Giado concentration camp - Knowledge (XXG)

888: 631: 562: 278: 780:). One survivor, Yehuda Chachmon, recalls that the Italian guards treated the prisoners with "brutality", while the Arab guards did not "talk to", "torture", or "make trouble for" Jewish prisoners; "he attitude of the Italian police was different from the attitude of the Arab police". Livia Tagliacozzo writes that the general characterization of Arab guards by Giado survivors as gentler than the Italians can be explained by the Arab guards' complicity in the life-saving trade between Jews and Arabs, even when forbidden: "An Arab guard’s simple act of turning away could be crucial to the possibility of bartering across the barbed wire." One survivor recalls that Arabs living nearby were hostile, throwing stones at the prisoners. 727:

died." Over 500 died in three months. Initially, the sick were sent back to Tripoli, but as the outbreak worsened, the sick were concentrated in one barrack. Two Italian doctors treated the patients, with the help of 3–4 nurses. In order to prevent the spread of the louse-borne typhus, camp guards shaved the heads of detainees with lice. Anat Helman notes that, of the 22 Giado survivors she interviewed as part of her research, "only the women mention the shaving of heads and their desperate attempt to evade this fate. They do not speak about fear of the epidemic or of the deaths to which it led, but rather about their profound anxiety at the prospect of having their hair shaved off."

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to see if his name appeared and if so he had to leave. We did not know whereto. We figured that it was not good. They took Jews from Benghazi and from the vicinity: Derna, Barce, Tobruk ... By the way, the bad Jew was not taken by the Fascists to the camp. Each day, Joseph would go the Synagogue to view the list and I used to sit and cry. One day he said, Bruria we are going. The journey took five days; we traveled about 2,000 km from Benghazi to Giado. The trip took a few days and nights. They took us like animals to the slaughter house. 40 people in each truck and each truck two Italian policemen. They took only Jews. According to one rumor it was the Germans who gave the order.

839: 576:, a Jewish prisoner who acted as a representative and negotiator for his barrack to the camp's administration. Families hung blankets to act as partitions in the undivided quarters. Barracks had no furniture but beds, which were sometimes insufficient for the prisoners in number. A machine gunman watched from a hill opposite the camp in order to prevent escape. One of the barracks served as a jail for prisoners who were determined to have committed crimes, though prisoners accused of multiple or serious crimes were sent to a criminal prison in Tripoli. 3301: 419: 52: 627:. Once weekly, they did the twelve-hour task of weeding and transporting dirt. The usefulness of the work was dubious to the Jews, who suspected that their assignments' main function was humiliation. As disease, malnutrition, and exhaustion increased, the work assignments decreased. It is not known whether any private firms used Jewish prisoners at Giado as forced laborers. Prisoners who oversaw the distribution of rations were spared the mandate of labor. 583:, the governor of Libya and the commander-in-chief of Italian troops in North Africa. His deputy was Major Guerriero Modestino, who acted as the head of camp. Bastico was known for his antisemitism and humiliating, cruel treatment of prisoners. Modestino was considered to be more sympathetic to Jews. The two regularly walked camp grounds together, Bastico wielding a whip or club and threatening inmates. Prisoners were not allowed to speak at night. 453:, the Italian authorities requested that the Jewish community prepare a daily quota of Jews to be deported to Giado. Renato Tesciuba, the official Jewish representative to the municipality, refused to prepare the list, citing "Levantine disorder" as the reason, thus delaying the deportations. The concentration of Libyan Jews in Giado was the first stage of a German plan to transfer all of Libya's Jews to Italy, and from Italy to the European 36: 817:, it was ordered that the Jews at Giado all be exterminated. The healthy were to be killed with machine guns, and the sick to be burned in their quarantine. The prisoners were gathered and waited for hours for the order to kill to be confirmed. The order was finally rescinded, for reasons unclear; Eric Salerno argues that the Italian officers feared prosecution as war criminals in the likely event of an 59: 858:

their imprisoned families. The prisoners were brought to better housing in Tripoli, where they could bathe, be fed, and receive medical care, including from one Jewish doctor. Once this was done, they began transferring survivors back to Cyrenaica, family by family, in two-week intervals in the spring of 1943. This process was financially supported by the

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food since it's not worth wasting bullets on you." One survivor recounts that those who pleaded for more food were told: "The purpose of bringing you here is not to feed you but to starve you to death." A survivor recalls that the bread was full of bugs. Prisoners got the permission of the guards to bury their dead in the vicinity of a nearby medieval

388:, as liberators from fascist antisemitism. Each time the Italians repossessed Libya, the Jews were punished harshly for "collaborating" with the British. Mussolini responded to the positive Jewish reception of the British by ordering for Libya's Jewish community to be dispersed or removed, in a campaign called 854:

the remaining prisoners. In early January, weeks before the British liberation, the Italian guards had all fled. Survivor Jean Nissim testified that an Italian in charge of the weapons depot had distributed guns to the Jews to defend themselves against local Arabs who threatened to break into the camp.

