Party of Guinea
471:People's Republic of China
310:astute fiscal management.
274:(which became Ghana), and
29:
3098:Pan-Africanism portal
3066:
2862:Economic Freedom Fighters
2852:Convention People's Party
2827:African Unification Front
2219:. 3 July 1961. p. 4.
2054:10.1017/s0022278x00019923
2017:10.1017/s0020818300011127
1594:Transport, Comm., Tourism
1268:African Unification Front
435:1963 Togolese coup d'Ă©tat
208:Union des États africains
60:
48:
43:Union des États africains
3193:Pan-Africanism in Africa
3018:African-American leftism
2767:Henry Sylvester Williams
2531:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
1943:A History of West Africa
1914:African Studies Bulletin
1579:Monetary & Financial
1522:Justice and Human Rights
1427:Monetary & Financial
1145:Decolonisation of Africa
210:), sometimes called the
30:Not to be confused with
3076:Pan-Africanism category
3048:United States of Africa
3043:Union of African States
3033:East African Federation
2982:Ethnic groups of Africa
2887:Pan African Association
2476:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
2422:United States of Africa
1852:. Dorrance Publishing.
1709:African Investment Bank
1343:Rural Econ. & Agri.
1253:Union of African States
1150:Union of African States
611:Clark, Gregory (2017).
292:Commonwealth of Nations
212:Ghana–Guinea–Mali Union
200:Union of African States
40:Union of African States
18:Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union
2857:East African Community
2496:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
2345:Anti-Western sentiment
2217:Chicago Daily Defender
1786:TerrAfrica partnership
1704:African Monetary Union
1385:Pan-African Parliament
462:
428:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
391:
339:
207:
195:
3158:Former confederations
2762:Frances Cress Welsing
2179:"The Birth of UIAS".
2069:Legum, Colin (1965).
1599:Health, Labor, Social
1394:Fortune Z. Charumbira
1333:HR, Sci., & Tech.
1308:Conference and Events
921:Chicago Defender 1961
460:
389:
337:
216:regional organization
193:
93:Regional organization
2944:Black Star of Africa
2897:Pan-African Congress
2847:Conseil de l'Entente
2627:Edward Wilmot Blyden
2551:Abdias do Nascimento
2516:Toussaint Louverture
2111:Nkrumah: a biography
1754:African Space Agency
1738:Decentralised bodies
1699:African Central Bank
1464:Justice & Rights
1417:Permanent Committees
940:Washington Post 1961
757:Washington Post 1959
405:Non-Aligned Movement
3208:Socialism in Africa
2997:Conflicts in Africa
2987:Languages of Africa
2961:Pan-African colours
2682:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
2325:African nationalism
2208:The Washington Post
1978:10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg
1941:Fage, J.D. (1969).
1323:Infra. & Energy
1058:New York Times 1966
1046:New York Times 1966
1012:, pp. 121–122.
986:New York Times 1961
771:, pp. 182–183.
498:(in millions, 1960)
397:collective security
45:
3198:Politics of Africa
3013:African philosophy
2992:Religion in Africa
2717:Zephania Mothopeng
2667:Amy Ashwood Garvey
2642:John Henrik Clarke
2632:Stokely Carmichael
2617:Molefi Kete Asante
2571:John Nyathi Pokela
2556:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2261:. World Bank. 2013
2163:Newspaper articles
1744:Agencies of the AU
1574:Rural Econ., Agri.
1338:Trade and Industry
820:, pp. 107–110
607:Retail Price Index
594:John Donnelly Fage
463:
392:
377:
348:Russel Warren Howe
340:
196:
3118:
3117:
3110:Africa portal
2950:Le Marron Inconnu
2932:
2931:
2785:
2784:
2581:Ahmed Sékou Touré
2430:
2429:
2350:Black nationalism
2330:African socialism
2148:978-0-88738-739-5
2091:978-0-520-06611-3
1987:978-0-691-17915-5
1859:978-1-4809-0006-6
1837:
1836:
1781:Foreign relations
1510:Charter on Rights
1495:Sirte Declaration
1360:Executive Council
1211:
1210:
1165:Sirte Declaration
1133:History of Africa
1024:, pp. 76–77.
