375:
52:
360:
498:
Kerner
Commission, on July 28, 1967 to explore the causes behind the recurring outbreaks of urban civil disorder. The commission's scope included the 164 disorders occurring in the first nine months of 1967. The president had directed them, in simple words, to document what happened, find out why it happened, and find out how to prevent it.
559:
Many rioters can be seen as disillusioned
African Americans whose families may have moved to cities to find better living conditions but after generations remained stuck in urban ghettos with little economic mobility. Local troubles with access to decent housing and work along with other factors like
497:
The riots confounded many civil rights activists of both races due to the recent passage of major civil rights legislation. They also caused a backlash among
Northern whites, many of whom stopped supporting civil rights causes. President Johnson formed an advisory commission, informally known as the
473:
concerning the endemic social unrest in the nation's cities, President
Johnson remarked, "What did you expect? I don't know why we're so surprised. When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? He's going to knock
501:
The commission's 1968 report identified police practices, unemployment and underemployment, and lack of adequate housing as the most significant grievances motivating the rage. It suggested legislative measures to promote racial integration and alleviate poverty and concluded that the nation was
317:
Before the ghetto riots of the 1960s, African
American violent resistance to challenge white dominance was much more limited, including only small slave rebellions and armed defenses in the early 1900s. Most of these actions were defensive in nature rather than retaliatory, it was not until the
1369:
Seven months after
President Nixon announced that $ 200million had been earmarked for a special effort to begin cleaning and refurbishing riot-damaged areas in 20 cities, the target areas appear pretty much as they were then -- firescarred, boarded up buildings and rubble-strewn lots and
574:
Rioters often acted collectively, destroying property they viewed as being owned by those exploiting them. Police officers often were antagonists to rioters and their actions and racist language became symbols of the oppressive conditions faced by
African Americans.
388:
of Los
Angeles in 1965. After 34 people were killed and $ 35 million (equivalent to $ 338.39 million in 2023) in property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in President
542:, were also discussed in relation to the riots. In August 1968, over $ 4 million were offered by the Justice Department to the states in what was described as "the first Federal money designated to prepare for and help avert rioting in the cities". In April 1969,
355:
were unplanned and mostly attacked property of white owned businesses rather than people. Before this, most
American riots involved brutal attacks against minorities. The riots resulted in over 150 deaths and over 20,000 arrests.
531:) instead saw the riots as an indicator that more social programs were needed for the city and in 1964 asked for federal funds to provide "new recreational, housing, educational and sanitary facilities for low‐income groups".
1424:"NEAR-RIOT FLARES IN RACE PROTEST AT PROJECT HERE; Pickets Hit and Kick Police in Brooklyn After Blocking Street 22 Arrested MINISTER HALTS CROWD 3 More in Sit-In Are Ousted at City Hall U.S. Report Finds Union Job Bias"
287:
is viewed as the first of clusters of riots, uncoordinated with each other, evidently unplanned, most often in cities during the summer months. The pattern caused 159 separate incidents of violence and unrest over the
446:. Whites and blacks took part in the riots, but most of the rioters were African Americans who objected to discrimination in housing, employment, and education. At an August 2, 1967 cabinet meeting, Attorney General
482:
in certain situations. Johnson considered vetoing the bill, but the apparent popularity of the bill convinced him to sign it. In August 1969, federal officials considered the period of large-scale riots to be over.
326:
that
African Americans seemed to take initiative in violent conflicts. By the 1950s and 1960s significant societal changes had taken place which fostered conditions for much more open rebellion. Recent
1192:. Source: United States. Kerner Commission, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968). American Social History Productions
502:"moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." The president, fixated on the Vietnam War and keenly aware of budgetary constraints, barely acknowledged the report.
347:
in 1964 is seen as the beginning of a wave of civil unrest that would engulf New York City and begin to be seen in cities throughout the country until calming in 1968 with the last being the
1467:
609:
629:
1340:
Mayor Lindsay prodded the Nixon Administration yesterday to come up with "far more" than the millions of dollars promised earlier this week to repair riot-wrecked neighborhoods.
1457:
990:"Troops Battle Detroit Snipers, Firing Machine Guns From Tanks; Lindsay Appeals To East Harlem; Detroit Toll Is 31 Rioters Rout Police-- Guardsmen Released To Aid Other Cities"
563:
Immediate causes were often aggressive confrontations between African Americans and whites or police officers that drew a crowd and began to spiral into violence and chaos.
1439:
A riot was narrowly averted in Brooklyn yesterday as civil rights demonstrators continued to press for more jobs for Negroes and Puerto Ricans in the construction industry.
475:
165:
649:
1087:
Federal officials believe that the era of large-scale urban rioting of the kind seen in Los Angeles, Detroit and Newark in recent years has come to a close.