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The conditions of Giado were extremely poor and difficult, and it is known as the harshest of the Libyan labor camps where Jews were interned in World War II. The days were extremely hot, and the nights extremely cold. The camp was overcrowded, and there was not enough food. Daily rations constituted

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Forced labor began on June 28, 1942. Though there was no daily work quota, men interned at the camp aged 18–45 labored in various daily assignments from morning until night: cleaning toilets, disposing of garbage, transporting sand and stone, and tiling roofs inside and outside the camp. They did not

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Approximately 2,600 Jews were deported to Giado. The vast majority of Cyrenaican Jews were deported to Giado. Among Tripolitanian Jews, only those with British or French citizenship were sent to Giado, with the Tripolitanian Jews who held Libyan citizenship being sent to nearby labor camps like those

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on January 24, 1943, along with the smaller detention centers at Gharian and Yefren. Several weeks before the arrival of the British at the camp, some 200 Jews ripped through the fence and fled the camp, having noticed that some Italian guards had already run away. Italian troops then opened fire on

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Tens of families were concentrated in a space of four square meters and separated by bedding and blankets. There was no place for a table or chairs and the cooking was done in the center of the room where all the smoke and the smell from the cooking penetrated the noses of all the inhabitants of the

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In the synagogue they started hanging lists every day of 20–30 families that had to leave. The Italians came to the president of the community and asked to prepare the lists of Jews. He refused because he understood the circumstances. However, a bad Jew volunteered to prepare the lists. Each Jew had

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took five days, and the Jewish prisoners were made to sleep outside en route. When the deportation convoys passed through Arab villages and cities, Jews had the opportunity to trade and eat. In at least one instance, Arabs threw rotten tomatoes at Jews passing through their town on the way to Giado.

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On February 7, 1942, Mussolini ordered the internment of the Jews of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, in order to move them from the war zone and prevent them from aligning with the British. Some Jews were convinced that the order was also retaliation for a number of Jews having left Benghazi in the wake

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Roumani writes that survivors of Giado "returned to find their homes ransacked and destroyed, their shops bombarded and in ruins, and hardly any aspect of community life left." Jewish soldiers of the British Eighth Army supported the repatriated Jews and helped them to rebuild their communities and

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for Giado prisoners. In January 1943, shortly before the camp's liberation (but when Tripoli had already been liberated), the Tripolitanian Jewish community sent three Jews to Giado with food for the prisoners, whom they had presumed had already been freed. The party's vehicle got stuck in the mud

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outbreak beginning in December 1942, accounting for most of the camp's death toll. The outbreak killed tens of people daily, and those who were sent to the makeshift quarantine room almost never survived. One survivor remembered: "I looked to one side, one died; I looked to the other side, another

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Though no prisoners were shot or otherwise killed by guards, deaths by starvation were tolerated by the camp's administration. Several weeks into their internment, a delegation of prisoners requested an increase in food provisions and were answered: "We didn't come here to support you, we give you

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Deportations began in May 1942, and through October Jews were brought on twice-weekly convoys of 8–10 trucks from their homes in Cyrenaica to Giado following the posting of a summons in the synagogue. By late July, 591 Jews of Benghazi (the last community depleted) had been sent to Giado, with the

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Before the Jewish prisoners could be returned home, the occupying British first had to contain the typhus outbreak and treat the approximately 480 seriously ill prisoners. Due to the British management of the typhus outbreak, those prisoners who had fled were not initially allowed to reunite with

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Jens Hoppe notes that the arrangement of trade at Giado between Arabs and Jews indicates that the Arab communities surrounding the camp were aware of the inhumane conditions in which the Jews were being kept. Arab policemen were also on the Italian-commandeered guard force, and survivors describe

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One day – I remember that day very well, I was fourteen or fifteen—they gathered all the men together and said they had to come to the middle of the camp. I remember that day. My mom hid me ... All the Jews, all the women, the children, the women were crying ... I went to see, and I saw all the

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of Giado survivor Yosef Dadush, whose infant daughter Ada died of typhus in Giado, was published posthumously after being discovered by his son. The manuscript, written in Italian, had been buried among Dadush's old photos and papers, and took four years to decipher and translate to Hebrew for

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publication. The diary's editor, Shlomo Abramovich, won the Israeli Prime Minister's Prize for Encouraging and Empowering Research about Jewish Communities in Arab Countries and Iran for the book in 2022. The book was approved for inclusion in Israeli high school curricula in 2021.

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in Libya. The funds for the endeavor were raised by Renato Tesciuba, the leader of Benghazi's Jewish community who had refused to prepare a deportation quota for Italian authorities in 1942. The camp was finally dissolved with the last Jews leaving at the beginning of October 1943.

966:, "Hallelujah, a Nation Is Born"), which was composed after the liberation of Giado. Stanislao Pugliese writes that " role in the death process of Jews in Libya in the Giado camp and elsewhere not only deserves to be condemned but is also an important and neglected part of 510:

The deported Jews were allowed to bring a small quantity of personal effects, including food, clothing, and bedding. They often smuggled valuable personal effects, including jewelry, which they could use to barter with local Arabs for food. The journey across the

630: 748:, gold, and clothing—things with little to no value inside the camp. The main foods purchased from the Arabs were barley, onions, peanuts, potatoes, and poultry. The Jews also collectively bought a flour grinder from the Arabs, and baked in 718:

area. The poor living conditions brought infection and illness and consequently plagues that killed a good number of the people in the camp. They were buried on a valley nearby that used to be a burial place of Jews hundreds of years ago.

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Roughly 2,600 prisoners were confined at Giado. By the end of June 1942, the camp housed 2,584 Jews, 47 of whom were Italian citizens. 380 Jews were shipped to the camp at a later date. This number fell dramatically due to a

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of Benghazi intervened and obtained the "temporary suspension" of the deportation order. The French Jews were returned to Barce, having already sold many of their belongings in preparation for their internment at Giado.

