Ghetto - Knowledge (XXG)

1135:. Characteristics of this culture included lively music and dance, violence, unbridled emotions, flamboyant imagery, illegitimacy, religious oratory marked by strident rhetoric, and a lack of emphasis on education and intellectual interests. Because redneck culture proved counterproductive, "that culture long ago died out...among both white and black Southerners, while still surviving today in the poorest and worst of the urban black ghettos", which Sowell described as being characterized by "brawling, braggadocio, self-indulgence, disregard of the future", and where "belligerence is considered being manly and crudity is considered cool, while being civilized is regarded as 'acting white'." Sowell blames liberal Americans who since the 1960s have embraced black ghetto culture as the only "'authentic' black culture and even glamorize it" while they "denounce any criticism of the ghetto lifestyle or any attempt to change it." Sowell asserts that white liberal Americans have perpetuated this "counterproductive and self-destructive lifestyle" among black Americans living in urban ghettos through "the welfare state, and look-the-other-way policing, and smiling at 'gangsta rap'." 1168:. Since the 1960s, after the de-constitution of the inner cities, African-American or Black ghettos have attempted to reorganize or reconstitute; in effect, they are increasingly regarded as public- and state-dependent communities. Brownsville, for instance, initiated the constitution of community-established public housing, anti-poverty organizations, and social service facilities—all, in their own way, depend on state resources. However, certain dependence contradicts society's desires to be autonomous actors in the market. Moreover, Zukin implies, "the less 'autonomous' the community—in its dependence on public schools, public housing and various subsidy programs—the greater the inequity between their organizations and the state, and the less willing residents are to organize." This should not, however, undermine local development corporations or social service agencies helping these neighborhoods. The lack of autonomy and growing dependence on the state, especially in a 367: 573: 429: 826:. European immigrants and African Americans were both subject to an ethnic division of labor. Because of discrimination, African Americans were often restricted to the least secure division of the labor market. David Ward refers to this stagnant position in African-American or Black ghettos as the 'elevator' model, which implies that each group of immigrants or migrants takes turns in the processes of social mobility and suburbanization; and several groups did not start on the ground floor. The inability of black people to move from the ground floor, as Ward suggests, is dependent upon 858:. White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods. Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted the ability of black people to move from inner cities to the suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working-class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages ( 969:'s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. Residential segregation was further perpetuated because whites were willing to pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas. Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of 184: 890:. Additionally, Zukin notes, "Not only have social services been drastically reduced, punitive and other social controls over the poor have been increased," such as law enforcement and imprisonment. Described as the "urban crisis" during the 1970s and 1980s, the transition stressed regional divisions according to differences in income and racial lines—white "donuts" around black holes. Hardly coincidental, the steady separation occurred during the period of civil rights laws, urban riots and 1639:, including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in the appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc. The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light. 1458: 351: 53: 1476: 591: 811:

resulted in a dramatic decline of manufacturing jobs, which had formerly provided good livings for unionized, working-class blacks and whites. The once thriving northern and western industrial cities survived by a gradual shift to service and financial occupations. Subsidized highways and suburban development in the postwar period had pulled many middle and upper-class families and related businesses to the

727: 1941: 4083: 1316: 1089:, states that a prolonged history of poverty can itself become a cultural obstacle to socioeconomic success, and in turn can continue a pattern of socioeconomic polarization. Ghettos, in short, instill a cultural adaptation to social and class-based inequalities, reducing the ability of future generations to mobilize or 815:. Those who could not afford to move were left with disrupted neighborhoods and economies in the inner cities. African Americans were disproportionately affected and became either unemployed or underemployed, with little wage and reduced benefits. A concentration of African Americans predominated in some 1642:

The term "ghetto" was controversial during the period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the

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claimed "The degree of residential segregation of the black community is greater than for any other group in urban America, yet black people have not had the political power necessary to exercise any significant degree of control over the improvement of the basic services necessary for their health,

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becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory. In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was

