1031:
moisture and check weed growth, as well as check surface run-off to conserve soil. Mulching is done by applying mulch (green leaves for example) to the plant beds directly after planting and again 45 and 90 days into growth. After mulching comes hilling, which is the stirring and breaking up of soil to check weed growth, break the firmness of the soil from rain, and conserve soil moisture. Farmers must ensure that their ginger crops are receiving supplemental irrigation if rainfall is low in their region. In India, farmers must irrigate their ginger crops every two weeks at the least between
September and November (when the monsoon is over) to ensure maximum yield and high quality product.
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517:
85:
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67:
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the closest assembly market where it is then taken to main regional or district level marketing centres. Farmers with a large yield of produce will directly take their produce to local or regional markets. Once the produce has "reached regional level markets, they are cleaned, graded, and packed in sacks of about 60 kg". They are then moved to terminal markets such as in New Delhi, Kochi, and Bombay.
910:
5152:
928:
1172:
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525:
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47:
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cost incurred is toward labor and seed material purchase". The farm owner may benefit given that there is no losses in production or price decreases, which is not easily avoidable. Production of dry ginger proves to have a higher benefit-cost ratio, as well as ginger cultivated in intercropping systems rather than as a pure crop.
1335:) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root. In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a
1201:. Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam" is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or
566:). The rhizomes and the leaves were used to flavour food or eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats. Aside from these uses, ginger had religious significance among Austronesians, being used in rituals for healing and for asking protection from spirits. It was also used in the blessing of
1051:
States from which ginger is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India, and the steps are similar to those when transported domestically. However, instead of reaching a terminal market after the regional forwarding centres, the produce will reach an export market and then
1034:
The final farming stage for ginger is the harvesting stage. When the rhizome is planted for products such as vegetable, soda, and candy, harvesting should be done between four and five months of planting, whereas when the rhizome is planted for products such as dried ginger or ginger oil, harvesting
1047:
Ginger is sent through various stages to be transported to its final destination either domestically or internationally. The journey begins when farmers sell a portion of their produce to village traders who collect produce right at the farm gate. Once the produce is collected, it is transported to
749:
Archaeological evidence of ginger in northwest Europe comes from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden. The ship sank off the southern coast of Sweden in the summer of 1495 while conveying King Hans to a summit with the
Swedish Council. Among the luxuries carried on the ship were
1059:
Though India is the largest ginger producer in the world, it fails to play the role of a large exporter and only accounts for about 1.17% of total ginger exports. Ginger farming in India is a costly and risky business, as farmers do not gain much money from exports and "more than 65% of the total
1566:
compound. The United States Food and Drug
Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have
1055:
Dry ginger is most popularly traded between Asian countries through a unique distribution system involving a network of small retail outlets. Fresh and preserved ginger are often sold directly to supermarket chains, and in some countries fresh ginger is seen exclusively in small shops unique to
1038:
Dry ginger is one of the most popular forms of ginger in commerce. Ginger rhizomes for dry ginger are harvested at full maturity (8–10 months). After soaking them in water, the outer skin is scraped off with a bamboo splinter or wooden knife by hand as it is too delicate a process to be done by
998:
Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid environment, at an elevation between 300 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft), and in well-drained soils at least 30 cm deep. A period of low rainfall prior to
1018:
The size of the ginger rhizome is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the market. Prior to planting the seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent pests, and
1030:
The next step is planting the rhizome seed. In India, planting the irrigated ginger crop is usually done in the months between March and June as those months account for the beginning of the monsoon, or rainy season. Once the planting stage is done, farmers go on to mulch the crop to conserve
994:
Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is "among the earliest recorded spices to be cultivated and exported from southwest India". India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however is the "largest producer of ginger in the world". Regions in southwest and
1026:
Once the seeds are properly treated, the farmland in which they are to be planted must be thoroughly dug or ploughed by the farmer to break up the soil. After the soil is sufficiently ploughed (at least 3–5 times), water channels are made 60–80 feet (18–24 m) apart to irrigate the crop.
1056:
certain ethnic communities. India frequently exports its ginger and other vegetable produce to nearby
Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as "Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, the United States, Yemen Republic, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands".
4100:
Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, Ingaszewski A, Kerr C (2007). "Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis".
3993:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.).
1448:
Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavours of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavouring for recipes such as
6804:
4151:
An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G (2016). "Comparison of different drying methods on
Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure".
2186:
Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shogaols are more pungent, and are formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity. Numerous
2728:
Perspectives of Plant
Biodiversity: Proceedings of National Seminar on Plant Biodiversity – Systematics, Conservation and Ethnobotany, Department of Botany, North Bengal University, November 9-11, 2000
2385:
6797:
1089:
Ginger is a common spice used worldwide, whether for meals or as a folk medicine. Ginger can be used for a variety of food items such as vegetables, candy, soda, pickles, and alcoholic beverages.
4075:"Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 182, Sec. 182.20: Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates): Substances Generally Recognized As Safe"
2970:
2047:
6790:
1367:
make ginger beer both as a carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty
Jamaican ginger cake.
1429:
is a ginger-flavoured wine produced in the United
Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea. On the island of
1052:
be sent off by vehicle, plane or boat to reach its final international destination, where it will arrive at a local retail market and finally reach the consumer once purchased.
1179:
In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger has a role in traditional
4487:"The effects of ginger intake on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
6399:
5198:
3971:
1023:. There are various ways farmers do seed treatment in India. These include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion, smoking the seeds before storage, or hot water treatment.
738:
describes both ginger and galangal as ingredients in his complex herbal prescriptions. Raw and preserved ginger was imported into Europe in increased quantity during the
3000:
1039:
machinery. The whole dried rhizomes are ground in the consuming centres. Fresh ginger does not need further processing after harvest, and it is harvested much younger.
3937:
8876:
2402:
1254:, ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process.
8941:
4535:
3043:
8824:
8902:
8837:
6392:
5191:
2617:
Lee J, Oh H (March 2013). "Ginger as an antiemetic modality for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2440:
2431:
3921:"National registration of Gorgan gingerbread as an intangible cultural heritage in the national monuments of the country (translated from Farsi)"
1002:
Ginger produced in India is most often farmed through homestead farming, with work adaptively shared by available family and community members.
9016:
6699:
6648:
4566:
365:, and its safety has not been demonstrated. It remains uncertain whether ginger is effective for treating any disease, and use of ginger as a
7819:
7785:
4058:
4005:
3904:
3879:
3853:
3821:
3747:
3651:
3578:
3535:
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3125:
3058:
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2902:
2873:
2843:
2815:
2766:
2736:
3772:"An Evaluation of Several Mulch Materials on Landscape Plant Growth, Weed Control, Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture : Interim Report"
6813:
1481:. Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen.
8556:
7672:
7412:
6313:
1442:
6385:
5184:
766:
that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as
4000:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
260:
that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. The
9113:
6305:
3285:
3260:
3963:
8511:
7647:
7382:
6772:
2756:
742:
after
European tastes shifted favorably towards its culinary properties; during this time, ginger was described in the official
8863:
8634:
7947:
2235:
during pregnancy is of low quality. There is no good evidence ginger helps alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
1441:, is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the
3634:
Pachuau L, Dutta RS (11 September 2019), "Wild Edible Fruits of Northeast India: Medicinal Values and Traditional Practices",
995:
Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space.
57:
8933:
8521:
7942:
7937:
7387:
781:-like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk
3945:
2690:
1285:, which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with a variety of nuts and seeds. In Thailand' where it is called ขิง
8907:
4019:
3675:
2320:
7922:
7917:
6864:
2436:
2183:
with -gingerol (1--5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound. Some 400 chemical compounds exist in raw ginger.
8630:
7907:
7468:
4707:
3959:
2270:
2121:
2707:
1197:
curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form
9098:
8889:
8720:
8707:
6709:
4858:
3869:
2791:
1418:
29:
2068:(table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw ginger supplies 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) of
9029:
6318:
5659:
5609:
4559:
2702:
2576:
2550:
999:
growing and well-distributed rainfall during growing are also essential for the ginger to thrive well in the soil.
8946:
8272:
4074:
264:
bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
9093:
8928:
7036:
4103:
2332:
1092:
Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often
84:
3938:"Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid"
3142:
1257:
8022:
7932:
7927:
7912:
7729:
7229:
6859:
6854:
6328:
6194:
5908:
3676:"Do They Matter? The Impact of Atmospherics on Farmers' Market Consumers' Purchase Intention and Word-of-Mouth"
3116:
Mahdi W (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).
2368:
2308:
9034:
2726:
8688:
8811:
8213:
7995:
5567:
1215:, nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Japan, ginger is pickled to make
594:
533:
295:
22:
8816:
8790:
4375:"The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale) for the treatment of pain: A systematic review of clinical trials"
3303:"The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea"
3064:
2356:
9088:
8785:
8650:
8516:
8363:
8080:
7952:
7858:
7224:
6869:
6730:
5384:
5337:
4948:
4414:
Marx W, McKavanagh D, McCarthy AL, Bird R, Ried K, Chan A, et al. (21 October 2015). Freson K (ed.).
2153:
2043:
1558:", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains
684:
578:
307:
8725:
3143:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"
2494:
Sutarno H, Hadad EA, Brink M (1999). "Zingiber officinale Roscoe". In De Guzman CC, Siemonsma JS (eds.).
2277:
and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. It may adversely affect individuals with
361:. There is no good evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy or
8191:
7990:
7275:
7009:
6638:
6527:
6445:
6323:
5851:
5791:
5477:
5437:
5399:
5222:
4943:
4697:
4552:
3520:
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) - World's Invaluable Medicinal Spices
2994:
1905:
688:
654:
201:
8842:
2422:
2034:
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8956:
8803:
8759:
8571:
8392:
8334:
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8171:
8124:
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7360:
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7214:
6902:
6725:
6617:
6597:
6487:
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5409:
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5102:
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3314:
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2509:
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2073:
1957:
1918:
1531:
1274:
1198:
590:
541:
354:
299:
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734:
as part of very expensive herbal remedies that only the wealthy could afford, e.g. for the kidneys.
