317:
244:
230:. Such towers were typically used to protect a vulnerable shoreline, and were round structures about 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) high, with very thick, mortar-bound walls. The fort would hold heavy artillery in the upper level, with accommodations for fifteen or twenty soldiers on the ground floor. The name comes from the location of the tower at Mortella (Myrtle) Point on the island. In 1794 the garrison of the
163:
272:. Work began on these defenses. Philip II of Spain succeeded Charles V in 1558, and commissioned El Fratino to improve the defenses. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and what had been done on the zigzag wall should be demolished. Work on the traverse ceased, but Philip II's chief engineer
263:
to construct a wall that would defend
Gibraltar from attackers landing on the tip of the peninsula to the south. Calvi designed a wall that ran in a straight line eastward from the coast for about 280 metres (920 ft), terminating on the foot of a precipice. A traverse wall would run southward
149:
in 1517. A military engineer by occupation, his brothers
Bernardino and Giorgio followed the same trade, as did Giorgio's son Francesco and grandson Pietro. Giacomo and the other members of his family designed and built fortifications throughout Spanish territory, which at that time also included
234:
resisted two
British frigates with over 100 guns between them for two days. The tower had just one 6-pounder gun and two 18-pounders. Although it was eventually captured by a landing force, the performance was so impressive that Britain, and later the United States, built copies of it around the
287:" through a mistake about when it was built, or sometimes the Philip II Wall. El Fratino's brothers Giorgio and Bernadino may have assisted him in this work. Plans for the traverse wall along the top of the cliff were abandoned. El Fratino converted a tower in the northeast to a bastion, the
456:
had begun a counter-attack. According to the French
Ministry of Culture, the Mortello tower was built by Doria in 1553–1554 rather than in 1565. Possibly this is due to confusion between Admiral Andrea Doria and Colonel Giorgio Doria, who was responsible for building the
406:
also assisted
Vespasiano Gonzaga in the design of the fortifications of Cartagena in 1570. In March 1571, Il Fratino and Vespasiano Gonzaga were sent to inspect the defenses of the frontier between Spain and Navarre. In Portugal, he designed the
206:
citadels and establishing new fortifications along the coast. On 30 December 1563, after he had left the island, he gave the
Genoese a diagram and building instructions for the tower at Mortella Point, which was to help defend the town of
174:, Giovan Fratino initially served in the French army. After being captured by the Spanish in 1558, he joined the army of Philip II. Giovan and his brother Giorgio were assigned to the Governor of Milan, tasked with strengthening the old
423:
in
Tunisia, finishing the latter fortifications in the summer of 1573. In 1574 he visited Majorca, still considered vulnerable to Turkish attack despite the Turkish defeat three years before in the
283:
In the meantime, a wall designed by El
Fratino had been completed by 1575, running straight up from the precipice above the end of the lower wall. This wall is usually called the "
808:
247:
Fortifications of
Gibraltar in 1597 viewed from the west. Fratino was responsible for bastions at both ends of the sea wall, and for the northern (left) of the two upper walls
218:. Fratino designed a 3-story cylindrical tower with a rooftop gun platform, and with no machicolation, an innovative design that was only accepted after some resistance. The
316:
402:. The citadel in the south of the town is a regular pentagon, and the city itself was bounded by walls that made it almost a regular hexagon. Paleari and
1068:
983:
886:
844:
791:
1078:
1073:
408:
276:
refused allow demolition of the zigzag wall, and it was eventually finished in 1599. It is the upper portion of what is now called the
815:
344:
1083:
243:
371:
determined to rebuild, choosing the high ground of Mount
Sciberras as the site for the new fortress. The military engineer
352:
256:
106:
171:
1035:
Viganò, Marino (2004). "'El fratin mi ynginiero' I Paleari Fratino da Morcote ingegneri militari ticenesi in Spagna ".
