717:: the male has a deep black eye-stripe (faintly glossed blue) and off-white cheeks and throat, with the remainder of the underparts pale to light grey with a slight buff tinge on the centre of the belly and vent. The upperparts of the female also differ somewhat from those of the male: the nape of the neck and the top of the mantle are lightly tinged with buff, and the bottom of the mantle is lighter than in the male, providing less contrast with the nape. The juvenile resembles the females, but has the crown mealy, the upper parts are more gray than blue, and the eye features are duller. It has warm brown fringes on the
996:
forests, but logging for pine resin and firewood remains a major cause of the destruction of old trees. In
Thailand, it is uncommon and especially localized. It is found in this country below 1,800 m (71,000 in), where most of its habitat is subject to destruction for cultivation and for firewood, the pines being mainly targeted. The giant nuthatch has been seen in live animal markets before, but poaching is likely a marginal threat. On the other hand, the four years of drought that Yunnan experienced before 2013 are likely to have reduced the reproductive success of the species.
980:
31:
950:, in particular). Further south, the species lives in a large part of Yunnan, from Mount Yulong and Lijiang in the north, in the Autonomous Prefecture of Dali Bai, the xian of Shuangbai and Mile, and until the Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna in the south. In Myanmar, it inhabits a large part of Shan State, and its distribution ends in the northwest at the Mogok Hills of the
88:
209:
955:
it is found in neighboring
Myanmar and Yunnan; in 2013, searches carried out in the habitats most likely to host the species would have been unsuccessful. It finally lives in the northwest of Thailand, and has been reported in particular in the Doi Ang Khang, Doi Pha Hom Pok, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Khun Tan mountains, Lum Nam Pai wildlife sanctuary, and at Mae Hong Son. It was reported in
63:
915:
651:
773:
1027: proposes further study of the exact distribution of the giant nuthatch, its numbers, and its habitat in order to better protect the species. The protection of the latter is particularly important, and it is necessary to establish protected areas among healthy pine stands and control their exploitation.
999:
There are 800–2,000 mature individuals in Yunnan, which accounts for the majority of records, with only 6–50 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation. The global population comprises 1,500–3,800 individuals in total, of which 1,000–2,499 individuals are mature. The species was considered
954:
region, in the central-west around Myinkyado, and in the south at Mount Nat Taung. Reports have nevertheless become rarer since 1950, and the distribution of the species in this country may have been reduced. It is probably present in the extreme northwest of Laos since
901:
with three young, half-feathered. It was located in a naturally occurring hole in the trunk of a tree, with the opening facing the sky, more than 2 m above the ground, and not bricked with mud as other nuthatches do. On April 8, 1983, another nest containing 3 hatchlings was found in
995:
The species has been described as "not rare" in
Myanmar, but records have declined since 1950, which may indicate a declining range. The giant nuthatch is rare in China, with declining populations, but fairly established in Yunnan. Massive logging has been banned from most
864:
The giant nuthatch prospers like most other nuthatches, particularly frequently putting itself upside down, but it is generally less agitated than the smaller species of the genus. It usually flies straight over short distances, with whirring wingbeats, and its broad butterfly-like wings
934:
for food from one small tree to another. In
Thailand, it is found in the middle of oak and chestnut forests, among which mature large Benguet Pine are frequent on the ridge tops. It lives at medium to high altitudes: in China, it generally inhabits forests well above
935:
1,000 m (39,000 in), up to at least 3,350 m (132,000 in); in Myanmar, it is reported from 1,220 m (48,000 in) to 1,830 m (72,000 in), and in Thailand from 1,200 m (47,000 in) to 1,800 m (71,000 in).
869:. This nuthatch usually searches alone or in pairs, usually in pines. It usually explores the trunk and large branches, but it has also been observed foraging on thinner branches for insects. The study of stomach contents showed that the diet consisted of
732:
The giant nuthatch is the largest of the nuthatches, measuring 19.5 cm (7.7 in) in length. Its large size makes the giant nuthatch quite distinctive, but in cases where this criterion is not obvious, there may be a risk of confusion with the
320:, differing mainly in length and width of the beak. The giant nuthatch is threatened by the destruction of its habitat and is very localized in places. The numbers of the species are difficult to assess and seem to have been overestimated, so in 2013 the
1407:
Pasquet, Éric; Barker, F Keith; Martens, Jochen; Tillier, Annie; Cruaud, Corinne & Cibois, Alice (April 2014). "Evolution within the nuthatches (Sittidae: Aves, Passeriformes): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological perspectives".
