43:
715:
675:(or a lack of motivation to finish the next album), an experienced songwriter may be discreetly brought in to help. In other cases, a ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, with little or no input from the credited musician. A ghostwriter providing this type of service may be thanked, without reference to the service provided, in the album credits, or they may be a true 'ghost', with no acknowledgement in the album.
603:
223:(by ) and then to put the ghostwriter's name underneath it (with ). Sometimes this is done in lieu of pay or to decrease the amount of payment to the book ghostwriter for whom the credit has its own intrinsic value. Also, the ghostwriter can be cited as a co-author of a book, or listed in the movie or film credits when having ghostwritten the script or screenplay for film production.
145:
article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several hundred-page book so that it is captivating and well-paced. In other cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year under the name of well-known, highly marketable authors, or to quickly release a topical book that ties in with a recent or upcoming newsworthy event.
581:, are ghostwritten, because not all authors have the information technology skills or the time to dedicate to running a website. Nonetheless, the style, tone and content is modeled on that of the credited author. Many website ghostwriters are freelance but some are freelancers who work under contract, as with radio presenters and television presenters. Occasionally
187:-length texts (they would have to charge too much); but this new market is, by 2015, already substantial and has been projected to be a solid part of the future of book publishing. So, with its appearance the starting price for the professional book writer has come down by about half, but only if this shorter format makes sense for the client.
775:
the master artist makes significant contributions to the work of the student who then signs that work as his or her own. Services addressing complete works have historically been highly confidential. Less prevalent are advertised commercial services which may use the term "vanity artwork" as suggestive of "vanity publishing".
329:", respectively, are actually pseudonyms for a series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe (names, dates, speech patterns), and about the tone and style that are expected in the book (for more information, see
733:, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip hop stars has led to controversy. Critics view the increasing use of hip hop ghostwriters as the "perversion of hip-hop by commerce." This is because of the limiting definition of "rapping" as "expressing yourself through your own words, not someone else's."
154:
783:
In countries where freedom of speech is not upheld and authors that have somehow displeased the ruling regime are "blacklisted" (i.e. forbidden from having their works published), the blacklisted authors or composers may ghostwrite material for other authors or composers who are in the good graces of
774:
Ghost authorship also applies to the visual arts, most commonly paintings. The extent of the master artist's contribution varies widely, as little as composition adjustments and corrective brush strokes, or as much as entire works. A common practice is the use of art instruction class milieu in which
539:
companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then pay other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these papers before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by a variety of professional organizations representing the drug
292:
A consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance their credibility as an "expert" in their field. For example, a successful salesperson hoping to become a motivational speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a
174:
However, the recent shift into the digital age (15–20% world market share of books by 2015) has brought some changes, by opening newer markets that bring their own opportunities for authors and writers—especially on the more affordable side of the ghostwriting business. One such market is the shorter
588:
Some celebrities, executives, or public figures set up blog websites—sometimes as a marketing, public relations, or lobbying tool. However, since these individuals are typically too busy to write their blog posts, they hire discreet ghostwriters to post to the blog under the celebrity or executive's
250:
Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities and public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies or memoirs. The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to substantial. In some cases, a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit, and
182:
As a consequence, the shorter format makes a project potentially more affordable for the client/author. Manhattan
Literary, a ghostwriting company, states that "book projects on the shorter side, tailored to new markets like the Kindle Singles imprint and others (30,000–42,000 words) start at a cost
170:
Madeleine Morel stated that the average ghostwriter's advance for work for major book publishers was "between $ 40,000 and $ 70,000". These benchmark prices are mirrored approximately in the film industry by the
Writers Guild, where a Minimum Basic Agreement gives a starting price for the screenplay
165:
Ghostwriters will often spend from several months to a full year researching, writing, and editing non-fiction and fiction works for a client, and they are paid based on a price per hour, per word, or per page, with a flat fee, a percentage of the royalties of the sales, or some combination thereof.