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Site of amnesia: the lost historical consciousness of Mizrahi Jewry: representation of the experience of the Jews of North Africa and the Middle East during World War II in Israeli, European and Middle Eastern film and

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helped them get unstuck. They continued to Giado, where they found that the camp had not yet been liberated. While delivering the food, the Jewish party's driver, Benedetto Arbib, was slapped by an Italian guard.

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The concentration camp at Giado, set up in a former military camp, consisted of ten long barracks, each with a capacity of 400 inmates, surrounded by barbed wire. In each barrack was a deputy and an elected

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merchants—initially surreptitiously, and later allowed by the Italian guards at the fence and inside the camp. Other opportunities for trade occurred when laborers were sent out for assignments to nearby

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Survivors describe the camp guards as especially cruel, and Guerriero Modestino was known to order the confinement of individual inmates in order to have them beaten. Maurice Roumani quotes a survivor:

534:. These deportations left only 120 Jews in Cyrenaica, who were spared "because of their good connections with the Italian authorities". Benghazi was the last community to be cleared out and deported. 650:

organized the daily life of their communities in Giado, overseeing labor and distributing goods including firewood and food, which was sometimes sent by the Jewish community in Tripoli. The

752:. Those with valuables to trade held a position of importance and power in the community. One survivor recounts that the blankets were used to barter with the Arabs for ingredients to make 561: 598:, which contained one of the largest Jewish communities in Libya. Family units were kept together. The camp also briefly held Jews with French citizenship (who were later deported to 927:

determined that imprisonment of Jews at Giado was not German-instigated, and thus that survivors of the camp were not entitled to compensation from the German government's fund for

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remaining 33 awaiting deportation. A wealthy Jewish merchant named Mordechai Duani, who had preexisting connections to the Italians, provided truck transport from Derna, Benghazi,

2651: 376:, which at the time was 25% Jewish. The race laws began to be enforced more strictly, and Libyan Jews of foreign nationality were deported to detention or concentration camps in 2255: 701:

quotes a survivor who described the ration as "no more than a few grams of rice, oil, sugar and coffee made out of barley seeds". Cold water was available for two hours a day.

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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

293:, had had a Jewish quarter since at least the tenth century, though by the second half of the sixteenth century the only remaining Jews in Libya were in the areas of 277: 1431: 349: 859: 1948: 82: 656:

also converted a camp barrack into a makeshift synagogue, so that the imprisoned Jews could practice their Judaism in detention. The synagogue housed a

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to Giado. 260 of Duani's family and wealthy friends were spared deportation. Yvonne Kozlovsky-Golan cites Duani as an example of the Italians forming "

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epidemic, which killed 562, putting the camp's mortality rate at about 21%. It had the highest death toll of any of the North African labor camps of

3086: 2728: 1918: 3005: 51: 3268: 3170: 3125: 2307: 1016: 905: 901: 3687: 3115: 3093: 3057: 1895: 1735: 1682: 1676: 1581: 1401: 1351: 1157: 1077: 3702: 3429: 3414: 205: 549:, to manage overcrowding. In these towns, Jews were housed in separate buildings, with one family per room, and monitored closely with no 384:, and Italy. As Italy and Britain struggled for control of Cyrenaica, the Jews welcomed the British soldiers, some of whom were Jews from 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2743: 348:", hold employment with the state or in any skilled profession, or enroll their children in public or private Italian schools. In 1940, 27: 2087: 3206: 2748: 2738: 2733: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 847: 2247: 2678: 2673: 2300: 1549: 935:

communities during the Holocaust, survivors of Giado were granted recognition and eligibility to receive compensation from Germany.

3288: 3278: 2436: 449:. Most of the Jews deported on Mussolini's orders were sent to Giado, with some being sent to a camp for foreigners at Gharian. In 3697: 3439: 2820: 2815: 2805: 2028:"Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers, and Jews in North Africa during World War II" 826:

police, the Captain, both Arabs and Italians. I saw them and I ran away. I fell and hurt myself very much ... it became infected.

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Hoppe, Jens (2018). "The Persecution of Jews in Libya Between 1938 and 1945". In Boum, Aomar; Abrevaya Stein, Sarah (eds.).

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During the period of European rule in Libya, from 1911 to 1951, most of the Libyan Jewry lived in the northern regions of

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No physical trace of the camp remains at its site. The camp's structure was leveled and its Jewish cemetery destroyed.

3341: 2461: 2456: 814: 1428: 2486: 3497: 3397: 3163: 2980: 2862: 2830: 2825: 2595: 2441: 1246: 943: 912:. Further expulsion and flight took place until 2004, when the last Libyan Jew escaped. Today, Libya has no Jews. 3692: 3321: 2641: 2396: 931:. In 2002, following the 1997 publication of a study by Dr. Irit Abramski-Bligh on the history of the Libyan and 783:

The Jewish community of Tripoli gathered information about the camp's conditions and sent assistance, including

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Prisoners who had brought valuables with them could barter their personal effects "at an exorbitant price" with

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No trials were ever held for the guards or administrators of the concentration camp in Giado. In 1978, the

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of 100–150 grams of bread, with a small weekly provision of "rice, macaroni, oil, sugar, tea and coffee".

