433:
569:, the number is 0, and the Hubble type is E0. While the limit in the literature is about E7, it has been known since 1966 that the E4 to E7 galaxies are misclassified lenticular galaxies with disks inclined at different angles to our line of sight. This has been confirmed through spectral observations revealing the rotation of their stellar disks. Hubble recognized that his shape classification depends both on the intrinsic shape of the galaxy, as well as the angle with which the galaxy is observed. Hence, some galaxies with Hubble type E0 are actually elongated.
36:
95:
328:
602:
2319:
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475:
363:
577:, which contain disks. This is, however, an abuse of the nomenclature, as there are two types of early-type galaxy, those with disks and those without. Given the existence of ES galaxies with intermediate-scale disks, it is reasonable to expect that there is a continuity from E to ES, and onto the S0 galaxies with their large-scale stellar disks that dominate the light at large radii.
1273:
181:
that dominate their galaxy clusters. Originally, Edwin Hubble hypothesized that elliptical galaxies evolved into spiral galaxies, which was later discovered to be false, although the accretion of gas and smaller galaxies may build a disk around a pre-existing ellipsoidal structure. Stars found inside
572:
It is sometimes said that there are two physical types of ellipticals: the giant ellipticals with slightly "boxy"-shaped isophotes, whose shapes result from random motion which is greater in some directions than in others (anisotropic random motion); and the "disky" normal and
397:
at its center. Observations of 46 elliptical galaxies, 20 classical bulges, and 22 pseudobulges show that each contain a black hole at the center. The mass of the black hole is tightly correlated with the mass of the galaxy, evidenced through correlations such as the
775:
Pearson, W. J.; Wang, L.; Alpaslan, M.; Baldry, I.; Bilicki, M.; Brown, M. J. I.; Grootes, M. W.; Holwerda, B. W.; Kitching, T. D.; Kruk, S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (November 2019). "Effect of galaxy mergers on star-formation rates".
161:
activity in elliptical galaxies is typically minimal; they may, however, undergo brief periods of star formation when merging with other galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are believed to make up approximately 10–15% of galaxies in the
338:
Elliptical galaxies are characterized by several properties that make them distinct from other classes of galaxy. They are spherical or ovoid masses of stars, starved of star-making gases. Furthermore, there is very little
141:
galaxies. Elliptical (E) galaxies are, together with lenticular galaxies (S0) with their large-scale disks, and ES galaxies with their intermediate scale disks, a subset of the "early-type" galaxy population.
556:
598:. These are similar to their smaller brethren, but more diffuse, with large haloes that may as much belong to the galaxy cluster within which they reside than the centrally-located giant galaxy.
1335:
Stellar
Kinematics and Structural Properties of Virgo Cluster Dwarf Early-type Galaxies from the SMAKCED Project. III. Angular Momentum and Constraints on Formation Scenarios
1311:
The ATLAS project – III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early-type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators
617:
In recent years, evidence has shown that a reasonable proportion (~25%) of early-type (E, ES and S0) galaxies have residual gas reservoirs and low level star-formation.
424:
with organization and structure, elliptical galaxies are more three-dimensional, without much structure, and their stars are in somewhat random orbits around the center.
827:
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to more than 700,000 light years, and masses from 10 to nearly 10 solar masses. This range is much broader for this galaxy type than for any other. The smallest, the
2141:
1464:
2188:
1838:
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of elliptical galaxies contains an integer that describes how elongated the galaxy image is. The classification is determined by the ratio of the major (
637:
359:. They generally have two distinct populations of globular clusters: one that is redder and metal-rich, and another that is bluer and metal-poor.
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researchers have speculated that the central black holes in elliptical galaxies keep the gas from cooling enough for star formation.
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79:
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166:, and they are not the dominant type of galaxy in the universe overall. They are preferentially found close to the centers of
2259:
1465:"Red And Dead Galaxies Have Beating Black Hole 'Hearts', Preventing Star Formation | HNGN - Headlines & Global News"
512:
432:
1986:
764:
Disky
Elliptical Galaxies and the Allegedly Over-massive Black Hole in the Compact “ES“ Galaxy NGC 1271 (see their Fig.7).
382:
are similar, suggesting that they may be formed by the same physical processes, although this remains controversial. The
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appear to be a distinct class: their properties are more similar to those of irregulars and late spiral-type galaxies.
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478:
The brilliant central object is the supergiant elliptical galaxy SDSS J142347.87+240442.4, the dominant member of the
1176:
Kormendy, John; Ho, Luis C. (18 August 2013). "Coevolution (Or Not) of
Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies".