131:
A consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance credibility as an expert in their field. Public officials and politicians employ "correspondence officers" to respond to the large volume of official correspondence. A
617:
is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. In the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way." The practice is considered one of the
87:
to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author (or publisher) that obligates the former to remain anonymous, or obligates the latter to not reveal the ghostwriter. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or
309:
Ghostwriters are employed by fiction publishers for several reasons. In some cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year by a well-known, highly marketable author. Ghostwriters mostly pen fictional works for well-known "name" authors in genres
258:
In some cases, such as with some "how-to" books, diet guides, or cookbooks, a book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter, and the celebrity (e.g., a well-known musician or sports star) will be credited as author. Publishing companies use this strategy to increase the marketability of a book by
136:
have been written by ghostwriters. A controversial and scientifically unethical practice is medical ghostwriting, where biotech or pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then recruit (via payment or as a perk) other scientists or physicians to attach their names to
226:
For nonfiction books, the ghostwriter may be credited as a "contributor" or a "research assistant". In other cases, the ghostwriter receives no official credit for writing a book or article; in cases where the credited author or the publisher or both wish to conceal the ghostwriter's role, the
144:
Ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several hundred-page autobiography or "how-to" book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the writing skills to pen a short
540:
industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate
American laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing Medicare. Recently, it has attracted scrutiny from the lay press and from lawmakers, as well.
761:
Currently in hip-hop, the credit given to ghostwriters varies: "silent pens might sign confidentiality clauses, appear obliquely in the liner notes, or discuss their participation freely." In some cases, liner notes credit individuals for "vocal arrangement", which may be a euphemism for
589:
name. As with nonfiction ghostwriting, the blog ghostwriter models their writing style, content and tone on that of the credited author. This goes for social media as well. Many public figures have ghostwriters at least partially handle their
Facebook and Twitter accounts, among others.
562:
have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medical writers carry out this role in an ethical and responsible manner. The use of properly acknowledged medical writers is accepted as legitimate by organisations such as the World
Association of Medical Editors and the
352:'s books from the 2000s bear the names of two people on their covers, with Clancy's name in larger print and the other author's name in smaller print. Various books bearing Clancy's name were written by different authors under the same pseudonym. The first two books in the
175:
book, best represented at the moment by Amazon's Kindle
Singles imprint: texts of 30,000 words and under. Such a length would have been much harder to sell before digital reader-technologies became widely available, but is now quite acceptable. Writers on the level of
630:; even though Chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter).
711:. The judge in the suit eventually ruled in McLachlan's favour on the songs; stating that although Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in Neudorf's favour on the payment issue.
207:
locations like India, China, and the
Philippines where the customer can save money. The true tests of credibility—the writer's track record, and samples of his or her craft—become even more important in these instances, when the writer comes from a
78:
Memoir ghostwriters often pride themselves in "disappearing" when impersonating others since such disappearance signals the quality of their craftsmanship. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, and instrumental pieces.
66:
works, speeches, or other texts that are putatively credited to another person as the author. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit
697:. She signed a multi-album contract with them and two of the songs that Neudorf worked on with her became commercial hits in Canada. In 1991, Neudorf was invited to work with McLachlan again on her second album,
422:, which LaFarge and two other Jesuits—Gustav Gundlach and Gustave Desbuquois—on in Paris; the draft was approximately 100 pages long. Another Jesuit translated the draft encyclical into Latin, presenting it to
259:
associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. One of
741:
thinks this point of view is mistaken because "not everyone is equipped to be a lyricist and not everyone is equipped to be a vocalist." He points out that creating a rap song may require multiple talents.
678:
Legal disputes have arisen when musical ghostwriters have tried to claim royalties when an allegedly ghostwritten song becomes a money-making hit. In 1987, Darryl
Neudorf was asked to work on a project for
1632:
466:. The Vatican later answered these accusations and Cardinal Ottaviani later regretted that his name was misused to berate the pope, of which, his questions about the Pauline Mass were already clarified.
123:
process for his artwork. However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgment of their contribution is public domain and the writer in question would not be considered a ghostwriter.
521:
on papers which a professor believes to be ghostwritten. If the student is unfamiliar with the content of an essay that he or she has submitted, then the student can be charged with academic fraud.
1291:
1604:"Je regrette seulement que l'on ait abusé de mon nom dans un sens que je ne désirais pas, par la publication d'une lettre que j'avais adressée au Saint-Père sans autoriser personne à la publier" (
301:"), which means that the author is paying to have the book published. This type of book is typically given away to prospective clients as a promotional tool, rather than being sold in bookstores.
633:
The practice is also common in television, as composers listed on cue sheets are entitled to music royalties every time an episode or theme score appears on television. A 1998 investigation by
484:
Ghostwriting is considered to be academic dishonesty and can lead to repercussions if detected by universities, although it is not illegal in the United States, United
Kingdom and Germany.
