2042:
3033:
256:
3418:
2782:
2918:
1542:
388:—the largest ethnic group in Kosovo—adopted the same standard in a process that began in 1968 and culminated with the appearance of the first unified Albanian orthographic handbook and dictionary in 1972. Although they had until then used Gheg and almost all Albanian writers in Yugoslavia were Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons.
588:
spoken in the regions of
Elbasan, Librazhd, and Martanesh. The spoken dialects of Shëngjergj, in Tirana, and Krrabë, in Elbasan, act as transitional dialects between the two groups, although the former is closer to the Southwestern group and the eastern villages of the latter with the Southeastern group.
587:
Southern Gheg can be further broken down into two major groupings: Southwestern Gheg and
Southeastern Gheg. The first group includes the dialects spoken in the regions of Durrës, Tirana, and sections of Elbasan such as Peqin and the western villages of Krrabë. The latter group, on the other hand, is
432:
in 1948, as
Albania sided with Moscow. As a result of this rupture and other factors, no such Kosovan language was ever created. Indeed, in 1974 the Tosk-based standard Albanian was adopted as an official language of Kosovo. However, the natural dialect of Kosovo Albanian is Gheg, and it is still
1105:
in comparison to other Gheg varieties and to Tosk, such as the word-initial voiceless and voiced stops. Whereas Tosk
Albanian has homorganic nasal-stop clusters, having produced a shift from the proto form that featured a word-initial stop to a nasal-stop cluster, which was achieved by placing a
1045:
The main contrast between
Northwestern Gheg and Northeastern Gheg is the slight difference in the tone and or pronunciation of the respective dialects. Northwestern Gheg does not have the more deeper sounding a's, e's, etc. and is considered by some to sound slightly more soft and clear in tone
607:
Certain settlements to the extreme south of the
Southern Gheg dialect zone, which are included in the largely Southern Gheg-speaking units, speak transitional dialects depicting both characteristics of Gheg and Tosk Albanian. These include villages such as Dars in Peqin, the coastal villages of
396:, who claimed that the move had deprived Albanian of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs. He referred to literary Albanian as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership, who had conquered anti-communist northern Albania and imposed their own dialect on the Ghegs.
933:
The dialect is also split in a few other minority dialects, where the phoneme of standard
Albanian is pronounced as , i.e. "ylberi" to "ilberi" (both meaning rainbow); "dy" to "di" (both meaning two). In Northeastern Gheg, the palatal stops of standard Albanian, such as (as in
2054:
Brown and
Ogilvie (2008), p. 23. The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of
1094:) can be considered a distinct variety of Northwestern Gheg. The different features of this variety can be traced to the historical and geographic isolation of the muntainous region of Malësia e Madhe (Albanian for 'Great Highlands').
391:
The change of literary language has had significant political and cultural consequences because the
Albanian language is the main criterion for Albanian self identity. The standardization has been criticized, notably by the writer
591:
The dialects of Ishëm, Vorë, Zall-Herr, and Zall-Dajt represent the northernmost extensions of
Southern Gheg (specifically Southwestern Gheg), and as such, they show direct influences from Central Gheg (spoken in neighbouring
1074:.". Although there is a degree of variance, Northwestern Gheg and Northeastern Gheg are still very much similar, and speakers of both sub-dialects have no problem understanding and having a conversation with one another.
1511:'in' has been preserved solely in the Malsia Albanian dialect, whereas in the other Gheg varieties and in Tosk it has been reanalyzed as a prefix attached to other lexical terms, no longer existing as a preposition.
930:), as the pronunciation is deeper and more prolonged. Northeastern Gheg is considered to be the autonomous branch of Gheg Albanian in turn, the Northeastern Gheg dialects themselves differ greatly among themselves.
433:
practically the only dialect that Kosovo Albanians use in everyday life, while the so called standard Albanian (the Tosk-based dialect) is taught in schools and used in media and in public life in Kosovo.