8990:
8476:
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7514:
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5097:
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4734:
4580:
4321:
Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, Sangkomkamhang US, Barnes J, Seyfoddin V, et al. (2016).
3248:
2257:
A 2018 review found evidence that ginger could decrease body weight in obese subjects and increase
1470:
615:
516:
450:
7519:
5165:
5151:
4485:
Maharlouei N, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, Rezaianzadeh A, Akbari M, Kolahdooz F, et al. (2019).
540:
and does not exist in its wild state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication is among the
9055:
8995:
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8751:
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5776:
5771:
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5707:
5639:
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5352:
5306:
5233:
4715:
4514:
4128:
3753:
3657:
3541:
3165:
3098:
2951:
2577:"Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review"
2061:
1892:
1872:
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1149:
1020:
567:
358:
79:
9021:
7652:
6264:
4938:
4050:
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1183:
medicine. It is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced
959:
Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)
735:
548:
cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They cultivated other gingers including turmeric (
8881:
8456:
8317:
7712:
7611:
7564:
7494:
4281:"Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials"
3051:
Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley
2516:
Plants of the World Online, Kew Science, Kew Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. 2018
610:. They also presumably introduced it to India along with other Southeast Asian food plants and
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8920:
8733:
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8551:
8074:
7662:
7585:
7576:
7407:
7176:
7131:
7121:
7066:
7019:
6819:
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6643:
6477:
6346:
6224:
6204:
6164:
6110:
6012:
6007:
5594:
5404:
5317:
5255:
5087:
5082:
4746:
4506:
4467:
4449:
4396:
4355:
4303:
4261:
4253:
4219:
4211:
4170:
4120:
4054:
4045:
The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medications: Plant Drugs That Alter Mind, Brain, and Behavior
4011:
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3616:
3574:
3531:
3499:
3439:
3350:
3332:
3281:
3256:
3215:
3188:
3121:
3054:
3022:
2943:
2898:
2869:
2839:
2811:
2762:
2732:
2634:
2596:
2575:
McParlin C, O'Donnell A, Robson SC, Beyer F, Moloney E, Bryant A, et al. (October 2016).
2294:
2247:
2216:
2113:
1970:
1770:
1559:
1537:
1383:
1165:
562:
366:
268:
8982:
8576:
5131:
3209:
2250:
effect, and improving digestive function, but insufficient evidence for it affecting pain in
8486:
8252:
8090:
7554:
7499:
7160:
6844:
6760:
6658:
6653:
6455:
6234:
6002:
5987:
5967:
5649:
5530:
5284:
4498:
4457:
4439:
4386:
4345:
4335:
4327:
4293:
4201:
4162:
4112:
3841:
3809:
3779:
3735:
3683:
3639:
3606:
3566:
3523:
3491:
3429:
3340:
3322:
3157:
2982:
2935:
2927:
2626:
2588:
2125:
2109:
1787:
1550:
1364:
1344:
1261:
A Chinese dish with ginger slices. It shows the typical amount of ginger consumed each meal.
1145:
556:
7793:
7765:
9103:
9083:
8964:
8606:
8526:
8329:
8322:
7724:
7717:
7657:
7569:
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7432:
7392:
6939:
6849:
6602:
6450:
6440:
6269:
5856:
5801:
5781:
5744:
5699:
5502:
5462:
5145:
4285:
3899:. Community Health Education, Services and Training in the Cordillera Region (CHESTCORE).
2712:
2258:
2208:
1490:
1390:
1379:
1137:
746:
of several countries. In 14th century England, a pound of ginger cost as much as a sheep.
715:
611:
234:
122:
3687:
2046:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
5125:
4435:
3318:
9008:
9003:
8353:
8268:
8038:
7960:
7667:
7199:
7106:
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6969:
6877:
6572:
6229:
6199:
6169:
6152:
6075:
5943:
5868:
5692:
5654:
5629:
5587:
5550:
4776:
4462:
4415:
4350:
4322:
4298:
4280:
4043:
3345:
3302:
2251:
2137:
1521:
1458:
1360:
1246:
1190:
1141:
1133:
710:
Ginger was introduced to the Mediterranean by the Arabs, and described by writers like
650:
627:
586:
582:
490:
486:
454:
399:
333:
317:
217:
109:
5107:
3387:"Ginger production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World/Production/Quantity (from pick lists)"
2895:
The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society
2865:
Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route
1375:
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6989:
6906:
6735:
6577:
6502:
6284:
6239:
6174:
6120:
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5923:
5893:
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5831:
5821:
5796:
5599:
5347:
4817:
4799:
4794:
4391:
4374:
4237:
Giacosa A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Bianchi Porro G, Rondanelli M (2015).
4190:"Purification, characterization, and milk coagulating properties of ginger proteases"
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2698:
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2196:
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2156:
2129:
2105:
2089:
2057:
1638:
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1406:
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1217:
802:
759:
743:
662:
646:
550:
545:
271:
261:
250:
168:
135:
4518:
3169:
1582:
66:
9060:
8738:
8466:
8282:
8242:
8175:
8165:
8156:
8151:
8094:
8052:
7642:
7427:
7336:
7249:
7061:
7056:
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6582:
6219:
6209:
6179:
6115:
6105:
6085:
6065:
5883:
5681:
5624:
5619:
5562:
5322:
5155:
5092:
4900:
4720:
4340:
4166:
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1614:
731:
704:
362:
337:
303:
158:
4502:
1171:
8712:
8699:
4444:
3739:
3643:
3527:
3327:
3161:
2863:
1339:
can be prepared from ginger. Raw ginger juice can be used to set milk and make a
324:. Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in
8850:
8682:
8506:
8434:
8418:
8286:
8258:
8141:
8085:
8028:
8014:
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7351:
7346:
7300:
7239:
7166:
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4771:
2200:
2188:
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2077:
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developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract."
1545:
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4848:
4812:
4154:
3897:
Common medicinal plants of the Cordillera region (Northern Luzon, Philippines)
2192:
2164:
2141:
1944:
1804:
1753:
1563:
1462:
1394:
1336:
1323:, ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called
1300:
806:
763:
631:
494:
254:
4453:
4257:
4215:
3813:
3620:
3561:
Nybe E (2016), "Ginger Production in India and Other South Asian Countries",
3495:
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8772:
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6377:
6366:
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6159:
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5722:
5676:
5296:
5176:
4974:
4932:
4926:
4822:
3845:
3570:
3434:
3417:
3120:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. London: Routledge. pp. 144–179.
2592:
2278:
2274:
2212:
2172:
1931:
1850:
1837:
1410:
1356:
1290:
1241:
1180:
1153:
1132:
and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots is often used as a seasoning in
1073:
915:
798:
794:
790:
775:
699:
wrote that ginger was grown in pots and carried on Chinese ships to prevent
692:
619:
458:
257:
9047:
8894:
8673:
4510:
4471:
4400:
4359:
4307:
4265:
4223:
4174:
4124:
4116:
4015:
3611:
3594:
3354:
2638:
2630:
2600:
473:, "root"); an alternative explanation is that the Sanskrit word comes from
389:
The English origin of the word "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from
8969:
4206:
4189:
3920:
3804:
Balakrishnan K (2016), "Postharvest and Industrial Processing of Ginger",
3784:
3771:
2786:
2758:
A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages
2468:
1081:
707:(960–1279), ginger was being imported into China from southern countries.
9042:
8667:
8546:
8531:
8500:
8490:
8480:
8470:
8451:
8439:
8408:
8403:
8367:
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8131:
8070:
8042:
8032:
8010:
7692:
7677:
7601:
7539:
7524:
7484:
7290:
7265:
7218:
7209:
7136:
7102:
7046:
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7003:
6999:
6973:
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6943:
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6887:
6782:
6694:
6673:
6592:
6562:
6467:
6435:
6279:
6254:
5972:
5957:
5739:
5666:
5634:
5582:
5535:
5492:
5472:
5457:
5422:
5250:
5072:
5067:
5024:
4921:
4683:
3386:
2939:
2286:
2180:
2159:
that compose 1–3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of
2133:
1736:
1526:
1493:. Ginger bread is a kind of cookie traditionally prepared in the city of
1331:, the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup (
1308:
1109:
933:
778:
727:
679:
537:
441:
291:
283:
275:
178:
3102:
2986:
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1010:
782:
8829:
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8381:
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6462:
6420:
6184:
6135:
6050:
6040:
5982:
5918:
5888:
5577:
5540:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5432:
5274:
5029:
5019:
4994:
4969:
4916:
3089:
Blust R (1984). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective".
2290:
2204:
2176:
1716:
1414:
1340:
1328:
1266:
1202:
1157:
1129:
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861:
719:
635:
425:
238:
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3871:
Applied health research manual: anthropology of health and health care
1359:, ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as
8373:
8307:
8207:
7974:
7814:
7775:
7770:
7548:
7534:
7279:
7090:
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7013:
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6140:
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6035:
5992:
5933:
5878:
5841:
5756:
5717:
5614:
5604:
5525:
5487:
5427:
5417:
5291:
5279:
5269:
2838:. Medicinal Plants. Vol. 6. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 398.
2391:
German ginger-flavored wine (grape-based) with stem ginger decoration
2239:
2232:
2220:
1820:
1555:
1498:
1494:
1454:
1422:
1250:
1232:
1194:
1101:
967:
723:
700:
696:
607:
485:, meaning "body" (describing the shape of its root), but that may be
419:
346:
341:
325:
321:
8644:
6827:
3486:
Madan MS (2016), "Production, Marketing, and Economics of Ginger",
8868:
8777:
8377:
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8109:
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7233:
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5686:
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5545:
5512:
5497:
5482:
5369:
5264:
5228:
5062:
4633:
2971:"Ginger Species and Their Traditional Uses in Modern Applications"
2472:
1628:
1515:
1430:
1374:
1278:
1256:
1238:
1170:
1113:
1104:
as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be
1080:
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979:
971:
897:
879:
843:
666:
523:
515:
378:
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246:
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in prehistory, long before any contact with other civilizations.