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explains that through these reasons, society rationalizes the term "bad neighborhoods." Zukin stresses that these circumstances are largely related to "racial concentration, residential abandonment, and de-constitution and reconstitution of communal institutions." Many scholars diagnose this poorly

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The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture – even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation

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areas in the country. The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. The term was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in

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to signify a poor, culturally or racially homogenous urban area, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive. The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African-Americans,

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The term ghettos has been commonly used for some time, but ghettos were around long before the term was coined. Urban areas in the U.S. can often be classified as "black" or "white", with the inhabitants primarily belonging to a homogenous racial grouping. This classification can be traced back as

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and Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time. Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families

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has faced criticism both theoretically and empirically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time. This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income or racial minority

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highlights, that racial segregation in African-American or Black ghettos challenge America's democratic foundations. However, it is still advocated that "One solution to these problems depends on our ability to use the political process in eliminating the inequities... geographical knowledge and

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of African Americans to the North during and after World War I, they had to compete with numerous European immigrants; thus, African-Americans were diminished to unskilled jobs. The slow rate of advancement in black communities outlines the rigidity of the labor market, competition and conflict,

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theorists. Such theories confirm class to be more important than race in the structuring of U.S. ghettos. Although racial concentration is a key signifier for ghettos, class-based theorists emphasize the role and impact of broader societal structures in the creation of African-American or Black

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oorly underserviced infrastructures, inadequate housing to accommodate a growing urban populace, group conflict and competition over limited jobs and space, the inability for many residents to compete for new technology-based jobs, and tensions between the public and private sectors left to the

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Two main factors ensured further separation between races and classes, and ultimately the development of contemporary ghettos: the relocation of industrial enterprises, and the movement of middle to upper class residents into suburban neighborhoods. Between 1967 and 1987, economic restructuring

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The word "ghetto" is an etymological mystery. Is it from the Hebrew get, or bill of divorce? From the Venetian ghèto, or foundry? From the Yiddish gehektes, "enclosed"? From Latin Giudaicetum, for "Jewish"? From the Italian borghetto, "little town"? From the Old French guect, "guard"?...In his

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education, and welfare." Scholars have been interested in the study of African-American or Black ghettos precisely for the concentration of disadvantaged residents and their vulnerability to social problems. American ghettos also bring attention to geographical and political barriers, and as

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The social disruption and economic competition following World War I, as veterans returned to the US, resulted in an outbreak of racial violence of whites against blacks in many of these Northern cities, such as Chicago, Omaha; Washington, DC, and others. Southern industrial cities were also

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describes a process by which members of the black middle class begin to distance themselves socially and culturally from ghetto residents during the later half of the twentieth century, "eventually expressing this distance by literally moving away." This is followed by the exodus of black

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Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial

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on segregation. More contemporary research of race-based theorists is to frame a range of methods conducted by white Americans to "preserve race-based residential inequities" as a function of the dominantly white, state-run government. Involving uneven development, mortgage and business

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was charged with administering and enforcing the law. Since housing discrimination became illegal, new housing opportunities were made available to the black community and many left the ghetto. Urban sociologists frequently title this historical event as "black middle class exodus", or

477:; they were intended as a transitional stage – first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of 2227:

etymology column for the Oxford University Press, Anatoly Liberman took a look at each of these possibilities. He considered ever more improbable origins — Latin for "ribbon"? German for "street"? Latin for "to throw"? — before declaring the word a stubborn mystery.

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Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities.

1164:, as an example. This relationship between racial ghettos and the state is demonstrated through various push and pull features, implemented through government subsidized investments, which certainly assisted the movement of white Americans into the suburbs after 1277:. It is used to indicate an object's relation to the inner city and also more broadly to denote something that is shabby or of low quality. While "ghetto" as an adjective can be used derogatorily, the African-American or Black community, particularly the 456:

into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943,

799:. African Americans found they had to struggle with white ethnic groups in Northern and Midwestern cities; many of them more recent European immigrants. Often they were restricted to areas of older and poor housing in the new cities where they settled. 877:

processes, and demonstrated through technological advances and improvements in efficiency. The structural shift of 1973, during the post-Fordist era, became a large component to the racial ghetto and its relationship with the labor market.