618:"dirty little secrets of the film and television music business" that is considered unethical, but has been common since the early stages of the film industry. In the early years of film,
1809:
Studdert; et al. (2004). "Financial
Conflicts of Interest in Physicians' Relationships with the Pharmaceutical Industry – Self-Regulation in the Shadow of Federal Prosecution".
655:, which often listed company executives as musicians for the purpose of royalties. Several composers later filed a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Saban Entertainment president
2060:
95:
is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. Ghosting also occurs in popular music. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a
255:, or interview sessions with the celebrity or public figure. The credited author also indicates to the ghostwriter what type of style, tone, or "voice" they want in the book.
231:
that legally forbids any mention of the writer's role in a project. Some have made the distinction between "author" and "writer", as ghostwriter Kevin Anderson explains in a
251:
polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book. In other cases, the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information, stories, notes, an
1664:
426:, then the General of the Society of Jesus who had chosen Gundlach and Desbuquois for the project. The draft encyclical was delivered to the Vatican in September 1938.
1623:
141:
to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing.
313:
Additionally, publishers use ghostwriters to write new books for established series where the "author" is a pseudonym. For example, the purported authors of the
91:
Ghostwriting (or simply "ghosting") also occurs in other creative fields. Composers have long hired ghostwriters to help them to write musical pieces and songs;
545:
1986:
200:'s memoirs would receive was probably about $ 500,000 of her book's $ 8 million advance, which "is near the top of flat fees paid to collaborators".
703:. In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on
506:
reuse of previous work, essays and assignments that are obtained through ghostwriting services as a rule have the originality of their text confirmed by
1469:
2166:
1193:
237:
interview: "A ghostwriter is an interpreter and a translator, not an author, which is why our clients deserve full credit for authoring their books."
219:
In some cases, ghostwriters are allowed to share credit. For example, a common method is to put the client/author's name on a book cover as the main
1309:
558:
can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. The
88:
publisher for their writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited.
2122:
1133:
103:
music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in both
1568:
190:
On the upper end of the spectrum, with celebrities that can all but guarantee a publisher large sales, the fees can be much higher. In 2001,
50:'s action novels exceeded his ability to write new books. As a result, his publisher hired ghostwriters to write novels in the Clancy style.
2022:
1949:
1727:
559:
447:
569:. Moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers.
549:
137:
these articles before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Some university and college students hire ghostwriters from
671:. When a record company wants to market an inexperienced young singer as a singer-songwriter, or help a veteran bandleader coping with
2068:
2242:
2218:
2176:
1927:
1589:
1506:
1376:
1163:
183:
of $ 15,000". And this shorter book appears to be here to stay. It was once financially impractical for publishers to produce such
337:). In addition, ghostwriters are often given copies of several of the previous books in the series to help them match the style.
1945:"European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines on the role of medical writers in developing peer-reviewed publications"
1811:
502:
in that it does not involve an undisclosed appropriation of existing texts. As opposed to cases of plagiarism that stem from a
348:
to continue writing novels after her death, under her name and in a similar style to her original works. Many of action writer
806:
699:
1606:
Christophe Geffroy and Philippe Maxence, EnquĂŞte sur la messe traditionnelle (with preface by Cardinal Alfons Maria Stickler
2279:
1646:
689:
354:
766:
appeared online, which provide recording artists who wish to purchase ghostwritten rhymes a greater degree of anonymity.
2294:
2274:
20:
1246:
940:
1878:
Boseley, Sarah (February 7, 2002). "Scandal of scientists who take money for papers ghostwritten by drug companies".
1340:
1395:
916:
610:
was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons who wished to give the impression that they were gifted composers.
491:
that sell entrance essays, term papers, theses and dissertations to students. Such services are commonly known as "
402:
275:
42:
1994:
1200:
1110:
886:
797:
498:
Although academic ghostwriting involves the sale of academic texts that are written on demand, it differs from
1422:
1772:
Rennie, D.; Flanagin, A. (1994). "Authorship! Authorship! Guests, Ghosts, Grafters, and the Two-Sided Coin".