264:
and tail. The female can be distinguished from the male by its duller eye features and its upperparts having less contrast between the crown, nape, and lower back. The calls are powerful and made up of repetitions of simple patterns. The species
1357:
Pasquet, Eric; Barker, F. Keith; Martens, Jochen; Tillier, Annie; Cruaud, Corinne; Cibois, Alice (April 2014). "Evolution within the nuthatches (Sittidae: Aves, Passeriformes): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological perspectives".
902:
north-western
Thailand. It was located in a hollow oak about 8 m tall and 25 cm thick, with the nest entrance about 3 m off the ground. In 1998, another nest was reported in Thailand, found at the end of March in the trunk of a
1563:
1537:
2048:
1005:
418:
has a bill that is on average 4 mm shorter and laterally more slender than the nominal subspecies, but the two subspecies probably intergrade in
710:
lighter, bluish white or bluish lilac. Feet and toes are grayish slate, greenish brown or light yellowish brown, with horn-colored, dark brown or grayish slate claws.
1894:
1443:
1393:
321:
1933:
2023:
1868:
296:. Its altitudinal distribution varies by region, but ranges from around 1000 m up to at least 3,350 m (132,000 in) in
1907:
729:
after the breeding season in early May, and a partial moult (especially of the throat and nape) before the breeding season in
November–December.
938:
The giant nuthatch lives from south-central China to northwestern Thailand. In China, it is found in the north, in southern
836:, in which the first notes remain dry but where the final note is strong and tingling. The notes can also be rougher, becoming a repeated
411:
subspecies, is described from type material from Kayah State (Myanmar), central
Myanmar, southern China and northwest Thailand.
256:
to upper back) being light gray, contrasting with the darker rest of the back. The bird has two very thick black eyebrow lines and light gray
1127:
678:
much lighter gray and somewhat streaked with black, varyingly between individuals, regardless of sex. The crown is framed by two thick black
377:
1012:". In addition, populations are probably declining and becoming increasingly fragmented. A 2009 study tried to predict the impact that
1674:
1609:
1510:
1481:
1341:
1312:
1023:
The species is present in many protected areas in China and
Thailand, and a public awareness program was set up in Yunnan in 2007.
967:) since the large pine forests to which the species seems so related do not exist on this mountain. It apparently disappeared from
725:
and greater coverts, and the flight feathers are fresh when those of an adult are worn out from moulting. Adults go through a full
2043:
1020:
by modeling two scenarios; the giant nuthatch could see its distribution decreased from 18.0 to 24.0% by the years 2040 to 2069.
1009:
329:
67:
865:
are visible as it drops from one branch to another. Over longer distances, it has a drooping flight, reminiscent of a
449:, but the latter two species are mostly tropical and brightly colored. Simon Harrap proposed to link the giant nuthatch to the
1008:, but it appeared that its numbers were even lower than previously estimated, and in 2013, the giant nuthatch was considered "
686:
that extend to the top of the mantle; in profile, the bird can even give the impression of having a black head. The
1912:
1210:
1258:
968:
394:, described by the American ornithologist Herbert Girton Deignan in 1938 from an adult male collected in
349:
260:, with whitish cheeks and throat, and a belly more or less washed with buff and cinnamon. For a nuthatch, it has a long
198:
979:
897:
The data on the giant nuthatch's reproduction is very fragmentary. On April 4, 1933, a nest was found in southern
694:
are light gray, with almost white cheeks and throat, and the belly is more or less washed with cinnamon. The
2033:
1806:
753:) can occur in the same habitats as the Giant Nuthatch in southern Yunnan, but is much smaller, with a white eyebrow.
425:
The relationships of this species to other nuthatches have long remained unclear. It was thought to be similar to the
277:. It nests around March, in the hole of a tree and without masking the entrance, and the nest has about three young.
1938:
2038:
960:
734:
844:
call reminiscent of the sound of a child's trumpet. The song could be a clear, whistling or tinkling sound in
528:
485:
87:
816:), that consists of three rough notes repeated quickly, variously transcribed in English literature as
608:
477:
1793:
1707:
1233:
1094:
1024:
719:
704:
688:
680:
675:
664:
548:
246:
1811:
1437:
1387:
508:
493:
341:
182:
1071:
1772:
1855:
1785:
1754:
930:
The giant nuthatch mainly appreciates pine forests, but can also be found in more open environments,
2028:
353:
52:
1690:
Menon, Shaily; Islam, Zafar-ul; Peterson, A. Townsend (2003). "The
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology".