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In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as

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was passed in 1968. This was the first federal law that outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and later sex, familial status, and disability. The

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Contemporary African-American or Black ghettos are characterized by an overrepresentation of a particular ethnicity or race, vulnerability to crime, social problems, governmental reliance and political disempowerment.

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affected. Such racist attacks were extremely violent, in some cases they included burning or bombing homes of African Americans; many innocent blacks were killed. African-American leaders described 1919 as the

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The cumulative economic and social forces in ghettos give way to social, political and economic isolation and inequality, while indirectly defining a separation between superior and inferior status of groups.

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to escape the widespread racism of the South; to seek out employment opportunities in industrial cities; and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better quality of life in the North and West, such as

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A scene of Maxwell Street in Chicago circa 1908. The title reads "THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO". The image has been colorized and is taken from a souvenir guide to Chicago printed in 1908. Note the signage in

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suggests this exodus worsened the isolation of the black underclass — not only were they socially and physically distanced from whites, they also became isolated from the black middle class.

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economy, remains a key indicator to the production as well as the prevalence of African-American or Black ghettos, particularly due to the lack of opportunities to compete in the global market.

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facilitated and fragmented view of the United States as the "age of extremes." This term argues that inequalities of wealth and power reinforce spatial separation; for example, the growth of

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in the United States. The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example,

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populations. The cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood. To a large extent the problem with the

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The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the

151:. It has been widely used in the country since the 20th century to refer to poor neighborhoods of largely minority populations. It is also used in some European countries, such as 1620:

introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called

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declares the designated stratum of African-Americans in the labor force was placed even below the working class; low-skill urban jobs were now given to incoming immigrants from

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concepts stem from the reliance on case studies (in particular case studies from Chicago), which limit social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods.

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diffusion of status within families and neighborhoods, for instance, prove the rise in socioeconomic polarization between classes to be the creator of American ghetto; not

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patterns established in the South prior to World War I, where most African Americans were disenfranchised by the turn of the century and deprived of political power.

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than other areas of the city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people.

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Two dominant theories arise pertaining to the production and development of U.S. ghettos: race-based and class-based; as well as an alternative theory put forward by

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Connerly, Charles E. (2002). "From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama".

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Small, Mario L.; McDermott, Monica (2006). "The Presence of Organizational Resources in Poor Urban Neighborhoods: An Analysis of Average and Contextual Effects".

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In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as

414:) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders. 1011:

working-class families. As a result, the ghetto becomes primarily occupied by what sociologists and journalists of the 1980s and 1990s frequently title the "

998: 859: 744: 1467:, seen from the Irish nationalist/republican side. The small back row of houses are protected by cages as missiles are sometimes thrown from the other side. 45:

are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more

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constitutes the separation of ghettos from other, suburbanized or private neighborhoods. The high percentage of poverty partly justifies the difficulty of

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in Morocco beginning from the 15th century, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Iberia, and especially since the early 19th century. In cities, a

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Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of

2213: 2161: 2546: 1624:(the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021. 572: 2115: 694: 144: 4027: 3613: 3713: 3608: 3351: 3324: 3172: 3142: 2682: 2333: 1811: 1599: 3986: 3575: 922: 940:

The "Racial" Provisions of the FHA Underwriting Manual of 1936 included the following guidelines which exacerbated the segregation issue:

1436:), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the 3471: 2851: 1156:

Another characteristic to African-American or Black ghettos and spatial separation is the dependence on the state, and lack of communal

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discrimination and disinvestment—U.S. ghettos then, as suggested by race-based theorists, are conserved by distinctly racial reasoning.