1444:
950:
897:
792:
648:
614:
607:
565:
536:
423:
363:
92:
1204:
714:
1561:
Konzilstagebuch Sebastian Tromp SJ mit Erläuterungen and Akten aus der Arbeit der Theologischen Kommission
635:
455:
228:
1317:
2289:
2192:
864:
548:, while it is prohibited and considered a particularly pernicious form of plagiarism at others, such as
418:
294:
1267:
1221:
450:, one of the Vatican's leading theologians of that time, was responsible for the critical study of the
513:
Universities have developed strategies to combat such academic services, which can be associated with
2211:
Adapting Psychological Tests and Measurement Instruments for Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction
1527:
995:
955:
738:
722:
680:
507:
285:
1700:
1141:
517:, that are offered to students and researchers. Some universities allow professors to give students
2284:
1848:
822:
640:
530:
479:
475:
265:
27:
1105:
279:
was produced by a ghostwriter. Several of Hillary Clinton's books were produced by ghostwriters.
927:
203:
A recent availability also exists, of outsourcing many kinds of jobs, including ghostwriting, to
192:
2147:
2238:
2214:
2172:
2041:
1968:
1923:
1828:
1791:
1754:
1605:
1585:
1564:
1502:
1008:
979:
891:
672:
644:
602:
459:
326:
2018:"Transparency Is the Key to the Relationship between Biomedical Journals and Medical Writers"
1496:
2031:
1958:
1820:
1783:
1744:
1736:
1470:"Mystery Attracts Mystery: The Forgotten Partnership of H. P. Lovecraft and Harry Houdini -"
1069:
1058:
Anteby, Michel; Occhiuto, Nicholas (2020). "Stand-in Labor and the Rising Economy of Self".
843:
518:
440:
413:
410:
345:
1582:
The Pope, the Council, and the Mass: Answers to Questions the "Traditionalists" Have Asked
974:
962:
935:
856:
about the tribulations of José Costa, its protagonist, between Rio de Janeiro and Budapest
684:
627:
555:
451:
427:
370:
260:
233:
197:
158:
1543:
1171:
401:, for instance, was written by Joseph Lemius (1860–1923), the procurator in Rome of the
1916:
1774:
1749:
1722:
1682:
1400:
1013:
902:
875:
755:
694:
514:
503:
359:
280:
252:
213:
167:
108:
2254:
115:
for a number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist;
2268:
1787:
1740:
1060:
1033:
922:
880:
869:
849:
817:
812:
802:
747:
730:
668:
652:
623:
463:
374:
341:
322:
84:
68:
1880:
1251:
1038:
1023:
1018:
990:
944:
907:
859:
788:
619:
373:
ghostwrote "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" (also known as "Under the Pyramids") for
298:
270:
34:
1846:
Mathews (December 13, 2005). "At medical journals, paid writers play big role".
1028:
984:
838:
763:
751:
743:
379:
120:
116:
2091:"Film & TV Music Knowledgebase :: Glossary of Film and TV Music Terms"
2090:
656:
499:
492:
488:
392:
349:
318:
314:
204:
176:
138:
133:
80:
63:
59:
47:
1358:
1087:
369:
Sometimes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities, such as when
1963:
1944:
1377:"The Straight Dope: Did John F. Kennedy really write "Profiles in Courage?""
659:, for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical compositions.
639:
revealed that it was especially prevalent among animation companies such as
582:
330:
2045:
2036:
2017:
1972:
1832:
1758:
510:
software packages or online services that are widely used by universities.
1824:
1795:
435:
397:
334:
104:
1665:"Academic ghostwriting: to what extent is it haunting higher education?"
1073:
734:
718:
431:
406:
209:
184:
100:
959:(1999) plays on the notion of characters ghostwriting their own lives.
762:
ghostwriting. In the early 2010s, hip-hop ghostwriting services like
220:
112:
96:
72:
1647:"Unemployed For Years, Professor Turns To Ghostwriting For Students"
1624:"ÂŁ1,700 For A Dissertation, But What's The Real Cost Of Plagiarism?"
971:, in which one of the main plot lines revolves around a ghostwriter.
293:
book on sales techniques. Often this type of book is published by a
161:'s memoirs received a $ 500,000 payment for collaborating with her.
153:
713:
601:
578:
152:
41:
179:
have celebrated this recent change, mainly for artistic reasons.
967:
2237:(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014), 39 and 367ff.
707:, and alleging that he was not paid properly for work done on
1292:"Who wrote that political memoir? No, who actually wrote it?"
1247:"The big short – why Amazon's Kindle Singles are the future"
725:
has offered a more positive view of ghostwriting in hip hop.
171:
writer of $ 37,073 (non-original screenplay, no treatment).
