667:, who systematically sexually abused the pupils in his care. Cherubini made no secret about some of his transgressions, and Calasanz came to know of them. Unfortunately for Calasanz as administrator of the Order, Cherubini was the son and the brother of powerful papal lawyers and no one wanted to offend the Cherubini family. Cherubini pointed out that if allegations of his abuse of his boys became public, actions would be taken to destroy the Order. Calasanz therefore promoted him, to get him away from the scene of the crime, citing only his luxurious diet and failure to attend prayers. However, he knew what Cherubini had really been up to, and he wrote that the sole aim of the plan was "to cover up this great shame in order that it does not come to the notice of our superiors".
702:
367:
52:
690:.) The support for Cherubini was broad enough that in 1643, he was made superior general of the Order and the elderly Calasanz was pushed aside. Upon this appointment, Calasanz publicly documented Cherubini's long pattern of child molestation, a pattern that he had known about for years. Even this did not block Cherubini's appointment, but other members of the Order were indignant about it, although they may have objected to Cherubini's more overt shortcomings. With such dissension, the
1090:
503:
1066:
1102:
578:, Calasanz was the founder of the first free public school in modern Europe. In both cases, it was a revolutionary initiative, a radical break with the class privileges that kept the masses marginalized and in poverty. In the history of education, Calasanz is an educator of the poor, offering education free of charge to all classes of society, without discrimination.
449:
personally carrying away for burial the bodies of those who had been stricken. On account of his heroic patience and fortitude in the midst of trouble and persecution, he was called a marvel of
Christian courage, a second Job. During the following years, Calasanz established Pious Schools in various parts of Europe. In October 1628 he was a guest of the
415:
about 2,000. Calasanz threw himself into the response, joining a religious fraternity dedicated to helping the poor, and began to help in the cleaning up and recovery of the city. In 1600, he opened his “Pious School” in the center of Rome and soon there were extensions, in response to growing demands for enrollment from students.
599:
educator, he considered education to be the best way of changing society. All his writing is imbued with his
Christian ideals, and the constitutions and regulations of the Pious schools were based on the same spirit. Calasanz created an ideal image of a Christian teacher and used it to train the teachers who worked with him.
445:
Calasanz in the chapel of his palace. They were the very first priests to have as their primary ministry teaching in elementary schools. Emphasizing love, not fear, St. Joseph wrote: "if from the very earliest years, a child is instructed in both religion and letters, it can be reasonably hoped that his life will be happy."
1078:
638:
The philosopher whose utopian visions proposed social reforms in which the education of the masses played an important part must have been a kindred spirit for
Calasanz, who was already putting such utopian ideas into practice. Calasanz, with his courage and open-mindedness, invited the controversial
610:
schools. In terms of discipline, and contrary to the prevailing philosophy of his own and subsequent eras, Calasanz favored the mildest punishment possible. While believing that punishment was necessary in certain cases, he always preached moderation, love and kindness as the basis of any discipline.