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over black people and lengthen their spatial separation. Race-based theorists offset other arguments that focus on the influence of the

2111: 751: 2735: 3648: 3023: 2914: 2261: 1575: 1107: 3528: 1815:(2009), a TV movie about the titular Irena Sendler who saved the lives of hundreds of Jewish children by smuggling them out of the 1853: 1405:, had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where 867: 1922: 1617: 1496: 552: 3910: 84:

from other people. However, other early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling

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scene, has taken the word for themselves and begun using it in a more positive sense that transcends its derogatory origins.

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across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as

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in United States cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many

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It is also significant to compare the demographic patterns between black people and European immigrants, according to the

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Pulido, Laura (2000). "Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California".

4122: 4112: 3510:"Czech Govt report on the state of the Romani minority estimates 830 ghettos with 127, 000 inhabitants in the regions" 2244: 1902: 1871: 1555: 1040: 704: 1243: 1647: 1583: 1481: 1390: 1310: 1292: 1254: 1209:

and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America.

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adding another dimension to the prevalence of poverty and social instability in African-American or Black ghettos.

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society in which black people and white people inhabit different neighborhoods of significantly different quality.

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early as the year 1880 as African Americans were living in their own neighborhoods. Sixty years after the American

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Many of these neighborhoods are located in Northern and Western cities where African Americans moved during the

4107: 3846: 3686: 3583: 3207: 1886: 1554:. For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the 1535: 1429: 1410: 1206: 993: 863: 664: 660: 466: 379: 337: 3453: 870:). These made it easier for families to buy new houses in the suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities. 221:

term as it pertains to a neighborhood. One theory of the word can be traced to a special use of the Venetian

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The etymology of the word is uncertain, as there is no agreement among etymologists about the origins of the

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ghettos instituted by the surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is

244: 3489: 2381: 1785: 1746: 1650: 1161: 1124: 1016: 985: 740: 486: 148: 81: 1843:" (originally titled "The Vicious Circle"), a 1969 song about birth and life in slum areas, written by 1378:, has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different 4117: 1798: 1702: 1074: 978: 214:(1516–1797). By 1899, the term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. 4031: 2954: 1296:

theory to public-policy decisions about poor people and poor regions is a professional obligation."

478: 3702: 2423: 2359: 1795:(1993), about a young street hustler who attempts to escape the ghetto in a quest for a better life 1523: 1508: 1457: 1441: 1286: 1070: 966: 788: 731: 345: 2330: 1689:. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the 1608:

was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable

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were a minority making up less than a third of the local population. By 2001, two London boroughs—

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era and continues to symbolize the demographics of American ghettos is the prevalence of poverty.

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has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the

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was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called "

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Following the emergence of anti-discrimination policies in housing and labor sparked by the

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Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition".

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original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.

171:, while the term ghetto is used to refer to areas of developed countries that suffer from 3911:""No ghettos in 2030": Denmark's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods" 3366: 2855: 2739: 2337: 2309: 2265: 1990: 1975: 1970: 1780: 1681: 1527: 1516: 1475: 1212: 1150: 1090: 974: 970: 851: 807:

because of the widespread racial outbreaks and white attacks on mainly African Americans.

723:, which tends to reproduce constraining social opportunities and inequalities in society. 720: 636: 608: 548: 536: 482: 375: 237: 207: 89: 65: 57: 52: 3960: 3631: 3162: 2257: 2141: 3712:. The Immigration and Integration Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament. May 2013. 929:

to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of

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began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as

672: 616: 580: 125: 42: 1338:. The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the 590: 4096: 3068: 2971: 2935: 2890: 2529: 1955: 1946: 1926: 1906: 1848: 1840: 1816: 1804: 1706: 1425: 1375: 1367: 1249: 1238: 1169: 1116: 1102: 1028: 954: 874: 764: 703:

A commonly used definition of a ghetto is a community distinguished by a homogeneous

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The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different

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The United States began restructuring its economy after World War II, fueled by new

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Frey, William H. (1979). "Central City White Flight: Racial and Nonracial Causes".