350:
are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste.
8312:
8146:
7891:
7837:
7798:
7489:
7452:
7320:
6492:
5997:
5712:
5342:
5332:
5213:
4661:
2897:. Vol. 3. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 389–426.
1983:
1228:
1211:
1161:
393:
8764:
8648:
6786:
6381:
5180:
4548:
2836:
Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement
2242:
during pregnancy is safe. Ginger is not effective for treating
497:
4078:
3941:
3595:"Rainfall And Water Requirement of Rice During Growing Period"
3394:
2498:. Leiden (Netherlands): Backhuys Publishers. pp. 238–244.
2152:
The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from
2117:
2100:
If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative
2065:
1658:
370:
3370:
Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa
2923:"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress"
2691:
2211:
are other constituents. Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme
1393:, ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as
414:
3118:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
2254:. The evidence that ginger retards blood clotting is mixed.
1477:", is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of
8197:
1315:
and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups. Called
1273:. It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in
373:. In 2020, world production of ginger was 4.3 million
4420:) on Platelet Aggregation: A Systematic Literature Review"
3964:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1289:, it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking. In
966:
In 2020, global production of ginger was 4.3 million
4239:"Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract?"
1189:. Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making
695:
was said to eat ginger with every meal. In 406, the monk
28:"Ginger Root" redirects here. For the music project, see
4246:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
4188:
Huang XW, Chen LJ, Luo YB, Guo HY, Ren FZ (1 May 2011).
649:
by around the 1st century CE. It was primarily grown in
614:, during early contact by Austronesian sailors with the
3734:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 541–554,
3522:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 541–554,
2761:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
2238:
There is no clear evidence that taking ginger to treat
468:
462:
449:. The Sanskrit word is thought to come from an ancient
3868:
Hardon A, Boonmongkon P, Streefland P, Tan ML (2001).
480:
474:
444:
435:
429:
21:
This article is about the plant. For other uses, see
6814:
3556:
3554:
2231:
Evidence that ginger use is associated with reduced
630:. It was also carried by Austronesian voyagers into
8657:
8427:
7900:
7889:
7869:
7846:
7835:
7807:
7758:
7747:
7625:
7461:
7450:
7375:
7329:
7318:
7258:
6837:
6826:
6718:
6682:
6631:
6413:
6339:
6298:
6021:
5511:
5212:
5055:
5038:
5007:
4987:
4959:
4909:
4886:
4836:
4764:
4757:
4741:
4729:
4706:
4682:
4660:
4632:
4623:
4589:
3722:Nair KP (2019), "Ginger as a Spice and Flavorant",
3518:Nair KP (2019), "Ginger as a Spice and Flavorant",
2019:
2007:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
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1849:
1836:
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1803:
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1769:
1752:
1735:
1714:
1679:
1655:
1637:
1627:
1611:
1597:
1592:
606:are found in Austronesian languages all the way to
4430:(10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0141119.
4042:
3997:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
3053:. John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 339–352.
1433:, Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα (
1303:. Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called
677:The first written record of ginger comes from the
357:in China, India and Japan for centuries, and as a
2496:Plant resources of South-East Asia: no.13: Spices
1882:
1726:
1035:must be done eight to ten months after planting.
573:Ginger was carried with them in their voyages as
6150:
4373:Terry R, Posadzki P, Watson LK, Ernst E (2011).
2731:. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. p. 292.
789:, or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent
4895:
2916:
2914:
1116:may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or
641:From India, it was carried by traders into the
4491:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3280:. University of California Press. p. 78.
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
2868:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 89.
2403:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
2112:discomfort, and undesirable interactions with
1593:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1307:, as a common ingredient in local recipes. In
302:. It was transported with them throughout the
6798:
6393:
5192:
4560:
2999:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2969:Zanariah U, Nordin NI, Subramaniam T (2015).
726:(Sri Lanka). Ginger—along with its relative,
600:
8:
3732:Rosc.) - World's Invaluable Medicinal Spices
3012:
3010:
1575:
1363:, a drink made during the Christmas season.
503:
1513:are used in similar ways. They include the
408:
402:
8645:
7897:
7843:
7755:
7458:
7326:
6834:
6805:
6791:
6783:
6400:
6386:
6378:
5199:
5185:
5177:
4906:
4761:
4629:
4567:
4553:
4545:
3960:United States Food and Drug Administration
3932:
3930:
3211:Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials
2857:
2855:
2246:. There is some evidence for it having an
1696:
1574:
65:
45:
36:
4461:
4443:
4390:
4349:
4339:
4297:
4205:
3874:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
3783:
3610:
3433:
3344:
3326:
3187:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3150:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
3049:. In Siegel J, Lynch JD, Eades D (eds.).
1548:native species of eastern North America,
298:and was likely domesticated first by the
3638:, Springer Singapore, pp. 437–450,
2893:. In Ross M, Pawley A, Osmond M (eds.).
2829:
2827:
2281:, and may interfere with the effects of
816:
4323:"Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea"
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2612:
2610:
2547:Kew Science, Plants of the World Online
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2441:United States Department of Agriculture
2432:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2414:
2304:
3717:
3674:Sneed C, Kwon TH, Fairhurst A (2017).
3599:Journal of Agriculture and Environment
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3381:
3379:
3301:Larsson M, Foley B (26 January 2023).
3097:(1). University of Hawai'i Press: 61.
2992:
2570:
2568:
544:where it was among several species of
6985:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
4146:
4144:
4142:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3368:Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG (1962).
3278:Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices
3019:Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices
2780:
2778:
2750:
2748:
2533:
2531:
2128:with some medications, including the
750:ginger, cloves, saffron, and pepper.
489:. The word probably was readopted in
7:
8957:65f70ee3-99d1-4e41-92e9-e890bf910b2e
5161:
3836:Ravindran P (2016), "Introduction",
3688:10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-389
3251:(2005). Prance G, Nesbitt M (eds.).
3185:South East Asia in the World-Economy
2810:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 7.
1152:, and many South Asian cuisines for
8557:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
7673:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
7413:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
3044:"Proto who used turmeric, and how?"
2806:Ravindran P, Nirmal Babu K (2016).
2104:, although large amounts may cause
1443:United States of the Ionian Islands
1209:, which is a mixture of gum resin,
1043:Transportation and export of ginger
4299:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442
3974:from the original on 27 March 2024
3680:ITAA Annual Conference Proceedings
3021:. University of California Press.
2088:(10% DV), but otherwise is low in
1205:women, the most popular one being
722:noted that ginger was produced in
14:
2469:"Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance"
1235:. It is made into a candy called
986:also had substantial production.
612:Austronesian sailing technologies
398:, which derives in turn from the
9035:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1
6773:List of plants used in herbalism
5160:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5120:
5098:Malaysian ginger (Z. spectabile)
4392:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01261.x
2975:Journal of Industrial Technology
2384:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2035:Full link to USDA Database entry
1581:
1175:Two varieties of ginger in China
1108:in boiling water to make ginger
926:
908:
890:
872:
854:
836:
797:of the Zingiberaceae is used as
83:
16:Species of plant used as a spice
4022:from the original on 9 May 2024
3944:. 11 April 2001. Archived from
3923:. Iranian Students News Agency.
3808:, CRC Press, pp. 401–443,
3565:, CRC Press, pp. 224–253,
3490:, CRC Press, pp. 444–477,
3255:. Routledge. pp. 163–164.
3214:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10.
245:or ginger, is widely used as a
5563:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
4539:List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
4341:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2
4167:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033
3253:The Cultural History of Plants
2672:. Drugs.com. 26 September 2022
2219:and has similar properties to
1136:and is a common ingredient of
820:Ginger production, 2020
805:, and also as a condiment and
1:
8631:Receptor/signaling modulators
6980:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
4503:10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044
3840:, CRC Press, pp. 16–29,
2755:Caldwell R (1 January 1998).
2437:Agricultural Research Service
2056:Raw ginger is 79% water, 18%
974:with 43% of the world total.
669:, and numerous other spices.
581:, starting from around 5,000
381:with 43% of the world total.
369:has not been approved by the
311:
4742:Burmese traditional medicine
4445:10.1371/journal.pone.0141119
4328:Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.
4279:Ernst E, Pittler MH (2000).
3740:10.1007/978-3-030-29189-1_26
3644:10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_27
3593:Aryal S (10 February 2013).
3528:10.1007/978-3-030-29189-1_26
3328:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010
3162:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142
3042:Kikusawa R, Reid LA (2007).
2921:Robert B, Trussel S (2013).
2326:Ginger flower about to bloom
2271:generally recognized as safe
2122:generally recognized as safe
2042:Percentages estimated using
1587:Cross-section of ginger root
1509:Other members of the family
585:. They introduced it to the
453:word that also produced the
436:
430:
420:
8259:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
7167:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
7037:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
6865:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2
5375:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
5000:Ginger leaf (canh khoai mỡ)
4859:Domaine de Canton (liqueur)
4541:(archived 14 November 2004)
3397:, Statistics Division. 2021
2792:Online Etymology Dictionary
1128:Mature ginger rhizomes are
481:
475:
469:
463:
445:
30:Ginger Root (music project)
9130:
5103:Temulawak (C. zanthorriza)
3416:Münster D (1 March 2015).
3183:Doran CF, Dixon C (1991).
2808:Ginger: The Genus Zingiber
2692:
2551:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2379:, a type of pickled ginger
1603:333 kJ (80 kcal)
1535:), and the bitter ginger (
1227:or grated and used raw on
638:in the 1st millennium CE.