26:"Ghostwriters" redirects here. For the Australian band, see
2193:"Stamberg Raps! And Other Tales From A Hip-Hop Ghostwriter"
2061:"Who's actually writing your favorite celebrity's tweets?"
933:
The plot of the first season of the animated comedy-drama
1895:
Giombetti (1992). "UW's Friendly Corporate Ghostwriter".
746:
started his career as a ghostwriter for artists such as
310:
such as detective fiction, mysteries, and teen fiction.
1341:"Media Talk; Mrs.Clinton Seeks Ghostwriter for Memoirs"
119:
engaged in this practice, supervising an assembly line
2123:"Phantom Rappers: Inside The Business Of Ghostwriting"
1285:
1283:
1281:
2107:"Composers say they're paupers in royalty game" –
1915:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1563:, 2006, Editrice Pontificia UniversitĂ Gregoriana
1723:"Ghost writing initiated by commercial companies"
1240:
1238:
1423:"Q&A: Richard Stengel '77 on Nelson Mandela"
75:, magazine articles, or other written material.
269:) is almost entirely credited to ghostwriters.
216:that are entirely different from the client's.
1701:"Cheating Goes Global as Essay Mills Multiply"
834:Movies and novels about ghostwriters include:
458:, after the supposed attribution to Cardinals
438:, is considered to be the main ghostwriter of
196:stated that the fee that the ghostwriter for
8:
2235:Dalton Trumbo: Blacklisted Hollywood Radical
1865:The influence of the pharmaceutical industry
83:authors can also use ghostwriters to either
2233:, in Larry Ceplair and Christopher Trumbo,
987:of the same name, written by Kana Akatsuki.
546:University of Washington School of Medicine
2229:Also discussed is Trumbo's screenplay for
1863:House of Commons Health Committee (2005).
947:, a ghostwriter assigned by his publisher.
99:in the style of the credited musician. In
2035:
1962:
1748:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1339:Kirkpatrick, David D. (January 8, 2001).
16:Writer who writes for the credited author
1867:. London: The Stationery Office Limited.
1359:"The globalisation of work – and people"
693:, resulted in garnering the interest of
2168:Books of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop
1716:
1714:
1584:. Emmaus Road Publishing. p. 148.
1050:
583:a "house pseudonym", or collective name
2148:"Gelf Magazine Hip-Hop's Ghostwriters"
1635:from the original on January 12, 2022.
1396:"Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All"
585:is used by the author of the website.
289:) was also produced by a ghostwriter.
1621:Gurney-Read, Josie (April 13, 2015).
1498:Catholicism Contending with Modernity
1140:(in European Spanish). Archived from
542:It is permitted at some institutions,
487:There are ghostwriting companies and
7:
2059:Evan Dashevsky (December 16, 2013).
2023:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2016:Schultz, H. Y.; Blalock, E. (2007).
1088:"The secret ghostwriters of Hip Hop"
667:Musical ghostwriting also occurs in
560:European Medical Writers Association
2165:Bradley, Adam (February 24, 2009).
1310:"Cost of professional ghostwriting"
550:Tufts University School of Medicine
395:have been written by ghostwriters.
227:ghostwriter may be asked to sign a
2213:(London: Routledge, 2019), 36–37.
1526:Richard G. Bailey (August 2001). "
1245:Julian Gough (September 5, 2013).
416:, who began to prepare a draft of
14:
1705:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1687:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1495:Jodock, Darrell (June 22, 2000).
977:'s 2018 anime television series,
448:Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers
1788:10.1001/jama.1994.03510300075043
1741:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.41015.x
1528:The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI
1170:. April 22, 2013. Archived from
868:about working as ghostwriter of
622:worked as music ghostwriter and
480:Academic authorship § Ghost
1918:Science in the Private Interest
1266:Ian McEwan (October 29, 2012).
1222:"Publishing in the digital era"
598:Classical music and film scores
2209:Discussed in Vladimir Hedrih,
1943:Jacobs, A.; Wager, E. (2005).
1922:. Lanham: Rowman-Littlefield.
1544:"1937: Quiet before the Storm"
1501:. Cambridge University Press.
1445:"Imprisoned with the Pharaohs"
784:the regime. Examples include:
779:As blacklisting countermeasure
683:involving newly signed artist
340:The estate of gothic novelist
1:
1394:Mayer, Jane (July 25, 2016).
939:involves the title character
895:and its 2010 film adaptation
85:edit or rewrite their scripts
2171:. Basic Books. p. 153.
