370:
410:
41:
280:. These sojourners stayed in Ghana for periods ranging from a few years to several decades, but they never came to consider Ghana their home. The migrants consisted largely of men who came to Ghana alone and worked as employees in Chinese-owned factories, while their families remained behind in Hong Kong. Originally, they were concentrated in western Ghana, but after Ghana achieved independence, the
315:
began arriving just as the Hong Kong migrants were flowing out. Migration from mainland China intensified in the 1990s; some came as employees, but most were independent traders running import-export businesses or restaurants. The sources of migration have also expanded; whereas earlier migrants came
397:
arrested over 100 Chinese people in a single day, due to
Chinese engagement in illegal gold mining; in response, forty-one Chinese businesspeople signed an open letter of protest to the Immigration Department. They attributed the sudden crackdown to the government's desire to protect local merchants
392:
Local traders have protested against the influx of
Chinese traders selling imported goods, and accuse them of breaking investment laws. In late 2007, local traders organised protests in Accra which accused the Chinese of unfair competition and trading in fields for which they were not qualified. In
380:
The
Chinese population in Ghana itself are largely transitory, and there is some resistance among them to the idea that they belong to a "community". Most of the migrants came with the intention of seeing the world and making money, rather than settling down in Ghana. In order to obtain Ghanaian
348:
producing cooking implements, and imitation wax print clothing. The owners of these ventures rarely visited Ghana. In the 1990s and 2000s, large
Chinese companies became active in Ghana's construction sector, while individual Chinese traders gained a large amount of influence in retailing of
302:
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, some of the Hong Kong migrants began to bring their wives and children over to Ghana. Migrants from
Shanghai also began to arrive round this time. Due to further political unrest in the 1970s and 1980s, including two coups by
295:(PRC) for a brief period in the 1960s. The PRC provided a variety of military assistance to Ghana in the 1960s, including a loan for an arms factory in 1962 (which was never constructed) and the dispatch of military advisors in 1964. After the
740:
Ghana: Whether a
Chinese citizen who has resided in Ghana since 1991 can obtain Ghanaian citizenship without the knowledge of a Ghanaian language; treatment of Chinese in Ghana and any available protection
926:
595:
825:
Kohnert, Dirk (11–17 July 2010), "Drivers of change or cut-throat competitors? Challenging
Cultures of Innovation of Chinese and Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs in West Africa",
1979:
353:
300,000, as long as it employs 10 local citizens, subject to maintenance of a certain minimum volume of trade. More recently, other
Chinese are engaged in small-scale
349:
textiles, electrical appliances, and daily-use goods. Under the Ghana
Investment Promotion Act of 1994, any foreigner can open a retail business with an investment of
852:
1292:
745:
2337:
299:
which overthrew
Nkrumah's government, Ghana expelled 430 PRC nationals, including three intelligence officers and thirteen guerrilla warfare specialists.