415:
27:
20:
8624:
6769:
6408:Medicinal herbs and fungi
5297:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
5207:Culinary herbs and spices
5116:
5088:meik-thalin (Z. barbatum)
4747:meik-thalin (Z. barbatum)
4616:Rio de Janeiro (var. Rio)
3895:Co LL, Taguba YB (1984).
2989:(inactive 14 March 2024).
2891:"Other cultivated plants"
2041:
2031:
2027:
2003:
1995:
1866:
1862:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1651:
1647:
1607:
1580:
957:
819:
207:
200:
80:Scientific classification
78:
73:
64:
58:Köhler's Medicinal Plants
53:
44:
39:
9114:Austronesian agriculture
7244:Umbellularia californica
6195:Montreal steak seasoning
5136:Ginger images at Commons
4601:Shōga (生姜) (var. rubens)
4194:Journal of Dairy Science
3814:10.1201/9781420023367-15
3776:Purdue University E-Pubs
3636:Herbal Medicine in India
3496:10.1201/9781420023367-16
3372:. E & S Livingstone.
3208:Lee Dian Rainey (2010).
2314:Ginger plant with flower
2072:and moderate amounts of
1525:), the several types of
1299:is made from ginger and
353:Ginger has been used in
340:. The distantly related
8214:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
7996:Andrographis paniculata
4669:Red Ginger (var. rubra)
4416:"The Effect of Ginger (
3846:10.1201/9781420023367-5
3571:10.1201/9781420023367-9
3435:10.3167/fcl.2015.710109
2708:A Greek–English Lexicon
2593:10.1001/jama.2016.14337
2124:" list, though it does
2044:US recommendations
730:—was imported into the
601:
595:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
534:Maritime Southeast Asia
532:Ginger originated from
512:Origin and distribution
498:
394:
296:Maritime Southeast Asia
294:. Ginger originated in
23:Ginger (disambiguation)
8635:Ion channel modulators
8364:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
7859:Tripterygium wilfordii
7225:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
6731:Doctrine of signatures
6151:
4887:Bioactive constituents
4117:10.1592/phco.27.9.1237
4049:. MIT Press. pp.
3778:. West Lafayette, IN.
3612:10.3126/aej.v13i0.7576
2631:10.1188/13.ONF.163-170
2096:Composition and safety
2048:the National Academies
1473:, known in the UK as "
1386:
1277:. It is consumed as a
1262:
1176:
1086:
1078:
1019:rhizome rot and other
1015:
691:(475–221 BCE). In it,
685:Disciples of Confucius
579:Austronesian expansion
560:), and bitter ginger (
529:
521:
504:
479:, meaning "horn", and
409:
403:
320:), reaching as far as
308:Austronesian expansion
274:, which also includes
8192:Lysophosphatidic acid
4949:Diacetoxy gingerdiols
4207:10.3168/jds.2010-4024
3785:10.5703/1288284313900
2699:Liddell, Henry George
2583:(Systematic review).
1701:Vitamins and minerals
1378:
1275:traditional medicines
1260:
1245:. In the traditional
1174:
1085:Freshly washed ginger
1084:
1076:
1013:
689:Warring States period
655:Greater Sunda Islands
618:-speaking peoples of
527:
519:
54:1896 color plate from
8572:Pregnenolone sulfate
8393:Euphorbia resinifera
8335:Euphorbia resinifera
8264:Phenylacetylrinvanil
8224:N-Oleoylethanolamide
8172:Homodihydrocapsaicin
7560:Pregnenolone sulfate
7423:Pregnenolone sulfate
7230:Thiopropanal S-oxide
7215:Tetrahydrocannabinol
6903:Allyl isothiocyanate
6726:Alternative medicine
6046:Beau monde seasoning
5411:Limnophila aromatica
5078:Plai (Z. cassumunar)
4735:Plai (Z. cassumunar)
4598:Common (var. Roscoe)
4161:(Part B): 1292–300.
3770:Carpenter P (1975).
3418:"Ginger is a gamble"
2940:10.1353/ol.2013.0016
2350:Ginger crop, Myanmar
2338:Ginger flower stamen
1554:, is also known as "
1532:Boesenbergia rotunda
1413:. A ginger-flavored
1382:and his wife with a
1293:, a beverage called
1199:ginger garlic masala
1077:Fresh ginger rhizome
785:; it is immediately
687:in China during the
542:Austronesian peoples
355:traditional medicine
300:Austronesian peoples
288:Elettaria cardamomum
8996:Zingiber officinale
8804:Zingiber officinale
8689:Zingiber officinale
8659:Zingiber officinale
8477:Cannabigerolic acid
8239:Nordihydrocapsaicin
8200:(acidic conditions)
6649:Echigoshirayukidake
6170:Jamaican jerk spice
5792:Japanese pricklyash
5126:Ginger on WikiBooks
4944:Acetoxy gingerdiols
4788:ginger garlic paste
4581:Zingiber officinale
4537:Zingiber officinale
4436:2015PLoSO..1041119M
4418:Zingiber officinale
4041:Spinella M (2001).
3730:Zingiber officinale
3319:2023PLoSO..1881010L
3141:Beaujard P (2011).
3070:on 25 November 2021
2987:10.21908/jit.2015.4
2541:Zingiber officinale
2425:Zingiber officinale
2273:, ginger can cause
1788:Pantothenic acid (B
1577:
1505:Similar ingredients
1471:crystallized ginger
1311:, ginger is called
1269:, ginger is called
1021:seed-borne diseases
990:Production in India
829:Production (tonnes)
554:), white turmeric (
231:Zingiber officinale
211:Zingiber officinale
9099:Rhizomatous plants
8440:Vernonia tweediana
8019:African blue basil
7991:Bisandrographolide
7577:Steviol glycosides
7530:Hydroxycitronellal
7276:Dehydroligustilide
7096:Angelica acutiloba
7010:Dehydroligustilide
6705:Japanese herbology
6683:Regional practices
6146:Herbes de Provence
5777:Grains of paradise
5640:Crushed red pepper
5354:Houttuynia cordata
4807:Shoga no sato zuke
4716:Bu Zhong Yi Qi Wan
4698:Ginger in Ayurveda
4613:China (var. china)
4610:Assam (var. assam)
4081:. 1 September 2014
3091:Asian Perspectives
2862:Viestad A (2007).
2295:prescription drugs
2114:prescription drugs
2009:Other constituents
1529:, the fingerroot (
1501:(New Year's Day).
1497:on the holiday of
1489:Ginger is used in
1387:
1263:
1177:
1087:
1079:
1016:
762:of white and pink
568:Austronesian ships
530:
522:
359:dietary supplement
332:, and was used by
193:Z. officinale
9071:
9070:
8978:Open Tree of Life
8651:Taxon identifiers
8642:
8641:
8620:
8619:
8552:Meclofenamic acid
8358:melegueta peppers
8229:Nonivamide (PAVA)
7965:melegueta peppers
7885:
7884:
7831:
7830:
7743:
7742:
7663:Meclofenamic acid
7586:Stevia rebaudiana
7446:
7445:
7408:Meclofenamic acid
7314:
7313:
7204:melegueta peppers
7177:Phenacyl chloride
7132:N-Methylmaleimide
7122:Methyl salicylate
7067:Hydrogen peroxide
7020:Diallyl disulfide
6882:melegueta peppers
6780:
6779:
6700:Islamic herbology
6690:Chinese herbology
6558:Purple coneflower
6375:
6374:
6347:Chinese herbology
6225:Pumpkin pie spice
6205:Old Bay Seasoning
6165:Italian seasoning
6111:Five-spice powder
5413:(rice-paddy herb)
5256:Indian bay leaf (
5174:
5173:
5166:Spices Task Force
5039:Unrelated species
4983:
4982:
4935:and derivatives:
4882:
4881:
4753:
4752:
4730:Thai aromatherapy
4497:(11): 1753–1766.
4060:978-0-262-69265-6
4007:978-0-309-48834-1
3906:978-971-8640-00-5
3881:978-90-5589-191-7
3855:978-1-4200-2336-7
3823:978-1-4200-2336-7
3749:978-3-030-29188-4
3653:978-981-13-7247-6
3580:978-1-4200-2336-7
3537:978-3-030-29188-4
3505:978-1-4200-2336-7
3221:978-1-4443-2360-3
3194:978-0-521-31237-0
3127:978-0-415-51870-3
3060:978-90-272-9294-0
3028:978-0-520-23674-5
2904:978-0-85883-589-4
2875:978-0-8118-4965-4
2845:978-1-4200-7386-7
2834:Singh RJ (2011).
2817:978-1-4200-2336-7
2768:978-81-206-0117-8
2738:978-81-211-0298-8
2587:(13): 1392–1401.
2475:. 1 December 2020
2248:anti-inflammatory
2217:cysteine protease
2092:content (table).
2054:
2053:
1999:
1998:
1576:Ginger root (raw)
1560:aristolochic acid
1538:Zingiber zerumbet
1384:Gingerbread house
1371:Western countries
1166:vegetarian dishes
964:
963:
830:
718:(24–79). In 150,
683:, written by the
563:Zingiber zerumbet
267:Ginger is in the
224:
223:
9121:
9094:Medicinal plants
9064:
9063:
9051:
9050:
9038:
9037:
9025:
9024:
9012:
9011:
8999:
8998:
8986:
8985:
8973:
8972:
8960:
8959:
8950:
8949:
8937:
8936:
8924:
8923:
8911:
8910:
8898:
8897:
8885:
8884:
8872:
8871:
8859:
8858:
8846:
8845:
8833:
8832:
8820:
8819:
8807:
8806:
8794:
8793:
8781:
8780:
8768:
8767:
8755:
8754:
8742:
8741:
8729:
8728:
8716:
8715:
8703:
8702:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8646:
8487:Cannabigerovarin
8219:N-Oleoyldopamine
8125:Euodia ruticarpa
8091:Dihydrocapsaicin
7898:
7894:
7844:
7840:
7756:
7752:
7500:Cooling Agent 10
7459:
7455:
7327:
7323:
6845:4-Hydroxynonenal
6835:
6831:
6816:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6784:
6761:Medicinal plants
6719:Related subjects
6710:Korean herbology
6695:Indian herbology
6654:Lingzhi mushroom
6402:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6156:
5963:Tasmanian pepper
5944:Sichuan pepper (
5899:Pomegranate seed
5713:Dill / Dill seed
5568:Brazilian pepper
5531:Alligator pepper
5285:garlic / Chinese
5201:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5164:
5163:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5124:
4907:
4762:
4672:Malaysian ginger
4630:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4546:
4523:
4522:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4447:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4209:
4200:(5): 2259–2269.