971:Boston Globe 1966
783:, pp. 35–36.
728:Boston Globe 1966
577:
576:
499:
357:Error when using
330:Mutual assistance
320:African socialism
256:Ahmed Sékou Touré
188:
187:
16:(Redirected from
3215:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3073:
2966:Pan-African flag
2796:
2742:Randall Robinson
2677:Leonard Jeffries
2657:W. E. B. Du Bois
2652:Cheikh Anta Diop
2647:Martin R. Delany
2471:David Comissiong
2441:
2340:Anti-imperialism
2315:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:"World DataBank"
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2065:
2036:
1999:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1937:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1890:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1618:Financial bodies
1527:Court of Justice
1313:Peace & Sec.
1248:Casablanca Group
1229:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1138:Economic history
1107:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:van Sertima 1988
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
974:
968:
955:
949:
943:
937:
924:
918:
912:
906:
897:
891:
878:
872:
863:
857:
848:
842:
833:
827:
821:
815:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
743:
737:
731:
725:
714:
708:
697:
691:
680:
674:
651:
644:
638:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
603:
597:
590:
553:
551:
550:
532:
530:
529:
511:
509:
508:
497:
486:
401:Casablanca group
375:
373:
369:|index=
366:
360:
288:French Community
194:Flag (1958–1961)
181:(joined in 1961)
177:
175:
174:
164:
162:
161:
151:
149:
148:
76:23 November 1958
65:
55:Flag (1961–1963)
53:
46:
21:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3090:
3086:Africa category
3062:
3001:
2970:
2928:
2815:
2781:
2777:Omali Yeshitela
2757:Issa Laye Thiaw
2687:Maulana Karenga
2672:John G. Jackson
2600:
2521:Patrice Lumumba
2486:Muammar Gaddafi
2426:
2391:African century
2379:
2306:
2301:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2190:Washington Post
2187:
2181:Washington Post
2178:
2169:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2068:
2039:
2002:
1988:
1962:
1949:
1940:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1804:
1800:Other countries
1791:
1790:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1554:
1553:Advisory bodies
1546:
1545:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1443:
1410:List of members
1380:
1372:
1371:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1243:
1220:
1207:
1123:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1094:World Bank 2013
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
977:
969:
958:
950:
946:
938:
927:
919:
915:
907:
900:
892:
881:
873:
866:
858:
851:
843:
836:
828:
824:
816:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
746:
738:
734:
726:
717:
709:
700:
692:
683:
675:
664:
660:
655:
654:
645:
641:
636:
632:
623:
621:
610:
604:
600:
591:
587:
582:
548:
546:
527:
525:
506:
504:
496:
484:
455:
420:Maurice Yaméogo
364:
358:
356:
332:
307:Mali Federation
284:May 1958 crisis
268:
184:
172:
170:
159:
157:
146:
144:
141:
140:
133:
121:
106:
68:
56:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:Year of Africa
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Africanization
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Amos N. Wilson
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Runoko Rashidi
2729:
2724:
2722:George Padmore
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:Robert Sobukwe
2588:
2586:Haile Selassie
2583:
2578:
2576:Thomas Sankara
2573:
2568:
2566:Julius Nyerere
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Kenneth Kaunda
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Anténor Firmin
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:AmĂlcar Cabral
2463:
2461:Nnamdi Azikiwe
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:Uhuru Movement
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:Pan-Africanism
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2249:
2248:
2244:New York Times
2239:
2230:
2226:New York Times
2221:
2212:
2203:
2199:New York Times
2194:
2185:
2176:
2172:New York Times
2160:
2159:
2147:
2132:
2120:
2102:
2090:
2075:
2066:
2048:(3): 405–424.
2037:
2011:(2): 387–404.