1694:
953:
369:
1215:
284:
government began implementing plans to promote development in the eastern part of the country, and as a result, they began moving towards Accra and
761:
1091:
1790:
1323:
1286:
1282:
1972:
1845:
1245:
904:
2332:
720:
603:
1917:
1513:
1235:
795:
1779:
2322:
2327:
1988:
1965:
1581:
946:
358:
147:
1902:
1299:
628:
292:
161:
1648:
1493:
1434:
1429:
1341:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1014:
296:
1164:
796:"Gemeinschaften im Fluss: Chinesische Netzwerke in Ghana/The Doing and Undoing of Community: Chinese networks in Ghana"
506:
393:
turn, Chinese migrants complain of arbitrary treatment by Ghana's police. On one day in February 2009, officers of the
1796:
1663:
2274:
1947:
1840:
1819:
1757:
1752:
1658:
1653:
1460:
1176:
1112:
1081:
1060:
1050:
772:
428:
1774:
1764:
1747:
1726:
1721:
1542:
1397:
1142:
1117:
1086:
1034:
1029:
998:
983:
939:
394:
381:
nationality, one must be married to a citizen of Ghana or be able to speak and understand one of the indigenous
2289:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1769:
1731:
1689:
1684:
1476:
1351:
1205:
1171:
1127:
1107:
1065:
874:
826:
386:
1824:
1814:
1455:
1450:
1377:
1055:
993:
988:
276:
origin. They began arriving in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when both territories were still part of the
1912:
1679:
1159:
1024:
738:
341:
1890:
776:
308:
340:
The earliest Hong Kong migrants were employed in a variety of industries in Ghana, including a failed
1576:
1148:
433:
350:
1939:
1885:
1498:
1402:
1346:
1317:
1310:
1276:
1269:
724:
633:
1850:
1610:
1392:
1372:
1367:
1240:
878:
382:
2131:
1525:
1486:
1481:
1387:
1304:
1263:
1230:
1197:
846:
807:
325:
686:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1564:
1382:
1225:
1220:
1154:
962:
184:
101:
91:
75:
1615:
2294:
2198:
2178:
1897:
1784:
1520:
1503:
423:
217:
209:
106:
1625:
482:
40:
2279:
2259:
2158:
2099:
2094:
2052:
1630:
1620:
1210:
374:
312:
304:
277:
261:
922:
2316:
2264:
2203:
2188:
2126:
2062:
2042:
2037:
2017:
1547:
1255:
882:
415:
281:
235:
227:
111:
2299:
2269:
2254:
2244:
2193:
2183:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2104:
2084:
2072:
2067:
2007:
2002:
1593:
191:
116:
307:, many of the Chinese migrants returned to Hong Kong. However, with the economic
2249:
2223:
2079:
2057:
2032:
2012:
1535:
354:
17:
291:
Aside from individual migrants, there was also an official contingent from the
2213:
2119:
2109:
1603:
1586:
1557:
1530:
1508:
405:
811:
385:. The Chinese who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired
317:
316:
mostly from Hong Kong or Shanghai, later Chinese migrants have arrived from
273:
257:
96:
638:
714:
2208:
2168:
2163:
2114:
2089:
1957:
1598:
345:
483:"加纳商界的上海人朱亦念/Zhu Yinian, a Shanghai person in Ghana's world of commerce"
2173:
1569:
1552:
329:
67:
931:
2047:
2027:
2022:
368:
321:
63:
2228:
2218:
285:
71:
1961:
935:
917:
877:
one is required to be able to speak and understand one of the
629:"Ghana: 'You Have To Speak Up When Competition Destroys You'"
923:
Pictures from the 2009 Chinese New Year celebration in Ghana
762:"Living Transitions: A Primer to Chinese Presence in Ghana"
272:
The earliest ethnic Chinese migrants to Ghana were of
196:
256:
dates back to the 1940s. Originally, most came from
2237:
1995:
1878:
1833:
1807:
1740:
1714:
1707:
1672:
1641:
1469:
1443:
1422:
1415:
1360:
1334:
1254:
1196:
1189:
1100:
1074:
1043:
1007:
976:
969:
234:
226:
216:
208:
190:
183:
178:
160:
146:
141:
132:
81:
57:
47:
901:Living in Liminality: Chinese Migrancy in Ghana
589:
587:
389:, which is granted without any discrimination.
1973:
947:
746:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
685:Yan, Shanjun; Zhang, Yaoqing (2 April 2009),
166:
152:
8:
657:
655:
33:
1980:
1966:
1958:
1711:
1419:
1193:
973:
954:
940:
932:
851:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
175:
32:
1531:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
596:"China and India conquering Ghana market"
507:"Africa-China Relationship: Gains So Far"
1942:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
918:Ghana Central-China Chamber of Commerce
866:
661:
530:
449:
844:
713:Berry, La Verle, ed. (November 1994),
622:
620:
562:
560:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
476:
474:
472:
398:in the face of the worsening economy.