1425:
1375:
1159:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List"
1001:
828:. Sometimes this chatter is more elaborate and melodic, becoming a series of motifs in
434:
325:
82:
1899:
484:), whereas the latter species was previously related, by morphological characters, to the
30:
1959:
1925:
1829:
1670:
1605:
1506:
1477:
1337:
1308:
1264:
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473:
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208:
1964:
1745:
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1597:
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1469:
1417:
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1329:
1300:
1066:
266:
1798:
1987:
1946:
1636:
809:
746:
671:
461:
281:
253:
1048:
1013:
699:
442:
741:), which however has reddish flanks, much smaller black eye-stripe, and does not have
2017:
1920:
1057:
947:
655:
426:
72:
1759:
1429:
1379:
1238:. Vol. XII. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London. pp. 676–677.
1834:
1692:
Projected climate change effects is nuthatch distribution and diversity across Asia
956:
919:
903:
772:
408:
301:
1821:
914:
1977:
1881:
1739:
988:
882:
852:, repeated at irregular intervals and reminiscent of the song, but louder, of a
786:
469:
446:
1730:
742:
1995:
1421:
1371:
1268:
898:
874:
866:
476:
from 21 species of nuthatches. The giant nuthatch is then related to the
458:
381:
309:
257:
241:
2000:
1243:
1137:
1104:
1669:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. pp. 170–171.
1336:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. pp. 171–172.
853:
840:, reminiscent of the call of some game birds. The giant nuthatch also has a
504:
465:
139:
99:
650:
1183:
681:
1951:
1724:
1158:
951:
931:
689:
665:
289:
247:
237:
159:
149:
119:
43:
1873:
1780:
1604:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 170.
1505:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 143.
1476:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 169.
1307:. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 171.
943:
939:
926:), can be visited by the giant nuthatch, both for food and for nesting.
878:
870:
805:
720:
705:
395:
308:), present on mountain ridges, among the oak-chestnut groves. Two
285:
274:
233:
1886:
1767:
984:
419:
109:
1847:
1701:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1016:
could have on the distribution of several species of nuthatches in
1972:
1842:
978:
913:
726:
649:
364:
358:
297:
270:
1860:
1017:
886:
293:
261:
129:
1705:
1184:"World Birds Taxonomic List: Genera and species with citations"
745:
and upper mantle lighter than the rest of the upper parts. The
1042:
1040:
959:
in the early 1980s, but it could be a confusion with the
1263:. Vol. XII. Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 128.
1099:. Vol. XII. Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 144.
702:
is brown or hazel, the bill is black, with half of the lower
362:
into subgenera in 1975–1982. The giant nuthatch is placed in
1637:"Giant nuthatch (Sitta magna) - BirdLife species factsheet"
340:
The giant nuthatch was described in 1876 under its current
269:
its food from the trunks and branches of trees, especially
800:
The giant nuthatch has a sonorous voice. It often emits a
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
300:. It forages in pine stands, in particular old
1257:
Peters, James Lee (1967). Raymond A. Paynter Jr. (ed.).
1093:
Peters, James Lee (1967). Raymond A. Paynter Jr. (ed.).
244:, measuring 19.5 cm (7.7 in) in length. Its
1714:
658:, showing its undertail largely spotted with white.
464:. In 2014, Éric Pasquet and colleagues published a
1072:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22711228A177660236.en
1006:International Union for the Conservation of Nature
1564:"Some recent bird records from northern Thailand"
1591:
1589:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
971:in Thailand, where it was present in the 1960s.
766:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
380: and Alan P. Peterson, there are two
987:, as elsewhere, mature forests are felled for
808: and in particular the chattering of the
322:International Union for Conservation of Nature
38:An individual of the nominal subspecies,
8:
1568:Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society
492:), which, however, appears to be completely
292:, and probably to the far northwest of
1442:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
1392:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2049:Taxa named by Robert George Wardlaw-Ramsay
1702:
398:, is distributed over south-central China.
207:
61:
29:
20:
1070:
698:are rufous, with large white spots. The
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1036:
280:The giant nuthatch is distributed from
1435:
1385:
1232:Wardlaw Ramsay, Robert George (1876).
252:are bluish gray, with the front (from
1215:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
378:International Ornithological Congress
7:
1188:Zoonomen Nomenclature Resource Page
1058:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
584:
577:
521:
514:
356:proposed the division of the genus
216:Distribution of the giant nuthatch
1163:IOC World Bird List – Version 11.2
511:of Packert and colleagues (2014):
14:
1694:. Vol. 57. pp. 569–575.
1667:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1602:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1503:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1474:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1334:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1305:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
2024:IUCN Red List endangered species
1260:Check-List of Birds of the World
1235:Check-List of Birds of the World
1209:Deignan, Herbert Girton (1938).