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620:
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1955:
390:, and a range of scaling relations between the elliptical galaxies' structural parameters unify the population.
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At the large end of the elliptical spectrum, there is further division, beyond Hubble's classification. Beyond
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is the product of a collision between two galaxies. It is evolving into a giant elliptical galaxy.
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876:"Galaxy morphology in rich clusters – Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies"
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not present in clusters. Most of these small galaxies may not be related to other ellipticals.
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957:"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results. IV. Imaging the central supermassive black hole"
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Elliptical galaxies range in size from dwarf ellipticals with tens of millions of stars, to
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455:. Elliptical galaxies vary greatly in both size and mass with diameters ranging from 3,000
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1027:"These are the first pictures of a black hole — And that's a big, even supermassive, deal"
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410:
355:, giving them red colors. Large elliptical galaxies typically have an extensive system of
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of elliptical galaxies are on average much older than stars found in spiral galaxies.
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Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
740:
The
Distribution of Intensity in Elliptical Galaxies of the Virgo Cluster. II
718:
214:, whose supermassive black hole was the first black hole to be imaged by the
2011:
1348:"The Atlas3D project – IV: the molecular gas content of early-type galaxies"
117:
shape and a smooth, nearly featureless image. They are one of the four main
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99:
443:. The radio lobes shown here in pink are over a million light-years across.
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605:
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231:
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Extended stellar kinematics of elliptical galaxies in the Fornax cluster
332:
250:
482:
MACS J1423.8+2404. It has a diameter of 380,000 light-years. Note the
406:
of the surrounding stars to the mass of the black hole at the center.
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1563:
1249:
Fraknoi, Andrew; Morrison, David; Wolf, Sidney C. (13 January 2017).
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110:
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351:, and few young stars; rather elliptical galaxies are dominated by
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profiles of both elliptical galaxies and bulges are well fit by
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1536:
29:
1488:
Mo, Houjun; van den Bosch, Frank; White, Simon (June 2010),
1165:
Elliptical and Disk Galaxy
Structure and Modern Scaling Laws
1532:
1407:"Molecular gas and star formation in early-type galaxies"
374:
The dynamical properties of elliptical galaxies and the
1323:
Evidence of fast rotation in dwarf elliptical galaxies
1079:
Hixenbaugh, Kyle; Chandar, Rupali; Mok, Angus (2022).
551:{\displaystyle 10\times \left(1-{\frac {b}{a}}\right)}
343:(neither gas nor dust), which results in low rates of
274:, known for having the longest galactic jet discovered
1238:
Galaxy Bulges and Their
Massive Black Holes: A Review
752:
More isotropic oblate rotators in elliptical galaxies
515:
153:, and they tend to be surrounded by large numbers of
734:
732:
294:
eruption, the most powerful astronomical event known
2212:
2127:
2020:
1979:
1889:
1824:
1715:
1570:
955:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019).
550:
1411:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1352:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
828:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
409:Elliptical galaxies are preferentially found in
145:Most elliptical galaxies are composed of older,
919:Astronomy: The definitive guide to the universe
284:with peculiar morphology and unusual dust lanes
2189:List of the most distant astronomical objects
1548:
8:
1405:Crocker, A. F.; et al. (January 2011).
944:Angular Momentum Acquisition in Galaxy Halos
921:. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing., p. 224-225
439:, a supergiant elliptical galaxy and also a
1178:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1081:"The Ancient Globular Clusters of NGC 1291"
393:Every massive elliptical galaxy contains a
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1381:
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993:
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533:
514:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
913:
911:
43:This article includes a list of general
1346:Young, L. M.; et al. (June 2011).
678:
638:Fundamental plane (elliptical galaxies)
467:, but contain a considerable amount of
268:, the closest giant elliptical galaxy
7:
1208:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811
648:Galaxy morphological classification
366:The galaxy located in the image is
463:, may be no larger than a typical
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
942:Stewart, Kyle R., et al. (2013),
823:"The APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue"
561:Thus for a spherical galaxy with
2329:
2318:
2317:
1442:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17537.x
1383:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18561.x
34:
27:Spherical or ovoid mass of stars
451:are supergiant ellipticals, or
2260:Galaxy formation and evolution
2255:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
1490:Galaxy Formation and Evolution
643:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
262:, supergiant elliptical galaxy
1:
1025:Jeffrey, K. (10 April 2019).
821:Loveday, J. (February 1996).