129:
760:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (February 2008a),
673:
578:
459:
457:
455:
453:
7:
905:University of California, Santa Cruz
58:Regions with significant populations
53:Various speculative estimates, 7,000
566:
551:
463:
357:, as well as providing funding and
2338:Ghanaian people of Chinese descent
25:
627:Kokutse, Francis (31 July 2008),
408:
39:
27:Ethnic Chinese who live in Ghana
927:PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs
594:Ameyaw, Debra (19 April 2008),
197:
167:
153:
1:
481:Aosa, Liuying (August 2006),
1087:Democratic Republic of Congo
794:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (2008b),
899:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (2012),
2354:
2333:Chinese diaspora in Africa
773:University of Stellenbosch
311:in the PRC, migrants from
293:People's Republic of China
1936:
365:Integration and community
264:began only in the 1980s.
246:
174:
137:
86:
62:
52:
38:
2290:Gold Coast Euro-Africans
148:Traditional Chinese
2323:Asian diaspora in Ghana
828:17th ISA World Congress
336:Business and employment
254:Chinese people in Ghana
162:Simplified Chinese
133:Chinese people in Ghana
34:Chinese people in Ghana
2328:Ethnic groups in Ghana
1989:Ethnic groups in Ghana
903:, Ph.D. dissertation,
775:: 9–11, archived from
487:Xinhua Monthly Tianxia
395:Immigration Department
377:
344:venture, a factory in
834:, Goethenburg, Sweden
429:China–Ghana relations
372:
309:reform and opening up
1695:United Arab Emirates
1587:Straits-Born Chinese
875:Ghanaian citizenship
434:Chinatowns in Africa
387:Ghanaian citizenship
375:taking taxi in Ghana
1940:overseas department
1246:Trinidad and Tobago
725:Library of Congress
634:Inter Press Service
606:on 1 September 2011
35:
1948:Hong Kong Diaspora
1216:Dominican Republic
879:languages of Ghana
641:on 21 January 2009
513:, 17 November 2009
383:languages of Ghana
378:
2308:
2307:
2275:African Americans
1955:
1954:
1894:
1874:
1873:
1793:
1703:
1702:
1582:Chinese nationals
1509:Peranakan Chinese
1411:
1410:
1324:by city and state
1320:
1313:
1279:
1272:
1185:
1184:
1092:Republic of Congo
873:In order to gain
769:The China Monitor
723:, United States:
361:to other miners.
326:Republic of China
268:Migration history
260:; migration from
250:
249:
204:
203:
185:Standard Mandarin
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
2345:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1918:Papua New Guinea
1888:
1789:
1712:
1420:
1316:
1309:
1283:British Columbia
1275:
1268:
1194:
974:
963:Overseas Chinese
956:
949:
942:
933:
907:
886:
881:, predominately
871:
856:
850:
842:
841:
839:
833:
821:
820:
818:
790:
789:
787:
781:
766:
756:
755:
753:
734:
733:
731:
701:
700:
699:
697:
687:"金融危机来袭非洲华商近况堪忧"
682:
676:
671:
665:
659:
650:
649:
648:
646:
637:, archived from
624:
615:
614:
613:
611:
602:, archived from
600:Voices of Africa
591:
582:
576:
570:
564:
555:
549:
534:
528:
522:
521:
520:
518:
503:
497:
496:
495:
493:
478:
467:
461:
418:
413:
412:
411:
200:
199:
176:
170:
169:
156:
155:
130:
76:Sekondi-Takoradi
48:Total population
43:
36:
21:
18:Ghanaian Chinese
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2233:
1991:
1986:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1870:
1829:
1803:
1736:
1699:
1668:
1637:
1514:Bangka-Belitung
1504:Benteng Chinese
1465:
1439:
1407:
1356:
1330:
1250:
1181:
1096:
1070:
1039:
1003:
965:
960:
914:
898:
895:
893:Further reading
890:
889:
872:
868:
863:
843:
837:
835:
831:
824:
816:
814:
793:
785:
783:
782:on 26 July 2011
779:
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749:
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721:Country Studies
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511:ModernGhana.com
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479:
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451:
447:
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424:Ghanaian people
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409:
407:
404:
367:
359:heavy equipment
342:tobacco-growing
338:
324:as well as the
270:
241:
124:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
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2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2238:Non-indigenous