1086:, Shkodër and Lezhë. Within the Northwestern Gheg, the area of Malësia e Madhe shows different phonological, syntactic, and lexical patterns than the areas of Shkodër and Lezhë. For this reason,
1046:
compared to Northeastern Gheg, yet still spoken with a rough Gheg undertone compared to the Southern Albanian dialects. Other differences include different vocabulary, and the use of words like
860:
The Northeastern Gheg dialectal area begins roughly down from the eastern Montenegrin-Albanian border, including the Albanian districts (Second-level administrative country subdivisions) of
2675:
Initially, the guerrillas' publicly-acknowledged objective was to protect the local ethnic Albanian population of some 70,000 people from the repressive actions of the Serb security forces.
2367:, p. 57: Northern Gheg is divided vertically. Later this proved to be appropriate chiefly for methodological reasons, seeing that Eastern Gheg is considered to be an autonomous branch.
3021:
647:. Central Gheg is also spoken outside of Albania, with the majority of Albanians from North Macedonia speaking dialects of Central Gheg - including the divergent idiom spoken in
3252:
2129:, p. 173: Although the Albanian population in Yugoslavia is almost exclusively Gheg, the Albanian writers there have chosen, for sheer political reasons, to write in Tosk
2999:
2770:
2906:
441:
The Gheg dialect is divided by four sub-dialects: Central Gheg, Southern Gheg, Northwestern Gheg (or Western Gheg), and Northeastern Gheg (or Eastern Gheg).
369:
Before World War II, there had been no official attempt to enforce a unified Albanian literary language; both literary Gheg and literary Tosk were used. The
3146:
3014:
2726:
The Serbian peace proposal calls for integrating the Presevo valley's 70,000 ethnic Albanian residents into mainstream Serbian political and social life.
682:
According to linguists such as Jorgji Gjinari and Xhevat Lloshi, the Central Gheg dialect group represents a sub-group of the larger Southern Gheg zone.
2257:
413:
2705:
2075:
Joseph 2003, When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence, p. 266: "Northeastern Geg"
3007:
2484:
2748:
619:
is a sub-dialect of Gheg spoken in the interior basin of the Mat river, extending eastwards to and beyond the Black Drin river, including
2884:
2154:
The political-cultural relevance of the abolition of literary Gheg with literary Tosk.... Albanians identify themselves with language...
881:
2763:
2638:
2899:
2698:
The total population of the Valley is around 86,000 inhabitants, of whom around 57,000 are Albanians and the rest are Serbs and Roma
1581:
2611:
3139:
1693:
1597:
1054:" (how?) which are used in Northeastern Gheg, and not often used in Northwestern Gheg. Instead Northwestern Gheg speakers say
664:
357:
Gheg does not have any official status as a written language in any country. Publications in Kosovo and North Macedonia are in
268:
2600:
2385:
2756:
2562:
2531:
36:
3037:
2892:
408:
Yugoslavia there was a project to create a Kosovan language, which would have been largely Gheg. This was in line with
1519:
Assimilations are common in Gheg but are not part of the Albanian literary language, which is a standardized form of
1117:'in'). Gheg Albanian is in a transitional position, featuring nasals that resulted from reduced nasal-stop clusters.
3442:
3421:
3271:
3132:
1563:
1552:
3082:
373:
in Albania imposed nationwide a standard that was based on the variant of Tosk spoken in and around the city of
3113:
923:
452:
is spoken in the ethno-geographic regions of central and, areas of, north-central Albania; among these being:
278:
240:
2683:"The Presevo Valley of Southern Serbia alongside Kosovo The Case for Decentralisation and Minority Protection"
246:
3214:
3198:
3181:
108:
3219:
3188:
2988:
2873:
2041:
747:
429:
3303:
2713:
2011:
1760:
549:, including the surrounding settlements and those under the ethnographic regions and municipal units of
892:
in Serbia. The tribes in Albania speaking the dialect include Nikaj-Merturi, Puka, Gashi, and Tropoja.
3308:
3298:
2786:
2326:
Matasović, Ranka (2012). "A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European". Page 42-43
2192:
Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19
2168:
Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19
2089:
2001:
1765:
3353:
3313:
3176:
3051:
2922:
2847:
1102:
873:
861:
830:
The Italian linguist Carlo Tagliavini puts the Gheg of Kosovo and North Macedonia in Eastern Gheg.