403:
449:
380:
368:
223:
340:
306:
214:
The tower was built between 1564 and October 1565. Typical towers at that time were square and had a defending
708:
260:
203:
273:
364:
146:
54:
1063:
1058:
372:
187:
399:
391:
387:
has recorded the discourse between el Fratino and Laparelli that took place early in April 1566.
289:
191:
110:
297:, now North Bastion). He built a small bastion at the south-west corner of Charles V Wall, the
1021:
979:
882:
840:
834:
787:
424:
360:
269:
219:
179:
973:
876:
861:
781:
211:
by protecting the entrance to the gulf. These have been preserved in the archives of Genoa.
999:
452:
assisted by the Turks in the summer of 1553. By November of that year the Genovese Admiral
325:
310:
50:
375:
was commissioned to undertake construction, and the foundation stone of the new city of
348:
277:
227:
114:
82:
920:
17:
1052:
1015:
384:
215:
175:
935:
453:
284:
208:
162:
105:"), was a military engineer who served the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain
953:
420:
902:
379:
was laid in March 1566. Philip II sent el Fratino to check the design of the
252:
367:
was lifted in September 1565, but the island was ruined. The Grand Master
395:
376:
321:
186:. Fratino arrived in Corsica on 29 January 1563, accompanied by Colonel
151:
130:
339:
occupies a strategic position in the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Sultan
416:
195:
183:
126:
125:
Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino came from the Paleari Fratino family of
46:
836:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
411:. In North Africa, Il Fratino overhauled the defenses of the Spanish
356:
265:
199:
134:
336:
315:
161:
138:
102:
343:
attacked in May 1565. The island was held by the knights of the
142:
190:. He spent the rest of the year on the island, improving the
575:
780:
Balbi, Francesco; Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby (1965).
599:
508:
506:
504:
502:
489:
487:
485:
547:
545:
448:
Corsica, long a possession of Genoa, was successfully
398:, starting in 1569, to designs by Giacomo Palearo and
320:
City wall bastion of Sant Pere by Paleari in Palma de
268:
wall would continue eastward up to the crest of the
137:
which had long been contested between the rulers of
355:in 1530. If Malta fell, Philip II's possessions of
166:
Ruins of the Torra di Mortella at Mortella, Corsica
77:
69:
61:
39:
32:
733:MOREIRA, Rafael (1986). "A Arquitectura Militar".
1017:The ingenious gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha
305:). This bastion was later incorporated into the
182:, allies of Spain, to help with the defenses of
839:. University of California Press. p. 928.
659:
647:
635:
8:
113:. He is known for having designed the first
875:Finlayson, Clive; Fa, Darren (2006-10-31).
623:
587:
347:, who had been given Malta and the port of
1002:. Ministry of Culture (France). 1993-09-15
29:
878:The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945
493:
476:
242:
178:. In 1563 his services were lent to the
1043:(1). The Malta Historical Society: 129.
814:. Fingal County Council. Archived from
763:
751:
695:
563:
469:
441:
264:along the top of the cliff, and then a
1014:Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes (1888).
683:
671:
551:
536:
512:
299:Baluarte de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
226:was the first of what became known as
117:as well as many other fortifications.
611:
27:Italian military engineer (1520–1586)
7:
975:Cities at War in Early Modern Europe
958:Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
363:would be threatened. The four-month
524:
1000:"Ruines de la tour de la Mortella"
809:"Martello Towers Research Project"
34:Giovan Giacomo Paleari (El Fratin)
25:
923:. Bungalow Vanille. June 9, 2012
709:"Forte de SĂŁo Filipe de SetĂşbal"
576:Ruines de la tour de la Mortella
862:"1740 – Skinner's Moorish Wall"
833:Braudel, Fernand (1996-07-16).
419:on the coast of Morocco and at
1069:16th-century Italian engineers
978:. Cambridge University Press.
351:on the North African coast by
303:Our Lady of the Rosary Bastion
259:had commissioned the engineer
91:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino
1:
972:Pollak, Martha (2010-08-09).