4185:
4179:
4178:
4148:
4137:
4136:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4048:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3728:L.) and Ginger (
3719:
3692:
3691:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3483:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3330:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3276:Dalby A (2000).
3273:
3267:
3266:
3245:
3226:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3063:. Archived from
3048:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3017:Dalby A (2002).
3014:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2928:Ocean. Linguist.
2918:
2909:
2908:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2643:
2642:
2619:Oncol Nurs Forum
2614:
2605:
2604:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2419:
2388:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2209:dietary minerals
2110:gastrointestinal
1886:
1824:
1808:
1791:
1774:
1757:
1740:
1730:
1697:
1585:
1578:
1551:Asarum canadense
1345:ginger milk curd
945:
932:
930:
929:
914:
912:
911:
896:
894:
893:
878:
876:
875:
860:
858:
857:
842:
840:
839:
828:
817:
758:Ginger produces
626:at around 3,500
604:
557:Curcuma zedoaria
507:
501:
484:
478:
472:
466:
448:
439:
433:
423:
418:
417:
412:
406:
397:
316:
313:
213:
88:
87:
69:
49:
37:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9059:
9054:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9028:
9020:
9015:
9007:
9002:
8994:
8989:
8981:
8976:
8968:
8965:Observation.org
8963:
8955:
8953:
8945:
8940:
8932:
8927:
8919:
8914:
8906:
8901:
8893:
8888:
8880:
8875:
8867:
8862:
8854:
8849:
8841:
8836:
8828:
8823:
8815:
8810:
8802:
8797:
8789:
8784:
8776:
8771:
8763:
8758:
8750:
8745:
8737:
8732:
8724:
8719:
8711:
8706:
8698:
8696:
8687:
8686:
8681:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8653:
8643:
8638:
8616:
8607:Tolfenamic acid
8527:Flufenamic acid
8423:
8330:Resiniferatoxin
8323:Ruta graveolens
8086:Diacyl glycerol
7881:
7865:
7827:
7823:
7803:
7789:
7739:
7725:Tolfenamic acid
7718:Ruta graveolens
7658:Flufenamic acid
7621:
7570:Ruta graveolens
7481:(intracellular)
7442:
7438:Tolfenamic acid
7393:Flufenamic acid
7371:
7347:Diacyl glycerol
7310:
7254:
6940:Cannabichromene
6850:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
6822:
6811:
6781:
6776:
6765:
6714:
6678:
6639:Almond mushroom
6627:
6409:
6406:
6376:
6371:
6335:
6294:
6270:Tandoori masala
6017:
5894:Peruvian pepper
5782:Grains of Selim
5767:Aromatic ginger
5700:Bunium persicum
5507:
5208:
5205:
5175:
5170:
5146:Category:Ginger
5112:
5056:Related species
5051:
5034:
5003:
4979:
4955:
4910:In Fresh ginger
4905:
4888:
4878:
4832:
4791:Pickled Ginger
4749:
4737:
4725:
4702:
4678:
4656:
4625:
4619:
4591:
4585:
4573:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4385:(12): 1808–18.
4372:
4371:
4367:
4334:(3). CD002124.
4320:
4319:
4315:
4286:Br. J. Anaesth.
4278:
4277:
4273:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4104:Pharmacotherapy
4099:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4008:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3948:on 3 June 2017.
3936:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3750:
3721:
3720:
3695:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3654:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3538:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3485:
3484:
3451:
3428:(71): 100–113.
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3313:(1): e0281010.
3300:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3247:
3246:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3008:
2991:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2889:Ross M (2008).
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2725:Das AP (2002).
2724:
2723:
2719:
2713:Perseus Project
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2646:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2351:
2348:
2339:
2336:
2327:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2267:
2265:Adverse effects
2259:HDL-cholesterol
2229:
2165:beta-bisabolene
2150:
2116:. It is on the
2098:
2037:
2032:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1887:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1702:
1691:
1686:
1667:
1662:
1623:
1618:
1588:
1573:
1507:
1491:Iranian cuisine
1487:
1421:is produced in
1391:Western cuisine
1380:Gingerbread man
1373:
1353:
1156:dishes such as
1126:
1071:
1066:
1045:
1008:
992:
943:
927:
925:
909:
907:
891:
889:
873:
871:
855:
853:
837:
835:
815:
793:. The fragrant
774:homes. It is a
756:
736:Aëtius of Amida
716:Pliny the Elder
675:
587:Pacific Islands
536:. It is a true
514:
502:(modern French
428:(Middle Indic)
413:from the Greek
387:
314:
235:flowering plant
220:
215:
209:
196:
82:
55:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9127:
9125:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9076:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9061:wfo-0000617397
9052:
9039:
9026:
9013:
9000:
8987:
8974:
8961:
8951:
8938:
8925:
8912:
8899:
8886:
8873:
8860:
8847:
8834:
8821:
8808:
8795:
8782:
8769:
8756:
8743:
8730:
8717:
8704:
8694:
8679:
8663:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8640:
8639:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8494:
8484:
8474:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8406:
8401:
8385:
8371:
8361:
8343:
8327:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8297:Dorrigo pepper
8290:
8276:
8269:Phorbol esters
8266:
8261:
8256:
8246:
8236:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8179:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8129:
8117:
8103:
8098:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8056:
8046:
8039:Cannabidivarin
8036:
8026:
8007:camphor laurel
8000:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7968:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7904:
7902:
7895:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7850:
7848:
7841:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7753:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7675:
7670:
7668:Mefenamic acid
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7590:
7574:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7361:St John's wort
7354:
7349:
7344:
7341:St John's wort
7333:
7331:
7324:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7288:
7283:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7237:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7207:
7189:
7186:Dorrigo pepper
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7129:
7119:
7114:
7107:Sichuan pepper
7100:
7084:
7079:
7077:Isothiocyanate
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7022:
7017:
7007:
6997:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6970:Cinnamaldehyde
6967:
6957:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6900:
6890:
6885:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6823:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6669:Morel mushroom
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6644:Chaga mushroom
6641:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6382:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6340:Related topics
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6200:Mulling spices
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6076:Cinnamon sugar
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Voatsiperifery
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5693:Nigella sativa
5684:
5679:
5677:Coriander seed
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5158:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4988:Consumed parts
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4896:Health effects
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:(ginger candy)
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4781:Ginger salad (
4779:
4777:Pork shogayaki
4774:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4531:
4530:External links
4528:
4525:
4524:
4477:
4406:
4365:
4313:
4292:(3): 367–371.
4271:
4229:
4180:
4138:
4111:(9): 1237–47.
4092:
4066:
4059:
4033:
4006:
3985:
3951:
3926:
3912:
3905:
3887:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3828:
3822:
3791:
3762:
3748:
3693:
3666:
3652:
3626:
3585:
3579:
3550:
3536:
3510:
3504:
3449:
3408:
3375:
3360:
3293:
3286:
3268:
3261:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3175:
3156:(2): 169–189.
3133:
3126:
3108:
3081:
3059:
3034:
3027:
3006:
2961:
2934:(2): 493–523.
2910:
2903:
2881:
2874:
2851:
2844:
2823:
2816:
2798:
2774:
2767:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2683:
2644:
2606:
2564:
2527:
2501:
2486:
2453:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:Chopped ginger
2361:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2283:anticoagulants
2266:
2263:
2252:osteoarthritis
2228:
2225:
2161:sesquiterpenes
2149:
2146:
2138:cardiovascular
2106:adverse events
2097:
2094:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1572:
1569:
1546:dicotyledonous
1522:Zingiber mioga
1506:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1372:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1134:Indian recipes
1125:
1122:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1044:
1041:
1007:
1006:Ginger farming
1004:
991:
988:
962:
961:
955:
954:
949:
940:
939:
936:
922:
921:
918:
904:
903:
900:
886:
885:
882:
868:
867:
864:
850:
849:
846:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
814:
811:
755:
752:
674:
671:
651:southern India
513:
510:
491:Middle English
487:folk etymology
400:Medieval Latin
386:
383:
334:ancient Greeks
262:inflorescences
222:
221:
216:
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
74:Inflorescence
71:
70:
62:
61:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9126:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9089:Indian spices
9087:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9062:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8637:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8623:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8587:Ruthenium red
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8567:Niflumic acid
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8435:α-Spinasterol
8433:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8162:Homocapsaicin
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8075:wild bergamot
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8023:camphor basil
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7888:
7878:
7877:Ruthenium red
7875:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7834:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7746:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7708:Ruthenium red
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Niflumic acid
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:; indirectly)
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7515:Frescolat MGA
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7418:Niflumic acid
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7317:
7307:
7306:Ruthenium red
7304:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7117:Methylglyoxal
7115:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6990:Cuminaldehyde
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6808:
6803:
6801:
6796:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6578:Summer savory
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6403:
6398:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:Ras el hanout
6238:
6236:
6235:Quatre épices
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:Khmeli suneli
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:Garlic powder
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:Bouquet garni
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Litsea cubeba
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Juniper berry
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Celery powder
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:Lemon verbena
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5167:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4828:Canh khoai mỡ
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Parkin (cake)
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4800:Gari (ginger)
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:(designation)
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4607:(var. amarum)
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:Pain Medicine
4376:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:(7): 1291–6.