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Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees

441: 411: 378:. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of 229:' (there was one near the site of that city's ghetto when it was founded in 1516). 129: 117: 3392: 2904: 2672: 3266: 2989:

Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the

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Ward, David (1982). "The Ethnic Ghetto in the United States: Past and Present".

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Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015-06-09).

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and ghettos by 2030." A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of

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of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant

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in ghettos. Their analysis consists of the dominant racial group in the U.S. (

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only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential

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Fischer, Claude S.; Stockmayer, Gretchen; Stiles, Jon; Hout, Michael (2004).

2601: 2593: 2471: 1421:" populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population. 1215:

relays in his "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945) poems:

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stresses the various challenges developed by this "urban crisis", including:

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is usually used to refer to areas in developing countries that suffer from

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The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy

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Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015).

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A number of songs and films have been written about/depicting the ghetto.

1253:(1985), both of which draw upon the author's experience growing up in the 507:, an analogue of the European ghetto. Jewish populations were confined to 448:

established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of

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immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form

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Sethi, Rajiv; Somanathan, Rohini (2004). "Inequality and Segregation".

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was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large

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can be interconnected with the continued "ghettoization" of the poor.

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asserts that modern urban black ghetto culture is rooted in the white

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ghettos. Dynamics of low-wage service and unemployment triggered from

1881: 1829:, and the secret archive that he created and led in the Warsaw Ghetto 1667: 1078: 1047:) and their use of certain racist tactics in order to maintain their 883: 827: 812: 629: 499: 445: 395: 192: 69: 3987:"Forsker: Udsatte boligområder kan være en fordel for integrationen" 2713: 1315: 4014:

Fem debattører: Her er hadeordene, der skal dø sammen med 'ghetto'.

2963: 2646: 2506:(2004). "Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective". 2432: 2582:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister

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This article is about a type of neighborhood. For other uses, see

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First are the race-based theorists, who argue the importance of

914: 644: 164: 3736:"In Danish 'ghettos', immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out" 323:), possibly in memory of the exile of the Israelites in Egypt. 300: 3887:"What to Know About Denmark's Plan to End Immigrant "Ghettos"" 3343:

Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner

1784:(1991), a film about three young males living in Los Angeles' 1742: 1127:

regions of Britain to the American South, where they formed a

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The more dominant view, on the other hand, is represented by

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lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall.

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Neighborhood inhabited by a minority group, usually when poor

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Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

2214:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning" 2162:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning" 743:

of the 1950s and 1960s, most of the United States remains a

711:. Additionally, a key feature that developed throughout the 3472:"No voice, no future? Roma ignored as Europe goes to polls" 2995:(Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location. 535:

to Shanghai. After Japan invaded China, it established the

76:, as early as 1516, to describe the part of the city where 3406: 3404: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2377: 2375: 2373: 3130:

Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community

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and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived

539:, an area of approximately one square mile (≈ 2.6 3232:""Black Rednecks and White Liberals", by Thomas Sowell" 3655:. 2015-07-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31 2674:

The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods

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Ghettos: The Changing Consequences of Ethnic Isolation

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segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines

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the ghetto was "home": a place representing authentic

159:, to refer to poor neighborhoods largely inhabited by 3789:

Barry, Ellen; Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (2 July 2018).

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culture common to both black and white people in the

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were separate villages inhabited solely by the Jews.