531: 268: 3614: 3561: 3525: 3487: 3449: 3356: 3156: 3020: 3000: 2426: 2421: 1219:"L'espulsione Degli Ebrei Libici in Tunisia Nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale E Il Bombardamento a La Marsa" 498: 369: 251:. Due to its poor conditions, Giado had the highest death toll of all the North African labor camps in 2431: 418: 3515: 3482: 3454: 3231: 3221: 3067: 3052: 2610: 2515: 2416: 2361: 2280: 607: 465: 345: 1008: 512: 3444: 3216: 2939: 2466: 550: 385: 337: 1655:

Kerem, Yitzchak (2001), Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth; Levy, Margot; Whitworth, Wendy (eds.),

3566: 3535: 3392: 3351: 3336: 3331: 3309: 3010: 2590: 2391: 1741: 1357: 1311: 1238: 1163: 892: 792: 770: 698: 678: 527: 454: 248: 3609: 3601: 3581: 3375: 3361: 3236: 3110: 2555: 2530: 2401: 2140:] (in Hebrew). Municipality of Ra'anana, Department of Social Services. 2012. p. 232. 2047: 1891: 1815: 1731: 1672: 1577: 1545: 1471: 1397: 1347: 1303: 1230: 1153: 1073: 924: 900:

establish Jewish schools. Even under British occupation, antisemitism worsened, and following

776: 361: 329: 202: 870:. The permission for the orphans was obtained from Britain by Rabbis Louis I. Rabinowitz and 3640: 3549: 3530: 3470: 3263: 3188: 2525: 2356: 2077: 2039: 1807: 1723: 1664: 1537: 1461: 1339: 1145: 442: 422: 333: 290: 229: 821:

victory. Maurice Roumani presents the testimony of survivor Haim Gerbi about the incident:

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The Jewish families formed a camp council, led by Camus Suarez, consisting of an elected

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At least 400 Jews at Giado were sent to other sites, including in the nearby towns of

255:, and its victims make up the highest number of Jewish victims of World War II in the 3676: 3576: 3346: 3241: 3196: 3030: 2585: 2570: 2535: 1915: 1764: 1045:, https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MjcyNjM1Ng==?aid=237298. 685:, and its dead represent the highest number of Jewish victims of World War II in any 665: 619:

work on Saturdays. Those who fixed roofs outside the camp received a daily wage of 5

341: 241: 237: 189: 127: 3661: 3502: 3077: 3062: 2580: 2575: 2138:

Remembered for Generations: Documentation of Holocaust survivors living in Ra'anana

2082: 1449: 690: 682: 661: 657: 603: 591: 357: 353: 317: 256: 252: 209: 179: 117: 1668: 1429:

https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MjcyNzE2Mw==?aid=237298

2185: 1888:

Among the righteous: lost stories from the Holocaust's long reach into Arab lands

1072:. Studies in contemporary jewry (1 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 224:(now called Jadu), operating during the Second World War from May 1942 until its 1656: 1466: 939: 810: 587: 473: 461: 460:

The first scheduled deportation to Giado was postponed. The cohort included 145

365: 286: 791:. The community's 1943 financial report listed a subsidy of nearly 1.7 million 3025: 2155: 1541: 1533: 1361: 1333: 761: 749: 247:

Of the 2,600 Jews who were imprisoned there, 562 died, mostly from hunger and

2109: 2051: 1819: 1475: 1307: 1234: 97: 84: 2797: 2633: 2600: 2545: 2027: 1745: 1167: 1139: 908:, almost all of Libya's Jews immigrated to the newly-formed Jewish state of 768:

regular inspections and visits from Germans (presumably members of the Nazi

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from each of the ten barracks at Giado. Each barrack also housed a deputy.

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written after the liberation of the Giado camp, performed by Kalimo Doss.

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Pe'amim: Studies in Oriental Jewry / פעמים: רבעון לחקר קהילות ישראל במזרח

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Arab villages beyond the camp's fence. Goods traded by the Jews included

595: 503: 494: 477: 450: 240:. At the time, Libya was under Italian colonial control and was known as 1315: 1295: 1242: 1218: 360:, and the war reached Libya that year when the British entered Libya in 1853: 921: 784: 757: 745: 741: 599: 538: 377: 306: 298: 16:

Italian forced labor and concentration camp in Libya for Jews (1942–43)

2217:"הסופר שלמה אברמוביץ' מחיפה זכה בפרס ראש הממשלה על ספרו "היומן הגנוז"" 2284: 952: 909: 867: 863: 764:, and was beaten by the camp's guards for the forbidden transaction. 542: 490: 426: 294: 842:

The Jewish Brigade of the British Eighth Army in Libya, c. 1943–1944

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took power in Italy, and in 1938 his government began to promulgate

1343: 3273: 3179: 2216: 1576:. Contributions in ethnic studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 886: 837: 753: 736: 629: 620: 560: 438: 417: 302: 276: 221: 217: 1396:. Brill's series in Jewish Studies. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. 1612:"Solidarity Among Colonial Subjects in Wartime Libya, 1940–1943" 469: 464:

already transferred on April 15, 1942, from the Eastern city of

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Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide

624: 441:, a former military post in the Tripolitanian Plateau of the 2248:"Jewish Lybia and Holocaust: Giado, a silence to be broken" 2186:"היומן שנכתב בסתר במחנה ריכוז בלוב מסעיר את הגולשים הערבים" 586:

The prisoners at Giado were almost exclusively families of

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A new concentration camp was erected for the internment at

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in January 1943. The camp was established on the orders of

664:. A number of rabbis were among the prisoners, including 434:

of the retreat of British troops on April 2 and 3, 1941.