177:of over one hundred trillion
1297:Graham, A.W. et al. (1998),
778:Astronomy & Astrophysics
762:Graham, A.W. et al. (2016),
750:Nieto, J.-L. et al. (1988),
370:, a giant elliptical galaxy.
98:The giant elliptical galaxy
2142:Galaxies named after people
1054:"Elliptical galaxy IC 2006"
874:Dressler, A. (March 1980).
808:10.1051/0004-6361/201936337
280:, an elliptical/lenticular
2379:
2363:Galaxy morphological types
2275:Gravitational microlensing
2230:Galactic coordinate system
1494:Cambridge University Press
1333:Toloba, E. et al. (2015),
1321:Pedraz, S. et al. (2002),
930:Dekel, A., et al. (2009),
697:Silliman Memorial Lectures
621:Herschel Space Observatory
2313:
1274:"Your NED Search Results"
964:The Astrophysical Journal
880:The Astrophysical Journal
581:Dwarf spheroidal galaxies
461:dwarf elliptical galaxies
2240:Galactic magnetic fields
2053:Brightest cluster galaxy
1949:Luminous infrared galaxy
1116:10.3847/1538-3881/ac680d
1085:The Astronomical Journal
995:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85
860:10.1093/mnras/278.4.1025
692:The realm of the nebulae
590:giant ellipticals, lies
253:, the central galaxy of
131:The Realm of the Nebulae
2235:Galactic habitable zone
2220:Extragalactic astronomy
1809:Supermassive black hole
1723:Active galactic nucleus
1200:2013ARA&A..51..511K
800:2019A&A...631A..51P
502:) axes of the galaxy's
395:supermassive black hole
353:old stellar populations
323:General characteristics
216:Event Horizon Telescope
64:more precise citations.
1987:Low surface brightness
1738:Central massive object
1058:www.spacetelescope.org
609:
552:
487:
444:
371:
335:
292:Ophiuchus Supercluster
278:Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
245:largest galaxies known
113:with an approximately
102:
2265:Galaxy rotation curve
1309:Emsellem, E. (2011),
1236:Graham, A.W. (2016),
1163:Graham, A.W. (2013),
1138:information@eso.org.
738:Liller, M.H. (1966),
701:Yale University Press
663:Osipkov–Merritt model
604:
553:
492:Hubble classification
484:gravitational lensing
477:
435:
365:
330:
97:
2300:Population III stars
2295:Intergalactic travel
2245:Galactic orientation
2112:Voids and supervoids
1519:, SEDS Messier pages
1278:ned.ipac.caltech.edu
1140:"Galactic fireflies"
633:Firehose instability
513:
290:, the source of the
2358:Elliptical galaxies
2290:Intergalactic stars
2179:Large quasar groups
2174:Groups and clusters
2038:Groups and clusters
1897:Lyman-alpha emitter
1789:Interstellar medium
1523:Elliptical Galaxies
1517:Elliptical Galaxies
1433:2011MNRAS.410.1197C
1374:2011MNRAS.414..940Y
1252:Open Stax Astronomy
1107:2022AJ....163..271H
986:2019ApJ...875L...4E
892:1980ApJ...236..351D
851:1996MNRAS.278.1025L
404:velocity dispersion
341:interstellar matter
151:interstellar medium
2285:Intergalactic dust
2270:Gravitational lens
2225:Galactic astronomy
2194:Starburst galaxies
1934:blue compact dwarf
1890:Energetic galaxies
1854:BL Lacertae object
726:(pp. 124–151)
610:
548:
488:
445:
415:groups of galaxies
402:which relates the
372:
349:open star clusters
336:
331:Elliptical galaxy
164:Virgo Supercluster
103:
2345:
2344:
2305:Galaxy X (galaxy)
2280:Illustris project
2250:Galactic quadrant
1971:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
1961:Green bean galaxy
1956:Hot dust-obscured
1907:Luminous infrared
1671:Elliptical galaxy
1144:www.esahubble.org
917:John, D. (2006).
699:, 25. New Haven:
695:. Mrs. Hepsa Ely
658:Lenticular galaxy
575:dwarf ellipticals
541:
357:globular clusters
310:lenticular galaxy
155:globular clusters
119:classes of galaxy
107:elliptical galaxy
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2370:
2333:
2321:
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1966:Hanny's Voorwerp
1876:Relativistic jet
1750:Dark matter halo
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1417:(2): 1197–1222.
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842:astro-ph/9603040
835:(4): 1025–1048.