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Urban Fortunes : The Political Economy of Place

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International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

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were able to relocate to newer housing built in the

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Before and during World War II, many Jews fled from

3866:"Here's what we know about Denmark's 'ghetto plan'" 3529:"We cant run away from it white flight is here too" 1631:, announced its intention to "end the existence of 232:According to various other theories it comes from: 1618:Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing 1374:, where less than 12 percent of the population is 977:that have contributed to contemporary patterns of 473:and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of 3084:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2387:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 1911:"Ghetto" (2011), a song by Junai Kaden featuring 1570:." Many of the ghettos came under the control of 933:, and the most common use of the term, refers to 3672:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3619:London School of Economics and Political Science 3156: 3154: 2736:""Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual" 1905:(2007), R&B song written by American singer 1803:(2001), a TV Movie in which Jews rise up in the 461:issued a decree ordering the dissolution of all 370:Demolition of the Jewish ghetto, Frankfurt, 1868 1217: 942: 902: 465:/ghettos in the East and their transference to 1693:. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the 1261:Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto" 643:, which later became notable as predominantly 3225: 3223: 3221: 2936:"The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto" 2849:Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities 1200:Despite mainstream America's use of the term 897:International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences 402:cities once had a historical Jewish quarter. 8: 4067:Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages 3849:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne. 3689:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne. 3421: 3419: 3319:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3189:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 3133:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 1265:Recently the word "ghetto" has been used in 1023:Theories on the development of Black ghettos 999:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 577:Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man 489:, existed until the end of the war in 1945. 3935:"Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto'" 1484:at the edge of a loyalist ghetto in Belfast 1220:The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone 481:, persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the 3860: 3858: 3818:"Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime" 3729: 3727: 3191:. 2008. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. 3049:Journal of Planning Education and Research 2666: 2664: 2322: 2320: 2318: 850:In the years following World War II, many 754:(1914–1970), a period when over a million 424:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany 249:('divorce document', 'deed of separation') 41:is a part of a city in which members of a 3553:Kerr, Joe, and Andrew Gibson, eds. 2003. 3201: 3199: 3197: 3103: 2953: 2817: 2777: 2609: 2479: 2422: 647:, and later still as Chinese and Latino. 279:('little town, small section of a town'; 3703:"UDSATTE BOLIGOMRÅDER — DE NÆSTE SKRIDT" 3576:Patterns of Ethnic Segregation in London 1224:But Harlem's much more than these alone, 1123:who migrated from the generally lawless 503:is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in 309:Another possibility is from the Italian 182: 51: 2116:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2053: 1733:are less so. However, since the 1970s, 1530:community, who mainly self-identify as 1511:community, who mainly self-identify as 695:Racial segregation in the United States 635:These ethnic ghetto areas included the 4051:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4044: 3812: 3810: 3784: 3782: 3757: 3755: 3665: 3614:British Society for Population Studies 3375:I Speak of the City: Poems of New York 3346:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2541: 2539: 1604:During the period 2010-2021, the word 1586:. One of the most notable ghettos was 973:and decentralization are instances of 139:acquired deep cultural meaning in the 3842: 3840: 3838: 3580:Data Management and Analysis Briefing 3490:"Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU" 3315:Logan, John; Molotch, Harvey (1987). 