1171:
619:
1272:
1423:
1071:
604:
462:
280:
refers to summer social unrest across the United States in the mid-to-late 1960s, characterized by African American groups using violent tactics.
989:
1297:
566:
In July 1963, demonstrations in Brooklyn for better working conditions in the construction industry had reportedly risked escalating to riots.
158:
1462:
918:
829:
90:
237:
335:
and middle-class Black flight from city centers also antagonized lower-class minority populations who had struggled to migrate to cities.
410:
called it "a revolution of black Americans against white Americans, a violent petition for the redress of long-standing grievances." The
1472:
546:
asked to increase federal funds but as of November 1969 the $ 200 million promised to restore 20 cities had not yet come to fruition.
1353:
1045:
876:
151:
634:
624:
1118:
908:
427:
614:
470:
1186:""Our Nation Is Moving Toward Two Societies, One Black, One White—Separate and Unequal": Excerpts from the Kerner Report"
1246:
212:
974:
1324:
639:
202:
95:
1211:
1072:"U.S. OFFICIALS SAY BIG RIOTS ARE OVER; Large-City Negro Leaders Now Oppose Violence, but Racial Tensions Remain"
422:
resulted in 43 deaths, 2250 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and millions of dollars' worth of property damage. Governor
364:
1226:
594:
584:
528:
511:
466:
348:
301:
289:
247:
242:
192:
374:
401:
222:
469:
in more than 130 cities across the country. A few days later, in a candid comment made to press secretary
589:
516:
Conservative elements of American society regarded the riots as evidence for the need of law and order.
232:
227:
1004:
845:
1477:
848:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016
599:
450:
warned that untrained and undisciplined local police forces and National Guardsmen might trigger a "
344:
323:
319:
284:
252:
187:
1404:
775:
767:
686:
1033:
Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America
1205:
1148:
1041:
1037:
1031:
914:
872:
825:
724:
492:
479:
419:
415:
378:
297:
293:
197:
51:
1153:"Remarks Upon Signing Order Establishing the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders"
1396:
798:
759:
716:
678:
423:
31:
1231:
1273:"NEW HAVEN RIOTS HIT 'MODEL CITY'; Grant for Urban Renewal Is Largest per Capita in U.S."
669:
Louis C Goldberg (1968). "Ghetto Riots and Others: the Faces of Civil Disorder in 1967".
414:
asserted that Great Society legislation had affected little fundamental improvement. The
384:
The momentum for the advancement of civil rights came to a sudden halt with riots in the
945:
From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America
17:
390:
818:
1451:
779:
747:
690:
535:
517:
451:
394:
77:
438:, and attacks on businesses and police. Johnson finally sent in federal troops with
1126:
720:
543:
447:
443:
406:
332:
105:
1005:"Streets of Fire: Governor Spiro Agnew and the Baltimore City Riots, April 1968"
707:
David Boesel (1970). "The Liberal Society, Black Youths, and the Ghetto Riots".
524:
385:
368:
328:
217:
207:
100:
57:
763:
682:
1152:
644:
975:"Newark Riot Deaths at 21 As Negro Sniping Widens; Hughes May Seek U.S. Aid"
539:
359:
143:
960:
In the Heat of the Summer: The New York Riots of 1964 and the War on Crime
728:
1387:
Herbert J Gans (1968). "The Ghetto Rebellions and Urban Class Conflict".
802:
1185:
1408:
771:
435:
478:, which increased funding for law enforcement agencies and authorized
455:
1400:
1298:"U.S. Offers States $ 4.35-Million To Help Avert Rioting in Cities"
45:
Part of political violence in the United States during the Cold War
752:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
439:
431:
373:
358:
352:
520:
made social order a prime issue in his campaign for president.
147:
1172:"The 1968 Kerner Commission Got It Right, But Nobody Listened"
404:," more than 150 riots erupted across the United States. The
117:
Widespread rioting, looting, assault, arson, property damage
1151:(July 29, 1967). Woolley, John T.; Peters, Gerhard (eds.).
304:
in over 100 American cities in 1968, and relented in 1969.
283:
The six days of unrest throughout New York City during the
913:. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9, 40–41.
910:
The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America
869:
The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America
56:
A Black man arrested by white LAPD officers during the
1354:"Cities Lag in Riot Clean-Up Despite U.S. Aid Program"
750:(1969). "The Revolt of the Urban Ghettos, 1964-1967".
610:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
560:
police harassment made urban areas ripe for violence.
890:
888:
820:
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973
134:
126:
121:
113:
84:
72:
64:
39:
1190:History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web
817:
476:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
630:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
474:your block off." Congress, meanwhile, passed the
962:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 276.
702:
700:
454:in the streets," as evidenced by the climate of
300:), came to a climax during the national wave of
1389:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
1468:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies
1159:. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California.
1011:. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives
824:. Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223.