543:(the last two regions generally speak dialects closer to that of the Durrës and Tirana region); and
3338:
3224:
3072:
2830:
2825:
1559:
1012:
976:
648:
370:
184:
1083:
2272:
Friedman, Victor A (2006). "Balkanizing the Balkan Linguistic Sprachbund" in Aichenwald et al,
3398:
3383:
3373:
3343:
3293:
3257:
3234:
3155:
3056:
2936:
2840:
2800:
2596:
2480:
2381:
2109:
1996:
900:
877:
779:
704:
624:
358:
319:
315:
307:
118:
28:
2551:"Morphological and phonological origins of Albanian nasals and its parallels with other laws"
3388:
3378:
3348:
3097:
3092:
3077:
2972:
2957:
2941:
2566:
2535:
2474:
2101:
1028:
1000:
996:
992:
915:
865:
820:
791:
732:
597:
524:
385:
164:
156:
1062:
to say (how?). For example in Northeastern Gheg to say "when I was young", you would say,
3403:
3393:
3229:
3087:
3032:
2967:
2852:
1038:
1004:
908:
824:
787:
417:
409:
339:
255:
100:
73:
2583:
The mountains of giants: a racial and cultural study of the north Albanian mountain Ghegs
644:
569:
550:
2499:
2857:
2835:
2743:
1098:
1082:
The Northwestern Gheg subdialect encompasses three main Albanian ethnographic regions:
1020:
327:
143:
2662:
2615:
519:, including its surrounding villages and the settlements under the municipal units of
232:
3436:
3288:
3280:
2804:
1520:
1121:
Malsia word-initial stop vs. the innovation of nasal-stop clusters in other dialects
1016:
1008:
988:
640:
510:
502:
323:
2339:
Le parlate albanesi di tipo Ghego orientale: (Dardania e Macedonia nord-occidentale)
763:
2962:
984:
869:
652:
628:
2581:
2337:
2190:
2166:
2139:
2500:
Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct (Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin), 1895
520:
498:
374:
2256:
Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). "Albanian". In Büttner, Uwe & Hinrichs, Uwe (eds.).
473:, including the surrounding villages and environs under the municipal units of
3320:
2503:
2034:
2006:
980:
972:
968:
927:
889:
811:
743:
712:
708:
601:
528:
474:
459:, which includes its surrounding villages and environs and municipal units of
425:
393:
381:
343:
77:
17:
2113:
2029:
738:
Northwestern Gheg or often called as Prizren old dialect is mostly spoken in
948:, "sleep"), are realised as palato-alveolar affricates, and respectively.
885:
692:
573:
562:
494:
225:
209:
2580:
Carl Coleman Seltzer; Carleton Stevens Coon; Joseph Franklin Ewing (1950).
2571:
2550:
2540:
2519:
2105:
926:. The Northeastern Gheg slightly differs from Northwestern Gheg (spoken in
771:
668:
536:
532:
506:
456:
361:, which is based on Tosk. However, some authors continue to write in Gheg.
420:
to create or reinforce separation of these nations from such neighbors as
216:
3193:
1032:
904:
807:
759:
755:
720:
716:
696:
660:
608:
southernmost Kavajë, and a number of settlements in Qukës and Hotolisht.