3230:Nordlinger, Jay (September 9, 2005). 2358:Kordunsky, Anna (17 September 2012). 1812:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler 1680: 1600:Vulnerable residential area (Denmark) 1101:An alternative theory put forward by 905:formation and growth of U.S. ghettos. 846:Effect of World War II on development 551:, to which it relocated about 20,000 64:The term was originally used for the 56:The main square of what was once the 7: 3852:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022. 3692:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022. 2384:, ed. 2008. "Ghetto." Pp. 311–14 in 2212:Domonoske, Camila (April 27, 2014). 3208:"Black Rednecks and White Liberals" 3167:. The University of Chicago Press. 2547:"Retired Site — PBS Programs — PBS" 2160:Domonoske, Camila (27 April 2014). 1432:, and the West Indian community of 1334:There are many Roma ghettos in the 391: 1495:, towns and cities have long been 1222:And the streets are long and wide, 1139:U.S. characterizations of "ghetto" 607:and internal urban migration. The 25: 2906:How East New York Became a Ghetto 2551:Retired Site — PBS Programs — PBS 2360:"Changing Face of Brighton Beach" 2142:The Ghettos | About the Holocaust 1576:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1108:Black Rednecks and White Liberals 689:Black or African-American ghettos 287:, a word of Germanic origin; see 80:were restricted to live and thus 4081: 3719:from the original on 2019-06-30. 2993:with Revisions to February, 1938 2671:Keating, William Dennis (1994). 1939: 1874:(1990), hip-hop song written by 1474: 1456: 515:was surrounded by a wall with a 394:), or 'The Jewish street'. Many 3961:"Ghetto - et ord med betydning" 3649:"History Battle of the Bogside" 3632:50 Objects: 'London's East End' 3598:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. p. 3. 3527:Browne, Anthony (May 5, 2004). 3377:, edited by S. Wolf. New York: 3206:Sowell, Thomas (May 16, 2015). 3161:Wilson, William Julius (1987). 2110:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). 1741:, low-income housing projects ( 1257:of Pittsburgh, a black ghetto. 671:. Since the late 20th century, 143:, especially in the context of 3574:Bains, Baljit. October 2005. " 2985:Federal Housing Administration 2392:Gale Virtual Reference Library 2346:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 579: — postcard from 1909 in 1: 2130:– via Internet Archive. 1773:(1982), a TV Movie about the 1300:European ghettos (Non-Jewish) 1045:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants 992:moved out of the ghetto. The 868:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 120:were established to hold the 3638:. Retrieved 18 October 2021. 3187:Shelton, Jason E. "Ghetto." 2941:Journal of Political Economy 2701:American Sociological Review 2410:Journal of Political Economy 2394:. Retrieved 25 October 2012. 1653:was formed in Denmark, with 1232:"The Heart of Harlem" (1945) 122:Jewish populations of Europe 18:Ghettos in the United States 3340:Smitherman, Geneva (2000). 3267:10.1111/cico.2008.7.issue-4 2934:; Vigdor, Jacob L. (1999). 2677:. Temple University Press. 2578:"Creating the Black Ghetto" 2245:Online Etymology Dictionary 1925:(2014), an R&B song by 1880:"Ghetto" (2001), a song by 1085:theory, first developed by 4139: 2854:November 30, 2007, at the 2264:February 24, 2009, at the 1823:Who Will Write Our History 1807:against the Nazis in 1943. 1717:are affluent banlieues of 1597: 1584:Ulster Defence Association 1311:List of Romani settlements 1308: 1241:uses the term "ghetto" in 1196:Internal characterizations 692: 421: 335: 29: 3847:Danmarks Almene Boliger. 3687:Danmarks Almene Boliger. 3621:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. 3555:London from Punk to Blair 3379:Columbia University Press 3127:Anderson, Elijah (1990). 2522:10.1017/S1742058X04040032 2150:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. 