3148: 1765:"Giado Concentration Camp, Libya | Archive | Diarna.org" 689:. No prisoners were executed, and most deaths were from 862:. Many Jews still remained in March 1943, including 60 846:

The camp was liberated by British forces led by Jewish

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Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement

1663:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 2034–2041, 1144:. Indiana University Press. 2018. pp. 527–530. 3548: 3469: 3374: 3308: 3187: 3103: 3076: 3043: 2993: 2963: 2956: 2932: 2890: 2843: 2796: 2664: 2632: 2623: 2506: 2499: 2479: 2379: 2339: 2330: 1971:"Establishment of Jadu concentration camp in Libya" 1849:"A New Look at Libyan Jewry's Holocaust Experience" 1423:, edited by Norman Stillman, 1st ed., Brill, 2010. 1041:, edited by Norman Stillman, 1st ed., Brill, 2010. 445:, roughly 153 kilometres (95 mi) southwest of 289:for thousands of years. Giado, a settlement in the 185: 175: 167: 159: 151: 143: 133: 123: 113: 74: 21: 1916:https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_0008510 309:(both of whom persecuted Jews) for strongholds of 1574:The Most ancient of minorities: the Jews of Italy 874:, the two chaplains of the Jewish Brigade of the 66:Location of Giado concentration camp within Libya 1912:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online 1448:Davidovitch, Nitza; Dort, Ruth (June 17, 2021). 58: 1450:"Pillar of Fire – from Auschwitz to Casablanca" 731:Contact between prisoners and the outside world 516:An account by a prisoner named Bruria records: 3164: 2308: 1070:No small matter: features of Jewish childhood 1009:"The Jews of Libya, by Sheryl Silver Ochayon" 651: 645: 639: 571: 476:to depart to the second stop on the journey, 389: 328:from the Ottoman Empire by Italy, during the 8: 2134:זוכרים לדורות: תיעוד ניצולי שואה תושבי רעננה 1619:Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 1185:"Labor and Internment Camps in North Africa" 957: 860:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 301:, having fled the sites of struggle between 1910:Simon, Rachel. "Giado Concentration Camp". 610:in Italy and at a few other Libyan camps). 579:The camp's commandant was General d'armate 395: 3554: 3475: 3380: 3314: 3171: 3157: 3149: 2990: 2960: 2929: 2887: 2840: 2793: 2661: 2629: 2620: 2503: 2476: 2376: 2336: 2315: 2301: 2293: 1332:De Felice, Renzo; Roumani, Judith (1985). 18: 2215:כרנתינג'י, סמר עודה- (December 3, 2022). 1794:Buaron, Zevoulon; Drevon, Claire (2016). 1657:"Sephardic and Oriental Oral Testimonies" 1465: 1421:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 1039:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 956:(Jewish liturgical poem or hymn) called " 1454:Journal of Education Culture and Society 344:. Jews could no longer intermarry with " 340:that affected the Jewish communities in 2114:מוזיאון הלוחם היהודי במלחמת העולם ה - 2 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 985: 883:Destruction of Libya's Jewish community 3126:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State 2221:חי פֹּה – תאגיד החדשות של חיפה והסביבה 1842: 1840: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1419:Roumani, Maurice. “Tesciuba, Renato.” 1335:Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 796:following a rainstorm, and a group of 634:A model of the camp showing its layout 565:A model of the camp showing its layout 3116:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive 3094:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz 3087:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica 2149: 2147: 1951:from the original on January 11, 2023 1935: 1933: 1931: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1415: 1413: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1212: 1210: 1179: 1177: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1019:from the original on December 4, 2023 760:. Another traded a golden belt for a 672:Living conditions and typhus outbreak 472:to Tripoli. The group was waiting in 7: 1572:Pugliese, Stanislao G., ed. (2002). 1327: 1325: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 2853:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills 2246:International (February 21, 2022). 2090:from the original on April 18, 2023 1941:"Roumani-Denn | Sephardic Horizons" 958: 950:On Yom HaShoah, Libyan Jews sing a 3207:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 2258:from the original on June 20, 2024 2227:from the original on July 15, 2024 2196:from the original on June 20, 2024 2184:אייכנר, איתמר (February 1, 2021). 2078:"הקצין היהודי הבכיר ששחרר את הגטו" 1981:from the original on June 20, 2024 1775:from the original on June 20, 2024 1685:from the original on July 15, 2024 1482:from the original on July 15, 2024 1195:from the original on July 15, 2024 414:Deportation and internment of Jews 14: 2110:"הלוחם היהודי במלחמת עולם השנייה" 1847:Barkat, Amiram (April 30, 2003). 