593:
580:
558:
554:
546:
460:
421:
286:
274:
113:
2781:
2682:
1363:
Examples of the formation of nasal-stop clusters by placing the prefix
1024:
964:
846:
803:
795:
767:
751:
739:
636:
632:
516:
486:
482:
331:
282:
65:
845:, is a variant or sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian spoken in Northeastern
2917:
1097:
The early isolated Malsia Albanian has preserved archaic features of
919:
896:
854:
850:
783:
728:
700:
676:
656:
470:
464:
347:
335:
81:
69:
3124:
2520:"Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect"
724:
2738:
2388:. p. 274: "Northeastern Geg ... differed greatly among themselves"
2090:"The idea of a Kosovan language in Yugoslavia's language politics"
819:
One isolated and particularly divergent Northwestern dialect: the
672:
620:
540:
513:(the last two traditionally being grouped with the Durrës region);
490:
351:
2456:
2454:
723:, and the formerly Albanian-populated territories of Niš Sanjak (
799:
775:
478:
405:
326:. The geographic dividing line between the two varieties is the
3128:
3003:
2888:
2752:
1535:
2476:
Albanian Grammar: With Exercises, Chrestomathy and Glossaries
2378:
Contributions to Historical Linguistics: Issues and Materials
424:, and it built on efforts by communist Albania to unite with
2296:
2294:
2218:. Tiranë: Akademia e studimeve albanologjike. pp. 9–10.
428:. The idea of union was dropped though, in the aftermath of
963:, is a sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian spoken in Northwestern
285:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2706:"Yugoslavia: Serbia Offers Peace Plan For Presevo Valley"
2639:"South Serbia Albanians Seek Community of Municipalities"
1325:
1315:
1270:
1232:
1186:
1140:
27:"Geg" redirects here. For Spokane International Airport (
2195:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 207
2171:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 206
604:); thus they can be labelled as transitional dialects.
2239:
2237:
1562:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
159:
3366:
3329:
3279:
3270:
3253:
Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages
3245:
3207:
3169:
3162:
3106:
3065:
3044:
2981:
2950:
2929:
2866:
2818:
2793:
1493:
1469:
1460:
1436:
1427:
1403:
1394:
1370:
1348:
1337:
1303:
1293:
1282:
1255:
1244:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1174:
1163:
1152:
911:, is sometimes regarded part of Northeastern Gheg.
239:
223:
207:
202:
150:
136:
97:
87:
61:
49:
42:
One of two major varieties of the Albanian language
2094:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
380:With the warming of relations between Albania and
334:. Gheg is spoken in northern and central Albania,
2460:
2433:
2421:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
414:federation of ethnolinguistically defined nations
2555:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
2524:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
2274:Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology
2655:South Serbia is home to 50,000 or so Albanians.
1505:
1478:
1445:
1412:
1379:
1364:
1111:
3140:
3015:
2900:
2764:
2696:– via Archive of European Integration.
2549:Dedvukaj, Lindon; Gehringer, Patrick (2023).
2445:
2409:
1369:with unstressed word-initial vowel are: Tosk
971:. The tribes that speak this dialect are the
8:
1066:, while in Northwestern Gheg you would say "
350:by the Albanian dialectal subgroup known as
979:and other highlander tribes which include (
691:Northeastern Gheg include the Albanians of
3276:
3166:
3147:
3133:
3125:
3022:
3008:
3000:
2907:
2893:
2885:
2771:
2757:
2749:
2473:Martin Camaj; Leonard Fox (January 1984).
254:
46:
2570:
2539:
2518:Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023).
1582:Learn how and when to remove this message
1750:
1689:
1593:
1558:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1119:
412:'s reorganization of the country into a
2479:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 4.
2022:
279:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2285:
2243:
2228:
895:The Albanian speech in roughly around
330:, which winds its way through central
174:
169:
1444:'to thrust, put on point', from PAlb
260:A map showing Gheg speakers in green.
149:
7:
2591:Pipa, Arshi; Repishti, Sami (1984).
2259:Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
2088:Kamusella, Tomasz (1 January 2016).
2083:
2081:
2710:The Centre for Peace in the Balkans
2704:Naegele, Jolyon (6 February 2001).
2661:Partos, Gabriel (2 February 2001).
1726:õ (fõ: 'satiated', some dialects)
194:
189:
25:
2595:. East European Monographs #155.
430:the split between Stalin and Tito
179:
3417:
3416:
3031:
2916:
2780:
2040:
1540:
384:starting in the late 1960s, the
1411:'where, from where', from PAlb
880:; the whole of Kosovo, and the
665:Southwestern Statistical Region
2681:Huszka, Beata (January 2007).