4251:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4096:
4093:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:Curcuma longa
3725:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3287:0-520-22789-1
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3262:0-415-92746-3
3258:
3254:
3250:
3249:Pickersgill B
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2703:Scott, Robert
2700:
2696:
2687:
2684:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:(2): 163–70.
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2515:
2513:
2512:Curcuma longa
2505:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2442:
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2428:
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2418:
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2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:dietary fiber
2194:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:anticoagulant
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2090:micronutrient
2087:
2084:(10% DV) and
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:carbohydrates
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
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1877:
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1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
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1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1754:Riboflavin (B
1751:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:Dietary fiber
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:Carbohydrates
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:Zingiberaceae
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:confectionery
1476:
1472:
1469:. Candied or
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:), a type of
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:North America
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:canh khoai mỡ
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
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1234:
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1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
960:
956:
953:
950:
948:
942:
941:
937:
935:
924:
923:
919:
917:
906:
905:
901:
899:
888:
887:
883:
881:
870:
869:
865:
863:
852:
851:
847:
845:
834:
833:
827:
824:
823:
818:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
747:
745:
744:pharmacopeias
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
703:. During the
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
672:
670:
668:
664:
661:, along with
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Mediterranean
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
603:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
564:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:Curcuma longa
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:Ginger flower
526:
520:Ginger flower
518:
511:
509:
506:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
477:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
438:
432:
427:
422:
411:
405:
401:
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:
344:in the genus
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Curcuma longa
277:
273:
272:Zingiberaceae
270:
265:
263:
259:
256:
252:
251:folk medicine
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:Zingiberaceae
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:Tracheophytes
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
72:
68:
63:
60:
59:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
31:
24:
19:
8658:
8627:
8626:
8467:Cannabigerol
8438:
8391:
8349:
8333:
8321:
8283:black pepper
8243:chili pepper
8176:chili pepper
8166:chili pepper
8157:Hepoxilin B3
8152:Hepoxilin A3
8135:
8123:
8095:chili pepper
8053:chili pepper
7994:
7956:
7857:
7716:
7643:Clotrimazole
7584:
7568:
7520:Frescolat ML
7428:Progesterone
7337:Adhyperforin
7250:WIN 55,212-2
7243:
7195:
7094:
7062:Hepoxilin B3
7057:Hepoxilin A3
7050:
7028:
6960:Cannabigerol
6873:
6771:
6613:White willow
6583:Tea tree oil
6533:Marsh-mallow
6497:
6441:Asthma-plant
6220:Powder-douce
6210:Panch phoron
6180:Lemon pepper
6116:Garam masala
6106:Fines herbes
6086:Curry powder
6066:Chaat masala
5945:
5924:Sarsaparilla
5884:Onion powder
5832:Mango-ginger
5761:
5698:
5691:
5625:Chili powder
5410:
5400:Lemon myrtle
5357:
5353:
5308:
5307:Vietnamese (
5257:
5221:
5156:Drink Portal
5093:Shell ginger
4901:Aromatherapy
4827:
4806:
4782:
4721:Xiao Yao Wan
4692:Mahaoushadha
4691:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4605:White Ginger
4604:
4579:
4575:
4536:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4409:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4158:
4153:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4069:
4044:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
3996:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3967:
3954:
3946:the original
3915:
3896:
3890:
3870:
3863:
3837:
3831:
3805:
3775:
3765:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3679:
3669:
3635:
3629:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3562:
3519:
3513:
3487:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3390:
3369:
3363:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3277:
3271:
3252:
3210:
3203:
3184:
3178:
3153:
3149:
3136:
3117:
3111:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3065:the original
3050:
3037:
3018:
2995:cite journal
2981:(1): 59–70.
2978:
2974:
2964:
2931:
2926:
2894:
2884:
2864:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2790:
2757:
2727:
2720:
2706:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2622:
2618:
2584:
2580:
2555:. Retrieved
2546:
2540:
2518:. Retrieved
2511:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2444:. Retrieved
2430:
2424:
2417:
2375:
2293:, and other
2268:
2256:
2244:dysmenorrhea
2237:
2230:
2201:phytosterols
2189:monoterpenes
2185:
2151:
2102:side effects
2099:
2076:(14% of the
2055:
2013:
2008:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1681:
1657:
1613:
1564:carcinogenic
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1488:
1474:
1447:
1434:
1403:ginger snaps
1388:
1354:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1281:dish called
1270:
1264:
1249:
1236:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1184:
1178:
1127:
1091:
1088:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1014:Ginger field
1001:
997:
993:
965:
958:
951:
946:
757:
754:Horticulture
748:
732:Roman Empire
714:(40–90) and
709:
705:Song dynasty
678:
676:
640:
598:
575:canoe plants
572:
561:
555:
549:
531:
388:
363:chemotherapy
352:
345:
315: 5,000
304:Indo-Pacific
287:
279:
266:
242:
230:
226:
225:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
159:Zingiberales
142:
129:
116:
103:
56:
34:
18:
8851:iNaturalist
8683:Wikispecies
8602:Tivanisiran
8507:Capsazepine
8419:Zucapsaicin
8287:long pepper
8253:Pacific yew
8142:GSK1016790A
8029:Cannabidiol
8015:camphorweed
7703:RQ-00203078
7698:PF-05105679
7638:Capsazepine
7403:GSK2293017A
7367:Substance P
7352:GSK1702934A
7301:PF-04745637
7240:Umbellulone
7161:Pacific yew
7147:Oleocanthal
7126:wintergreen
7087:Ligustilide
6950:Cannabidiol
6915:horseradish
6736:Herb garden
6543:Opium poppy
6456:medical use
6319:Bangladeshi
6250:Sharena sol
6245:Recado rojo
6230:Qâlat daqqa
6190:Mixed spice
6126:Garlic salt
6091:Doubanjiang
5827:Long pepper
5787:Horseradish
5605:Celery seed
5478:Sanshō leaf
5395:Lemon grass
5046:wild ginger
5015:Dehydration
5008:Preparation
4939:Gingerdiols
4874:Masala chai
4869:Wedang Jahe
4864:Ginger wine
4844:Ginger beer
4772:Gingerbread
4652:Ogawa Umare
4590:Alimentary
4085:21 December
3401:25 November
2676:4 September
2557:25 November
2479:4 September
2446:10 December
2215:which is a
2199:, protein,
2193:amino acids
2169:zingiberene
2078:Daily Value
2070:food energy
1737:Thiamine (B
1556:wild ginger
1485:Middle East
1475:stem ginger
1467:ginger beer
1461:and cakes,
1451:gingerbread
1439:ginger beer
1427:Ginger wine
1399:gingerbread
1321:Philippines
1296:wedang jahe
1186:masala chai
1118:ginger wine
1112:, to which
772:subtropical
768:landscaping
764:flower buds
740:Middle Ages
712:Dioscorides
659:spice trade
657:during the
643:Middle East
624:South India
577:during the
391:Old English
330:spice trade
306:during the
253:. It is an
243:ginger root
149:Commelinids
123:Angiosperms
9078:Categories
9009:kew-273361
9004:Plant List
8497:Cannabinol
8397:pooissonii
8388:Tinyatoxin
8339:pooissonii
8303:Probenecid
8293:Polygodial
8249:Paclitaxel
8233:PAVA spray
8120:Evodiamine
8071:pepperwort
7986:Anandamide
7953:α-Sanshool
7901:Activators
7854:Triptolide
7847:Activators
7759:Activators
7735:TRPM4-IN-5
7653:Elismetrep
7581:stevioside
7509:eucalyptus
7505:Eucalyptol
7469:ADP-ribose
7462:Activators
7398:GSK417651A
7357:Hyperforin
7330:Activators
7210:Tear gases
7182:Polygodial
7172:PF-4840154
7157:Paclitaxel
7025:Dicentrine
6935:Bradykinin
6870:α-Sanshool
6838:Activators
6820:modulators
6756:Homeopathy
6746:Herbal tea
6598:Umckaloabo
6573:Star anise
6553:Peppermint
6518:Lemon balm
6513:Goldenseal
6446:Astragalus
6357:Marination
6352:Herbal tea
6314:Australian
6310:By region
6285:Yuzu koshō
6275:Thuna paha
6215:Persillade
5968:Tonka bean
5904:Poppy seed
5812:Dried lime
5735:Fingerroot
5650:New Mexico
5558:Asafoetida
5390:Lemon balm
5348:Hoja santa
5328:Curry leaf
4966:Azashogaol
4933:Oleoresins
4854:Ginger tea
4849:Ginger ale
4813:Ginger nut
4795:Beni shōga
4624:Medicinal
4155:Food Chem.
3724:Turmeric (
3074:23 January
2785:Harper D.
2693:ζιγγίβερις
2409:References
2285:, such as
2279:gallstones
2163:, such as
2142:nifedipine
2108:, such as
1945:Phosphorus
1463:ginger ale
1435:tsitsibira
1425:, France.