687:. This recording, the album
556:Professional medical writers
21:Ghostwriter (disambiguation)
1532:Canadian Journal of History
1290:Paul Farhi (June 9, 2014).
1268:"Some Notes on the Novella"
1164:"Madeleine Morel – Profile"
606:The Classical era composer
535:With medical ghostwriting,
58:is a person hired to write
2313:
1559:Alexandra von Teuffenbach
925:'s 2011 comedy-drama film
528:
473:
403:Oblates of Mary Immaculate
358:franchise were written by
355:Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
276:Trump: The Art of the Deal
32:
25:
18:
1914:Krimsky, Sheldon (2003).
1721:Fletcher, Robert (2005).
943:dictating his memoirs to
577:Some websites, including
1580:Likoudis, James (2006).
1201:Writers Guild of America
798:Bridge on the River Kwai
454:, commonly known as the
452:New Mass of Pope Paul VI
434:theologian and close to
33:Not to be confused with
1987:"Resources for authors"
1964:10.1185/030079905x25578
1548:The Holocaust Chronicle
1134:"Quien no corre, vuela"
917:Suffering Man's Charity
649:Ruby-Spears Productions
615:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
566:British Medical Journal
149:Remuneration and credit
93:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
46:The popular demand for
2109:The Hollywood Reporter
2037:10.1038/sj.jid.5700794
726:
636:The Hollywood Reporter
611:
456:Ottaviani Intervention
229:nondisclosure contract
162:
51:
1825:10.1056/NEJMlim042229
1314:ManhattanLiterary.com
717:
605:
474:Further information:
419:Humani generis unitas
295:self-publishing press
156:
45:
2280:Occupations in music
1997:on February 22, 2008
1689:. November 12, 2010.
1683:"The Shadow Scholar"
1365:. September 6, 2012.
1144:on November 17, 2015
910:'s 2007 horror film
681:Nettwerk Productions
508:plagiarism detection
430:, a Dutch Jesuit, a
424:Wlodimir LedĂłchowski
362:under the pseudonym
286:Long Walk to Freedom
157:The ghostwriter for
19:For other uses, see
2295:Music controversies
2275:Writing occupations
2121:Robehmed, Natalie.
1849:Wall Street Journal
1651:The Huffington Post
1629:The Daily Telegraph
1383:. November 7, 2003.
1296:The Washington Post
1174:on October 28, 2019
1114:. February 12, 2002
823:Ian McLellan Hunter
641:Saban Entertainment
531:Medical ghostwriter
476:Research paper mill
266:Profiles in Courage
28:Ghostwriters (band)
1425:. February 5, 2014
1345:The New York Times
1210:on March 31, 2015.
865:Ghosting: a Memoir
727:
612:
409:summoned American
391:A number of papal
344:hired ghostwriter
283:'s autobiography (
193:The New York Times
163:
52:
2071:on August 1, 2020
1950:Curr Med Res Opin
1819:(18): 1891–2000.
1707:. March 20, 2009.
1569:978-88-7839-057-7
1449:www.goodreads.com
1094:. August 6, 2014.
1074:10.1093/sf/soz028
1009:Automatic writing
983:, as well as the
980:Violet Evergarden
519:oral examinations
460:Alfredo Ottaviani
327:Franklin W. Dixon
273:'s autobiography
2302:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2227:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:gelfmagazine.com
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:filmmusicmag.com
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2067:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:. Archived from
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1728:J Gen Intern Med
1718:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1671:. April 3, 2014.
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:. April 9, 2012.
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:straightdope.com
1373:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:. Archived from
1306:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1203:. Archived from
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1068:(3): 1287–1310.
1055:
898:The Ghost Writer
862:'s 2004 memoirs
844:The Ghost Writer
543:
441:Mystici corporis
405:. In June 1938,
346:Andrew Neiderman
132:number of papal
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2199:. July 2, 2011.
2191:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1554:
1550:, 2002, p. 112.
1542:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:. July 24, 2017
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:on May 15, 2015
1308:
1307:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1106:"My 15 minutes"
1104:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1005:
975:Kyoto Animation
963:Haruki Murakami
953:'s first novel
936:BoJack Horseman
832:
781:
772:
685:Sarah McLachlan
665:
628:Charlie Chaplin
600:
595:
575:
541:
533:
527:
482:
472:
428:Sebastian Tromp
389:
371:H. P. Lovecraft
307:
261:John F. Kennedy
248:
243:
234:Washington Post
198:Hillary Clinton
159:Hillary Clinton
151:
129:
69:autobiographies
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2222:
2202:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2139:
2113:
2100:
2082:
2051:
2030:(4): 735–737.