363:Soldiers direct traffic away from an area of
159:
8:
292:(the most destructive riots taking place in
1458:African-American riots in the United States
846:"Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Franchise"
742:
740:
738:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1098:Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 337–338
650:United States racial unrest (2020–present)
166:
152:
144:
36:
620:Mass racial violence in the United States
1247:"Jersey City Mayor Calls for U.s. Funds"
947:. Harvard University Press. p. 108.
902:
900:
795:"Riot" Heritage of the Civil Rights Era
661:
605:List of expulsions of African Americans
463:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
1325:"Lindsay Presses U.S. on Riot Repairs"
1203:
1107:Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), p. 335
1009:Teaching American History in Maryland
91:Police brutality in the United States
7:
1036:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
418:left 26 dead and 1,500 injured. The
1352:Herbers, John (November 18, 1969).
1323:Carroll, Maurice (April 11, 1969).
797:(MS thesis). Columbia University.
600:List of ethnic riots#United States
25:
1070:Herbers, John (August 24, 1969).
1422:Bigart, Homer (August 1, 1963).
635:Racism against African Americans
625:Nadir of American race relations
538:and antipoverty efforts", as in
50:
27:American civil unrest, 1964-1969
1157:The American Presidency Project
988:Roberts, Gene (July 26, 1967).
973:Bigart, Homer (July 16, 1967).
1227:"The legacy of the 1968 riots"
933:Patterson (1996), pp. 663–665.
721:10.1080/00332747.1970.11023628
34:in Europe during World War II.
1:
615:Lynching in the United States
238:Hunters Point social uprising
1225:Clay Risen (April 4, 2008).
907:McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014).
867:McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014).
458:fire in Newark and Detroit.
213:1966 Chicago West Side riots
30:Not to be confused with the
640:Racism in the United States
203:1964 Philadelphia race riot
96:Racism in the United States
68:16 July 1964 – 29 July 1969
1494:
1473:1960s in the United States
958:Flamm, Michael W. (2017).
943:Hinton, Elizabeth (2016).
764:10.1177/000271626938200102
683:10.1177/002234336800500202
509:
490:
29:
1060:Patterson (1996), p. 651.
671:Journal of Peace Research
400:In what is known as the "
365:South Central Los Angeles
183:
49:
44:
1463:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
793:Janine Lang (May 2019).
595:King assassination riots
585:African-American history
512:Law and order (politics)
467:wave of violent protests
349:King assassination riots
302:King assassination riots
290:long, hot summer of 1967
248:King assassination riots
243:Long, hot summer of 1967
193:1964 Rochester race riot
176:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
18:Ghetto riots (1964-1969)
816:Dallek, Robert (1998).
402:Long hot summer of 1967
1210:: CS1 maint: others (
894:Dallek (1998), p. 412.
871:. Palgrave Macmillan.
381:
371:
223:1966 Perth Amboy riots
992:. The New York Times.
977:. The New York Times.
590:Civil rights movement
428:national guard troops
377:
362:
233:1966 Dayton race riot
228:Waukegan riot of 1966
803:10.7916/d8-sjrt-2987
534:Federal grants for "
320:Harlem riots of 1935
1030:Kotz, Nick (2005).
461:The April 4, 1968,
367:burning during the
285:Harlem riot of 1964
253:1969 York race riot
188:Harlem riot of 1964
1428:The New York Times
1358:The New York Times
1329:The New York Times
1302:The New York Times
1276:The New York Times
1251:The New York Times
1149:Johnson, Lyndon B.
1129:on January 7, 2010
1076:The New York Times
382:
372:
1304:. August 14, 1968
1278:. August 21, 1967
1253:. August 10, 1964
920:978-1-137-26963-8
831:978-0-19-505465-1
570:Dynamics of riots
493:Kerner Commission
487:Kerner Commission
379:1967 Newark riots
270:ghetto rebellions
261:
260:
198:Dixmoor race riot
142:
141:
16:(Redirected from
1485:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:. Archived from
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1003:Walsh, Michael.
1000:
994:
993:
985:
979:
978:
970:
964:
963:
955:
949:
948:
940:
934:
931:
925:
924:
904:
895:
892:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
842:
836:
835:
823:
813:
807:
806:
790:
784:
783:
744:
733:
732:
704:
695:
694:
666:
529:Thomas J. Whelan
471:George Christian
465:sparked another
178:
168:
161:
154:
145:
54:
37:
32:Ghetto uprisings
21:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1401:10.2307/3700905
1386:
1385:
1376:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1232:TheGuardian.com
1224:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1123:Africana Online
1119:"Kerner Report"
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
986:
982:
972:
971:
967:
957:
956:
952:
942:
941:
937:
932:
928:
921:
906:
905:
898:
893:
886:
879:
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
844:
843:
839:
832:
815:
814:
810:
792:
791:
787:
746:
745:
736:
706:
705:
698:
668:
667:
663:
658:
581:
572:
557:
552:
514:
508:
495:
489:
369:1965 Watts riot
341:
315:
310:
262:
257:
179:
174:
172:
80:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1414:
1374:
1344:
1315:
1289:
1264:
1238:
1217:
1177:
1170:Alice George.