1096:Check-List of Birds of the World
771:
86:
1047:BirdLife International (2020).
670:are dark bluish-gray, with the
1:
441:) by American ornithologists
1538:"GIANT NUTHATCH Sitta magna"
1211:"A new nuthatch from Yunnan"
969:Doi Suthep-Pui National Park
348:, by the British naturalist
1122:. London: A & C Black.
273:, and feeds on insects and
240:. It is the largest of the
2065:
906:and containing hatchling.
1562:D. Round, Philip (1983).
1422:10.1007/s10336-014-1063-7
1372:10.1007/s10336-014-1063-7
1065:: e.T22711228A177660236.
606:
589:
582:
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526:
519:
324:changed its status from "
215:
206:
188:
181:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
37:
28:
23:
1118:Matthysen, Erik (2010).
975:Conservation and threats
961:chestnut-vented nuthatch
910:Distribution and habitat
735:chestnut-vented nuthatch
376:. According to the
312:are distinguished,
42:, on the ground in
2044:Birds described in 1876
1424:(inactive 2024-05-03).
1374:(inactive 2024-05-03).
609:White-breasted nuthatch
478:white-breasted nuthatch
1661:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1641:BirdLife International
1596:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1497:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1468:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1410:Journal of Ornithology
1360:Journal of Ornithology
1328:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1299:Harrap, Simon (1996).
1025:BirdLife International
992:
927:
838:gu-drr, gu-drr, gu-drr
804:, reminiscent of
659:
549:White-cheeked nuthatch
507:below is based on the
236:of bird in the family
982:
917:
653:
529:Przevalski's nuthatch
509:phylogenetic analysis
486:Przevalski's nuthatch
284:to east-central
810:Eurasian magpie
757:Ecology and behavior
654:A giant nuthatch in
354:Hans Edmund Wolters
53:Conservation status
2034:Birds of Indochina
993:
928:
860:Behaviour and diet
674:, nape, and upper
660:
613:Sitta carolinensis
496:in the genus
435:beautiful nuthatch
2011:
2010:
1960:Open Tree of Life
1708:Taxon identifiers
1129:978-1-4081-2870-1
904:Benguet pine
797:
796:
715:sexual dimorphism
696:undertail coverts
642:
641:
633:
632:
624:
623:
564:
563:
533:Sitta przewalskii
474:mitochondrial DNA
451:Eurasian nuthatch
406:
393:
375:
288:, northwest
220:
219:
76:
40:Sitta magna magna
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1786:C71B1D8ABE9F9BBA
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1663:Christopher Helm
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1598:Christopher Helm
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1499:Christopher Helm
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1470:Christopher Helm
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1330:Christopher Helm
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1301:Christopher Helm
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1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1044:
775:
767:
722:
707:
691:
683:
667:
591:Giant nuthatch (
585:
578:
522:
515:
416:S. m. ligea
404:
391:
374:(Linnaeus, 1758)
373:
318:S. m. ligea
314:S. m. magna
249:
211:
194:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
33:
21:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
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2039:Birds of Yunnan
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
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1984:
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1971:
1963:
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1950:
1947:Observation.org
1945:
1937:
1932:
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1092:
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1077:
1075:
1046:
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1038:
1033:
977:
946: (in
942: and
912:
895:
877:, such as
873: and
862:
798:
793:
784:
783:
781:Songs and calls
764:
759:
747:Yunnan nuthatch
739:Sitta nagaensis
724:
709:
693:
685:
669:
648:
643:
634:
625:
565:
553:Sitta leucopsis
503:The simplified
482:S. carolinensis
462:species complex
392:(Deignan, 1938)
338:
316: and
282:southwest China
251:
202:
196:
190:
177:
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
24:Giant nuthatch
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1992:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
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1617:
1610:
1585:
1554:
1518:
1511:
1489:
1482:
1449:
1399:
1366:(3): 755–765.