794:
Because August 25 falls during summer vacation in many schools, the Order in its official "Calendarium
Ordinis" celebrates November 27 as the "Patrocinium" of St. Joseph Calasanz. It is a day that teachers and students can especially honor him. That date was chosen in honor of the day he opened his
581:
Calasanz displayed the same moral courage, in his attitude to victims of the
Inquisition, such as Galileo and Campanella, and in the acceptance of Jewish children in his schools, where they were treated with the same respect as other pupils. Similarly, Protestant pupils were enrolled in his schools
655:
sciences of
Galilei and his service towards children and youth all aroused the opposition of many among the governing classes in society and the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In 1642, as a result of an internal crisis in the congregation as well as outside intrigues and pressures, Calasanz was briefly
627:
When
Galileo fell into disgrace, Calasanz instructed members of his congregation to provide him with whatever assistance he needed and authorized the Piarists to continue studying mathematics and science with him. Unfortunately, those opposed to Calasanz and his work used the Piarists' support and
619:
At a time when humanistic studies ruled the roost, Calasanz sensed the importance of mathematics and science for the future and issued frequent instructions that mathematics and science should be taught in his schools and that his teachers should have a firmer grounding in those subjects. Calasanz
444:
dedicated essentially to teaching, by his brief "Ad ea per quae." On March 25, 1617, he and his fourteen assistants received the
Piarist habit and became the first members of the new congregation. The habits were paid for by the Cardinal Protector Justiniani, who with his own hands invested Joseph
414:
flooded its banks to historic levels, reaching an additional depth of nearly 20 m (65 ft) above its normal level. The devastation was widespread. Hundreds of the already poor families who lived along the river's banks were left homeless and without food. The death toll was estimated at
598:
Calasanz placed great emphasis on the teaching of mathematics. Training in mathematics and science was considered very important in his Pious schools, both for pupils and teachers. But
Calasanz's main concern was undoubtedly the moral and Christian education of his students. As both priest and
594:
Calasanz taught his students to read both in Latin and in the vernacular. While maintaining the study of Latin, he was a strong defender of vernacular languages, and had textbooks, including those used for teaching Latin, written in the vernacular. In that respect he was more advanced than his
586:
to set up schools there, a request which he could not, to his regret, fulfill, due to a lack of teachers. He organized and systematized a method of educating primary school pupils through progressive levels or cycles, a system of vocational training, and a system of public secondary education.
306:
Joseph's mother and brother having died, his father wanted him to marry and carry on the family. But a sickness in 1582 soon brought Joseph to the brink of the grave, which caused his father to relent. On his recovery, he was ordained a priest on
December 17, 1583, by Hugo Ambrosio de Moncada,
448:
While residing in Rome, Joseph endeavored to visit the seven principal churches of that city almost every evening, and also to honor the tombs of the Roman martyrs. During one of the city's many outbreaks of plague, a holy rivalry existed between him and St. Camillus in aiding the sick and in
382:
Marcoantonio Colonna, who chose him as his theologian and, once he had learned to express himself in Italian, entrusted him with the spiritual direction of his household. The city of Rome offered many opportunities for works of charity, especially for the instruction of neglected and homeless
590:
In an era when no one else was interested in public education, Calasanz managed to set up schools with a highly complex structure. He was concerned with physical education and hygiene. He addressed the subject in various documents and requested school directors to monitor children's health.
349:
and Calasanz accompanied him as his secretary. The bishop died the following year and Calasanz left, though urgently requested to remain. He hurried to Peralta de Calasanz, only to be present at the death of his father. He was then called by the Bishop of Urgel to act as
259:(minor nobleman) and town mayor, and Pedro's wife MarĂa GastĂłn y de Sala. Joseph had two sisters, Marta and Cristina. His parents gave him a good education at home and then at the elementary school of Peralta. In 1569, he was sent for classical studies to a college in
709:
Calasanz always remained faithful to the Church and died August 25, 1648, at the age of 90, admired for his holiness and courage by his students, their families, his fellow Piarists, and the people of Rome. He was buried in the Church of San Pantaleo.
628:
assistance to Galileo as an excuse to attack them. Despite such attacks, Calasanz continued to support Galileo. When, in 1637, Galileo lost his sight, Calasanz ordered the Piarist Clemente Settimi to serve as his secretary.
635:(1558–1639), one of the most profound and fertile minds of his time, producing famous philosophical works. Although he was highly controversial as well, Campanella maintained a strong and fruitful friendship with Calasanz.
387:
and gathered boys from the streets for schooling. However, this initiative was not well received by teachers at the school. Being poorly paid, they refused to accept the additional labor without remuneration.
761:
affirmed that Saint Joseph Calasanz took as a model Christ, and he tried to transmit to youth, besides the profane sciences, the wisdom of the Gospel, teaching them to grasp the loving harmony of God.
421:
began making an annual contribution and many others gave their financial support to the work so that in a short time Calasanz had about 1,000 children under his charge. In 1602, he rented a house near
809:
407:
and promised assistance in teaching, and when two other priests promised similar help, Calasanz, in 1597 (November 27), opened what was thought to be the first free public school in Europe.