1162:
1140:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1022:
995:
980:
965:
950:
935:
926:
919:
896:
884:
877:
859:
837:
830:
808:
785:
734:
715:(2): 265–281.
696:
677:(2): 116–131.
660:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
580:
577:
571:
568:
556:
555:Cause of riots
553:
551:
548:
510:Main article:
507:
504:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
426:sent in 7,400
391:Lyndon Johnson
386:Watts district
351:. These urban
340:
337:
314:
311:
309:
306:
268:, also termed
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
181:
180:
173:
171:
170:
163:
156:
148:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:Watts uprising
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1047:0-618-08825-3
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
984:
981:
976:
969:
966:
961:
954:
951:
946:
939:
936:
930:
927:
922:
916:
912:
911:
903:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:9781137269638
874:
870:
863:
860:
847:
841:
838:
833:
827:
822:
821:
812:
809:
804:
800:
796:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Joseph Boskin
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
569:
567:
564:
561:
554:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:urban renewal
532:
530:
526:
523:The mayor of
521:
519:
518:Richard Nixon
513:
505:
503:
499:
494:
486:
484:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
452:guerrilla war
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:fire bombings
429:
425:
424:George Romney
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
396:
392:
387:
380:
376:
370:
366:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
325:
321:
312:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
169:
164:
162:
157:
155:
150:
149:
146:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:United States
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1438:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1395:(1): 42–51.
1392:
1388:
1368:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1347:
1339:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1180:
1165:
1156:
1143:
1133:November 23,
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1122:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1056:
1032:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
983:
968:
959:
953:
944:
938:
929:
909:
868:
862:
850:. Retrieved
840:
819:
811:
794:
788:
755:
751:
712:
708:
674:
670:
664:
573:
565:
562:
558:
544:John Lindsay
533:
522:
515:
500:
496:
460:
448:Ramsey Clark
444:machine guns
420:Detroit riot
416:Newark riots
411:
407:Boston Globe
405:
399:
383:
342:
333:white flight
316:
282:
277:
273:
269:
266:ghetto riots
265:
263:
175:
106:White flight
40:Ghetto riots
1478:1960s riots
525:Jersey City
480:wiretapping
345:Harlem riot
329:urban decay
278:negro riots
218:Hough riots
208:Watts riots
101:Urban decay
1452:Categories
709:Psychiatry
656:References
645:Red Summer
397:was lost.
331:caused by
313:Background
274:race riots
122:Casualties
1117:Toonari.
780:145786180
691:144309056
540:New Haven
506:Reactions
430:to quell
264:The term
85:Caused by
1370:streets.
1206:cite web
1196:July 12,
1015:July 12,
852:June 22,
758:: 1–14.
579:See also
550:Research
135:Arrested
127:Death(s)
73:Location
1433:June 1,
1409:3700905
1363:June 1,
1334:June 1,
1308:June 1,
1282:June 1,
1257:June 1,
1081:June 1,
772:1037109
729:5443881
436:looting
308:History
294:Detroit
138:20,000+
114:Methods
1407:
1044:
917:
875:
828:
778:
770:
727:
689:
456:sniper
395:agenda
298:Newark
1405:JSTOR
776:S2CID
768:JSTOR
687:S2CID
440:tanks
412:Globe
353:riots
339:Riots
276:, or
1435:2020
1365:2020
1336:2020
1310:2020
1284:2020
1259:2020
1212:link
1198:2017
1135:2009
1083:2020
1042:ISBN
1017:2017
915:ISBN
873:ISBN
854:2017
826:ISBN
725:PMID
442:and
343:The
324:1943
322:and
296:and
130:200+
65:Date
1397:doi
1038:418
799:doi
760:doi
756:382
717:doi
679:doi
393:'s
1454::
1437:.
1426:.
1403:.
1393:29
1391:.
1377:^
1367:.
1356:.
1338:.
1327:.
1300:.
1249:.
1229:.
1208:}}
1204:{{
1188:.
1155:.
1121:.
1085:.
1074:.
1040:.
1007:.
899:^
887:^
774:.
766:.
754:.
737:^
723:.
713:33
711:.
699:^
685:.
673:.
434:,
272:,
1411:.
1399::
1312:.
1286:.
1261:.
1235:.
1214:)
1200:.
1174:.
1137:.
1050:.
1019:.
923:.
881:.
856:.
834:.
805:.
801::
782:.
762::
731:.
719::
693:.
681::
675:5
527:(
167:e
160:t
153:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