1138:"ITALIAN-OCCUPIED NORTH AFRICA". 830:Gerbi's leg was later amputated. 507:-like networks" in North Africa. 3299: 3121:Bilateral Compensation Agreement 2652:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion 1391:Kozlovsky-Golan, Yvonne (2019). 895:in the Jewish Quarter of Tripoli 882: 57: 50: 34: 3403:Foreign relations under Gaddafi 2387:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano 2281:A recording of "הללויה עם נברא" 2166:from the original on 2024-06-20 2058:from the original on 2024-06-20 2003:. July 14, 2010. Archived from 1861:from the original on 2023-01-14 1826:from the original on 2024-07-15 1368:from the original on 2024-06-20 1249:from the original on 2024-07-01 1037:Simon, Rachel. “Jebel Nafusa.” 364:. Libya was repossessed by the 2811:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division 2032:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1722:. Liverpool University Press. 1530:The Holocaust and North Africa 1: 3410:Government of National Accord 2863:SS Police Regiment Schlanders 2831:20th Luftwaffe Field Division 2826:19th Luftwaffe Field Division 2729:90th Panzergrenadier Division 2699:29th Panzergrenadier Division 2684:15th Panzergrenadier Division 2252:Pagine Ebraiche International 1669:10.1007/978-1-349-66019-3_142 1338:. University of Texas Press. 1223:La Rassegna Mensile di Israel 750:a pit they had dug as an oven 370:German troops were dispatched 3688:Concentration camps in Italy 3415:Government of National Unity 2674:3rd Panzergrenadier Division 2154:Batito, Merav (2023-04-18). 2076:קיש, יואב (April 17, 2023). 1890:. New York: Public Affairs. 1800:Revue d'Histoire de la Shoah 1718:Roumani, Maurice M. (2021). 1217:Roumani, Maurice M. (2017). 722:Poor medical care led to an 482:Polizia dell'Africa Italiana 281:A Jewish family from Tripoli 273:History of the Jews in Libya 226:liberation by British troops 3703:Italian war crimes in Libya 2647:SS Division Reichsführer-SS 1610:Tagliacozzo, Livia (2022). 1467:10.15503/jecs2021.1.390.412 815:Second Battle of El Alamein 709:, at least as old as 1183. 594:from Cyrenaica, especially 3729: 2981:Italian military internees 2026:Bernhard, Patrick (2012). 1068:Helman, Anat, ed. (2021). 604:and with British passports 266: 28:Italian concentration camp 3634: 3557: 3478: 3383: 3317: 3297: 3134: 2642:SS Division Leibstandarte 1945:www.sephardichorizons.org 1542:10.1515/9781503607064-003 45: 33: 26: 3521:National Oil Corporation 3440:House of Representatives 2920:4th Division "Monterosa" 2915:3rd Division "San Marco" 2858:SS Police Regiment Bozen 2324:Nazi war crimes in Italy 2001:"The Last Jews of Libya" 1886:Satloff, Robert (2006). 971:Holocaust historiography 929:Nazi-era forced laborers 834:Liberation and aftermath 693:and louse-borne typhus. 606:(who were later held at 199:Giado concentration camp 40:Giado concentration camp 22:Giado concentration camp 3698:The Holocaust in Africa 2910:2nd Division "Littorio" 2900:Republican Police Corps 2878:20th SS Police Regiment 2873:15th SS Police Regiment 2868:12th SS Police Regiment 2784:362nd Infantry Division 2779:356th Infantry Division 2774:334th Infantry Division 2769:305th Infantry Division 2764:278th Infantry Division 2759:232nd Infantry Division 2754:162nd Turkoman Division 2749:148th Infantry Division 2457:San Leonardo al Frigido 147:May 1942 – January 1943 3140:The Holocaust in Italy 2905:Italian Black Brigades 2821:4th Parachute Division 2816:2nd Parachute Division 2806:1st Parachute Division 2739:94th Infantry Division 2734:92nd Infantry Division 2724:71st Infantry Division 2719:65th Infantry Division 2714:44th Infantry Division 2704:34th Infantry Division 2561:Eberhard von Mackensen 1812:10.3917/rhsho.205.0159 1296:"יהודי לוב על סף שואה" 1189:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 896: 868:immigrate to Palestine 843: 828: 720: 652: 646: 640: 635: 572: 566: 523: 430: 390: 282: 269:The Holocaust in Libya 3713:Libya in World War II 3708:Jewish Libyan history 3683:Antisemitism in Libya 3435:High Council of State 3021:Roderick Stephen Hall 3001:Leonardo de Benedetti 2679:5th Mountain Division 2487:San Martino di Lupari 2437:Sant'Anna di Stazzema 890: 841: 823: 715: 633: 564: 518: 421: 324:. In 1911, Libya was 280: 98:31.96889°N 12.01944°E 3516:Great Man-Made River 3420:Presidential Council 3232:Italian Tripolitania 3227:Italian colonization 3068:Risiera di San Sabba 2744:114th Jäger Division 2694:26th Panzer Division 2689:16th Panzer-Division 2516:Heinrich Andergassen 1728:10.2307/j.ctv3029jsr 1150:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7 866:who were allowed to 798:South African troops 608:Ferramonti di Tarsia 3269:Libya under Gaddafi 3217:Hospitaller Tripoli 2709:42nd Jäger Division 2521:Friedrich Boßhammer 2447:Padule di Fucecchio 1294:סימון, רחל (1986). 