1395:ginger ale
1337:herbal tea
1301:palm sugar
1218:beni shōga
1150:Vietnamese
848:1,844,000
813:Production
807:sialagogue
799:sweetmeats
632:Madagascar
495:Old French
421:zingiberis
416:ζιγγίβερις
255:herbaceous
8817:200028468
8791:200028468
8628:See also:
8612:TRPV3-74a
8597:SB-705498
8592:SB-366791
8542:Lanthanum
8537:HC-067047
8457:Asivatrep
8318:Rutamarin
8182:Incensole
8132:Gingerols
8101:Estradiol
8077:, others)
8059:Carvacrol
8049:Capsaicin
7943:13-oxoODE
7933:12S-HpETE
7913:5',6'-EET
7713:Rutamarin
7612:Thio-BCTC
7565:Rutamarin
7495:Coolact P
7286:HC-030031
7151:olive oil
7047:Gingerols
6860:12S-HpETE
6751:Herbalism
6523:Liquorice
6483:Fenugreek
6478:Chaparral
6473:Chamomile
6426:Aloe vera
6367:Spice rub
6362:Seasoning
6329:Pakistani
6160:Idli podi
6131:Gochujang
6081:Crab boil
5998:Yuzu zest
5929:Sassafras
5817:Liquorice
5723:Fenugreek
5660:Cultivars
4975:Zingerone
4960:Processed
4927:Zingibain
4922:Gingerols
4837:Beverages
4823:Speculaas
4783:gyin-thot
4675:Temulawak
4626:Varieties
4592:Varieties
4454:1932-6203
4258:1128-3602
4216:0022-0302
3758:208647553
3662:203378390
3621:2091-1009
3546:208647553
3444:0920-1297
3337:1932-6203
2956:146739541
2948:0029-8115
2275:heartburn
2269:Although
2213:zingibain
2181:gingerols
2173:zingerone
2148:Chemistry
2086:manganese
2082:magnesium
2074:potassium
2064:, and 1%
1958:Potassium
1932:Manganese
1919:Magnesium
1851:Vitamin E
1838:Vitamin C
1821:Folate (B
1805:Vitamin B
1771:Niacin (B
1571:Nutrition
1411:speculaas
1365:Jamaicans
1357:Caribbean
1291:Indonesia
1283:gyin-thot
1237:shoga no
1181:Ayurvedic
1154:flavoring
970:, led by
952:4,328,277
916:Indonesia
795:perisperm
791:sprouting
776:perennial
693:Confucius
620:Sri Lanka
616:Dravidian
505:gingembre
493:from the
459:Malayalam
451:Dravidian
446:śṛṅgavera
440:from the
437:siṅgabera
431:siṅgabera
424:from the
385:Etymology
377:, led by
328:with the
258:perennial
187:Species:
93:Kingdom:
9109:Zingiber
9048:34500018
9043:Tropicos
8921:88308170
8882:10208099
8869:798372-1
8668:Wikidata
8562:NGD-8243
8547:Mavatrep
8532:GRC-6211
8501:cannabis
8491:cannabis
8481:cannabis
8471:cannabis
8452:AMG-9810
8428:Blockers
8409:Vanillin
8404:Tramadol
8368:cannabis
8346:Shogaols
8279:Piperine
8043:cannabis
8033:cannabis
8011:rosemary
7928:12S-HETE
7923:9-oxoODE
7870:Blockers
7820:PI(4,5)P
7808:Blockers
7786:PI(3,5)P
7693:Ononetin
7678:Nicotine
7626:Blockers
7602:fructose
7594:tastants
7540:Linalool
7525:Geraniol
7485:CIM-0216
7376:Blockers
7291:Nicotine
7266:A-967079
7259:Blockers
7219:cannabis
7192:Shogaols
7137:Nicotine
7103:Linalool
7042:Formalin
7004:turmeric
7000:Curcumin
6974:cinnamon
6964:cannabis
6954:cannabis
6944:cannabis
6930:ASP-7663
6888:Acrolein
6674:Shiitake
6603:Valerian
6593:Turmeric
6563:Rosemary
6528:Marigold
6493:Flaxseed
6488:Feverfew
6468:Cardamom
6451:Cannabis
6436:Borututu
6306:Culinary
6280:Vadouvan
6255:Shichimi
6153:Húng lìu
5973:Turmeric
5958:Tamarind
5807:Korarima
5740:Galangal
5708:Deulkkae
5667:Cinnamon
5645:Jalapeño
5635:Chipotle
5583:Cardamom
5536:Allspice
5503:Woodruff
5493:Tarragon
5458:Rosemary
5423:Marjoram
5385:Lavender
5380:Kkaennip
5318:Culantro
5302:Bolivian
5251:Bay leaf
5223:Angelica
5083:zerumbet
5073:turmeric
5068:galangal
5025:Steeping
4970:Shogaols
4929:(enzyme)
4917:Paradols
4684:Ayurveda
4519:35645698
4511:29393665
4472:26488162
4424:PLOS ONE
4401:22054010
4360:27000311
4308:10793599
4266:25912592
4224:21524515
4175:26675871
4125:17723077
4020:Archived
4016:30844154
3978:28 March
3972:Archived
3962:(2024).
3682:. Ames.
3355:36701280
3307:PLOS ONE
3170:55763047
3103:42928105
2787:"ginger"
2670:"Ginger"
2639:23448741
2601:27701665
2520:26 March
2397:See also
2287:warfarin
2227:Research
2205:vitamins
2177:shogaols
2154:volatile
2136:and the
2134:warfarin
2126:interact
2014:Quantity
1939:0.229 mg
1879:Quantity
1873:Minerals
1799:0.203 mg
1765:0.034 mg
1748:0.025 mg
1723:Quantity
1717:Vitamins
1527:galangal
1459:crackers
1309:Malaysia
1146:Japanese
1110:herb tea
1069:Culinary
938:167,021
934:Thailand
920:183,518
902:298,945
884:618,904
866:734,295
825:Country
760:clusters
728:galangal
680:Analects
653:and the
645:and the
634:and the
591:Reflexes
538:cultigen
499:gingibre
464:iñci-vēr
442:Sanskrit
410:gingiber
404:gingiber
395:gingifer
292:galangal
284:cardamom
276:turmeric
180:Zingiber
165:Family:
136:Monocots
8983:1063866
8929:MoBotPF
8830:2757280
8747:Ecocrop
8582:RN-9893
8577:RN-1734
8447:AMG-517
8413:vanilla
8382:oregano
8354:Sichuan
8332:(RTX) (
8308:Protons
8271:(e.g.,
8204:Menthol
8186:incense
8106:Eugenol
8063:oregano
8003:Camphor
7971:Allicin
7961:Sichuan
7948:20-HETE
7938:13-HODE
7781:ML2-SA1
7682:tobacco
7633:AMG-333
7606:sucrose
7598:glucose
7596:(e.g.,
7579:(e.g.,
7545:Menthol
7479:Calcium
7295:tobacco
7271:AM-0902
7200:Sichuan
7141:tobacco
7030:Lindera
6907:mustard
6893:Allicin
6878:Sichuan
6855:4,5-EET
6817:channel
6664:Meshima
6659:Maitake
6623:Za'atar
6608:Verbena
6548:Oregano
6508:Ginseng
6463:Caraway
6421:Alfalfa
6290:Za'atar
6185:Mitmita
6136:Harissa
6051:Berbere
6041:Baharat
6008:Zereshk
6003:Zedoary
5983:Vanilla
5946:huājiāo
5919:Saffron
5909:Radhuni
5889:Paprika
5874:Njangsa
5869:Nigella
5847:Mustard
5745:greater
5655:Tabasco
5630:Cayenne
5610:Charoli
5578:Caraway
5573:Camphor
5541:Amchoor
5453:Perilla
5448:Parsley
5443:Oregano
5438:Mitsuba
5433:Mugwort
5358:giấp cá
5338:Epazote
5309:rau răm
5275:Chervil
5048:(toxic)
5030:Boiling
5020:Grating
4995:Rhizome
4463:4619316
4432:Bibcode
4351:7387104
4133:3905654
4026:21 June
3605:: 1–4.
3391:FAOSTAT
3346:9879437
3315:Bibcode
2711:at the
2543:Roscoe"
2301:Gallery
2291:aspirin
2080:, DV),
2062:protein
1991:0.34 mg
1893:Calcium
1858:0.26 mg
1815:0.16 mg
1782:0.75 mg
1683:Protein
1622:17.77 g
1455:cookies
1417:called
1415:liqueur
1355:In the
1341:dessert
1329:Vietnam
1325:salabat
1319:in the
1267:Myanmar
1233:noodles
1203:nursing
1158:seafood
1138:Chinese
1130:fibrous
1106:steeped
1098:vinegar
1094:pickled
976:Nigeria
862:Nigeria
787:scalded
783:withers
770:around
720:Ptolemy
673:History
663:peppers
636:Comoros
593:of the
426:Prakrit
290:), and
239:rhizome
233:) is a
175:Genus:
155:Order:
97:Plantae
40:Ginger
9104:Spices
9084:Ginger
9017:PLANTS
8970:374840
8954:NZOR:
8934:287577
8856:122971
8765:987032
8726:439845
8697:APDB:
8674:Q35625
8522:DHEA-S
8374:Thymol
8350:ginger
8273:4α-PDD
8136:ginger
7975:garlic
7957:ginger
7918:9-HODE
7815:ML-SI3
7776:ML-SA1
7771:MK6-83
7592:Sweet
7555:PMD 38
7535:Icilin
7388:DHEA-S
7280:celery
7196:ginger
7091:celery
7082:JT-010
7072:Icilin
7051:ginger
7014:celery
6919:wasabi
6911:radish
6897:garlic
6874:ginger
6741:Herbal
6618:Yarrow
6503:Ginkgo
6498:Ginger
6324:Indian
6141:Hawaij
6096:Douchi
6071:Chaunk
6036:Advieh
6031:Adjika
6023:Blends
5993:Wasabi
5934:Sesame
5879:Nutmeg
5842:Mahleb
5837:Mastic
5772:Golpar
5762:Ginger
5757:Garlic
5750:lesser
5718:Fennel
5615:Chenpi
5595:Cassia
5526:Ajwain
5521:Aonori
5513:Spices
5488:Sorrel
5473:Savory
5418:Lovage
5365:Hyssop
5292:Cicely
5280:Chives
5270:Borage
5258:tejpat
5108:others
4997:(root)
4889:Health
4765:Dishes
4647:Kankyo
4642:Shokyo
4576:Ginger
4517:
4509:
4470:
4460:
4452:
4399:
4358:
4348:
4306:
4264:
4256:
4222:
4214:
4173:
4131:
4123:
4057:
4014:
4004:
3903:
3878:
3852:
3838:Ginger
3820:
3806:Ginger
3756:
3746:
3660:
3650:
3619:
3577:
3563:Ginger
3544:
3534:
3502:
3488:Ginger
3442:
3422:Focaal
3353:
3343:
3335:
3284:
3259:
3218:
3191:
3168:
3124:
3101:
3057:
3025:
2954:
2946:
2901:
2872:
2842:
2814:
2765:
2735:
2637:
2599:
2553:. 2017
2240:nausea
2233:nausea
2221:rennet
2207:, and
2179:, and
1971:Sodium
1965:415 mg
1913:0.6 mg
1690:1.82 g
1666:0.75 g
1629:Sugars
1599:Energy
1499:Nowruz
1495:Gorgan
1465:, and
1423:Jarnac
1419:Canton
1409:, and
1407:parkin
1361:sorrel
1251:kimchi
1247:Korean
1195:lentil
1164:, and
1142:Korean
1102:sherry
982:, and
968:tonnes
944:
931:
913:
895:
877:
859:
841:
724:Ceylon
701:scurvy
697:Faxian
667:cloves
608:Hawaii
546:ginger
476:srngam
467:(from
434:, and
375:tonnes
347:Asarum
342:dicots
338:Romans
326:Europe
322:Hawaii
269:family
249:and a
237:whose
227:Ginger
218:Roscoe
8947:94328
8908:42402
8895:57537
8877:IRMNG
8843:42254
8799:FoAO2
8778:ZINOF
8739:5D5GX
8713:55812
8700:20242
8512:DCDPC
8378:thyme
8114:clove
8110:basil
8067:thyme
7981:AM404
7908:2-APB
7794:SF-22
7766:EVP21
7750:TRPML
7648:DCDPC
7617:WS-12
7383:DCDPC
7234:onion
7111:thyme
7033:spp.)