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2171:
2166:
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2149:
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2087:
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2075:
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2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
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2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:from Hong Kong
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Czech Republic
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:from Hong Kong
1785:United Kingdom
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
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1591:
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1589:
1584:
1574:
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1572:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1311:from Hong Kong
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1273:
1270:from Hong Kong
1260:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
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1191:
1187:
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986:
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966:
961:
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958:
951:
944:
936:
930:
929:
920:
913:
912:External links
910:
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748:, October 2001
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313:mainland China
305:Jerry Rawlings
278:British Empire
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262:mainland China
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179:Transcriptions
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2011:
2009:
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2001:
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1963:
1960:
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1941:
1935:
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1911:
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1901:
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1877:
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1333:
1325:
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1312:
1308:
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1305:United States
1303:
1301:
1298:
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1207:
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1199:
1195:
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1188:
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1170:
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1114:
1111:
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1103:
1099:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
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985:
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968:
964:
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945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
896:
892:
884:
883:Akan language
880:
876:
870:
867:
860:
854:
848:
830:
829:
823:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:China Aktuell
797:
792:
778:
774:
770:
763:
758:
747:
743:
742:
736:
726:
722:
718:
717:
711:
710:
706:
692:
688:
681:
678:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
640:
636:
635:
630:
623:
621:
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597:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
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544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
524:
512:
508:
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488:
484:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
456:
454:
450:
444:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:Africa portal
406:
401:
399:
396:
390:
388:
384:
376:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
282:Kwame Nkrumah
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:Migration of
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:Sino-Ghanéens
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
177:
173:
165:
163:
159:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
131:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
89:
88:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