964:Hallelujah Am Nivra 876:British Eighth Army 551:freedom of movement 455:extermination camps 163:2,600 (approximate) 94: / 3430:Head of government 3058:Borgo San Dalmazzo 3011:Giovanni Fornasini 2591:Josef Scheungraber 2462:Certosa di Farneta 2044:10.1093/hgs/dcs054 1921:2024-07-15 at the 1769:archive.diarna.org 1434:2024-06-20 at the 897: 844: 771:Sicherheitspolizei 679:louse-borne typhus 636: 567: 431: 287:a Jewish community 285:Libya was home to 283: 249:louse-borne typhus 206:concentration camp 103:31.96889; 12.01944 3670: 3669: 3630: 3629: 3544: 3543: 3465: 3464: 3398:Foreign relations 3370: 3369: 3259:Allied occupation 3237:Italian Cyrenaica 3146: 3145: 3111:Togliatti amnesty 3039: 3038: 2989: 2988: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2928: 2927: 2886: 2885: 2839: 2838: 2792: 2791: 2660: 2659: 2619: 2618: 2556:Albert Kesselring 2531:Theodor Dannecker 2495: 2494: 2475: 2474: 2442:San Terenzo Monti 2375: 2374: 1975:Zachor Foundation 1897:978-1-58648-399-9 1737:978-1-84519-137-5 1678:978-1-349-66019-3 1583:978-0-313-31895-5 1403:978-90-04-39561-9 1353:978-0-292-74016-7 1159:978-0-253-02373-5 1079:978-0-19-757730-1 1013:www.yadvashem.org 925:Oberlandesgericht 872:Ephraim E. Urbach 848:Brigadier General 777:Sicherheitsdienst 614:Labor and society 362:Operation Compass 356:in alliance with 330:Italo-Turkish War 195: 194: 160:Number of inmates 3720: 3693:History of Libya 3650: 3643: 3555: 3506: 3476: 3381: 3315: 3303: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3150: 2991: 2961: 2940:Bandenbekämpfung 2930: 2888: 2841: 2794: 2662: 2630: 2621: 2526:Eduard Crasemann 2504: 2477: 2377: 2337: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2007:on July 14, 2010 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1937: 1926: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1883: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1715: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1652: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1607: 1588: 1587: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1525: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1469: 1445: 1439: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1388: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1291: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1214: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1135: 1084: 1083: 1065: 1046: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1005: 961: 960: 655: 649: 643: 575: 557:Life in the camp 443:Nafusa Mountains 423:Benito Mussolini 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 393: 334:Benito Mussolini 291:Nafusa Mountains 230:Benito Mussolini 109: 108: 106: 105: 104: 99: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 61: 60: 54: 38: 19: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3626: 3597:Public holidays 3540: 3504: 3461: 3366: 3304: 3295: 3289:2014–2020 3247:Libyan genocide 3212:Spanish Tripoli 3183: 3177: 3147: 3142: 3130: 3099: 3072: 3035: 3016:Maurizio Giglio 3006:Einstein family 2985: 2944: 2924: 2882: 2835: 2788: 2656: 2615: 2596:Michael Seifert 2551:Herbert Kappler 2541:Friedrich Engel 2491: 2471: 2371: 2326: 2321: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1923:Wayback Machine 1914:. 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1056: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 986: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 965: 955: 954: 948: 945: 942:in 2020, the 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 923: 915: 913: 911: 907: 903: 894: 889: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 855: 852: 849: 840: 833: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 804: 802: 799: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 778: 773: 772: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 730: 728: 725: 719: 714: 710: 708: 702: 700: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 671: 669: 667: 666:Frija Zoaretz 663: 659: 654: 648: 642: 632: 628: 626: 622: 613: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 577: 574: 563: 556: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 522: 517: 514: 508: 506: 505: 500: 496: 492: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 428: 424: 420: 413: 411: 392: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368:in 1941 when 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350:Italy entered 347: 343: 342:Italian Libya 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 279: 274: 270: 262: 260: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 242:Italian Libya 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 200: 191: 190:Frija Zoaretz 188: 184: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 128:Fascist Italy 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 107: 79: 77: 73: 53: 44: 37: 32: 29: 25: 20: 3562:Demographics 3526:Oil reserves 3488:Central Bank 3450:Human rights 3388:Constitution 3357:Subdivisions 3136: 3092: 3085: 2971:Italian Jews 2581:Walter Reder 2576:Walter Rauff 2500:Perpetrators 2427:Piazza Tasso 2422:Guardistallo 2367:Pietransieri 2285: 2260:. 