791:. Calasanz is also commemorated in a number of schools around the world, named after him and overseen by the Piarists and other religious institutes that have him as their patron saint.
1147:
1142:
1172:
602:
Calasanz was the first educator to advocate the preventive method: it is better to anticipate mischievous behaviour than to punish it. This method was later developed by
639:
thinker to Frascati to help teach philosophy to his teachers. Thus, Campanella, who had rallied to the support of Galileo, also came to the defense of Calasanz with his
485:. The Order of the Pious Schools was thus the last of the religious Orders of solemn vows approved by the Church. The Piarists, as do many religious, profess vows of
900:
1197:
477:, Latin for "of the Pious Schools". The Order's Constitutions were approved by Gregory XV on January 31, 1622, and the order was granted all the privileges of the
1207:
1202:
473:(Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools). The modern abbreviation "Sch. P." following the name of the Piarist stands for
489:. In addition, according to the wishes of St. Joseph, members of the Order also profess a fourth vow to dedicate their lives to the education of youth.
425:, commenced a community life with his assistants, and laid the foundation of the Order of the Pious Schools or Piarists. In 1610, Calasanz wrote the
429:
in which he laid out the fundamental principles of his educational philosophy. The text was accompanied by regulations for teachers and for pupils.
271:. While there, at the age of 14, he determined that he wanted to become a priest. In this, however, he was met with no support from his parents.
674:
for the Piarists. The Piarists became entangled in church politics and, partially because they were associated with Galileo, were opposed by the
1192:
1187:
1182:
1167:
1157:
997:
Josep Domènech i Mira, Joseph Calasanz (1557–1648), "Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education. Paris, UNESCO, XXVII: 2, 327–39.
1137:
384:
1162:
787:, Spain has a parish church, Parroquia de San José de Calasanz, dedicated to him. There is also the Church of San Jose de Calasanz in
624:
and sent some distinguished Piarists to study under the great scientist. He shared and defended his controversial view of the cosmos.
864:
Mershman, Francis. "St. Joseph Calasanctius." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 Feb. 2013
542:
1017:
217:
priest, educator and the founder of the Pious Schools, which provided free education to poor boys. For this purpose he founded the
1049:
772:
since 1969. The 1769 to 1969 editions of that calendar placed it on August 27, which was then the nearest free day to August 25.
520:
486:
323:
296:
701:
631:
Calasanz brought the same understanding and sympathy that he had shown to Galileo to his friendship with the great philosopher
1132:
883:,(translated by Father Salvador Cudinach, Sch.P.) published by the Argentinian Province of the Piarist Fathers in India, 1993
780:
524:
253:, on September 11, 1556, the youngest of the eight children, and second son. His parents were Pedro de Calasanz y de Mur, an
314:
During his ecclesiastical career in Spain, Calasanz held various offices in his native region. He began his ministry in the
457:
and there, too, he established the Pious Schools. After convincing the pope of the need to approve a religious order with
897:
366:
461:
dedicated exclusively to the education of youth, the congregation was raised to that status on November 18, 1621, by a
440:
approved Calasanz's group as the Pauline Congregation of the Poor of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools, the first
1056:
954:
422:
57:
51:
1152:
663:
Problems were exacerbated, however, by Father Stefano Cherubini, originally headmaster of the Piarist school in
338:, a distant village to the northeast of Lerida, he established a foundation that distributed food to the poor.