409:Fort of SĂŁo Filipe de SetĂşbal
150:Portugal, parts of Italy and
807:Bolton, Jason (March 2008).
394:built the fortifications at
65:1586 (aged 65–66)
860:Chipulina, Neville (2012).
600:Martello Towers – Kent Past
404:Giovanni Battista Antonelli
1100:
1079:Spanish military engineers
1074:Italian military engineers
369:Jean Parisot de la Valette
224:Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse
660:Balbi & Bradford 1965
648:Balbi & Bradford 1965
636:Balbi & Bradford 1965
302:
294:
783:The Siege of Malta, 1565
415:, or military posts, at
341:Suleiman the Magnificent
172:Italian War of 1551–1559
145:. It became part of the
1020:. B. Quaritch. p.
624:Finlayson & Fa 2006
261:Giovanni Battista Calvi
1084:Gibraltarian engineers
328:
248:
167:
93:(1520–1586), known as
18:Giovan Giacomo Paleari
881:. Osprey Publishing.
450:invaded by the French
319:
246:
165:
55:Old Swiss Confederacy
332:Other fortifications
232:Torre della Mortella
373:Francesco Laparelli
274:TibĂşrcio Spannocchi
222:in what is now the
109:, and then his son
754:, p. 855-856.
400:Vespasiano Gonzaga
392:Philip II of Spain
353:Charles V of Spain
329:
295:St. Paul's Bastion
290:Baluarte San Pablo
249:
168:
111:Philip II of Spain
985:978-0-521-11344-1
936:"Martello Towers"
921:"Martello Towers"
888:978-1-84603-016-1
846:978-0-520-20330-3
793:978-1-84383-140-2
786:. Boydell Press.
425:Battle of Lepanto
361:Kingdom of Naples
270:Rock of Gibraltar
220:Torra di Mortella
154:in North Africa.
147:Swiss Confederacy
107:Emperor Charles V
88:
87:
73:Military engineer
16:(Redirected from
1091:
1044:
1037:Melita Historica
1031:
1029:
1028:
1010:
1008:
1007:
995:
993:
992:
968:
966:
965:
949:
947:
946:
931:
929:
928:
916:
914:
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907:Fortified Places
898:
896:
895:
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869:
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829:
827:
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820:
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743:
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735:HistĂłria da Arte
730:
724:
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555:
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534:
528:
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510:
497:
491:
480:
474:
458:
446:
345:Order of St John
326:Balearic Islands
304:
296:
30:
21:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1026:
1024:
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986:
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963:
961:
952:
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934:
926:
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911:
909:
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893:
891:
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874:
866:
864:
859:
851:
849:
847:
832:
824:
822:
818:
811:
806:
798:
796:
794:
779:
775:
770:
766:, p. 1141.
762:
758:
750:
746:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
707:
706:
702:
698:, p. 1094.
694:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
594:
588:Martello Towers
586:
582:
574:
570:
562:
558:
550:
543:
535:
531:
523:
519:
511:
500:
492:
483:
475:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:fortifications.
447:
443:
438:
433:
334:
311:Daniel Specklin
241:
228:Martello towers
160:
123:
57:
51:Lugano District
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1011:
996:
984:
969:
950:
932:
917:
899:
887:
872:
857:
845:
830:
804:
792:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:
756:
744:
725:
713:Fortalezas.org
700:
688:
686:, p. 165.
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
566:, p. 928.
556:
541:
529:
517:
515:, p. 129.
498:
494:Chipulina 2012
481:
479:, p. 246.