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In 1922, 214:Libyan Jews 144:Operational 101: / 76:Coordinates 3677:Categories 3582:Literature 3505:(currency) 3342:Ecoregions 3026:Primo Levi 2611:Karl Titho 2467:Marzabotto 2170:2024-06-20 2119:2024-07-16 2062:2024-06-20 1865:2024-06-20 1830:2024-07-15 1625:: 109–140. 1534:De Gruyter 1394:television 1372:2024-06-20 1253:2024-07-01 980:References 944:camp diary 809:After the 762:watermelon 263:Background 134:Commandant 3567:Education 3536:Transport 3498:Companies 3393:Elections 3337:Districts 3310:Geography 3137:See also: 2845:SS Police 2798:Luftwaffe 2634:Waffen-SS 2601:Max Simon 2546:Karl Hass 2392:Ardeatine 2332:Massacres 2052:1476-7937 1820:2111-885X 1476:2081-1640 1308:0334-4088 1235:0033-9792 787:food for 602:in 1942) 532:Sidi Azaz 499:Apollonia 493:, Barca, 474:El Coefia 425:visiting 386:Palestine 322:Cyrenaica 89:12°1′10″E 86:31°58′8″N 3657:Category 3615:Olympics 3610:Football 3602:Religion 3445:Military 3376:Politics 3362:Wildlife 3104:Post-war 2933:Doctrine 2402:Fragheto 2262:June 19, 2256:Archived 2231:June 20, 2225:Archived 2200:June 20, 2194:Archived 2164:Archived 2160:Ynetnews 2088:Archived 2056:Archived 2011:June 20, 1985:June 20, 1979:Archived 1955:June 20, 1949:Archived 1919:Archived 1859:Archived 1824:Archived 1779:June 20, 1773:Archived 1689:June 20, 1683:archived 1486:June 20, 1480:Archived 1432:Archived 1366:Archived 1316:23424001 1247:Archived 1243:26870446 1199:June 19, 1193:Archived 1023:June 20, 1017:Archived 789:Passover 746:diamonds 623:and one 596:Benghazi 547:Triginna 504:Judenrat 495:Ajdabiya 478:Agedabia 451:Benghazi 405:clearing 326:captured 124:Built by 114:Location 3641:Outline 3606:Sports 3550:Culture 3531:Tourism 3471:Economy 3332:Climate 3322:Borders 3264:Kingdom 3222:Ottoman 3197:Ancient 3189:History 3078:Looting 3063:Fossoli 3053:Bolzano 2957:Victims 2892:Italian 2432:Piavola 2397:Ameglia 2357:Caiazzo 2094:July 3, 1854:Haaretz 922:Koblenz 864:orphans 758:Shabbat 742:Bedouin 600:Tunisia 539:Gharian 528:Buq Buq 447:Tripoli 399: 382:Algeria 378:Tunisia 374:Tripoli 311:Ottoman 307:Berbers 299:Gharyan 210:Italian 152:Inmates 3662:Portal 3572:Health 3511:Energy 3503:Dinar 3327:Cities 3182: 2964:Groups 2362:Pisino 2286:piyyut 2050: 1894: 1818: 1744: 1734: 1675: 1580: 1548: 1474: 1400: 1360: 1350: 1314: 1306: 1241: 1233: 1166: 1156: 1076: 953:piyyut 916:Legacy 910:Israel 893:shells 819:Allied 785:kosher 621:francs 588:Libyan 545:, and 543:Yefren 497:, and 491:Tobruk 427:Tobruk 346:Aryans 313:rule. 295:Yefren 232:, the 201:was a 168:Killed 3648:Index 3622:Women 3592:Music 3587:Media 3202:Roman 3180:Libya 3045:Camps 2625:Units 2452:Vinca 2347:Boves 2136:[ 1742:JSTOR 1615:(PDF) 1358:JSTOR 1312:JSTOR 1239:JSTOR 1164:JSTOR 754:hamin 662:Derna 660:from 653:capos 647:Capos 466:Barce 439:Giado 352:into 303:Arabs 238:Italy 222:Libya 218:Giado 3455:LGBT 3284:2011 2666:Army 2480:1945 2412:Lipa 2380:1944 2340:1943 2283:, a 2264:2024 2233:2024 2202:2024 2190:Ynet 2096:2024 2048:ISSN 2013:2024 1987:2024 1957:2024 1925:Web. 1892:ISBN 1816:ISSN 1781:2024 1732:ISBN 1691:2024 1673:ISBN 1578:ISBN 1546:ISBN 1488:2024 1472:ISSN 1398:ISBN 1348:ISBN 1304:ISSN 1231:ISSN 1201:2024 1154:ISBN 1074:ISBN 1025:2024 906:1948 904:and 811:Axis 793:lire 756:for 737:Arab 641:capo 590:and 573:capo 530:and 470:Marj 396:lit. 366:Axis 320:and 305:and 297:and 271:and 212:and 208:for 197:The 155:Jews 2040:doi 1808:doi 1804:205 1724:doi 1665:doi 1538:doi 1462:doi 1340:doi 1146:doi 973:." 962:" ( 938:On 774:or 625:bun 526:at 410:). 372:at 236:of 216:in 171:562 3679:: 2254:. 2250:. 2219:. 2188:. 2162:. 2158:. 2146:^ 2112:. 2086:. 2080:. 2054:. 2046:. 2036:26 2034:. 2030:. 1977:. 1973:. 1947:. 1943:. 1930:^ 1874:^ 1857:. 1851:. 1839:^ 1822:. 1814:. 1798:. 1771:. 1767:. 1754:^ 1740:. 1730:. 1698:^ 1681:, 1671:, 1659:, 1631:^ 1623:22 1621:. 1617:. 1592:^ 1560:^ 1544:. 1536:. 1532:. 1496:^ 1478:. 1470:. 1458:12 1456:. 1452:. 1427:, 1412:^ 1381:^ 1364:. 1356:. 1346:. 1324:^ 1310:. 1298:. 1262:^ 1245:. 1237:. 1227:83 1225:. 1221:. 1209:^ 1191:. 1187:. 1176:^ 1162:. 1152:. 1088:^ 1050:^ 1015:. 1011:. 988:^ 668:. 553:. 541:, 468:, 457:. 380:, 259:. 244:. 220:, 3172:e 3165:t 3158:v 2316:e 2309:t 2302:v 2266:. 2235:. 2204:. 2173:. 2122:. 2098:. 2065:. 2042:: 2015:. 1989:. 1959:. 1900:. 1868:. 1833:. 1810:: 1783:. 1748:. 1726:: 1667:: 1586:. 1554:. 1540:: 1490:. 1464:: 1438:. 1406:. 1375:. 1342:: 1318:. 1256:. 1203:. 1170:. 1148:: 1082:. 1027:. 408:' 402:' 394:(

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