214:
374:
In 1592, at 35, Calasanz moved to Rome. He hoped to further his ecclesiastical career and secure some kind of
315:
1177:
513:
933:
769:
379:
292:
168:
670:
Superiors in Rome found out but bowed to the same family ties that had bound Calasanz. Cherubini became
318:, where Bishop Gaspar Juan de la Figuera appointed him his theologian, confessor, synodal examiner, and
396:
1127:
1122:
1040:
671:
300:
279:
998:
843:
441:
346:
1094:
719:
687:
632:
153:
146:
327:
758:
735:
727:
575:
556:
418:
342:
331:
268:
250:
131:
118:
75:
705:
Religious holiday in Frascati: arrival of St Joseph Calasanz and the image of Our Lady – 1823
694:
took the easy course of suppressing the Order. In 1646, it was deprived of its privileges by
1082:
651:
His pedagogical idea of educating every child, his schools for the poor, his support of the
482:
478:
378:. He lived there for most of his remaining 56 years. In Rome, Calasanz found a protector in
255:
198:
190:
958:
904:
776:
695:
621:
466:
326:, Calasanz followed him to the new diocese. During that period, he spent several years in
308:
234:
226:
218:
105:
79:
61:
582:
in Germany. So great and universal was Calasanz's prestige that he was even asked by the
916:
788:
583:
560:
450:
283:
1116:
1070:
820:
815:
742:
567:
563:
351:
112:
1106:
1024:
848:, vol. XXVII, no. 2, June 1998, p. 327-39. UNESCO:International Bureau of Education
652:
125:
95:
17:
27:
16th and 17th-century Spanish priest, educator, founder of the Piarists, and saint
555:
The concept of free education for the poor was not exclusive to Calasanz. In the
657:
502:
462:
458:
454:
437:
319:
1089:
952:"A Brief History of the Piarist Order", The Piarist School of Martin, Kentucky
603:
571:
400:
275:
1032:
863:
765:
752:
731:
723:
679:
287:
260:
238:
436:
was started up on Calasanz's initiative. One year later, on March 6, 1617,
249:
Calasanz was born at the Castle of Calasanz near Peralta De La Sal in the
804:
691:
607:
433:
404:
375:
335:
222:
185:
42:
951:
784:
683:
675:
527: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
698:, but the order was restored ten years later by Pope Alexander VIII.
664:
392:
140:
403:, Anthony Brendani, offered Joseph two rooms just off of the parish
299:, which at the time was then still located at its original site in
700:
411:
365:
355:
264:
230:
747:"Universal Patron of all Christian popular schools in the world."
383:
children, many of whom had lost their parents. Joseph joined the
91:
768:
has been celebrated on August 25, the day of his death, in the
559:, a similar project was being undertaken simultaneously by the
471:
Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum
496:
985:
Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 102
810:
Pious Workers of St. Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God
755:
in a devotional chapel in the Piarist motherhouse in Rome.
722:
cleared the name of the Pious Schools. Joseph Calasanz was
432:
On September 15, 1616, the first public and free school in
1013:
334:, Calasanz had broad administrative responsibilities. In
205:), (September 11, 1557 – August 25, 1648), also known as
1019:
Statue of St Joseph Calasanctius in St Peter's Basilica
225:. He became a close friend of the renowned astronomer
1054:
775:
Parishes are dedicated to St. Joseph Calasanctius in
1012:
The Piarist Fathers' General Curia Official Website
917:"Aquae Urbis Romae: the Waters of the City of Rome"
152:
137:
124:
111:
101:
85:
68:
32:
1002:"Calendarium Ordinis Scholarum Piarum. Rome, 2018.
341:In October 1585, Bishop de la Figuera was sent as
686:, and were thought to be heretical regarding
8:
570:, whose educational heritage was carried to
1148:17th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
1143:16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
968:
966:
839:
837:
835:
1173:Founders of Catholic religious communities
947:
945:
943:
941:
898:"Saint Joseph Calasanz", The Piarist Order
859:
857:
855:
29:
974:Fallen Order:Intrigue, Heresy and Scandal
934:"Saint Joseph Calasanz", Franciscan Media
893:
891:
889:
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:For his higher studies, Calasanz took up
615:Relationship with Galileo and Campanella
291:. He then began theology studies at the
1061:
875:
873:
871:
831:
1198:Superiors General of the Piarist Order
1050:Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
322:. When the bishop was transferred to
282:, where he was awarded the degree of
221:that ran them, commonly known as the
117:7 August 1748, Rome, Papal States by
7:
525:adding citations to reliable sources
130:16 July 1767, Rome, Papal States by
1208:Beatifications by Pope Benedict XIV
1035:Clerks Regular of the Pious Schools
751:His heart and tongue are conserved
385:Confraternity of Christian Doctrine
1203:Canonizations by Pope Clement XIII
795:first free public school in 1597.