468:
466:
463:
460:
459:
440:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
381:fortifications
365:Siege of Malta
333:
330:
309:, probably by
278:Charles V Wall
240:
237:
159:
158:Martello tower
156:
122:
119:
115:Martello tower
86:
85:
83:Martello tower
79:
78:Known for
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
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1067:
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1060:
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1056:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1001:
997:
987:
981:
977:
976:
970:
959:
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951:
941:
937:
933:
922:
918:
908:
904:
900:
890:
884:
880:
879:
873:
863:
858:
848:
842:
838:
837:
831:
821:on 2012-11-18
817:
810:
805:
795:
789:
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784:
778:
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772:
765:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
740:
736:
729:
726:
714:
710:
704:
701:
697:
692:
689:
685:
680:
677:
674:, p. 40.
673:
668:
665:
662:, p. 19.
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
638:, p. 11.
637:
632:
629:
626:, p. 19.
625:
620:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
596:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
572:
569:
565:
560:
557:
554:, p. 14.
553:
548:
546:
542:
539:, p. 13.
538:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
509:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:Saavedra 1888
473:
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455:
451:
445:
442:
435:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
385:Giacomo Bosio
382:
378:
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370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
312:
308:
307:South Bastion
300:
292:
291:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
245:
238:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:machicolation
212:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:Giorgio Doria
185:
181:
177:
176:Sforza Castle
173:
164:
157:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:town near to
132:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:("The Little
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1040:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
989:. Retrieved
974:
962:. Retrieved
960:. 2011-05-26
957:
943:. Retrieved
939:
925:. Retrieved
910:. Retrieved
906:
892:. Retrieved
877:
865:. Retrieved
850:. Retrieved
835:
823:. Retrieved
816:the original
797:. Retrieved
782:
764:Braudel 1996
759:
752:Braudel 1996
747:
738:
734:
728:
716:. Retrieved
712:
703:
696:Braudel 1996
691:
679:
667:
655:
650:, p. 7.
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
583:
571:
564:Braudel 1996
559:
532:
520:
472:
454:Andrea Doria
444:
412:
389:
335:
298:
288:
285:Moorish Wall
282:
250:
231:
213:
209:San Fiorenzo
169:
124:
98:
94:
90:
89:
1064:1586 deaths
1059:1520 births
903:"Gibraltar"
684:Pollak 2010
672:Pollak 2010
552:Bolton 2008
537:Bolton 2008
513:Viganò 2004
170:During the
1053:Categories
1027:2012-10-13
1006:2020-12-20
991:2012-10-13
964:2012-10-19
945:2012-10-13
927:2012-10-13
912:2012-10-13
894:2012-10-13
867:2012-10-13
852:2012-10-13
825:2012-10-19
799:2012-10-19
431:References
421:La Goletta
301:(English:
293:(English:
99:Il Fratino
70:Occupation
954:"Morcote"
940:Kent Past
718:3 January
612:Gibraltar
465:Citations
413:presidios
257:Charles V
253:Gibraltar
239:Gibraltar
204:Bonifacio
152:Presidios
95:El Fratin
396:Pamplona
377:Valletta
359:and the
322:Mallorca
773:Sources
525:Morcote
417:Melilla
349:Tripoli
235:world.
196:Ajaccio
184:Corsica
180:Genoese
131:Lombard
127:Morcote
47:Morcote
982:
885:
843:
790:
357:Sicily
266:zigzag
200:Bastia
135:Lugano
121:Family
81:First
819:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
436:Notes
390:King
337:Malta
192:Calvi
139:Milan
103:Friar
980:ISBN
883:ISBN
841:ISBN
788:ISBN
720:2020
202:and
143:Como
141:and
129:, a
62:Died
43:1520
40:Born
1022:246
383:.
251:In
97:or
1055::
1041:14
1039:.
956:.
938:.
905:.
737:.
711:.
544:^
501:^
484:^
427:.
324:,
313:.
280:.
255:,
198:,
194:,
53:,
49:,
1030:.
1009:.
994:.
967:.
948:.
930:.
915:.
897:.
870:.
855:.
828:.
802:.
741:.
739:7
722:.
614:.
602:.
590:.
578:.
527:.
496:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