2144:. Telos Press. 1989. p. 1
1:
2563:Linguistic Society of America
2532:Linguistic Society of America
2461:Dedvukaj & Gehringer 2023
2434:Dedvukaj & Gehringer 2023
2422:Dedvukaj & Gehringer 2023
825:diaspora Albanians in Croatia
37:Spokane International Airport
3038:Languages of North Macedonia
2262:. Harrassowitz. p. 285.
918:are evident in the areas of
93:4.1 million (2012–2021)
2376:Van Coetsem, Frans (1980),
2342:. Reale Accademia d'Italia.
1345:'time, chance, opportunity'
1058:(been), and use the adverb
3459:
2336:Tagliavini, Carlo (1942).
2216:Gegërishtja jugperëndimore
416:, which relied heavily on
314:) is one of the two major
26:
3412:
2446:Dedvukaj & Ndoci 2023
2410:Dedvukaj & Ndoci 2023
2397:
2364:
2352:
2126:
1965:
1945:
1915:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1786:
1623:ä (knäqët: 'having fun')
568:small sub-regions of the
265:
253:
54:
3114:Macedonian Sign Language
2712:. RFE/RL. Archived from
2663:"Presevo valley tension"
1477:'to stretch', from PAlb
651:. These regions include
2214:Çeliku, Mehmet (2020).
1494:
1470:
1461:
1437:
1428:
1404:
1395:
1371:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1317:
1304:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1110:(< PAlb preposition
1088:Malsia e Madhe Albanian
2989:Albanian Sign Language
2874:Albanian Sign Language
2572:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5508
2541:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501
2300:Meniku, Linda (2008).
2106:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040
1719:ĩ (hĩna: 'I entered')
1507:
1480:
1447:
1414:
1381:
1365:
1113:
941:, "dog") and (as in
311:
267:This article contains
2012:Cham Albanian dialect
1637:ê (mênôj: 'I think')
1504:The PAlb preposition
1378:'to fill', from PAlb
959:, sometimes known as
841:, sometimes known as
2787:Languages of Albania
2412:, pp. 1, 3, 14.
2315:Gheg Albanian Reader
2302:Gheg Albanian Reader
1712:ẽ (mrẽna: 'within')
1551:factual accuracy is
1290:'split, cut, divide'
3314:Vaccarizzo Albanian
3177:Proto-Indo-European
2923:Languages of Kosovo
2612:"Albanian Dialects"
1658:o (kos: 'yoghurt')
1122:
1103:Proto-Indo-European
3066:Minority languages
2951:Minority languages
2930:Official languages
2819:Minority languages
2739:Albanian Etymology
2716:on 29 October 2013
1978:Shp(a)j/Shpi,Shpí
1779:Northwestern Gheg
1776:Northeastern Gheg
1651:i (drit: 'light')
1241:'stretch, tighten'
1120:
1064:"kur jam kon i ri"
322:, the other being
3443:Albanian dialects
3430:
3429:
3362:
3361:
3266:
3265:
3258:Balkan sprachbund
3156:Albanian language
3122:
3121:
3045:Official language
2997:
2996:
2882:
2881:
2794:Official language
2744:ISO Documentation
2593:Studies on Kosova
2486:978-3-447-02467-9
2424:, pp. 1, 13.
2380:, Brill Archive,
2038:(25th ed., 2022)
2002:Arbëresh language
1997:Albanian dialects
1988:
1987:
1744:
1743:
1740:ỹ (gjỹs: 'half')
1733:ũ (hũna: 'nose')
1705:ã (hãna: 'moon')
1683:
1682:
1679:y (ylli: 'star')
1644:ë (nër: 'under')
1630:e (dere: 'door')
1616:â (prâp: 'back')
1609:a (mas: 'after')
1592:
1591:
1584:
1361:
1360:
1039:Tribes of Albania
957:Northwestern Gheg
952:Northwestern Gheg
839:Northeastern Gheg
834:Northeastern Gheg
359:Standard Albanian
293:
292:
275:rendering support
271:phonetic symbols.