25:
1025:Lives of the Saints: August 27 –
682:. (Galileo's views also involved
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
501:
487:poverty, chastity, and obedience
50:
879:Giner-Guerri, Severino, Sch.P.
512:needs additional citations for
481:, Calasanz being recognized as
781:North Battleford, Saskatchewan
410:On Christmas Day in 1598, the
370:San José de Calasanz, Zaragoza
1:
1193:Spanish Roman Catholic saints
1188:17th-century Christian saints
1183:16th-century Christian saints
1168:Italian educational theorists
718:Eight years after his death,
656:held and interrogated by the
1158:Spanish expatriates in Italy
678:, who were more orthodox in
1138:University of Lleida alumni
1224:
58:Francisco Jover y Casanova
1163:Heads of schools in Italy
229:. Joseph is honored as a
49:
89:25 August 1648 (aged 90)
60:, currently held in the
1041:"St. Joseph Calasanz",
1033:Catholic Encyclopedia:
745:declared him to be the
423:Sant'Andrea della Valle
397:Church of Santa Dorotea
1027:St Joseph Calasanctius
921:University of Virginia
770:General Roman Calendar
764:Calasanz's liturgical
726:on August 7, 1748, by
706:
371:
330:. As secretary of the
297:Complutense University
293:University of Valencia
202:
194:
169:General Roman Calendar
1133:People from La Litera
881:Saint Joseph Calasanz
704:
606:, the founder of the
369:
316:diocese of AlbarracĂn
237:, following his 1767
741:On August 13, 1948,
521:improve this article
469:, under the name of
354:for the district of
280:University of Lleida
211:Iosephus a Matre Dei
1045:, American Catholic
844:"Joseph Calasanz",
574:. As recognized by
442:religious institute
427:Documentum Princeps
347:Abbey of Montserrat
207:Joseph Calasanctius
203:Giuseppe Calasanzio
74:Peralta de la Sal,
18:Giuseppe Calasanzio
957:2012-12-11 at the
903:2013-10-19 at the
738:on July 16, 1767.
720:Pope Alexander VII
707:
688:transubstantiation
641:Liber Apologeticus
633:Tommaso Campanella
372:
239:papal canonization
147:San Pantaleo, Rome
972:Karen Liebreich,
812:, named after him
759:Pope John Paul II
736:Pope Clement XIII
728:Pope Benedict XIV
576:Ludwig von Pastor
557:Duchy of Lorraine
553:
552:
545:
493:Educational ideas
419:Pope Clement VIII
343:apostolic visitor
332:cathedral chapter
301:Alcalá de Henares
269:Trinitarian Order
251:Kingdom of Aragon
179:
178:
132:Pope Clement XIII
119:Pope Benedict XIV
102:Venerated in
76:Kingdom of Aragon
72:11 September 1557
16:(Redirected from
1215:
1153:Clergy from Rome
1105:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1043:Saint of the Day
986:
983:
977:
970:
961:
949:
936:
931:
925:
924:
913:
907:
895:
884:
877:
866:
861:
850:
841:
647:Death and legacy
620:was a friend of
595:contemporaries.