2000:
1986:
1964:Getachew, Adom
1960:
1947:
1938:
1926:10.2307/523014
1909:
1897:
1870:
1858:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:Related topics
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:List of judges
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:Rep. Committee
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:History of the
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1084:, p. 331.
1074:
1072:, p. 176.
1070:Lipschutz 1989
1062:
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 122.
1026:
1014:
1002:
1000:, p. 124.
990:
975:
956:
954:, p. 391.
944:
925:
913:
898:
896:, p. 390.
879:
864:
862:, p. 121.
849:
847:, p. 217.
834:
822:
797:
795:, p. 219.
785:
773:
761:
759:, p. A16.
744:
742:, p. 405.
732:
715:
698:
681:
661:
659:
656:
653:
652:
648:radiotelephone
639:
630:
618:MeasuringWorth
598:
584:
583:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
543:
542:
539:
536:
522:
521:
518:
515:
501:
500:
493:
490:
483:
480:
454:
451:
331:
328:
280:decolonization
267:
264:
186:
185:
183:
182:
168:
155:
138:
137:
136:
134:
131:
128:
127:
122:
120:Region served
119:
116:
115:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Lion of Judah
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:African Union
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Organizations
2788:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Burning Spear
2750:
2748:
2747:Walter Rodney
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Motsoko Pheko
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Archie Mafeje
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Alice Kinloch
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Kwame Nkrumah
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Robert Mugabe
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Samora Machel
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Jomo Kenyatta
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Marcus Garvey
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:. p. 12.
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:. p. A4.
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2123:
2121:9780385027786
2117:
2114:. Doubleday.
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:McKown, Robin
2103:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1898:9780190277734
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:ECOWAS/CEDEAO
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:AEC Pillars (
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:Legal Counsel
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:African Union
1119:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:, p. 12.
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:Brandful 2013
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:Brandful 2013
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
945:
942:, p. A9.
941:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:, p. 76.
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:Brandful 2013
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
818:Getachew 2019
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
781:DeLancey 1966
777:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
724:
722:
720:
716:
713:, p. 35.
712:
711:DeLancey 1966
707:
705:
703:
699:
696:, p. 12.
695:
690:
688:
686:
682:
679:, p. A4.
678:
673:
671:
669:
667:
663:
657:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
620:
619:
614:
608:
602:
599:
595:
589:
586:
579:
572:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
556:
545:
544:
540:
537:
535:
524:
523:
519:
516:
514:
503:
502:
494:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
477:
472:
467:
459:
452:
450:
447:
446:Adom Getachew
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
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408:
406:
402:
398:
388:
384:
380:
372:
363:
354:
349:
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336:
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317:
311:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:Kwame Nkrumah
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
180:
169:
167:
156:
154:
143:
135:
129:
126:
123:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
59:
52:
47:
44:
37:
33:
32:African Union
19:
3178:1961 in Mali
3042:
2948:
2911:
2737:Paul Robeson
2662:Frantz Fanon
2637:Aimé Césaire
2506:Modibo KeĂŻta
2451:Dennis Akumu
2414:
2407:
2400:
2335:Afrocentrism
2263:. Retrieved
2251:
2250:
2243:
2235:Boston Globe
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2174:. p. 2.
2171:
2162:
2161:
2152:. Retrieved
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2110:
2095:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:
2045:
2041:
2008:
2004:
1967:
1953:
1942:
1920:(2): 35–51.
1917:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1878:
1863:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1838:
1625:Abuja Treaty
1328:Soc. Affairs
1318:Pol. Affairs
1252:
1241:Institutions
1175:Union Launch
1149:
1103:Bibliography
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1048:, p. 1.
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
988:, p. 9.
973:, p. 2.
947:
923:, p. 4.
916:
877:, p. 4.
825:
788:
776:
764:
735:
730:, p. 1.