1349:
1342:
1320:
1313:
1274:
1249:
1224:
1201:
1175:
1143:
1128:
1120:The Nuthatches
1110:
1085:
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1034:
1032:
1029:
1014:climate change
1004:" by the
976:
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832: or
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751:S. yunnanensis
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490:S. przewalskii
443:Charles Sibley
413:
412:
405:(Ramsay, 1876)
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337:
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224:giant nuthatch
218:
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347:
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342:binomial name
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302:Benguet Pines
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183:Binomial name
180:
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174:S. magna
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1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1601:
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1502:
1492:
1473:
1438:cite journal
1413:
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1402:
1388:cite journal
1363:
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1352:
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1234:
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1214:
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1192:. Retrieved
1190:. 1 Mar 2002
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1119:
1113:
1095:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1062:
1056:
1050:
1022:
1000:in 2012 as "
998:
994:
965:S. nagaensis
964:
957:Doi Inthanon
937:
929:
924:Pinus kesiya
923:
920:Benguet Pine
896:
863:
849:
845:
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837:
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762:Vocalisation
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317:
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306:Pinus kesiya
305:
279:
228:
227:
223:
221:
191:
189:
173:
172:
160:
39:
18:
2001:Sitta-magna
1882:iNaturalist
1773:sitta-magna
1760:Sitta_magna
1746:Sitta magna
1740:Wikispecies
1716:Sitta magna
1078:12 November
1051:Sitta magna
989:agriculture
883:lepidoptera
802:calling cry
789:Sitta magna
682:eye-stripes
646:Description
593:Sitta magna
455:S. europaea
447:Burt Monroe
402:S. m. magna
389:S. m. ligea
346:Sitta magna
229:Sitta magna
192:Sitta magna
2029:Nuthatches
2018:Categories
1996:Xeno-canto
1416:(3): 755.
1269:1041806638
1031:References
1010:endangered
1002:vulnerable
899:Shan State
875:arthropods
867:woodpecker
830:kid-der-ku
787:Listen to
690:underparts
666:upperparts
459:Palearctic
457:) and its
439:S. formosa
433:) and the
382:subspecies
330:endangered
326:vulnerable
310:subspecies
258:underparts
248:upperparts
242:nuthatches
68:Endangered
1646:2 January
1578:2 January
1574:: 123–138
1547:2 January
1244:755254041
1138:727646681
1105:605148103
885:and
854:tree frog
826:get-it-up
822:dig-er-up
814:Pica pica
713:There is
505:cladogram
468:based on
466:phylogeny
431:S. azurea
168:Species:
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
1973:Species+
1926:22711228
1900:11037524
1799:22711228
1794:BirdLife
1731:Q1060987
1725:Wikidata
1542:Birdbase
1430:17637707
1380:17637707
952:Mandalay
932:foraging
893:Breeding
834:ge-de-ku
818:gd-da-da
721:tertials
706:mandible
336:Taxonomy
290:Thailand
238:Sittidae
150:Sittidae
146:Family:
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
44:Thailand
1965:3599053
1939:1499461
1874:2484882
1861:1051070
1848:gianut1
1822:gianut1
1781:Avibase
1665:(ed.).
1600:(ed.).
1501:(ed.).
1472:(ed.).
1332:(ed.).
1303:(ed.).
963: (
944:Guizhou
940:Sichuan
881:,
879:beetles
871:berries
820:,
812: (
806:corvids
743:calotte
488: (
480: (
470:nuclear
409:nominal
396:Lijiang
372:)
304: (
286:Myanmar
275:berries
234:species
232:) is a
156:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
1985:uBio:
1913:563025
1812:118709
1768:ARKive
1673:
1608:
1509:
1480:
1428:
1378:
1340:
1311:
1267:
1242:
1221:: 1–2.
1194:26 Dec
1168:26 Dec
1136:
1126:
1103:
985:Yunnan
948:Xingyi
676:mantle
420:Yunnan
407:, the
328:" to "
267:gleans
201:, 1876
1952:76500
1895:IRMNG
1887:14815
1843:eBird
1835:4XTSM
1819:BOW:
1426:S2CID
1376:S2CID
727:moult
672:crown
498:Sitta
494:basal
370:Sitta
365:Sitta
359:Sitta
298:China
271:pines
254:crown
161:Sitta
1988:5147
1978:3439
1934:NCBI
1921:IUCN
1908:ITIS
1869:GBIF
1807:BOLD
1671:ISBN
1648:2022
1606:ISBN
1580:2020
1549:2020
1507:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1444:link
1394:link
1338:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1265:OCLC
1240:OCLC
1196:2021
1170:2021
1134:OCLC
1124:ISBN
1101:OCLC
1080:2021
1063:2020
1018:Asia
918:The
887:ants
850:keep
700:iris
662:The
472:and
445:and
294:Laos
262:beak
222:The
130:Aves
1856:EoL
1830:CoL
1755:ADW
1418:doi
1414:155
1368:doi
1364:155
1067:doi
983:In
848:or
846:kip
842:naa
332:".
2020::
1998::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1910::
1897::
1884::
1871::
1858::
1845::
1832::
1809::
1796::
1783::
1770::
1757::
1742::
1727::
1639:.
1620:^
1588:^
1572:31
1570:.
1566:.
1540:.
1521:^
1452:^
1440:}}
1436:{{
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1277:^
1219:97
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