6994:cumin
6925:AM404
6632:Fungi
6588:Thyme
6431:Anise
6414:Herbs
6299:Lists
6265:Tajin
6260:Tabil
6101:Duqqa
6061:Buknu
5978:Uzazi
5953:Sumac
5939:Shiso
5862:white
5857:brown
5852:black
5802:Kokum
5687:Cumin
5682:Cubeb
5672:Clove
5620:Chili
5588:black
5546:Anise
5498:Thyme
5483:Shiso
5370:Jimbu
5323:Cress
5265:Boldo
5244:Lemon
5229:Basil
5214:Herbs
5063:myoga
4758:Foods
4634:Kampo
4515:S2CID
4242:(PDF)
4129:S2CID
4077:. US
3940:. US
3754:S2CID
3658:S2CID
3542:S2CID
3166:S2CID
3146:(PDF)
3099:JSTOR
3068:(PDF)
3047:(PDF)
2952:S2CID
2473:NCCIH
2471:. US
2140:drug
2132:drug
2060:, 2%
2020:Water
1978:13 mg
1952:34 mg
1926:43 mg
1900:16 mg
1832:11 μg
1633:1.7 g
1516:myoga
1431:Corfu
1327:. In
1313:halia
1287:khing
1279:salad
1207:katlu
1191:pulse
1114:honey
984:Nepal
980:China
972:India
947:World
898:Nepal
880:China
844:India
803:Bantu
602:laqia
597:word
461:term
455:Tamil
379:India
247:spice
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
9030:POWO
9022:ZIOF
8991:PfaF
8942:NCBI
8916:IUCN
8903:ITIS
8864:IPNI
8838:GRIN
8825:GBIF
8773:EPPO
8752:2177
8721:BOLD
8708:APNI
8517:DHEA
8462:BCTC
8356:and
8313:RhTx
8208:mint
8196:Low
8147:Heat
8081:DHEA
7963:and
7892:TRPV
7838:TRPP
7799:SN-2
7730:TPPO
7549:mint
7490:Cold
7474:BCTC
7453:TRPM
7433:Pyr3
7321:TRPC
7202:and
6880:and
6829:TRPA
6568:Sage
6538:Neem
6013:Zest
5914:Rose
5728:blue
5551:star
5468:Sage
5428:Mint
5343:Hemp
5333:Dill
5239:Thai
5234:Holy
4662:Jamu
4507:PMID
4468:PMID
4450:ISSN
4397:PMID
4356:PMID
4332:2016
4304:PMID
4262:PMID
4254:ISSN
4220:PMID
4212:ISSN
4171:PMID
4121:PMID
4087:2014
4055:ISBN
4028:2024
4012:PMID
4002:ISBN
3980:2024
3901:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3617:ISSN
3575:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3440:ISSN
3426:2015
3403:2021
3351:PMID
3333:ISSN
3282:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3076:2019
3055:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3001:link
2944:ISSN
2899:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2678:2023
2635:PMID
2597:PMID
2581:JAMA
2559:2017
2522:2018
2481:2023
2448:2017
2376:Gari
2167:and
2157:oils
2120:'s "
2023:79 g
1984:Zinc
1906:Iron
1845:5 mg
1562:, a
1317:luya
1305:jahe
1271:gyin
1242:zuke
1239:sato
1229:tofu
1224:gari
1221:and
1212:ghee
1193:and
1162:meat
1124:Asia
1064:Uses
779:reed
622:and
482:vera
457:and
367:drug
336:and
9056:WFO
8890:ISC
8812:FoC
8786:FNA
8760:EoL
8734:CoL
7583:) (
6815:TRP
5463:Rue
4708:TCM
4499:doi
4458:PMC
4440:doi
4387:doi
4346:PMC
4336:doi
4294:doi
4202:doi
4163:doi
4159:197
4113:doi
4079:FDA
4051:272
3968:FDA
3942:FDA
3842:doi
3810:doi
3780:doi
3736:doi
3684:doi
3640:doi
3607:doi
3567:doi
3524:doi
3492:doi
3430:doi
3395:FAO
3341:PMC
3323:doi
3158:doi
2983:doi
2936:doi
2627:doi
2589:doi
2585:316
2514:L."
2289:or
2118:FDA
2066:fat
1963:14%
1937:10%
1924:10%
1884:%DV
1728:%DV
1659:Fat
1643:2 g
1541:).
1389:In
1265:In
1231:or
1100:or
1096:in
801:by
508:).
470:vēr
371:FDA
282:),
9080::
9058::
9045::
9032::
9019::
9006::
8993::
8980::
8967::
8944::
8931::
8918::
8905::
8892::
8879::
8866::
8853::
8840::
8827::
8814::
8801::
8788::
8775::
8762::
8749::
8736::
8723::
8710::
8685::
8670::
8633:•
8380:,
8352:,
8285:,
8198:pH
8112:,
8073:,
8069:,
8065:,
8021:,
8017:,
8013:,
8009:,
7959:,
7604:,
7600:,
7198:,
7109:,
7093:,
6917:,
6913:,
6909:,
6876:,
4513:.
4505:.
4495:59
4493:.
4489:.
4466:.
4456:.
4448:.
4438:.
4428:10
4426:.
4422:.
4395:.
4383:12
4381:.
4377:.
4354:.
4344:.
4325:.
4302:.
4290:84
4283:.
4260:.
4250:19
4248:.
4244:.
4218:.
4210:.
4198:94
4196:.
4192:.
4169:.
4141:^
4127:.
4119:.
4109:27
4107:.
4053:.
4018:.
4010:.
3970:.
3966:.
3929:^
3848:,
3816:,
3794:^
3774:.
3752:,
3742:,
3696:^
3678:.
3656:,
3646:,
3615:.
3603:13
3601:.
3597:.
3573:,
3553:^
3540:,
3530:,
3498:,
3452:^
3438:.
3424:.
3420:.
3393:.
3389:.
3378:^
3349:.
3339:.
3331:.
3321:.
3311:18
3309:.
3305:.
3230:^
3164:.
3154:46
3152:.
3148:.
3095:26
3093:.
3009:^
2997:}}
2993:{{
2979:23
2977:.
2973:.
2950:.
2942:.
2932:52
2925:.
2913:^
2854:^
2826:^
2789:.
2777:^
2747:^
2705:;
2701:;
2697:.
2647:^
2633:.
2623:40
2621:.
2609:^
2595:.
2579:.
2567:^
2549:.
2545:.
2530:^
2456:^
2439:,
2435:.
2429:.
2297:.
2261:.
2223:.
2203:,
2195:,
2191:,
2175:,
2171:,
2144:.
1989:3%
1976:1%
1950:3%
1911:3%
1898:1%
1856:2%
1843:6%
1830:3%
1813:9%
1797:4%
1780:5%
1763:3%
1746:2%
1544:A
1457:,
1453:,
1445:.
1405:,
1401:,
1397:,
1347:.
1343:,
1168:.
1160:,
1148:,
1144:,
1140:,
1120:.
978:,
809:.
665:,
628:BP
583:BP
570:.
407:,
318:BP
312:c.
241:,
145::
132::
119::
106::
8503:)
8499:(
8493:)
8489:(
8483:)
8479:(
8473:)
8469:(
8443:)
8437:(
8415:)
8411:(
8400:)
8395:/
8390:(
8384:)
8376:(
8370:)
8366:(
8360:)
8348:(
8342:)
8337:/
8326:)
8320:(
8299:)
8295:(
8289:)
8281:(
8275:)
8255:)
8251:(
8245:)
8241:(
8235:)
8231:(
8210:)
8206:(
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8184:(
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8174:(
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8134:(
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8122:(
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8108:(
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8093:(
8061:(
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8051:(
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8041:(
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8031:(
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7999:)
7993:(
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7973:(
7967:)
7955:(
7862:)
7856:(
7822:2
7788:2
7721:)
7715:(
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7567:(
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7547:(
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7507:(
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6872:(
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6799:t
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4030:.
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3224:.
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2050:.
1825:)
1823:9
1807:6
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
