157:
102:
A nunatak is a type of glacial refugium that is located on the snow-free, exposed peaks of mountains, which lie above the ice sheet during glaciations. The identification of âdiversity hotspotsâ in areas, which should have been migration regions during major glacial episodes, is evidence for nunatak
163:
Lowland glacial refugia, unlike nunatak and peripheral glacial refugia, are found at low elevations rather than in mountains. Situated beyond the limits of ice shields, lowland refugia have been identified for a number of plant and animal species. In Europe, for example, researchers using allozyme
76:
Traditionally, the identification of glacial refugia has occurred through palaeoecological analysis, which examines fossil organisms and their remains to determine the origins of modern taxa. For example, paleoecological approaches have been used to reconstruct the distributions of pollen in
55:
of modern-day species, especially in birds, doubt has been cast on the validity of such inferences, as much of the differentiation between populations observed today may have occurred before or after their restriction to refugia. In contrast, isolated geographic locales that host one or more
93:
This type of refugium is created by an influx of hydrothermal waters which maintains a humid and warm microclimate that allowed thermophilous trees like oak (Quercus), linden (Tilia), and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to survive the last ice age in
Central Europe.
337:
Petit, RĂ©my J.; Aguinagalde, Itziar; Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis de; Bittkau, Christiane; Brewer, Simon; Cheddadi, Rachid; Ennos, Richard; Fineschi, Silvia; Grivet, Delphine (2003-06-06). "Glacial
Refugia: Hotspots But Not Melting Pots of Genetic Diversity".
77:
Europe for the 13,000 years since the last glaciation. Researchers in this case ultimately established the spread of forest trees from the mountainous southern fringe of Europe, which suggests that this area served as a glacial refugium during this time.
816:
Schönswetter, P.; Tribsch, A.; Barfuss, M.; Niklfeld, H. (December 2002). "Several
Pleistocene refugia detected in the high alpine plant Phyteuma globulariifolium Sternb. & Hoppe (Campanulaceae) in the European Alps".
127:
Like nunataks, peripheral glacial refugia exist within mountain systems; they differ in that they are located at the borders of mountain systems. Evidence for peripheral refugia can be found along the borders of the
868:
Schmitt, Thomas; Hewitt, Godfrey M. (2004-05-07). "Molecular biogeography of the arctic-alpine disjunct burnet moth species
Zygaena exulans (Zygaenidae, Lepidoptera) in the Pyrenees and Alps".
641:
Colinvaux, P. A.; De
Oliveira, P. E.; Bush, M. B. (2000-01-01). "Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: The failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses".
51:, peripheral, and lowland. Glacial refugia have been suggested as a major cause of floral and faunal distribution patterns in both temperate and tropical latitudes. With respect to
327:
Holderegger, R., Thiel-Egenter, C. (2009): A discussion of different types of glacial refugia used in mountain biogeography and phytogeography. Journal of
Biogeography 36, 476-480.
267:
263:"Holocene succession patterns of land snails across temperate Europe: East to west variation related to glacial refugia, climate and human impact"
141:
261:
HorsĂĄk, Michal; Limondin-Lozouet, Nicole; JuĆiÄkovĂĄ, Lucie; Granai, SalomĂ©; HorĂĄÄkovĂĄ, Jitka; Legentil, Claude; LoĆŸek, Vojen (15 June 2019).
236:
231:
751:"Hot spring oases in the periglacial desert as the Last Glacial Maximum refugia for temperate trees in Central Europe"
241:
541:"Vicariance biogeography in the Pleistocene and speciation in North American wood warblers: a test of Mengel's model"
679:
Delcourt, Hazel R; Delcourt, Paul A (October 1975). "The
Blufflands: Pleistocene Pathways into the Tunica Hills".
606:
Klicka, John; Zink, Robert M. (1997-09-12). "The
Importance of Recent Ice Ages in Speciation: A Failed Paradigm".
156:
444:
47:
and allowed for post-glacial re-colonization. Different types of glacial refugia can be distinguished, namely
795:
Nunataks and peripheral refugia for alpine plants during quaternary glaciation in the middle part of the Alps
181:
of plants that commonly appear only hundreds of miles to the north. Major rivers draining southward from the
262:
947:
182:
178:
57:
52:
912:
714:
Munaut, AndrĂ©-V. (May 1986). "An Atlas of past and present pollen maps of Europe: 0â13,000 years ago".
650:
552:
347:
129:
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are all floristically rich proposed nunatak regions, which are indicative nunatak glacial survival.
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PROVAN, J; BENNETT, K (2008-10-01). "Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia".