51:
46:
42:
37:
19:
2310:
2284:
1943:
1165:Johannesburg
1160:South Africa
1147:
1019:
900:
869:
836:, retrieved
827:
815:, retrieved
806:(3): 46–77,
803:
799:
784:, retrieved
777:the original
768:
750:, retrieved
739:
728:, retrieved
715:
694:, retrieved
690:
680:
669:
664:, p. 11
662:Kohnert 2010
643:, retrieved
639:the original
632:
608:, retrieved
604:the original
599:
574:
569:, p. 46
554:, p. 10
533:, p. 10
531:Kohnert 2010
526:
515:, retrieved
510:
501:
490:, retrieved
486:
391:
379:
339:
301:
290:
271:
253:
251:
240:Nkɔmbɔtwetwe
198:Jiānà Huárén
192:Hanyu Pinyin
142:Chinese name
30:Ethnic group
1913:New Zealand
1780:Netherlands
1604:Phuket Baba
1565:Philippines
1536:Sino-Native
1318:from Taiwan
1277:from Taiwan
1236:Puerto Rico
925:, from the
741:(1999-2001)
466:, p. 9
355:gold mining
242:China Gaana
2317:Categories
2132:Ga-Adangbe
2120:Avenor Ewe
1996:Indigenous
1649:Bangladesh
1616:Minh Hương
1494:East Timor
1435:Kyrgyzstan
1430:Kazakhstan
1342:Costa Rica
1155:Seychelles
1138:Mozambique
1123:Madagascar
1015:Cape Verde
674:UNHCR 2001
579:Berry 1994
440:References
1886:Australia
1664:Sri Lanka
1577:Singapore
1499:Indonesia
1470:Southeast
1403:Venezuela
1368:Argentina
1347:Nicaragua
1287:Vancouver
1198:Caribbean
1133:Mauritius
861:Footnotes
812:0943-7533
691:Sina News
318:Guangdong
297:1966 coup
274:Hong Kong
258:Hong Kong
97:Cantonese
82:Languages
2209:Tallensi
2199:Mamprusi
2179:Konkomba
2169:Karamogo
2164:Jakhanke
2115:Anlo Ewe
2090:Chumburu
1944:See also
1841:Bulgaria
1820:Portugal
1808:Southern
1715:Northern
1659:Pakistan
1599:Chin Haw
1594:Thailand
1526:Malaysia
1482:Cambodia
1461:Mongolia
1393:Suriname
1241:Suriname
1190:Americas
1177:Zimbabwe
1113:Botswana
1101:Southern
1082:Cameroon
1061:Tanzania
1051:Ethiopia
847:citation
567:Ho 2008b
552:Ho 2008a
464:Ho 2008a
402:See also
373:Chinese
346:Takoradi
92:Mandarin
2295:Indians
2285:Chinese
2260:Soninke
2174:Kassena
2159:Gurunsi
2100:Dagomba
2095:Dagaaba
2053:Avatime
2043:Ashanti
1879:Oceania
1851:Romania
1834:Eastern
1775:Ireland
1770:Hungary
1765:Germany
1748:Belgium
1741:Western
1727:Finland
1722:Denmark
1631:San Diu
1611:Vietnam
1570:Sangley
1553:Panthay
1543:Myanmar
1487:Hokkien
1423:Central
1398:Uruguay
1335:Central
1293:Toronto
1231:Jamaica
1149:Réunion
1143:Namibia
1118:Lesotho
1075:Central
1035:Senegal
1030:Nigeria
999:Morocco
984:Algeria
817:3 April
786:3 April
752:3 April
730:6 April
707:Sources
696:6 April
645:6 April
610:6 April
581:, Ch. 5
517:22 June
492:1 April
102:English
90:Mainly
2265:Yoruba
2204:Nafana
2189:Kusasi
2127:Frafra
2080:Bimoba
2063:Evalue
2038:Ahanta
2018:Abidji
1903:Hawaii
1866:Turkey
1861:Serbia
1856:Russia
1797:London
1753:France
1732:Sweden
1708:Europe
1690:Turkey
1685:Israel
1548:Kokang
1477:Brunei
1383:Guyana
1373:Brazil
1352:Panama
1300:Mexico
1264:Canada
1221:Guyana
1206:Belize
1172:Zambia
1128:Malawi
1108:Angola
1066:Uganda
970:Africa
838:6 July
810:
771:(26),
330:Taiwan
218:French
210:French
121:Others
107:French
68:Kumasi
2300:Tabom
2280:Arabs
2270:Zarma
2255:Mossi
2245:Hausa
2194:Logba
2184:Krobo
2152:Kyode
2147:Gonja
2142:Efutu
2137:Guang
2105:Dyula
2085:Bissa
2073:Nzema
2068:Fante
2048:Assin
2028:Akyem
2023:Ahafo
2008:Agave
2003:Adele
1928:Tonga
1923:Samoa
1908:Palau
1825:Spain
1815:Italy
1758:Paris
1654:India
1642:South
1558:Pashu
1456:Korea
1451:Japan
1378:Chile
1361:South
1256:North
1226:Haiti
1056:Kenya
1020:Ghana
994:Libya
989:Egypt
977:North
832:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
716:Ghana
445:Notes
322:Henan
64:Accra
2250:Fula
2229:Yeji
2224:Wala
2219:Tshi
2058:Bono
2033:Anyi
2013:Akan
1898:Fiji
1680:Iran
1673:West
1626:Nùng
1621:Ngái
1521:Laos
1444:East
1416:Asia
1388:Peru
1211:Cuba
1044:East
1025:Mali
1008:West
853:link
840:2012
819:2009
808:ISSN
804:2008
788:2009
754:2009
732:2009
698:2009
647:2009
612:2009
519:2012
494:2009
351:US$
320:and
286:Tema
236:Akan
230:name
228:Akan
212:name
168:加纳华人
154:加納華人
112:Akan
72:Tema
2214:Tem
2110:Ewe
1938:An
328:on
117:Twi
2319::
1946::
849:}}
845:{{
802:,
798:,
767:,
744:,
719:,
689:,
654:^
631:,
619:^
598:,
586:^
559:^
538:^
509:,
485:,
471:^
452:^
332:.
288:.
74:,
70:,
66:,
1981:e
1974:t
1967:v
1893:)
1889:(
1289:)
1285:(
955:e
948:t
941:v
885:.
855:)
20:)
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