548:
541:
537:
534:
528:
505:
497:
483:superior general
479:mendicant orders
475:Scholarum Piarum
215:Spanish Catholic
195:José de Calasanz
188:
172:
143:
54:
30:
21:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1009:
994:
989:
984:
980:
971:
964:
959:Wayback Machine
950:
939:
932:
928:
915:
914:
910:
905:Wayback Machine
896:
887:
878:
869:
862:
853:
842:
833:
829:
801:
777:Jefferson, Ohio
730:. He was later
716:
696:Pope Innocent X
672:visitor general
649:
622:Galileo Galilei
617:
549:
538:
532:
529:
518:
506:
495:
467:Pope Gregory XV
364:
328:La Seu d'Urgell
309:Bishop of Urgel
278:and law at the
247:
235:Catholic Church
227:Galileo Galilei
219:religious order
184:
182:Joseph Calasanz
175:
166:
165:
138:
106:Catholic Church
90:
80:Crown of Aragon
73:
64:
62:Museo del Prado
45:
40:
39:
38:Joseph Calasanz
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Piarist saints
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1007:External links
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
993:
990:
988:
987:
978:
976:, London, 2005
962:
937:
926:
908:
885:
867:
851:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
807:
800:
797:
789:Lockney, Texas
715:
712:
648:
645:
616:
613:
584:Ottoman Empire
551:
550:
533:September 2015
509:
507:
500:
494:
491:
451:Conti di Segni
363:
360:
284:Doctor of Laws
246:
243:
177:
176:
174:
173:
162:
158:
156:
150:
149:
144:
135:
134:
128:
122:
121:
115:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
87:
83:
82:
70:
66:
65:
55:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
982:
979:
975:
969:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
948:
946:
944:
942:
938:
935:
930:
927:
922:
918:
912:
909:
906:
902:
899:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
872:
868:
865:
860:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
826:
822:
821:Alix Le Clerc
819:
817:
816:Peter Fourier
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
754:
749:
748:
744:
743:Pope Pius XII
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
711:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
646:
644:
642:
636:
634:
629:
625:
623:
614:
612:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:Alix Le Clerc
565:
564:Peter Fourier
562:
558:
547:
544:
536:
526:
522:
516:
515:
510:This section
508:
504:
499:
498:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
386:
381:
377:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
352:vicar general
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
170:
163:
160:
159:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
142:
136:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
44:
31:
19:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
981:
973:
929:
920:
911:
880:
845:
793:
774:
763:
757:
750:
746:
740:
717:
708:
669:
662:
653:heliocentric
650:
640:
637:
630:
626:
618:
601:
597:
593:
589:
580:
561:Augustinians
554:
539:
530:
519:Please help
514:verification
511:
474:
470:
447:
431:
426:
417:
409:
390:
373:
340:
313:
305:
286:
273:
254:
248:
210:
206:
181:
180:
96:Papal States
56:Portrait by
1128:1648 deaths
1123:1557 births
1095:Catholicism
658:Inquisition
463:papal brief
459:solemn vows
438:Pope Paul V
295:and at the
263:run by the
1117:Categories
827:References
714:Veneration
604:John Bosco
572:New France
453:family in
401:Trastevere
320:procurator
276:philosophy
245:Early life
167:(Pre-1969
164:August 27
1083:Biography
846:Prospects
766:feast day
753:incorrupt
732:canonized
724:beatified
680:astronomy
288:cum laude
261:Estadilla
161:August 25
126:Canonized
113:Beatified
955:Archived
901:Archived
805:Piarists
799:See also
692:Holy See
608:Salesian
434:Frascati
405:sacristy
380:Cardinal
376:benefice
336:Claverol
256:infanzĂłn
223:Piarists
213:, was a
1057:Portals
992:Sources
785:Granada
684:atomism
676:Jesuits
395:of the
362:In Rome
345:to the
267:of the
233:by the
199:Italian
191:Spanish
1071:Saints
665:Naples
393:pastor
324:Lerida
265:friars
186:Sch.P.
141:shrine
139:Major
1107:Spain
412:Tiber
356:Tremp
231:saint
154:Feast
34:Saint
779:and
566:and
455:Poli
391:The
209:and
92:Rome
86:Died
69:Born
43:SchP
734:by
523:by
465:of
399:in
1119::
965:^
940:^
919:.
888:^
870:^
854:^
834:^
783:.
660:.
643:.
358:.
311:.
303:.
241:.
201::
197:;
193::
94:,
78:,
1059::
923:.
546:)
540:(
535:)
531:(
517:.
189:(
171:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