2008:
1978:
1957:(2): 317–321.
1935:
1928:
1906:
1887:
1870:
1855:
1838:
1801:
1782:(6): 469–471.
1764:
1710:
1692:
1674:
1656:
1638:
1610:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1552:
1536:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1461:
1436:
1414:
1401:The New Yorker
1386:
1368:
1350:
1331:
1301:
1277:
1272:The New Yorker
1258:
1234:
1213:
1185:
1155:
1125:
1097:
1079:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:Book-packaging
1011:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:'s 2020 novel
988:
972:
965:'s 2009 novel
960:
951:David Mitchell
948:
931:
920:
905:
903:Roman Polanski
889:'s 2007 novel
884:
876:Claude Lelouch
873:
857:
852:'s 2003 novel
847:
841:'s 1979 novel
831:
828:
827:
826:
810:
793:Michael Wilson
780:
777:
771:
768:
695:Arista Records
673:writer's block
664:
661:
599:
596:
594:
591:
574:
571:
544:including the
537:pharmaceutical
529:Main article:
526:
523:
515:academic fraud
504:copy-and-paste
471:
468:
388:
385:
383:in the 1920s.
364:David Michaels
360:Raymond Benson
306:
303:
281:Nelson Mandela
247:
244:
242:
239:
214:first language
168:literary agent
150:
147:
128:
125:
109:commercial art
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:9780813146829
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:9780429559808
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2178:9780465003471
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1929:0-7425-1479-X
1925:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1897:Eat the State
1891:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1591:9781931018340
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:9780521770712
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:Social Forces
1054:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Script doctor
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
976:
973:
970:
969:
964:
961:
958:
957:
952:
949:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
930:
929:
924:
923:Jason Reitman
921:
919:
918:
913:
909:
906:
904:
900:
899:
894:
893:
888:
887:Robert Harris
885:
883:
882:
881:Roman de gare
878:'s 2006 film
877:
874:
871:
870:Naim Attallah
867:
866:
861:
858:
855:
851:
850:Chico Buarque
848:
846:
845:
840:
837:
836:
835:
829:
824:
821:(credited to
820:
819:
818:Roman Holiday
814:
813:Dalton Trumbo
811:
808:
804:
803:Pierre Boulle
801:(credited to
800:
799:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
778:
776:
769:
767:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:Justin Bieber
745:
740:
736:
732:
731:hip hop music
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
669:popular music
663:Popular music
662:
660:
658:
654:
653:Hanna-Barbera
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
609:
604:
597:
592:
590:
586:
584:
580:
572:
570:
568:
567:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
538:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
464:Antonio Bacci
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
414:John La Farge
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
386:
384:
382:
381:
376:
375:Harry Houdini
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
342:V. C. Andrews
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Carolyn Keene
320:
316:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
290:
288:
287:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
256:
254:
245:
240:
238:
236:
235:
230:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
206:
201:
199:
195:
194:
188:
186:
180:
178:
172:
169:
160:
155:
148:
146:
142:
140:
135:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
82:
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
49:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
2290:Ghostwriting
2249:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2064:
2054:
2027:
2021:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1990:
1981:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1884:. p. 4.
1881:The Guardian
1879:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1816:
1812:N Engl J Med
1810:
1804:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1732:
1726:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1669:the Guardian
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1497:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1399:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1313:
1304:
1295:
1271:
1261:
1252:The Guardian
1250:
1228:
1216:
1205:the original
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1167:
1158:
1148:November 14,
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:The Guardian
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1039:Speechwriter
1024:Ghost singer
1019:Content farm
996:Once Removed
994:
991:Andrew Unger
978:
966:
956:Ghostwritten
954:
945:Diane Nguyen
934:
926:
915:
912:Ghost Writer
911:
908:Alan Cumming
896:
890:
879:
872:for 20 years
863:
860:Jennie Erdal
853:
842:
833:
816:
805:, who wrote
796:
789:Carl Foreman
782:
773:
760:
739:Public Enemy
728:
723:Public Enemy
708:
704:
698:
688:
677:
666:
634:
632:
624:orchestrator
620:David Raksin
613:
587:
576:
564:
554:
534:
512:
497:
486:
483:
446:
439:
417:
396:
390:
378:
368:
353:
339:
321:mysteries, "
312:
308:
299:vanity press
291:
284:
274:
271:Donald Trump
264:
257:
249:
232:
225:
218:
202:
191:
189:
181:
173:
164:
143:
130:
90:
77:
64:journalistic
55:
53:
39:
35:ghost riding
2255:"Budapeste"
1474:jhiblog.org
1429:November 8,
1194:"Contracts"
1029:Hack writer
985:light novel
928:Young Adult
914:, formerly
839:Philip Roth
764:Rap Rebirth
752:John Legend
744:Frank Ocean
493:essay mills
489:freelancers
393:encyclicals
380:Weird Tales
139:essay mills
134:encyclicals
121:silk screen
117:Andy Warhol
56:ghostwriter
2285:Film music
2269:Categories
2001:January 4,
1735:(6): 549.