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In eastern North
America, lowland glacial refugia along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts host
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775:
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351:
913:"Paleoecology and the Assisted Migration Debate: Why a Deep-Time Perspective Is Vital (
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plants â some of which are rare, even endangered, and others entail the most southerly
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in between the foothills of the
Pyrenees and the Alps during the last ice age.
17:
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140:, all of which were once glaciated mountain systems. For example, using the
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analysis have been able to confirm the continuous distribution of
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40:
36:
539:
Bermingham, E.; Rohwer, S.; Freeman, S.; Wood, C. (1992-07-15).
137:
85:
Four distinct types of glacial refugium have been identified:
35:) is a geographic region which made possible the survival of
68:) are generally uncontested as bona fide glacial refugia.
445:"Neotropical biodiversity: timing and potential drivers"
144:(AFLP) technique, researchers have inferred survival of
492:"Inferring the Origins of Lowland Neotropical Birds"
268:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
545:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8:
148:in peripheral refugia in the European Alps.
674:
672:
310:http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155685/
189:tree species. These range from the extinct
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582:
564:
507:
749:Hosek, Jan; et al. (31 May 2024).
253:
142:amplified fragment length polymorphism
788:
786:
716:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
217:system. (See illustration at right.)
7:
395:
393:
323:
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185:are associated with a gradation of
103:glacial refugia. For example, the
25:
490:Brumfield, Robb T. (2012-07-01).
449:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
402:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
882:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01079.x
831:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01651.x
205:, to the critically endangered
1:
793:Stehlik, Ivana (2000-06-01).
663:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00059-1
620:10.1126/science.277.5332.1666
237:Refugium (population biology)
213:at the downstream end of the
728:10.1016/0034-6667(86)90044-8
443:Rull, ValentĂ (2011-10-01).
281:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.028
232:Last Glacial Maximum refugia
681:American Midland Naturalist
308:The encyclopedia of earth,
242:Glacial survival hypothesis
979:
643:Quaternary Science Reviews
509:10.1525/auk.2012.129.3.367
461:10.1016/j.tree.2011.05.011
414:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.010
197:, to extinct-in-the-wild
146:Phyteuma globulariifolium
870:Journal of Biogeography
566:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6624
360:10.1126/science.1083264
193:near the outlet of the
767:10.1126/sciadv.ado6611
160:
183:Appalachian Mountains
159:
107:mountain ranges, the
60:species (regarded as
58:critically endangered
179:disjunct populations
130:Carpathian Mountains
53:disjunct populations
655:2000QSRv...19..141C
614:(5332): 1666â1669.
557:1992PNAS...89.6624B
352:2003Sci...300.1563P
346:(5625): 1563â1565.
215:Chattahoochee River
191:Critchfield spruce
161:
921:Torreya Guardians
915:Torreya taxifolia
825:(12): 2637â2647.
819:Molecular Ecology
551:(14): 6624â6628.
195:Mississippi River
16:(Redirected from
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167:Zygaena exulans
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66:glacial relicts
33:glacial refugia
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18:Glacial refugia
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876:(6): 885â893.
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797:. BirkhÀuser.
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62:paleoendemics
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948:Biogeography
924:. Retrieved
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292:. Retrieved
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187:paleoendemic
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294:14 November
211:Florida yew
942:Categories
248:References
201:along the
199:Franklinia
123:Peripheral
111:, and the
105:Monte Rosa
953:Geography
890:0305-0270
839:0962-1083
803:753524599
736:0034-6667
628:0036-8075
575:0027-8424
518:0004-8038
469:0169-5347
422:0169-5347
368:0036-8075
289:134640979
275:: 13â24.
963:Glaciers
898:86301042
855:14302480
847:12453246
776:11141633
593:11607307
526:83697136
477:21703715
430:18722689
384:34876930
376:12791991
221:See also
134:Pyrenees
115:and the
113:Engadine
45:ice ages
31:(plural
958:Ecology
926:23 June
701:2424434
651:Bibcode
608:Science
553:Bibcode
496:The Auk
348:Bibcode
340:Science
175:endemic
152:Lowland
117:Bernina
98:Nunatak
49:nunatak
43:during
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761:(22).
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136:, and
894:S2CID
851:S2CID
697:JSTOR
584:49554
522:S2CID
380:S2CID
285:S2CID
109:Avers
81:Types
41:fauna
37:flora
928:2022
886:ISSN
843:PMID
835:ISSN
799:OCLC
732:ISSN
624:ISSN
589:PMID
571:ISSN
514:ISSN
473:PMID
465:ISSN
426:PMID
418:ISSN
372:PMID
364:ISSN
296:2022
209:and
39:and
878:doi
827:doi
771:PMC
763:doi
724:doi
689:doi
659:doi
616:doi
612:277
579:PMC
561:doi
504:doi
500:129
457:doi
410:doi
356:doi
344:300
277:doi
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