175:Northwestern Gheg
170:Northeastern Gheg
16:(Redirected from
3450:
3420:
3419:
3277:
3167:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3083:Megleno-Romanian
3036:
3035:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:. Archived from
2606:
2587:
2576:
2574:
2545:
2543:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2027:
1813:Ni, i, nji, njo
1751:
1690:
1672:u (kur: 'when')
1665:ô (dôr: 'hand')
1594:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:reliably sourced
1544:
1543:
1536:
1510:
1500:
1491:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1377:
1368:
1355:
1344:
1333:
1323:
1310:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1227:
1216:
1205:
1194:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1148:
1123:
1116:
1072:kur jam ken i ri
1068:kur kam ken i ri
821:Arbanasi dialect
810:and the rest of
733:Toplica District
400:Kosovan language
386:Kosovo Albanians
371:communist regime
302:(Gheg Albanian:
258:
249:
235:
219:
212:
161:
157:Istrian Albanian
103:
47:
21:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3408:
3358:
3325:
3262:
3241:
3203:
3189:Palaeo-Balkanic
3182:language family
3158:
3153:
3123:
3118:
3102:
3061:
3040:
3030:
3028:
2998:
2993:
2977:
2946:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2883:
2878:
2862:
2814:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2735:
2719:
2717:
2703:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2648:
2646:
2645:. 13 March 2013
2637:
2634:
2632:Further reading
2621:
2619:
2610:Elsie, Robert.
2609:
2603:
2590:
2579:
2548:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:, pp. 3–4.
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2313:Meniku (2008).
2312:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2020:
1993:
1799:Shqypní/Shipni
1749:
1688:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1557:
1549:This section's
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1517:
1279:'share, divide'
1160:'to hold, keep'
1084:Malësia e Madhe
1080:
1078:Malsia Albanian
954:
909:North Macedonia
836:
688:
614:
447:
439:
418:language policy
410:Josip Broz Tito
402:
367:
342:, southeastern
340:North Macedonia
338:, northwestern
273:Without proper
261:
245:
231:
215:
208:
146:
139:
132:
104:
101:Language family
99:
90:
89:Native speakers
74:North Macedonia
43:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3289:Southeast Tosk
3285:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3215:Origins debate
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3199:Proto-Albanian
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:Sign languages
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2982:Sign languages
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2867:Sign languages
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2858:Serbo-Croatian
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:External links
2731:
2730:
2729:
2701:
2678:
2658:
2643:Balkan Insight
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2577:
2546:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2485:
2465:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2328:
2319:
2306:
2290:
2288:, p. 285.
2278:
2265:
2248:
2233:
2231:, p. 223.
2221:
2206:
2182:
2158:
2131:
2119:
2077:
2057:
2047:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:Non, Nond/Nân
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1335:
1324:, (o-grade of
1312:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1099:Proto-Albanian
1079:
1076:
1031:, etc., etc..(
953:
950:
916:Serbian origin
882:municipalities
835:
832:
828:
827:
816:
815:
780:Shestani-Kraja
736:
687:
684:
613:
610:
585:
584:
577:
566:
544:
514:
468:
446:
443:
438:
435:
401:
398:
366:
363:
328:Shkumbin River
291:
290:
277:, you may see
263:
262:
259:
251:
250:
243:
237:
236:
229:
221:
220:
213:
205:
204:
203:Language codes
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
152:
148:
147:
144:Proto-Albanian
142:
140:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
41:
24:
18:Gheg Albanians
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2618:on 7 May 2012
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:. The Museum.
2585:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:Central Gheg
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:Tosk Albanian
1514:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:'hold, carry'
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:'push, press'
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:'hold, carry'
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:'bear, carry'
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:'hold, carry'
1169:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:"kjen or ken"
1053:
1050:(been), and "
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:and Southern
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
947:
945:
940:
938:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:
686:Northern Gheg
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:and parts of
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
589:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Labinot-Fushë
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:
453:
451:
450:Southern Gheg
445:Southern Gheg
444:
442:
436:
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431:
427:
423:
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415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
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389:
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349:
346:and southern
345:
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206:
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196:
195:Southern Gheg
193:
191:
190:Northern Gheg
188:
186:
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145:
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109:Indo-European
106:
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64:
60:
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48:
45:
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34:
30:
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3330:
3230:Daco-Moesian
3220:Paleo-Balkan
2808:
2725:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2709:
2697:
2690:. Retrieved
2674:
2667:. Retrieved
2654:
2647:. Retrieved
2642:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2592:
2582:
2558:
2554:
2527:
2523:
2512:Bibliography
2495:
2475:
2468:
2463:, p. 5.