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498:) to the minor (
465:globular cluster
453:type-cD galaxies
449:largest galaxies
428:Sizes and shapes
400:M–sigma relation
149:, with a sparse
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
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18:Giant elliptical
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2016:
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1799:Galaxy filament
1743:Galactic Center
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1482:Further reading
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653:Hubble sequence
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422:spiral galaxies
413:and in compact
411:galaxy clusters
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227:M105 (NGC 3379)
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168:galaxy clusters
127:Hubble sequence
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56:Please help to
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234:, part of the
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207:M60 (NGC 4649)
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202:M59 (NGC 4621)
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2058:fossil group
1980:Low activity
1814:Ultramassive
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1644:Dwarf galaxy
1627:intermediate
1622:grand design
1489:
1468:. Retrieved
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1149:12 September
1147:. Retrieved
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1060:. ESA/Hubble
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1036:. Retrieved
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441:radio galaxy
420:Unlike flat
419:
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388:Sersic's law
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282:radio galaxy
272:CGCG 049-033
172:
144:
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123:Edwin Hubble
106:
104:
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76:
67:
48:
2117:void galaxy
2080:cannibalism
2065:Interacting
2021:Interaction
2007:Blue Nugget
1997:Dark galaxy
1902:Lyman-break
1794:Protogalaxy
1760:Disc galaxy
886:: 351–365.
596:cD-galaxies
469:dark matter
457:light years
175:supergiants
115:ellipsoidal
62:introducing
2352:Categories
2157:Polar-ring
2002:Red nugget
1944:faint blue
1804:Spiral arm
1659:spheroidal
1649:elliptical
1632:Magellanic
1617:flocculent
1585:Lenticular
1572:Morphology
1258:2 February
1098:2205.14047
1091:(6): 271.
977:1906.11241
791:1908.10115
674:References
592:D-galaxies
437:Hercules A
384:luminosity
306:elliptical
260:Hercules A
255:Abell 2029
241:ESO 383-76
139:lenticular
70:March 2015
45:references
2092:Satellite
2087:Jellyfish
2075:collision
2012:Dead disk
1929:Starburst
1844:Markarian
1716:Structure
1683:Irregular
1654:irregular
1424:1007.4147
1392:119267988
1365:1102.4633
1224:118172025
1216:0066-4146
1191:1304.7762
1125:248853311
1012:146068771
1004:2041-8213
970:(1): L4.
719:611263346
565:equal to
531:−
520:×
504:isophotes
100:ESO 325-4
2324:Category
2213:See also
2137:Galaxies
1864:X-shaped
1695:Peculiar
1637:unbarred
1595:unbarred
1564:Galaxies
1527:Archived
1451:54764264
1064:21 April
1038:10 April
689:(1936).
627:See also
606:NGC 3597
368:4C 73.08
266:Maffei 1
232:NGC 4697
192:3C 244.1
186:Examples
2184:Quasars
2152:Nearest
2147:Largest
2048:cluster
1881:Seyfert
1429:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1196:Bibcode
1103:Bibcode
982:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
847:Bibcode
796:Bibcode
784:: A51.
724:Alt URL
333:IC 2006
312:in the
251:IC 1101
125:in his
58:improve
2336:Portal
2167:Spiral
2070:merger
1849:Quasar
1834:Blazar
1772:corona
1688:barred
1664:spiral
1612:barred
1607:anemic
1602:Spiral
1590:barred
1500:
1449:
1390:
1222:
1214:
1123:
1010:
1002:
717:
707:
376:bulges
347:, few
288:NeVe 1
135:spiral
111:galaxy
47:, but
2204:Voids
2129:Lists
2107:Walls
2043:group
2028:Field
1922:ELIRG
1917:HLIRG
1912:ULIRG
1869:DRAGN
1859:Radio
1839:LINER
1733:Bulge
1705:Polar
1470:8 May
1447:S2CID
1419:arXiv
1388:S2CID
1360:arXiv
1283:8 May
1220:S2CID
1186:arXiv
1121:S2CID
1093:arXiv
1008:S2CID
972:arXiv
960:(PDF)
837:arXiv
786:arXiv
317:Virgo
304:) an
179:stars
2162:Ring
1767:Halo
1755:Disc
1700:Ring
1580:Disc
1498:ISBN
1472:2023
1285:2023
1260:2017
1212:ISSN
1151:2024
1066:2015
1040:2019
1032:Time
1000:ISSN
715:OCLC
705:ISBN
594:and
490:The
447:The
302:4406
137:and
1939:pea
1728:Bar
1437:doi
1415:410
1378:doi
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1204:doi
1111:doi
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990:doi
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896:doi
884:236
855:doi
833:278
804:doi
782:631
378:of
308:or
298:M86
105:An
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