1631:. London.
1118:October 5,
1045:References
830:In culture
770:Visual art
657:Haim Saban
500:plagiarism
350:Tom Clancy
331:pseudonyms
319:Hardy Boys
315:Nancy Drew
263:'s books (
246:Nonfiction
177:Ian McEwan
81:Screenplay
48:Tom Clancy
2231:Spartacus
2132:March 17,
2075:April 17,
1608:) p. 22)
1480:August 6,
1454:August 6,
892:The Ghost
854:Budapeste
807:the novel
387:Religious
335:pen names
166:In 2013,
2065:PC World
2046:17363950
1973:15802003
1833:15509824
1759:15987333
1633:Archived
1407:July 18,
1363:BBC News
1229:Bain.com
1138:ZoomNews
1092:BBC News
1003:See also
470:Academic
436:Pius XII
398:Pascendi
205:offshore
127:Overview
111:such as
105:fine art
60:literary
2197:NPR.org
1991:bmj.com
1796:8295324
1750:1490135
1324:May 18,
1178:May 10,
735:Chuck D
719:Chuck D
573:Website
525:Medical
432:Thomist
407:Pius XI
325:" and "
305:Fiction
253:outline
210:culture
185:novella
101:hip hop
73:memoirs
2241:
2217:
2175:
2127:Forbes
2111:(1998)
2044:
1971:
1926:
1831:
1794:
1757:
1747:
1588:
1567:
1505:
1168:wwword
941:BoJack
756:Brandy
709:Solace
700:Solace
608:Mozart
411:Jesuit
221:byline
113:comics
97:melody
1903:(19).
1225:(PDF)
1208:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
705:Touch
690:Touch
593:Music
579:blogs
297:(or "
241:Types
2239:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2134:2024
2077:2018
2042:PMID
2003:2008
1969:PMID
1924:ISBN
1829:PMID
1792:PMID
1775:JAMA
1755:PMID
1586:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1482:2020
1456:2020
1431:2021
1409:2016
1326:2015
1180:2021
1150:2015
1120:2014
968:1Q84
815:for
795:for
791:and
754:and
651:and
626:for
478:and
462:and
333:and
317:and
212:and
107:and
2032:doi
2028:127
1959:doi
1821:doi
1817:351
1784:doi
1780:271
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1530:."
1070:doi
901:by
737:of
729:In
721:of
645:DiC
495:".
377:in
62:or
2271::
2195:.
2150:.
2125:.
2093:.
2063:.
2040:.
2026:.
2020:.
1989:.
1967:.
1955:21
1953:.
1947:.
1899:.
1827:.
1815:.
1790:.
1778:.
1753:.
1743:.
1733:20
1731:.
1725:.
1713:^
1703:.
1685:.
1667:.
1649:.
1627:.
1613:^
1546:,
1517:^
1472:.
1447:.
1398:.
1379:.
1361:.
1343:.
1312:.
1294:.
1280:^
1270:.
1249:.
1237:^
1227:.
1199:.
1166:.
1136:.
1108:.
1090:.
1066:98
1064:.
825:).
809:).
758:.
750:,
647:,
643:,
552:.
444:.
366:.
71:,
54:A
2257:.
2181:.
2154:.
2136:.
2097:.
2079:.
2048:.
2034::
2005:.
1975:.
1961::
1932:.
1901:6
1852:.
1835:.
1823::
1798:.
1786::
1761:.
1739::
1594:.
1534:.
1511:.
1484:.
1458:.
1433:.
1411:.
1347:.
1328:.
1298:.
1274:.
1255:.
1231:.
1182:.
1152:.
1122:.
1076:.
1072::
37:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