1697:live outside the city of 1685:) is a suburb of a large 1574:such as the (republican) 1552:Irish War of Independence 1226:Harlem is what's inside. 1160:; Sharon Zukin refers to 599:that reads 'Fish Market'. 342:Jewish quarter (diaspora) 3734:Nielson, Emil Gjerding. 3653:The Museum of Free Derry 3584:Greater London Authority 3061:10.1177/0739456X02238441 2594:10.1177/0002716215572993 2472:10.1177/0002716215572993 1430:London Borough of Barnet 1244:Ma Rainey's Black Bottom 745:residentially segregated 469:or their extermination. 467:Nazi concentration camps 338:Jewish ghettos in Europe 3563:pp. 51, 53, 55, 69, 378 3426:"Geographical Record". 3096:10.1111/0004-5608.00182 3016:Oxford University Press 2883:10.1023/A:1015772503007 2779:10.1111/1468-2427.00155 2344:7(Spring). Boston, MA: 2298:Shanghai Jewish History 2026:Township (South Africa) 1737:increasingly means, in 1428:and other parts of the 1393:revealed that only two 935:mortgage discrimination 758:moved out of the rural 301: 32:Ghetto (disambiguation) 3454:"The New Roma Ghettos" 2760:Zukin, Sharon (2002). 2382:Darity Jr., William A. 2302:Shanghai Jewish Center 2091:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 1775:Warsaw ghetto uprising 1580:terrorist organisation 1562:." In August 1969 the 1558:and beginning of the " 1389:Analysis of data from 1331: 1235: 947: 907: 760:southern United States 735: 730:Chicago ghetto on the 600: 587: 533:German-occupied Europe 437: 371: 363: 195: 61: 3391:Stuart E, Heflin Sr. 3294:10.1353/sof.2006.0067 2819:10.1353/dem.2004.0002 2742:on December 29, 2008. 1865:(1981), funk song by 1856:(1970), soul song by 1825:(2018), a film about 1550:that accompanied the 1346:In the United Kingdom 1318: 1162:Brownsville, Brooklyn 1017:William Julius Wilson 986:civil rights movement 923:access to health care 741:civil rights movement 729: 593: 575: 487:Theresienstadt Ghetto 431: 369: 353: 204:Jewish area of Venice 186: 88:in meaning appear in 55: 4090:at Wikimedia Commons 4069:. Odile Jacob, 1997. 3261:(4): 305–407. 2008. 3255:City & Community 2991:National Housing Act 2189:The Ghetto of Venice 2112:"Ghettos. Key Facts" 1629:Lars Løkke Rasmussen 1060:Class-based theories 979:environmental racism 632:after World War II. 605:waves of immigration 463:Jüdische Wohnbezirke 452:to confine Jews and 418:Nazi-occupied Europe 3636:jewishmuseum.org.uk 3498:. 6 September 2019. 3460:. 25 December 2013. 3434:(1): 106–17. 1973. 3428:Geographical Review 3411:Geographical Review 3371:The Heart of Harlem 3212:Capitalism Magazine 3006:Jackson, Kenneth T. 1847:and made famous by 1646:In June 2019 a new 1542:Ghettos emerged in 1448:In Northern Ireland 1442:British Bangladeshi 1287:Geographical Review 1175:The concept of the 1081:. Furthermore, the 1071:deindustrialization 1035:Race-based theories 967:Birmingham, Alabama 894:. In addition, the 641:Manhattan, New York 432:Liquidation of the 346:Jewish emancipation 4123:Italian inventions 4113:Racial segregation 3991:Kristeligt Dagblad 3795:The New York Times 3516:. 15 October 2019. 3394:The Goshen Dilemma 3249:"Symposium on the 2932:Glaeser, Edward L. 2504:Massey, Douglas S. 2336:2010-10-21 at the 2308:2006-08-13 at the 2193:M. Evans & Co. 2185:Calimani, Riccardo 2122:on August 15, 2012 1986:Indian reservation 1827:Emanuel Ringelblum 1757:In popular culture 1747:foreign immigrants 1745:) in which mainly 1633:parallel societies 1578:and the (loyalist 1463:A "peace line" in 1366:, a predominantly 1332: 1097:Alternative theory 1083:culture of poverty 990:black middle class 959:racial segregation 921:, access to jobs, 736: 601: 588: 475:The Final Solution 450:concentration camp 438: 372: 364: 269:('Jewish enclave') 196: 187:Jewish quarter of 116:, more than 1,000 62: 4086:Media related to 4065:Lepoutre, David. 3993:. 1 December 2016 3967:. 25 October 2010 3607:Shepherd, Anne. " 3353:978-0-395-96919-9 3326:978-0-520-06341-9 3174:978-0-226-90131-2 3144:978-0-226-01816-4 2684:978-1-56639-147-4 2466:(1). PMC: 18–35. 1792:Menace II Society 1715:Neuilly-sur-Seine 1648:social democratic 1505:Irish nationalist 1419:minority majority 1399:England and Wales 1364:Southall Broadway 1350:The existence of 1151:gated communities 1075:intergenerational 988:, members of the 951:ethnic minorities 756:African-Americans 517:fortified gateway 219:Venetian language 16:(Redirected from 4130: 4085: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4030:. 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