2448:, p. 2.
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2377:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2281:
2276:. Pages 209.
2273:
2268:
2258:
2251:
2246:, p. 9.
2224:
2215:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2191:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2167:
2161:
2153:
2146:. Retrieved
2140:
2134:
2122:
2097:
2093:
2050:
2033:
2025:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1900:
1819:Ni, njo/nja
1578:
1572:October 2013
1569:
1550:
1518:
1503:
1495:
1492:(vs. Malsia
1486:
1482:
1471:
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1459:(vs. Malsia
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1429:
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1339:
1328:
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1059:
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1036:
961:Western Gheg
960:
956:
955:
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
913:
894:
859:
843:Eastern Gheg
842:
838:
837:
829:
681:
653:Polog Valley
645:Dibër Valley
617:Central Gheg
616:
615:
612:Central Gheg
606:
590:
586:
570:Dibër County
449:
448:
440:
403:
390:
379:
368:
356:
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299:
295:
294:
266:
241:Linguasphere
224:
180:Central Gheg
123:
55:
44:
32:
2286:Lloshi 1999
2244:Çeliku 2020
2229:Çeliku 2020
1770:South Gheg
914:Calques of
625:Fushë Kruja
521:Labinot-Mal
499:Zall-Bastar
306:, Standard
281:instead of
3321:Arvanitika
3052:Macedonian
2848:Macedonian
2720:24 October
2692:24 October
2669:24 October
2602:0880330473
2386:9004061304
2199:10 January
2175:10 January
2035:Ethnologue
2018:References
2007:Arvanitika
1891:"Old age"
1805:"Albania"
1790:Shkjipërí
969:Montenegro
924:morphology
663:) and the
649:Upper Reka
631:, part of
529:Bradashesh
511:Rrogozhinë
503:Shëngjergj
426:Yugoslavia
394:Arshi Pipa
382:Yugoslavia
344:Montenegro
185:Upper Reka
138:Early form
78:Montenegro
3272:Varieties
3208:Formation
3170:Genealogy
3073:Aromanian
2841:Himariote
2831:Bulgarian
2826:Aromanian
2114:0165-2516
1882:Plekjërí
1865:Kôn, kân
1839:Bâj, boj
1822:Nja, nji
1787:Shqipëri
1754:Standard
1698:Spelling
1602:Spelling
1560:talk page
1515:Phonology
1149:'protect'
1015:) :
1011:, etc., (
886:Bujanovac
717:Prishtinë
705:Mitrovicë
579:northern
574:Martanesh
563:Hotolisht
551:Çermenikë
495:Zall-Herr
316:varieties
312:gegërisht
247:55-AAA-aa
226:Glottolog
210:ISO 639-3
3437:Category
3422:Category
3399:Veso Bey
3384:Vithkuqi
3344:Arbanasi
3309:Arbëresh
3294:Standard
3246:Contacts
3235:Thracian
3225:Illyrian
3194:Albanoid
3057:Albanian
2937:Albanian
2801:Albanian
2622:14 April
2317:. Page 7
2304:. Page 7
1991:See also
1981:Shp(e)i
1975:Shp(e)j
1876:Pleqëri
1796:Shqipní
1793:Shqipní
1782:English
1766:Arbëresh
1747:Examples
1553:disputed
1468:); Tosk
1435:); Tosk
1402:); Tosk
1029:Dushmani
1013:Dukagjin
1001:Kastrati
997:Kelmendi
993:Triepshi
977:Dukagjin
905:Kumanovo
721:Vushtrri
713:Preshevë
709:Medvegjë
661:Gostivar
581:Pogradec
572:such as
559:Prrenjas
547:Librazhd
437:Dialects
422:Bulgaria
404:In post-
320:Albanian
308:Albanian
304:gegnisht
287:Help:IPA
233:gheg1238
165:Arbanasi
151:Dialects
119:Albanian
114:Albanoid
56:gegnisht
3389:Vellara
3379:Elbasan
3367:Scripts
3349:Istrian
3163:History
3098:Turkish
3093:Serbian
3078:Bosnian
2973:Turkish
2958:Bosnian
2942:Serbian
2649:17 July
2504:Shkodër
2400:, p. 59
2355:, p. 56
2148:16 July
2100:(242).