642:
633:
622:. Retrieved
616:
601:
588:
468:
464:
443:
432:
412:Sierra Leone
409:
393:
381:
370:
365:}}
359:{{
353:Format price
341:
324:
312:
305:to form the
296:
276:French Sudan
269:
260:Modibo KeĂŻta
240:
231:
220:West African
211:
199:
197:
132:Membership
102:
99:Headquarters
42:
36:
2799:Educational
2612:Marimba Ani
2536:Thabo Mbeki
2444:Politicians
2396:Black power
1996:j.ctv3znwvg
1776:Enlargement
1646:ECCAS/CEEAC
1405:Secretariat
1379:Legislature
1303:Chairperson
1291:Chairperson
998:McKown 1973
952:Kloman 1962
894:Kloman 1962
830:Cooper 2018
416:Upper Volta
316:Pan-African
299:Ivory Coast
222:nations of
3147:Categories
2712:Ali Mazrui
2622:Steve Biko
2436:Proponents
2265:2013-08-20
2154:2013-08-20
2127:2013-08-20
2097:2013-08-20
1904:2021-04-27
1865:2013-08-19
1749:Africa CDC
1298:Commission
1022:Legum 1965
909:Legum 1965
875:Brady 1959
769:Foltz 1965
740:Kurtz 1970
694:Kihss 1966
658:References
624:2024-05-07
592:Historian
495:Population
272:Gold Coast
266:Background
114:(de facto)
105:(de jure)
2820:Political
2702:Malcolm X
2697:Fela Kuti
2541:Tom Mboya
2402:NĂ©gritude
2365:Sankarism
2360:Nkrumaism
2355:Garveyism
2062:154671339
2033:154719814
1489:Judiciary
1390:President
1280:Executive
845:Fage 1969
793:Fage 1969
677:Howe 1959
570:1,724,584
517:1,240,192
492:Area (km)
362:Inflation
81:Dissolved
73:Formation
2975:Dynamics
2456:Idi Amin
2384:Concepts
2318:Variants
2311:Ideology
2252:Websites
2108:(1973).
1966:(2019).
1348:Economic
1286:Assembly
1113:a series
1111:Part of
246:and the
139:3 states
3038:Kwanzaa
3006:Related
2937:Symbols
2924:ZANU–PF
2025:2705391
1692:AMU/UMA
1631:CEN-SAD
573:15.393
562:3.4942
559:245,857
541:6.6352
538:238,535
520:5.2637
489:Country
344:Conakry
303:Senegal
244:British
230:as the
103:Unknown
3137:Africa
3123:Portal
2605:Others
2416:Ujamaa
2409:Ubuntu
2375:Zikism
2145:
2118:
2088:
2060:
2031:
2023:
1994:
1984:
1934:523014
1932:
1895:
1856:
1636:COMESA
1476:(CAPA)
1400:Bureau
1115:on the
555:Guinea
552:
531:
510:
453:Legacy
248:French
228:Guinea
204:French
176:
166:Guinea
163:
150:
125:Africa
2058:S2CID
2029:S2CID
2021:JSTOR
1992:JSTOR
1930:JSTOR
1663:UEMOA
1651:CEMAC
580:Notes
567:Total
534:Ghana
224:Ghana
153:Ghana
112:Ghana
108:Accra
2143:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2086:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1685:SACU
1680:SADC
1675:IGAD
1668:WAMZ
513:Mali
236:Mali
226:and
198:The
179:Mali
89:Type
84:1963
2050:doi
2013:doi
1974:doi
1922:doi
1883:doi
1641:EAC
1505:Law
605:UK
371:GBP
3149::
2056:.
2044:.
2027:.
2019:.
2009:16
2007:.
1990:.
1980:.
1928:.
1916:.
1891:.
1881:.
1877:.
1627:)
978:^
959:^
928:^
901:^
882:^
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852:^
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800:^
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718:^
701:^
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665:^
615:.
367::
322:.
294:.
234:.
206::
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2157:.
2130:.
2100:.
2064:.
2052::
2046:8
2035:.
2015::
1998:.
1976::
1936:.
1924::
1918:9
1907:.
1885::
1868:.
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1392:(
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