1984:"Home"
1966:Shtëpi
1961:"Nine"
1927:o/Âsht
1888:Pleçni
1885:Pleqni
1879:Pleqrĩ
1871:"Been"
1845:"I do"
1802:Shipní
1206:'carry'
1106:prefix
1025:Shllaku
1005:Shkreli
981:Malësia
973:Malësor
965:Albania
928:Shkodër
901:Karadak
890:Preševo
874:Mirditë
862:Tropojë
847:Albania
812:Malësia
804:Gjakovë
796:Gusinje
764:Lëpushë
752:Vermosh
748:Shiroka
744:Shkodër
740:Prizren
697:Besianë
693:Bujanoc
633:Mirdita
602:Bulqizë
517:Elbasan
475:Petrelë
365:History
332:Albania
283:Unicode
66:Albania
35:), see
3404:Elifba
3394:Todhri
3374:Modern
3088:Romani
2968:Romani
2963:Gorani
2853:Romani
2688:. CEPS
2599:
2483:
2384:
2112:
1946:Nëntë
1906:Është
1903:Ësht'
1899:Është
1896:Është
1856:Klënë
1825:"One"
1527:Vowels
1129:Malsia
1035:),...(
1021:Shoshi
920:syntax
903:, and
897:Skopje
855:Serbia
853:, and
851:Kosovo
784:Ulcinj
772:Tamarë
729:Vranje
701:Gjilan
677:Struga
669:Kičevo
657:Tetovo
600:, and
539:, and
537:Krrabë
533:Funarë
509:, and
507:Kavajë
471:Tirana
465:Shijak
457:Durrës
348:Serbia
336:Kosovo
82:Serbia
70:Kosovo
62:Region
2836:Greek
2686:(PDF)
2665:. BBC
2561:(1).
2530:(1).
2141:Telos
2055:Tosk.
1972:Shpí
1969:Shpi
1958:Nând
1949:Nônt
1941:"Is"
1934:Âsht
1923:Osht
1916:Osht
1909:Isht
1868:Kjen
1853:Qënë
1850:Qenë
1833:Bunj
1757:Tosk
1686:Nasal
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1479:*
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1413:*
1380:*
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1316:*
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1233:*
1187:*
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1112:*
1048:"kon"
1033:Lezhë
1017:Shala
1009:Lohja
989:Gruda
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760:Vukël
756:Selcë
673:Debar
621:Kruja
594:Krujë
576:; and
565:; and
555:Qukës
541:Peqin
491:Ndroq
461:Ishëm
375:Korçë
352:Ghegs
3354:Srem
3339:Reka
3331:Gheg
3304:Cham
3281:Tosk
2809:Gheg
2805:Tosk
2722:2013
2694:2013
2671:2013
2651:2013
2624:2012
2597:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2398:Pipa
2382:ISBN
2365:Pipa
2353:Pipa
2201:2012
2177:2012
2150:2013
2127:Pipa
2110:ISSN
2098:2016
2030:Gheg
1952:Nôn
1862:Kên
1859:Qên
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1836:Bôj
1830:Bëj
1810:Një
1761:Cham
1532:Oral
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1321:odʰ-
1276:eh₂-
1249:æ̃:n
1192:ʰer-
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1101:and
1060:"si"
1052:qysh
1037:see
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888:and
876:and
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800:Pejë
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776:Tuzi
768:Nikç
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479:Dajt
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